DYNAMIC GRID VOLTAGE RESTORER

SYSTEM (DGVRS) USING PV WIND AS A

BACKUP SOURCE

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
ASHWIN KUMAR S

30910105006

SHRIRAAM A.C

30910105037

SUMAN R.K

30910105047

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MEENAKSHI SUNDARARAJAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KODAMBAKKAM, CHENNAI -600024

ANNA UNIVERSTY: CHENNAI -600 025

MARCH/APRIL 2014

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report, entitled DYNAMIC GRID VOLTAGE

RESTORER SYSTEM (DGVRS) USING PV WIND AS A

BACKUP SOURCE, is the bonafide work of ASHWIN KUMAR
S,SHRIRAAM A.C AND SUMAN R.K, who carried out the project work
under my supervision.

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE

Mrs.K.RAJESWARI ,M.E.

Mr.S.B.SIVASUBRAMANIYAN,M.E.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR

Dept of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering,

Dept of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering,

Meenakshi Sundararajan

Meenakshi Sundararajan

Engineering College,

Engineering College,

363, Arcot Road,

363, Arcot Road,

Chennai-600024

Chennai-600024

Submitted for viva voce held on_____________

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our cordial gratitude to our venerated principal, Ms.

K.S.BABAI B.Sc., B.E., M.S., FIE, (Principal, Meenakshi Sundararajan
Engineering College, Chennai- 24) for her encouragement and for providing
all facilities which helped us to complete this project.
We also thank, Mrs.K.Rajeswari M.E, Head of the Department of
Electrical

and

Electronics

Engineering,

Meenakshi

Sundararajan

Engineering College for helping us throughout our hard times in the project
and for clearing our doubts then and there, without which completion of our
project would have been a stupendous task.
We express our gratitude to our External Guide Mr.Palanichamy,
Darien Electric Madras, Ramapuram for his valuable guidance that was
instrumental in the completion of the project.
We express our cavernous sagacity of gratitude to our Internal Guide
Mr.Sivasubramanian B.E, Senior Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College,
for her fervent support and encouragement which helped us a lot for the
completion of this project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

TITLE

NO

NO
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
1.2SOLAR ENERGY
1.2.1 SOLAR CELL PRINCIPLE
1.2.2 ADVANTAGES
1.2.3 DISADVANTAGES
1.3WIND ENERGY
1.3.1 ADVANTAGES
1.3.2 DISADVANTAGES
1.4 GRID-TIED, OFF-GRID AND
HYBRID SYSTEMS
1.4.1 GRID TIED SYSTEMS
1.4.2 EQUIPMENT FOR GRIDTIED SYSTEMS
1.4.3 OFF GRID SYSTEMS
1.4.4 EQUIPMENT FOR OFF GRID
SYSTEMS
1.4.5 HYBRID SYSTEMS
1.5 THESIS ORGANIZATION

PAGE

PROJECT METHADOLOGY
1

2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.2.1 WIND GENERATOR
2.2.2 PV GENERATOR
2.2.3 BATTERY MODULE
2.2.4 SPWM MODULE
2.2.5 LOAD MODULE
2.2.6 FEEDBACK
TRANSFORMER
3

2.3 PROCEDURE
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 BASIC CIRCUIT
3.3 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
3.3.1 CONVERTER CIRCUITS
3.3.2 PWM CONVERTERS
3.3.2.1 LM3524
3.3.2.2 FEATURES OF LM3524
3.3.3 SINE PULSE WIDTH
MODULATION
3.3.4 SHOOT THROUGH PULSE
GENERATION
3.3.4.1 CONTROL SIGNAL
GENERATION
3.3.5 DRIVER CIRCUIT
3.3.6 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

3.3.7 VOLTAGE MEASURING CIRCUIT

SIMULATION

CONCLUSION
1

4.1 INFERENCE
4.2 FUTURE SCOPE
4.3 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX

ABSTRACT:

The lack of sustainable distributed generating capabilities is leading to

increased dependence on conventional power supplies, resulting in a bottleneck
situation where we have less than sufficient supply so we are trying to generate
1

energy from various alternatives that nature can provide us, particularly the
resources that are renewable. Solar and wind sources have many potential
benefits over conventional power, but none more pronounced than being driven
by a fuel delivered to the generating source by nature, free of charge
integrating energy from such backup sources into grid is not that much simple
due to various natural and artificial phenomenon, sending end voltage and the
receiving end voltage can never be the same in long transmission lines ,flat
voltage profile is maintained by using compensators and other fact devices.
However at the consumer ends, voltage varies largely due to multiplicity of
loads, therefore grid voltage at the consumer premises is seldom constant
various losses account for the grid voltage variations in order to mitigate this
issue of grid voltage variation during multiple loads, we propose a dynamic grid
voltage restorer system (DGVRS) that utilises the power from our hybrid back
up sources to compensate for the voltage variations in grid. DGVRS employs
sine pulse width modulation and shoot through technique that will dynamically
restore the grid voltage during faults, from the energy stored in batteries from
our back up resources.

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO NAME OF THE FIGURE
1.1
1.2

Solar System working

Solar Potential in India
1

PAGE NO

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Wind Power Generation Capacity

Block Diagram
Wind Turbine
PV Generator
Battery
SPWM Module
Loads and feedback transformer
Basic Circuit
Converter Circuit
PWM Control For Converters
LM3524

3.5

Sine Pulse Width Modulation Circuit

3.6

Shoot Through Pulse Generation

3.7

LM741

3.8

Power Supply Circuit

3.9

Measuring and Feedback Circuit

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
ABBREVIATION
PV
PW
EJ
CSP
MPPT
AC
DC
K
W

EXPANSION
Photovoltaic
Petawatt
Exajoules
Concentrated Solar Power
Maximum Power Point Tracking
Alternating Current
Direct Current
Kelvin
Watt
1

KW
MW
V
A
TEDA
CFL
AH
PMDC
NO
NC
EEPROM

KiloWatt
MegaWatt
Volt
Ampere
Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Ampere- Hour
Permanent magnet Direct Current
Normally Open
Normally Closed
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only

SRAM
I/O
PWM
RTC
ADC
SPI
LED
GSM

Memory
Static Random Access Memory
Input Output
Pulse Width Modulation
Real Time Clock
Analog to Digital Converter
Serial Peripheral Interface
Light Emitting Diode
Global System for Mobile Communications

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW:
Grid connected solar/wind (hybrid) generation is expected to multiply over the
coming decades. Solar generation brings many benefits, such as reduced
greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions, diversity of fuel supplies, and
displacement of costly fossil generation. Achieving higher penetration levels of
solar generation depends primarily on the viability and reliability of the
integrated system. A considerable barrier to the sustainability of solar generation
is the ability to control voltage as a result of weather related intermittency and
the heavy reliance on inverters and other power electronic devices to interface
with the grid. To overcome those barriers, distribution networks will have to be
designed differently, and innovative smart grid technologies will have to be
developed, so as to optimize contribution from backup resources while
preserving the integrity of the grid. With advanced monitoring, adaptive
controls, and intelligent two-way communication with substation equipment,
smart grids can help optimize power system operation, regulate intermittent
generation and maintain acceptable voltage levels while minimizing standby
capacity.
1

Grid voltage at the consumer premises is required to be constant for efficient

operation of the home appliances. However, grid voltage at the consumer side is
seldom constant due to various reasons, the major being variations by abrupt
increases in loads such as faults or short circuits, starting of motors, or turning
on of electric heaters or they are caused by abrupt source impedance increase,
which are caused by a loose connection. Power quality issues are divided into
two categories voltage quality and frequency quality. Voltage quality issues are
related with voltage sag, voltage swell, under voltage and over voltage while
frequency quality issues are related with harmonics and transients. One of the
most imperative power quality issues is voltage sag
Also with the usage of large number of renewable sources of power generation,
connecting them to the grid causes serious voltage problems.
Voltage regulation practices utilized in power distribution systems generally
assume that there are no power sources on the system other than the substation.
This means that all flow is outward from the substation source toward the ends
of the feeders. To regulate this type of system, utilities typically use load tap
changer (LTC) transformers at the substation, stepped voltage regulators on
longer feeders, and switched capacitors. All these devices have control settings
and functions that are generally coordinated for the system voltage drop profile
that occurs with the substation setup as the sole source of power. Per ANSI
C84.1-19955, the steady-state (Range A) service voltage should be kept within a
5% voltage band. The ANSI standard defines service voltage as The voltage
at the point where the electrical system of the supplier and the electrical system
of the user are connected.
Utilities require embedded generators on the distribution system to be operated
in a manner that does not cause the voltage regulation to go outside the
applicable limits. In addition, a solar resource is not permitted to interfere with
1

the normal operation of the utilitys voltage regulation equipment. Therefore,

solar, as well as wind, customers are now required by many grid codes to
provide reactive output regulation, often in response to power system voltage
variations, much as in conventional synchronous generators. One solution to
alleviate the expected rise in voltage caused by solar over-generators injecting
power into the grid is to arm the interface inverters with the ability to regulate
voltage at the local level. Proper coordination with existing voltage regulation
schemes would be necessary.

1.2 SOLAR ENERGY:

India receives solar energy equivalent to over 5000 trillion kWh/year, which is
far more than the total energy consumption of the country.
Solar energy is the most readily available source of energy. It does not belong to
anybody and is, therefore, free. It is also the most important of the nonconventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting and, therefore, helps
in lessening the greenhouse effect.
India is one of the few countries with long days and plenty of sunshine,
especially in the Thar Desert region. This zone, having abundant solar energy
available, is suitable for harnessing solar energy for a number of applications. In
areas with similar intensity of solar radiation, solar energy could be easily
harnessed. Solar thermal energy is being used in India for heating water for both
industrial and domestic purposes. A 140 MW integrated solar power plant is to
be set up in Jodhpur but the initial expense incurred is still very high.

A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic

panel)

is

packaged,

connected

assembly

of

photovoltaic

cells.

The efficiency of a panel determines the area of a panel given the same rated
output - an 8% efficient 230 watt panel will have twice the area of a 16%
efficient 230 watt panel. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of
solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and
interconnection wiring.

1.1 Solar System working

While the technology behind solar power may seem complex, when broken
down, grid connect is easy to understand as it only requires a few components
installed in your home or business.
Whenever the sun shines (and even in overcast weather), the solar cells generate
electricity. The grid connect inverter converts the DC electricity produced by
1

the solar panels into 240V AC electricity, which can then be used by the
property/household.
If a grid connect system is producing more power than is being consumed, the
surplus is fed into the mains power grid. Some electricity companies will meter
the electricity fed into the grid by your system and provide a credit on your bill.
When the solar cells are not producing power, for example at night, your power
is supplied by the mains power grid as usual. The energy retailer charges the
usual rate for the power used.
As all of the components in a grid connect system have no moving parts, you
can expect a long and hassle free life from your solar power system! Generous
government renewable energy rebates mean you can also save thousands on a
grid connect system for a limited time!
Solar PV plant is an easy way to generate your own electricity conveniently.
The cost of generation is also getting lower due to a considerable drop in the
cost of solar panels. PV systems can be installed on the rooftop of commercial
and residential buildings, factories, parking canopy structures, warehouses, etc.

The entire solar PV system has fewer components comparatively and they
comprise of solar PV panels, supporting structures, an inverter that converts DC
current from solar panels to AC current, isolation transformer, metering units,
switches and cables. All these components are very modular in nature and
hence can easily be relocated from one place to another. You can synchronize
solar PV plant with your diesel generator (DG) set and/or existing utility
connection. The best part of such a system is smart inverter gives preference
to the electricity generated from solar and takes remaining electricity from the
utility company connection or DG set whatever is available on the given time.
1

In this way, solar energy gets consumed first and you can save on the electricity
bill.
An array of Solar panels charges the battery through a Charge Controller. The
energy stored in the battery is converted into AC energy through an Solar
Inverter and is fed to the predetermined loads. Generally the battery backup is
used during night time.
1.2.1 SOLAR CELL:
Photovoltaic cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as
silicon, which is currently used most commonly. Basically, when light strikes
the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material.
This means that the energy of the absorbed light is transferred to the
semiconductor. The energy knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow
freely.
PV cells also all have one or more electric field that acts to force electrons freed
by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a
current, and by placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we
can draw that current off for external use, say, to power a calculator. This
current, together with the cell's voltage (which is a result of its built-in electric
field or fields), defines the power (or wattage) that the solar cell can produce.
Silicon has some special chemical properties, especially in its crystalline form.
An atom of silicon has 14 electrons, arranged in three different shells. The first
two shells -- which hold two and eight electrons respectively -- are completely
full. The outer shell, however, is only half full with just four electrons. A silicon
atom will always look for ways to fill up its last shell, and to do this, it will
share electrons with four nearby atoms. It's like each atom holds hands with its
neighbours, except that in this case, each atom has four hands joined to four

neighbours. That's what forms the crystalline structure, and that structure turns
out to be important to this type of PV cell.
Typical solar cells use a three-step process:
The silicon absorbs the solar energy, and creates free charge carriers both
positive and negative.
The separation of positive and negative charge creates a voltage in the silicon.
The voltage causes the charge carriers to move across the silicon, creating an
electric current.
There are three key elements in a solar cell that form the basis of manufacturing
technology:
First is the semiconductor, which absorbs light and converts it into electron-hole
pairs.
Second is the semiconductor junction, which separates the electrons and holes.
Third is the contacts on the front and back of the cell that allow the current to
flow to an external circuit.

1.2 Solar Potential in India

Even in India, where almost all of the land is used to house and feed a
burgeoning population, that tight set of restrictions still leaves more than 16,000
square kilometres of potential solar thermal arrays, mostly in the arid northwest.
Recent advances in low-loss, high-voltage transmission lines mean it would be
possible to provide all of India's electricity from this area. With heat storage,
that land could conservatively generate 4 billion megawatt-hours of zeroemission, base load power per year. This year, total fossil-fuelled electricity
production in India will likely be a bit above 600 million megawatt-hours. The
1

bottom line is impressive: India's current potential for low-cost, solar thermal
power is at least six times greater than current power production from fossil
fuels. That potential comes without carbon emissions, local pollutants, or fuel
price volatility. And there's another benefit of particular relevance to India's
future: Dry-cooled solar thermal uses 98% less water than coal plants. That little
bit of water is used mostly to keep the mirrors clean.
1.2.2 Advantages
There are multiple benefits of such solar systems such as;

Energy security and cost savings: You can get secure electricity at lower costs
than the electricity provided by your utility company (for industrial and
commercial installations, the cost of electricity provided by utility company has
reached up to Rs. 8/KWh to Rs. 12/KWh). For example, if a typical industrial
unit have a demand of 100 units of electricity per day then the rooftop solar
plant can say, provide 30 units and the utility company can provide the
remaining 70 units. In this way, the industrial unit can save considerable cost on
the electricity provided by rooftop solar plant as the electricity provided by it is
cheaper than the utility company.
No extra space required: Since the solar PV plant is installed on rooftop, you
dont require extra space. Mostly rooftop space remains unutilized and solar is
the best way to monetize your rooftop space.
Less expenditure on operations and maintenance: Solar PV systems require
very low maintenance cost (no moving parts involved in the solar PV systems
hence hassle free maintenance)
Go green: Solar PV system generates green electricity (no carbon emission
occurs during the generation of electricity from solar).
1

Tax and other benefits for companies, having their own solar plants is even
more profitable. They can invest in solar project for taking benefit of full
depreciation for the purpose of tax saving. For those companies who have a
CSR mandate, can spend certain amount of their CSR budget on solar projects.
Souring electricity from solar also helps to comply with the Renewable
Purchase Obligations (RPO) enforced by the state governments. In addition,
companies interested in achieving their internal sustainability targets can use
solar to cut down on their carbon emissions.
Flexible investment option: You can invest in your own solar PV system or
just give your rooftop space to other developers on lease and they will install the
system at ZERO investment from your side. You just have to pay for the
electricity whatsoever generated from the PV system. In this case, third party
developer will manage everything required for the PV system such as
permissions from concerned authorities, procurement of solar panels and other
balance of systems, construction activities, maintenance and operations, etc.
Solar cells provide cost effective solutions to energy problems in places where
there is no mains electricity. Solar cells are also totally silent and non-polluting.
As they have no moving parts they require little maintenance and have a long
lifetime. Compared to other renewable sources they also possess many
advantages; wind and water power rely on turbines which are noisy, expensive
and liable to breaking down.

Rooftop power is a good way of supplying energy to a growing community.

More cells can be added to homes and businesses as the community grows so
that energy generation is in line with demand. Many large scale systems
currently end up over generating to ensure that everyone has enough. Solar cells
can also be installed in a distributed fashion, i.e. they don't need large scale
1

installations. Solar cells can easily be installed on roofs which means no new
space is needed and each user can quietly generate their own energy. Solar
power helps to slow/stop global warming. Global warming threatens the
survival of human society, as well as the survival of countless species. Luckily,
decades (or even centuries) of research have led to efficient solar panel systems
that create electricity without producing global warming pollution. Solar power
is now very clearly one of the most important solutions to the global warming
crisis.
Solar power saves society billions or trillions of dollars. Even long before
societys very existence is threatened by global warming, within the coming
decades, global warming is projected to cost society trillions of dollars if left
unabated.

1.2.3 Disadvantages:
The main disadvantage of solar energy is the initial cost. Most types of solar cell
require large areas of land to achieve average efficiency. Air pollution and
weather can also have a large effect on the efficiency of the cells. The silicon
used is also very expensive and the problem of nocturnal down times means
solar cells can only ever generate during the daytime. Solar energy is currently
thought to cost about twice as much as traditional sources (coal, oil etc).
Obviously, as fossil fuel reserves become depleted, their cost will rise until a
point is reached where solar cells become an economically viable source of
energy. When this occurs, massive investment will be able to further increase
their efficiency and lower their cost.

1.3 WIND ENERGY:

The energy generated due to the movement of wind is called wind energy. Wind
turbine is the mechanical device that converts wind energy into electrical
energy. As per the estimates, Indias wind energy potential is about 50,000 MW
(At 50 meter of hub height, C-WET). As of2013, India has an installed capacity
of 19,564 MW for wind energy (Aug 2013). In the last ten years, India has
experienced a rapid growth in wind installation. This growth has occurred due
to the twin benefits of Generation Based Incentive (GBI) and former

Accelerated Depreciation (AD) benefits (tax breaks). Following graph shows

state wise wind energy capacity in the country;

2.1 Wind Power Generation Capacity

Harnessing power from the wind is one of the cleanest and most sustainable
ways to generate electricity as it produces no toxic pollution or global warming
emissions. Wind is also abundant, inexhaustible, and affordable, which makes it
a viable and large-scale alternative to fossil fuels.

1.3.1 Advantages of Wind Energy:

Excessive heating of earth due to burning of fossil fuels have forced people
across the globe to generate power through wind. It is being used extensively in
1

areas like USA, Denmark, Spain, India and Germany. Like any other source of
power generation, wind energy has its own advantages and disadvantages.
1. Renewable Energy: Wind energy in itself is a source of renewable energy
which means it can be produced again and again since it is available in plenty. It
is cleanest form of renewable energy and is currently used many leading
developed and developing nations to fulfil their demand for electricity.
2. Reduces Fossil Fuels Consumption: Dependence on the fossil fuels could
be reduced too much extent if it is adopted on the much wider scale by all the
countries across the globe. It could be answer to the ever increasing demand for
petroleum and gas products. Apart from this, it can also help to curb harmful gas
emissions which are the major source of global warming.
3. Less Air and Water Pollution: Wind energy doesnt pollute at all. It is that
form of energy that will exist till the time sun exists. It does not destroy the
environment or release toxic gases. Wind turbines are mostly found in coastal
areas, open plain and gaps in mountains where the wind is reliable, strong and
steady. An ideal location would have a near constant flow of non-turbulent wind
throughout the year, with a minimum likelihood of sudden powerful bursts of
wind.

4. Initial Cost: The cost of producing wind energy has come down steadily
over the last few years. The main cost is the installation of wind turbines.
Moreover the land used to install wind turbines can also be used for agriculture
purpose. Also, when combine with solar power, it provides cheap, reliable,
steady and great source of energy for the developed and developing countries.

5. Create Many Jobs: Wind energy on the other hand has created many jobs
for the local people. From installation of wind turbines to maintenance of the
area where turbines are located, it has created wide range of opportunities for
the people. Since most of the wind turbines are based in coastal and hilly areas,
people living there are often seen in maintenance of wind turbines.
1.3.2 Disadvantages:
1. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm
force. This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of
electricity all the time. There will be times when they produce no electricity at
all.
2. Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without these
large structures being built. The landscape should left in its natural form for
everyone to enjoy.
3. Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a
family car travelling at 70 mph.
4. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant
or interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly.
5. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced.
Therefore wind power does produce some pollution.
6. Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enough
electricity. For example, the largest single turbine available today can only
provide enough electricity for 475 homes, when running at full capacity.

1.4 Grid-Tied, Off-Grid and Hybrid Systems:

1.4.1 Grid tied systems:
Grid-tied, on-grid, utility-interactive, grid intertied and grid
back feeding are all terms used to describe the same concept backup source
(say solar system, wind system) that is connected to the utility power grid. A
grid-connection will allow you to save more money through better efficiency
rates, net metering, plus lower equipment and installation costs. In case of our
back up sources generating more electricity than what you are capable of

consuming, with net metering, homeowners can put this excess electricity onto
the utility grid instead of storing it themselves with batteries.
1.4.2 Equipment for Grid-Tied Systems
Grid-Tie Inverter (GTI) or Micro-Inverters
Power Meter
1.4.3 Off grid systems:
To ensure access to electricity at all times, off-grid solar systems require battery
storage and a backup generator (if you live off-the-grid). On top of this, a
battery bank typically needs to be replaced after 10 years. Batteries are
complicated, expensive and decrease overall system efficiency.
The term off-grid refers to not being connected to a grid, mainly used in terms
of not being connected to the main or national electrical grid. In electricity, offgrid can be stand-alone systems (SHS) or mini-grids typically to provide a
smaller community with electricity. Off-grid electrification is an approach to
access electricity used in countries and areas with little access to electricity, due
to scattered or distant population. It can be any kind of electricity generation.
The term off-the-grid (OTG) can refer to living in a self-sufficient manner
without reliance on one or more public utilities.
Living off the grid refers that we are energy self sufficient. Energy selfsufficiency is also a form of security. Power failures on the utility grid do not
affect off-grid solar systems.
1.4.4 Equipment for off- Grid Systems:
Solar Charge Controller
Battery Bank
DC Disconnect (additional)
1

 Off-Grid Inverter
Backup Generator
1.4.5 Hybrid systems:
Hybrid solar systems combines the best from grid-tied and off-grid solar
systems. These systems can either be described as off-grid solar with utility
backup power, or grid-tied solar with extra battery storage.
Hybrid solar systems are less expensive than off-grid solar systems.

backup generator is no longer needed and the capacity of your battery bank can
be downsized. Off-peak electricity from the utility company is cheaper than
diesel.

2 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

2.1 INTRODUCTION:
In this chapter, the block diagram of the project is explained.
This chapter mainly highlights the various modules and their configurations.
Wind generator and pv generator are the two main backup source modules that
1

we have used. Sine pulse width modulation and shoot through pulse generation
are used to control the inverter output. Detailed hardware descriptions of how
spwm pulses and shoot through pulses are generated are explained here.

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

2.2 Block Diagram

2.2.1 Wind generator:

PMMC generator: 30V,1500rpm
Blades assembly
The wind assembly contains a PMMC motor that acts as a generator
when mechanical energy is given as the input and generates a potential. The
generator is fitted with a fan assembly. This fan assembly will start to rotate

when there is enough air and thus the generator will start to produce voltage
which in turn will charge the battery.
The generator will be operated by supplying external air from a vacuum
cleaner or any other air source for demonstration purposes. The air from the
source will spin the blades and thus operating the generator.
The fan assembly consists of two discs placed on the two sides of the
blades hub cap. The necessity for these two discs is to trap the air between the
two discs. If the discs were not present then the air would thin out after hitting
the blades. But when the disc is present then the air would get trapped and the
only way out is through the blades and it forcibly pushes the blades. So by this
way the air is circulated within the discs. The wind power is fed to the regulator
to step the voltage and then given to battery.

2.3 Wind Turbine

2.2.2 PV generator:
Solar panel: 10W, 12V, 500mA
Blocking diodes: 5A
The solar panel is the main acquirer of the thermal energy from the sun.
The panel absorbs the incident energy and converts into a voltage potential that
is used to charge the battery.

The panel is kept south facing fixed at a single position. The panel
generates 17-21 volts when it is placed under the sun. The panel is connected
directly to the battery by using resistors. The resistors ensure that the voltage
spike does not affect the battery.
There are two blocking diodes placed at the panel end. The diodes are
blocking diodes. The diodes prevent the battery from getting discharged at
night. The diodes are connected such that they conduct when forward biased
and will not conduct when they are reverse biased. The main job of the diodes is
to prevent the exhaustion of the battery during the nights when the panel
generates very less voltage or sometimes does not generate any voltage at all.

2.4 PV Generator

2.2.3 BATTERY:

2.2.4 SPWM MODULE:

2.6 SPWM module

The best power source for most applications is a pure 50Hz sine wave. All low
power household plug-in devices are designed to work with this source (high
power devices such as cooking ovens use a 240V source) and, as such, will be
most likely to work properly and most efficiently on such a source. A true sine
wave source is produced most easily for high power applications through
rotating electrical machinery such as naval gas-turbine generators, house-hold
diesel or gasoline backup generators, or the various generators employed by
power companies that employ a shaft torque to create an AC current. These
sources provide a relatively clean, pure sine wave (lacking significant
harmonics and high frequency noise) thanks to their analog rotational make-up.
Such rotating machinery can be inappropriate for low-power backup supply
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usage due to their high cost, large size and required maintenance. As such, a
smaller, digital pure sine wave inverter can be extremely useful.
Pulse width modulation is a process of modifying the width of the pulses in the
pulse train in direct proportion to the small control signal. The greater the
control voltage, wider the pulses become.by using a sinusoid of desired
frequency as a control voltage for the inverter gate (sine pulse width
modulation), it is possible to produce a high power waveform whose average
voltage output varies sinusoidally in a suitable manner for electrical appliances.

3. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION:
This chapter deals with the various circuit descriptions associated with each
modules. It includes the control circuits for converters, inverters, and various
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driver circuits for the semiconductor switches. Sine pulse width modulation
circuit describes the generation of spwm for inverter. And finally, major part of
the chapter, being shoot through generation circuit describes how the gate pulses
to the semiconductor switches of the inverters are modified in accordance with
the reduction in the output voltage level so as to maintain the grid voltage at the
constant level. All the above mentioned circuits are explained along with their
simulation results

3.2 BASIC CIRCUIT:

3.1 Basic Circuit

3.3 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION:

Overall circuit diagram of the project is explained.it is divided in to 7 major

circuits as follows:
1. Converter circuits
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2. PWM control of converters.

3. Sine pulse width modulation circuit
4. Shoot through pulse generation circuit
5. Driver circuit
6. Power supply circuit
7. Measuring and feedback circuit

We have used solar panel (spec) and wind turbine (spec) as the backup source.
both of them, being unreliable, does not give a constant desired output voltage
in order to maintain the voltage at our desired level, converter circuits are used.
Converter circuits will be explained on 3.3.1
Boost converter: it boosts up the input voltage to the specified level
Buck boost converter: it steps down or steps up the input voltage to the
specified level
Reference output voltage to these converters as per our specification are given
by means of LM3524 (PWM IC).it will compare the output of the converter
with the specified reference value and generates gate pulses to the
semiconductor switches in accordance to that. Hence the gate pulses to the
converter controls the output voltage and helps in maintaining output voltage
from both the converters at almost same value. Only then, they can be stored
parallel on to the same battery. Circuit descriptions for the gate pulse generation
of converter circuits using LM3524 will be explained on 3.3.2.
Then the inverter converts the power from our backup sources that is being
continuously stored in the battery, into ac power. Spwm inverters are used to
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produce sine wave output so that it can be added on to the grid voltage
.advantages of SPWM and why they are preferred out of other PWM techniques
will be explained on 3.3.3.the output from the inverter is added to the grid
voltage whenever the voltage at the grid reduces due to multiplicity of loads or
transmission problems. Under ideal conditions i.e. when there is no reduction in
grid voltage inverter output from our backup source is not connected to grid.
This switching control is done with the help of shoot through pulse generation
circuit which will be explained on 3.3.4.the overall phenomena is simple closed
loop control of inverter .shoot through block compares the required grid voltage
with the occurring value and the error voltage is amplified and used for
extending the pulse to the inverter .the gate pulse is so extended to compensate
for the error in the grid voltage.in case both the required and occurring value of
grid voltage are at the same level, error voltage is zero and shoot through block
will not extend the pulse width.
Driver circuit provides 9 to 20 volts to switch the IGBT switches of the
inverter.it has an optocoupler for isolating purpose and hence damage to IGBT
switches are prevented. This driver circuitry will be explained on 3.3.5.
Power supply unit provides an output of +18V, +12V, +24V and a variable dc
supply. The supply circuit comprises of the typical components including the
230V ac supply from grid.it is stepped down to 24V and all the circuits are
operated at low voltage level.it will be explained on 3.3.6.
Voltage measuring will be explained on 3.3.7.

3.3.1 Converter circuit :

A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter with an
output voltage greater than its input voltage. It is a class of switched-mode
power

supply (SMPS)

containing

at
1

least

two semiconductor switches

(a diode and

a transistor)

and

at

least

one

energy

storage

element,

a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. Filters made of capacitors

(sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to the output of
the converter to reduce output voltage ripple.

3.2 Converter Circuit

A boost converter works in two stages, ON and OFF. In the ON stage the Semiconductive Switch is conducting and current builds up in the inductor producing
an
electromagnetic field, this field stores energy. In the OFF stage the Semiconductive Switch does not conduct and the electromagnetic field collapses.
When

the

field

collapses

the

energy

stored

in it cannot escape through the Semi-conductive Switch so it goes through the

diode and into the load/Capacitor at a much higher voltage. This happens
several
thousand times a second via the pulses from the NE555 Timer Chip and the
result is being able to charge a high voltage capacitor from a low voltage source.
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+ Vin

+ (Vin Vout )

3.3.2 PWM control of converters:

3.3 PWM Control for Converters

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Both the boost and buck boost converters are controlled by using the PWM IC
LM3524.It compares the feedback output voltage of the converters with the
reference voltage and generates the gate pulses so as the minimise the error
voltage. Both the converter output voltages are maintained at the same level by
means of this IC.

3.3.2.1 LM3524:
The LM3524 regulating pulse-width-modulator (PWM) is commonly used as
the control element in switching regulator power supplies. This is in keeping
with its intended purpose. Engineers closely associate this part with switching
power supplies. Nevertheless, the flexible combination of elements within the
LM3524 also allows it to be used in a number of other applications outside the
power supply area. Because the device is inexpensive and operates off a singlesided supply, it can considerably reduce component count and circuit
complexity in almost any application.it has wide variety of applications such as
Temperature-to-Pulse-Width

Converter,

SENSORLESS Motor Speed Control

RTD

Temperature

Controller,

3.4 LM3524

3.3.2.2 Features OF LM3524:

Fully interchangeable with standard LM3524 family
1% precision 5V reference with thermal shut-down
Output current to 200 mA DC
60V output capability
Wide common mode input range for error-amp
One pulse per period (noise suppression)
Improved max. duty cycle at high frequencies
Double pulse suppression
Synchronize through pin 3

3.3.3 Sine pulse width modulation circuit:

3.5 Sine Pulse Width Modulation Circuit

The most common and popular technique of digital pure-sine wave generation
is pulse-width-modulation (PWM). The PWM technique involves generation of
a digital waveform, for which the duty-cycle is modulated such that the average
voltage of the waveform corresponds to a pure sine wave. The simplest way of
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producing the PWM signal is through comparison of a low-power reference sine

wave with a triangle wave. Using these two signals as input to a comparator, the
output will be a 2-level PWM signal. This PWM signal can then be used to
control switches connected to a high-voltage bus, which will replicate this
signal at the appropriate voltage. Put through an LC filter, this PWM signal will
clean up into a close approximation of a sine wave.

3.3.4.1 Control signal generation:

The theory of encoding a sine wave with a PWM signal is relatively simple. A
sine wave is needed for the reference that will dictate the output, and a triangle
wave of higher frequency is needed to sample the reference and actuate the
switches. Generally, op-amps are used in generating sine waves, but the process
can also be done with a microcontroller with crystal oscillators. Within the vast
library of op-amp circuits, more than one can serve as a sine-wave oscillator.
Sine wave inverters that utilize PWM for wave shaping have a comparator stage
to generate the PWM signal. The high-frequency triangle wave is compared to
the sine wave many times per sine wave cycle. The comparator output is a
PWM signal whose duty cycle is related to how long the sine-wave amplitude is
greater than the triangle wave. In other words, as the sine wave reaches its crest,
the switching transistors are held closed longer to develop a greater voltage
across the load.

As the reference sine wave approaches its crest, the PWM signal is dominated
by the effect of the sine wave being greater than the triangle wave. Thus, the
positive voltage direction switches stay on longer to develop the peak voltage of
the sine wave. When the reference sine is at its minimum value (the valley) the
PWM signal is dominated by the comparison of the triangle wave being greater
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than the sine wave most of the time. The result is a PWM signal that is the
inverse of the positive voltage direction PWM signal. In application, we
connected the signals to complementary inputs on two different comparators so
that both waveforms are generated simultaneously to drive the N-channel
MOSFETs of the inverter.

3.3.4 Shoot through pulse generation:

3.6 Shoot through Pulse Generation

Feedback input voltage is compared with the reference voltage at the grid (say
24V) using LM741 operational amplifier.

LM741 Op Amp:

3.7 LM741

Whenever feedback voltage falls below the reference grid voltage, comparator 1
produces pulses .The normal PWM output from the sine pulse width modulation
circuit is delayed and compared with the pulses obtained from the comparator
1.The pulses so obtained from comparator 2 are inverted and added with the
normal PWM pulses to obtain the extended shoot through pulses. The pulses are
so extended to compensate for the grid voltage reduction, from our backup
sources. In case if there is no error voltage, PWM pulses will not be extended
and the same PWM pulses that are obtained from the SPWM circuit are fed to
the gate triggering.

3.3.5 DRIVER CIRCUIT:

It is used to provide 9 to 20 volts to switch the MOSFET Switches of the
inverter. Driver amplifies the voltage from Microcontroller which is 5volts. Also
it has an Opto-coupler for isolating purpose. So damage to MOSFET is
prevented.

COMPONENTS USED:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

IRFP460
Diode: IN4007
Capacitors: 1000uF/50V, 1000uF/25V, 1000uF/250V
Optocoupler: MCT2E
Transistors: 2N2222, CK100
Resistors: 1k, 100ohm

DRIVER CIRCUIT OPERATION:

The driver circuit forms the most important part of the hardware unit
because it acts as the backbone of the inverter because it gives the triggering
pulse to the switches in the proper sequence. The diagram given above gives the
circuit operation of the driver unit. The driver unit contains the following
important units.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

Opto-coupler
Totem pole
Capacitor
Supply
Diode
Resistor

OPTOCOUPLER:
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Opto-coupler is also termed as opto-ISOLATOR. Opto-isolator a device which

contains a optical emitter, such as an LED, neon bulb, or incandescent bulb, and
an optical receiving element, such as a resistor that changes resistance with
variations in light intensity, or a transistor, diode, or other device that conducts
differently when in the presence of light. These devices are used to isolate the
control the control voltage from the controlled circuit.
Optocoupler typically come in a small 6-pin or 8-pin IC package, but are
essentially a combination of two distinct devices: an optical transmitter,
typically a phototransistor or light-triggered DIAC.
The two are separated by a transparent barrier which blocks any electrical
current flow between the two, but does allow the passage of light. The basic
idea is shown in Fig., along with the usual circuit symbol for an Opto-coupler.
Usually the electrical connections to the LED section are brought out to the pins
on one side of the package and those for the phototransistor or DIAC to the
other side, to physically separate them as much as possible.