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TECHNICAL PAPER
INTRODUCTION
The satisfactory use of steel-reinforced concrete as a
composite material depends partially on the bond of reinforcing
bars to concrete, which should be effectively developed
for the transfer of forces between the reinforcing bars and
concrete. At early ages, plain round bars were widely used
in reinforced concrete structures, and their bond properties
were correspondingly investigated.1 Abrams2 performed an
experimental investigation into the bond behavior of plain
round bars using the pullout test. Based on the measured slip
at the unloaded end of the bar, the bond stress-slip relationship was obtained. It was concluded that the bond of plain
round bars is mobilized by the adhesion at the concrete-bar
interface before a relative slip occurs and provided by the
friction between the reinforcing bar and concrete after slipping takes place. Stoker and Sozen3 further demonstrated
that the adhesion resistance before slipping is attributed
to the chemical adhesion mechanism and the micro-interlocking of concrete keys generated by the penetration of
cement paste into the indentations of the bar surface. After
the concrete keys are crushed at the peak bond stress, a bond
slip occurs, and the friction resistance is activated by the
wedging action of the cement paste at the concrete-bar interface, which leads to a progressive reduction in bond stress
with an increase in slip. Tassios4 pointed out that a small
slip is needed for activating micro-interlocking to develop
the maximum adhesion resistance. It was also shown that,
before the peak value is reached, the bond stress increases
with the increase of the slip.5-8 The reason for this is that
the bond stress is nonuniformly distributed along the bonded
ACI Structural Journal/January-February 2014
15
P12
P16
P20
12 (0.47)
16 (0.63)
20 (0.79)
285 (41.0)
268 (38.6)
277 (39.9)
Elastic modulus
Es, GPa (ksi)
210 (20,500)
210 (20,500)
210 (20,500)
Poissons ratio s
0.3
0.3
0.3
C30
C40
30 (4350)
40 (5800)
Cement:water:sand:coarse
aggregate
1:0.78:2.56:5.34
1:0.52:1.57:3.34
30.2 (4380)
31.7 (4595)
Poissons ratio c
0.227
0.221
Table 3Average characteristic parameters of bond behavior for specimens in Series P16C40 subjected
to lateral pressure
u
Specimen
pm/fcu
s0, mm (in.)
P16C40-1
0.133 (0.0052)
P16C40-2
0.05
0.042(0.0017)
fcu
MPa
k, MPa/mm (ksi/in.)*
kr
0.108
0.4
0.15
0.450
0.137
30.0 (111)
0.47
0.233
P16C40-3
0.10
0.020 (0.0008)
0.18
60.4 (224)
0.42
0.229
P16C40-4
0.15
0.030 (0.0012)
0.247
55.8 (207)
0.35
0.307
P16C40-5
0.20
0.040 (0.0016)
0.305
46.4 (172)
0.36
0.189
P16C40-6
0.25
0.041 (0.0016)
0.332
58.5 (217)
0.33
0.393
P16C40-7
0.30
0.062 (0.0024)
0.367
41.0 (152)
0.38
0.538
P16C40-8
0.20
0.019 (0.0007)
0.297
117.0 (435)
0.34
0.155
P16C40-9
0.40
0.028 (0.0011)
0.510
116.5 (433)
0.29
0.348
P16C40-10
0.53
0.078 (0.0031)
0.792
68.6 (255)
0.48
0.770
P16C40-11
0.15
0.058 (0.0023)
0.351
101.1 (376)
0.38
0.330
P16C40-12
0.30
0.031 (0.0012)
0.337
73.3 (272)
0.35
0.210
P16C40-13
0.45
0.036 (0.0014)
0.571
105.9 (394)
0.31
0.277
P16C40-14
0.60
0.056 (0.0022)
0.647
81.8 (304)
0.47
0.434
P16C40-15
0.10
0.052 (0.0020)
0.146
19.6 (73)
0.39
0.206
P16C40-16
0.20
0.050 (0.0020)
0.207
86.5 (321)
0.31
0.257
P16C40-17
0.30
0.035 (0.0014)
0.431
98.6 (366)
0.28
0.240
P16C40-18
0.40
0.048 (0.0019)
0.406
53.7 (200)
0.29
0.312
P16C40-19
0.50
0.032 (0.0013)
0.474
98.9 (368)
0.31
0.233
P16C40-20
0.60
0.068 (0.0027)
0.682
69.4 (258)
0.41
0.404
P16C40-21
0.80
0.053 (0.0021)
0.924
124.8 (464)
0.46
0.482
Table 4Average characteristic parameters of bond behavior for specimens in Series P12C40, P20C40,
and P16C30 subjected to lateral pressure
Specimen
pm/fcu
s0, mm
(in.)
P12C40-1
0.232 (0.0090)
P12C40-2
0.15
P12C40-3
u
fcu
k, MPa/mm (ksi/in.)*
kr
0.147
0.61
0.22
0.445
0.089 (0.0034)
0.309
40.4 (148)
0.40
0.241
0.30
0.052 (0.0020)
0.410
56.9 (209)
0.50
0.394
P12C40-4
0.60
0.041 (0.0016)
0.701
128.7 (472)
0.34
0.313
P12C40-5
0.80
0.090 (0.0034)
0.996
67.0 (246)
0.57
0.543
P20C40-1
0.387 (0.0151)
0.163
0.77
0.15
0.386
P20C40-2
0.15
0.051 (0.0020)
0.598
83.0 (304)
0.40
0.282
P20C40-3
0.30
0.061 (0.0024)
0.520
71.9 (264)
0.50
0.242
P20C40-4
0.60
0.070 (0.0027)
0.729
63.9 (234)
0.37
0.473
P20C40-5
0.80
0.171 (0.0067)
1.094
60.5 (222)
0.58
0.558
P16C30-1
0.319 (0.0124)
0.152
0.50
0.30
0.352
P16C30-2
0.15
0.056 (0.0022)
0.298
32.9 (121)
0.36
0.418
P16C30-3
0.30
0.069 (0.0027)
0.530
139.6 (512)
0.43
0.346
P16C30-4
0.60
0.085 (0.0033)
0.856
190.3 (698)
0.42
0.400
P16C30-5
0.80
0.076 (0.0030)
1.010
225.5 (827)
0.64
0.407
MPa
k is unavailable for Specimens P12C40-1, P20C40-1, and P16C30-1 due to nonlinearity in bond stress-slip curve.
18
fcu
= k1 + k2
pm
fcu
(1)
fcu
= 0.12 + 1.05
pm
p
, for 0 m 0.8
fcu
fcu
(2)
s0 s0u
=
D D
pm
pm
0.132 + 0.221 f , for 0.05 f 0.8 (3)
cu
cu
21
Fig. 11Relationship between bond strength ratio and: (a) p1/fcu; and (b) p2/fcu for specimens in Series P16C40.
22
u (s / s0 ) , for 0 s s0
(4)
=
u [ kr + (1 kr ) exp( s / s0 1)], for s s0
Fig. 14Relationships between: (a) s0; and (b) s0/D and pm/fcu. (Note: 1 mm = 0.0394 in.)
(5)
pm
0.20, for f = 0
cu
=
1.0, for 0.05 pm 0.8
fcu
(6)
pm
0.40, for f = 0
cu
=
0.215 0.35 pm , for 0.05 pm 0.8
fcu
fcu
23
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation with
Grant No. 51078057 and 51121005, the National Basic Research Program
(973 Program) with Grant No. 2011CB013800 and 2009CB623200, and
the Open Research Fund Program of State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering with Grant No. sklhse-2008-D-03, of the Peoples
Republic of China, is greatly acknowledged.
REFERENCES
24
25
Specimen
p1
f cu
P16C40-1
0.1
P16C40-2 0.1
0.1
P16C40-3 0.2
p2
f cu
f cu ,
MPa
s0 ,
mm
(ksi)
(in.) *
42.07
0.215
(6.11)
(0.0085)
42.07
0.109
0
(6.11)
(0.0043)
38.17
0.074
(5.54)
(0.0029)
42.07
0.022
0
(6.11)
(0.0009)
38.17
0.027
(5.54)
(0.0011)
42.20
0.076
u
f cu
(0.0030)
42.07
0.020
(6.11)
(0.0008)
r ,
MPa
MPa/mm
( MPa ) (ksi/in.)
kr
(ksi)
0.123
0.100
0.101
0.29(42.1)
0.36
0.172
0.133
0.107
(6.12)
k,
0.217
9.2 (34)
0.31 (45)
0.45
0.2
0.2
0.3
P16C40-4 0.3
0.3
38.17
0.015
(5.54)
(0.0006)
38.17
0.023
0
(5.54)
(0.0009)
42.07
0.026
(6.11)
(0.0010)
38.17
0.023
0
(5.54)
(0.0009)
42.20
0.040
(6.12)
(0.0016)
0.172
70.7 (263)
0.51 (74)
0.48
0.151
0.263
0.227
0.252
42.07
0.4
0.310
(6.11)
38.17
P16C40-5 0.4
0.4
0.5
(5.54)
(0.0017)
38.17
0.038
(5.54)
(0.0015)
42.07
0.029
P16C40-6
0.5
0.042
(6.11)
(0.0011)
38.17
0.032
0.365
0.239
0.365
0.319
0.5
0.6
P16C40-7 0.6
0.6
(5.54)
(0.0013)
42.20
0.063
0
(6.12)
(0.0025)
42.07
0.074
(6.11)
(0.0029)
38.17
0.039
0
(5.54)
(0.0015)
38.17
0.072
(5.54)
(0.0028)
41.57
0.012
(6.03)
(0.0005)
39.94
0.024
0.3 0.1
(0.0009)
38.92
0.021
(5.65)
(0.0008)
39.66
0.027
0.3 0.1
0.6 0.2
(5.76)
(0.0011)
39.66
0.034
(5.76)
(0.0013)
0.312
0.394
0.386
0.320
0.403
0.240
0.246
0.523
0.422
P16C40-9
0.6 0.2
38.92
0.025
(5.65)
(0.0010)
44.14
0.070
0.6 0.2
0.8 0.27
(6.41)
(0.0028)
44.14
0.061
(6.41)
(0.0024)
38.92
0.101
0.8 0.27
(5.65)
(0.0040)
41.57
0.034
(6.03)
(0.0013)
39.66
0.012
(5.76)
(0.0005)
38.92
0.129
0.2 0.1
0.2 0.1
(5.65)
(0.0051)
41.57
0.037
(6.03)
(0.0015)
39.66
0.032
0.4 0.2
P16C40-12
0.4 0.2
0.4 0.2
(5.76)
(0.0013)
38.92
0.024
0.586
0.734
0.734
0.907
0.344
0.264
0.444
0.233
40.9 (152)
0.333
0.444
0.51 (74)
0.34
(5.65)
(0.0009)
41.57
0.043
0.6 0.3
0.430
(6.03)
(0.0017)
39.66
0.034
(5.76)
(0.0013)
38.92
0.030
0.6 0.3
(0.0012)
44.14
0.061
(6.41)
(0.0024)
44.14
0.043
(6.41)
(0.0017)
38.92
0.066
0.8 0.4
0.701
0.8 0.4
(5.65)
(0.0026)
39.94
0.024
(5.80)
(0.0009)
41.57
0.079
0.1 0.1
0.391
0.105
0.138
11.3 (42)
0.194
(0.0031)
39.66
0.1 0.1
(5.76)
39.94
0.012
(5.80)
(0.0005)
41.57
0.089
0.2 0.2
161. 7
0.307
0.156
11.2 (42)
0.159
(0.0035)
39.66
0.2 0.2
(5.76)
39.94
0.040
0.3 0.3
0.481
(5.80)
(0.0016)
41.57
P16C40-17 0.3 0.3
0.218
(6.03)
39.66
0.031
(5.76)
(0.0012)
39.94
0.052
0.3 0.3
0.4 0.4
(5.80)
(0.0020)
41.57
0.059
(6.03)
(0.0023)
39.66
0.034
0.4 0.4
(5.76)
(0.0013)
39.94
0.046
0.446
0.472
0.299
0.526
(5.80)
(0.0018)
41.57
0.020
0.5 0.5
(6.03)
(0.0008)
38.92
0.031
(5.65)
(0.0012)
41.57
0.052
0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6
(6.03)
(0.0020)
39.66
0.113
(5.76)
(0.0044)
38.92
0.039
(5.65)
(0.0015)
44.14
0.031
0.6 0.6
0.8 0.8
(6.41)
(0.0012)
44.14
0.052
(6.41)
(0.0020)
44.14
0.077
0.8 0.8
(6.41)
Note:
17.
0.365
0.536
0.519
0.951
0.577
0.693
1.126
0.952
(0.0030)
* s0 was not successfully recorded for one of specimens P16C40-5 and P16C40-15 to
k is unavailable for specimen P16C40-1 due to the non-linearity in the bond stress-slip
curve and for other specimens due to the lack of s0.
p1
Specimen f cu
p2
f cu
f cu ,
MPa
(ksi)
s0 ,
mm
(in.) *
u
f cu
k,
r ,
MPa
MPa/mm
( MPa ) (ksi/in.)
kr
(ksi)
0.43
0.527
0.74
0.734
0.48
0.579
13.4(49)
0.59
0.313
16.8 (62)
0.84
0.477
91.0(334)
0.81
0.421
1.03
0.572
26.1(96)
0.97
0.514
87.6(321)
1.57
0.426
66.0(242)
1.67
0.371
0.98
0.227
1.60
0.423
P12C401
P12C402
0.301
P12C403
P12C404
64.1(235)
3.39
0.503
84.2(309)
3.38
0.508
52.8(194)
3.15
0.702
P12C405
0.67
0.793
0 36.41(5.27)
0.191
0.71
0.756
73.0(268)
1.18
0.491
1.72
0.374
45.1(165)
1.32
0.344
96.6(354)
1.53
0.548
1.48
0.651
47.2(173)
1.34
0.310
59.6(219)
0.96
0.309
48.5(178)
1.84
0.413
83.5(306)
2.19
0.389
45.1(165)
4.22
0.571
P20C40
0.378
P20C404
22.4(82)
5.21
0.781
2.15
0.374
0.59
0.555
0.29
0.474
0.36
0.473
0.31
0.263
32.9(121)
0.69
0.401
32.9(121)
0.79
0.408
1.15
0.396
19.6(72)
0.95
0.496
36.7(135)
1.49
0.399
1.59
0.415
30.4(112)
2.32
0.451
61.8(227)
1.87
0.385
36.0(132)
2.91
0.553
88.2(326)
4.23
0.647
P16C301
0.217
P16C302
P16C303
P16C304
3.23
0.714
Note: * s0 was not successfully recorded for one of specimens P12C40-3, P20C40-1 and 3,
and P16C30-2.
k is unavailable for specimens P12C40-1, P20C40-1, and P16C30-1 due to the nonlinearity in the bond stress-slip curve and for other specimens due to the lack of s0.
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