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where,
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Strain
where,
=tensile or compressive strain, m/m
=total elongation in a bar, m
=original length of the bar, m
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Hooke's Law
Stress is proportional to strain
where,
E=proportionality constant called the elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity or
Youngs modulus, Pa
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Piosson's Ratio
where,
v=Poissons ratio
=lateral strain
=axial strain
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where,
=change in volume
=original volume
=strain
=Poissons ratio
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where,
=total elongation in a material which hangs vertically under its own weight
W=weight of the material
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Thin Rings
where,
=Circumferential or hoop Stress
S=Circumferential or hoop tension
A=Cross-sectional area
=Circumferential strain
E=Youngs modulus
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Strain Energy
where,
U=total energy stored in the bar or strain energy
P=tensile load
=total elongation in the bar
L=original length of the bar
A=cross-sectional area of the bar
E=Youngs modulus
U=strain energy per unit volume
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where,
=normal or circumferential or hoop stress in cylindrical vessel, Pa
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Pure Shear
where,
=Shearing Stress, Pa
=Shearing Strain or angular deformation
G=Shear modulus, Pa
E=Youngs modulus, Pa
V=Poissons ratio
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where,
=maximum shearing stress, Pa
=Shearing stress at any point a distance x from the centre of a
section
r=radius of the section, m
d=diameter of a solid circular shaft, m
=polar moment of inertia of a cross-sectional area, m4
T=resisting torque, N-m
N= rpm of shaft
P=power, kW
=angle of twist, radian
L=length of shaft, m
G=shear modulus, Pa
do=outer diameter of hollow shaft, m
and
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where,
=Ip, polar moment of inertia for thin-walled tubes
r=mean radius
t=wall thickness
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Flexure Formula
where,
=Stress on any point of cross-section at distance y from the
axis
=stress at outer fibre of the beam
neutral
c=distance measured from the neutral axis to the most remote fibre of the beam
I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the centroidal axis
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where,
F=Shear force
Q=statistical moment about the neutral axis of the cross-section
b=width
I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the Centroidal axis.
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where,
T=applied torque
R=distance between a reference point and segment ds
=angle of twist of a hollow tube
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Stress Concentration
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where,
=normal stress
M=bending moment
dA=cross-sectional area of an element
r=distance of curved surface from the centre of curvature
A=cross-sectional area of beam
R=distance of neutral axis from the centre of curvature
R1=distance of centroidal axis from the centre of curvature
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Bending of a Beam
where,
d= bending displacement, m
F=force applied, N
I=length of the beam, m
a=width of beam, m
b=thickness of beam, m
Y=Youngs modulus, N/m2
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Thermal stress
=E
= E dt
(1)
where
= stress due to temperature expansion (N/m2, Pa)
E =Youngs Modulus (N/m2)
= strain
= temperature expansion coefficient (m/moC)
dt = temperature difference (oC)