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Galvanograph Component
1. Sticker- 1897 worked on the galvanograph component and studied the influence and
relation of the sweat glands to the skin resistance.
2. Veraguth- 1907 formulated the term Psycho-galvanic Skin Resistance (PSR). He claimed
that the electrical phenomena are due to the activity the sweat glands.
3. Richard O. Arthur- developed an improvised polygraph machine with two galvanic skin
resistance.
Pneumograph Component
1. Vittorio Bennussi- 1914 noted changes in inhalation and exhalation ratio occurring
during deception. He recorded the respiratory curves of the pneumograph.
2. Harold Burtt- 1918 a scientist who determined that the respiratory changes were signs
of deception and concluded the systolic pressure changes are valuable in determining
deception.
Kymograph Components
1. Leonard Keeler- 1926 invented the kymograph machine. In 1949 the keelers polygraph
incorporated in the galvanograph with measurement, blood pressure and respiration
component and kymograph component. He also devised the metal recording bellow,
rolled chart paper and the method of question formulation used in polygraph
examination.
Lie detector test a test used to record physiological changes associated with lying in a
subject.
Word association test a list of stimulus or non stimulus words are read to the subject
who is instructed to answer as quickly as possible. The test is not concern with the
answer be it as yes or no. The important factor is the time of response in relation to
stimulus or non stimulus words
Psychological stress evaluator (PSE) - detects measures and graphically displays the voice
modulations that we cannot hear. When a person speaks, there are audible voice
frequencies, and superimposed on these are the inaudible frequency modulations which
are product of minute oscillations of the muscles or micro tremor occur at the rate of 8-14
cycles/sec.
Use of drugs that try to inhibit the inhibitor:
Administration of truth serum The term is misnomer. The procedure is not make
someone tell the truth and the thing is not administered is not a serum but is actually a
drug. Hyoscine hydrobromide is given hypodermically in repeated doses until a state of
delirium is induced. When proper point is reached, the questioning begins and the subject
feels a compulsion to answer the question truthfully. He may forget his alibi which he may
have built up to cover his guilt.
Narcoanalysis it is practically the same as truth serum, the only difference is the drug
used. Psychiatric sodium amytal or sodium penthotal is administered to the subject. The
drug causes depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain and the subject talks
freely.
Intoxication The apparent stimulation effect of alcohol is really the result of the control
mechanism of the brain, like truth serum and narcoanalytic drugs inhibit the inhibitor
In vino veritas (In wine there is truth).
Hypnotismis
The alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the subject manifests a
heightened of suggestibility while awareness is maintained. Not all persons are
susceptible to hypnotic induction. Subject who are strong willed like lawyers, accountants,
physicians and other professionals are non hypnotizable.
By observation:
By observation A good criminal investigator must be keen observer and a good
psychologist. A subject under stress on account of the stimulation of the sympathetic
nervous system may exhibit changes which may be used as a potential clue of deception.
Scientific Interrogation:
Interrogation is the questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or
of a person who are reluctant to make a full disclosure of information in his possession
which is pertinent to the investigation. Requirements for the admissibility of evidence
obtained through interrogation. Sec. 20 Art IV, Bill of rights Phil Constitution.
Confession:
Is the expressed acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal case of the truth of his
guilt as to the crime charged or of some essentials thereof
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Polygraphy- is the scientific method of detecting deception with the aid or used of a
polygraph.
Polygraph is an instrument used for recording changes of blood pressure, pulse rate,
respiration and skin resistance as indication of emotional disturbance specially of lying when
questioned. Derived from Greek word POLY means many and GRAPH means writing chart.
Fear is an emotional response to specific danger that appears beyond a person defensive
power.
Stimulus is a force or emotional response to organism.
Reaction it is an action in mental attitude evoke by external influence.
Deception is the act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying.
Detection is the act of discovering the existence of facts or something that is hiding.
Lying is an uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a false or misleading impression with
the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts through the opinion or affection of another.
Response is any activity of the previous activity of an organism or part of the organism
resulting from stimulation.
Specific response is any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject.
Normal response is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered in the irrelevant
question.
Polygraph examiner is one who conduct or administer test.
Chart or Polygrams refers to the composite records of the pneumograph, galvanograph and
cardiosphygmograph tracing recorded from series of questions.
Subject refers to person being examined.
Limitation of Polygraph
It is an invariable investigative aid but never a substitute for an investigation.
It is not a lie detector but is a scientific diagnostic instrument
It does not determine facts but is a diagnostic reaction
It records responses which the subject knows to be truth
It is accurate as the examiner is competent
The test will not be given until enough facts of the case have been established to permit an
examiner to prepare a complete of suitable questions.
A rest will not be given without the voluntary consent of the subject
No indication will be given to any person or any place in any report that a person will be
considered guilty because he refuse to take the test.
A test will not be given until the accusation have been explained to the subject.
No attempt to use the polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person
No exam will be conducted to unfit subject.
OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION:
Ascertain if the subject is telling the truth
Obtain leads to the facts of the offense, location of the stolen goods and the where about of
the wanted person.
Compare conflicting statement
Verify statement
Obtain the facts after the test indicates that a person lied or tried to cover what he knew.
PRINCIPAL USE OF POLYGRAPH
It is an aid to an investigator
It speed up the process of investigation
It will eliminate innocent subject
The investigator could concentrate to one subject to determine the truth or deception.
What is Lie?
A lie is any untruthful statement, anything that deceives or creates false impression, untrue
statements especially with intent to deceive or to give an erroneous or misleading impression.
Centering control- which is used to provide adjustment of the tracing so that the
composite records pattern would be on the guideline
Vent provide the means by which air in the system can be released.
Recording pen unit which is used to record the blood pressure, pulse rate changes
on the chart paper by means of five inch recording pen.
Cardiosphygmograph Tracing
Cardio tracing taking the form of specific responses indicative of deception are:
Increase or decrease in blood pressure
Increase and decrease in pulse rate
Increase and decrease in amplitude
Change in position or disappearance of diacritic notch
Extra systoles (Premature contraction of an auricle or ventricle while fundamental
rhythm of the heart is maintained.
GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
Its primary function is to detect changes of alterations in skin resistance of the subject. It is
made up of the following components:
Finger electrode assembly which has a finger electrode plate and retainer bond
attached to the left index and ring finger of the subject. And a connecting plug
designed to fasten the system to the polygraph machine.
Recording pen unit which usually seven inches in length.
Amplifier unit which is made to support the galvanometer in converting electrical
to mechanical current.
Galvanic tracing which may be indicative of deception:
Vertical rise at point of deception
Double saddle response
Long duration of response following point of deception
Planging galvano tracing
PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
It is designed to detect changes of respiration of the subject. Its major components are the
pneumograph chest assembly and recording unit.
Rubber convoluted tube which is ten inches in length corrugated rubber attached
to the chest and abdominal area of the subject.
Pneumograph recording unit is made up of brass bellows, a frame, crankshaft,
countershaft, adjustable fulcrum, bearing with adjusted screw pen, vent limiting
screws, pen cradle and pen centering control. The backward and forward right
movement is then recorded to the chart paper.
Chart Interpretation
The changes from the individual norms which may be considered indicative of deception.
Change in rhythm or regularity
Change in amplitude or volume
Change in the inhalation/exhalation ratio
Change of baseline
Loss of base line
Hyperventilation
Suppression
Respiratory block
KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT
Its primary serves as the paper feed mechanism of the polygraph machine. It is a device that
records the different tracings by driving the paper out under a recording pen unit. Its pulls or
drives the chart paper under the recording pen simultaneously at the rate of 6 to 12 inches
per minute. The chart must travel in a uniform speed to facilitate the valid interpretations.
Chart which is rolled graph paper composed of 12 division in 60 seconds run
designed to measure the rate of various body function.
Rubber roller which pulls the paper out of the machine.
Paper trail guide which serves as to secure or ensure the chart papers forward
movement without shaking.
STAGES UNDERTAKEN IN A POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
Initial Interview usually conducted by the investigator handling the case or a polygraph
examiner who given brief significant details of the case. It is designed to obtain pertinent
information necessary for the conduct of the test.
The investigator must furnish the following documents:
Sworn statement of the suspects, witnesses and complainants
Incident or spot report
BI of suspects, witnesses and victims
Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts
Prior to
the polygraph examination the following considerations are taken into account:
The subject must refrain from smoking at least two hours prior to the test.
The subject should avoid taking medication for at least 2 days prior to the examination.
The subject should not be hungry.
The subject must refrain from consuming alcoholic beverages for at least 12 hours prior
to the actual test.
The subject should not be suffering from physical or emotional abuse.
The subject should calm down and relax, if the female subject is pregnant having
menstruation, the test will not be undertaken.
The subject should not wear tight apparels or clothing as this may cause inference in
the test results.
The subject should have at least five (5) hours of sleep prior to the examination.
Before the actual polygraph examination is administered to the subject, the polygraph examiner
must take the necessary preparations which are as follows:
The appraisal of the subjects constitutional rights.
Obtain the subjects consent to undergo a polygraph examination.
Taking the subjects personal data.
Informing the subjects involvement with the case.
Evaluating the psychological preparations.
Determine his/ her suitability as a subject.
Actual Test-The conditions of the room must be ideal that it should be spacious, well
ventilated and lighted; it should be sound proof and not be decorated so as not to distract the
subject. The major components of the polygraph machine are attached to the subject. And
questions are asked one by one at specific intervals.
If the polygraph examiner is convinced of the guilt of the subject from the chart taken, the
post test interrogation technique is used to secure admission or confession. It is
undertaken following these procedures:
Inform the subject that he cannot be cleared from his chart.
Advice the subject that the responses were the result of his emotion and not by means
of any mechanical manipulation.
Use sympathetic and persuasive attitude as well as perseverance in drawing out
confession or admission.
Indicate recorded reactions with brief explanations of their importance as an objective,
tangible and concrete evidence to be used against the subject.
Listed conscientiously to any consequences, pursue a line of mild questioning as to the
reasons why the criminal act was committed.
If confession or admission is coming allow the subject to narrate it in his own words.
Carefully listen to precise details and write it down at first instance.
Never make any guarantee as to immunity, reward or leniency.
Inform the investigator on case.
If no confession was given, cordially release the subject.
numbered cards. The card is then shuffled by the examiner and instruct the subject to
answer NO concerning the card when shown. This is to single out which among the answer
given by the subject is lie.
4. Silent answer test this is confirmatory test because the subject is afraid of the unfamiliar
and the unknown. It is an examination in which the subject is instructed by the examiner
to avoid AUDIBLE response to the questions asked.
5. Guilt complex test in case the subject is overly responsive, this test is given which
consist of the test pertaining to purely fictitious incident of a similar nature to the one
under query.
6. Mixed question test this consist of an arrangement of first and third test question,
administered for the purpose of discounting possible factor of accident responses and to
compare the degree of reaction between control or relevant question.
CHART MARKING AND INTERPRETATION
Chart markings are annotations of the physiologic tracings to denote stimulus (question) onset
and offset, examinees answer, number, question label, artifacts and other details important to
the interpretation of the physiological data.
Two types of chart markings
1. Primary markings- these are markings which indicate the beginning and end of
examination as well as the question and answers of the subject. These are usually placed
at the bottom or top of the polygraph chart.
a.
X
it indicates start of the test. The examiner informs the subject that the test is
about to begin.
b.
is a stimulus mark. The first vertical line marks when the examiner starts
asking question. Second vertical line marks when the examiner finishes asking question.
c.
+
a positive sign which indicates that the subject answers the question with
YES. It also indicates the period when the subject answers the question and usually
followed by a number indicating the order number of question example +1, +2, +3
d.
XX
indicates the end of the test. Markings
2. Secondary markings are markings which are placed only if the examinee does something
which will cause the physiological tracings to distort. These marking are usually placed below the
affected tracing.
M Movement
T -Subject talk
TI Talking Instruction
C- Coughing
N- Noise
S Sign
L Laugh
Y Yawn
B- Burps
A Downward adjustment of galvano pen.
V- Upward adjustment of galvano pen.
PJ paper jump
CT clearing throat
SN Sniff
SZ Sneeze
BI Breathing Instruction
DB Deep Breathing
IS - Ink Stop
MI -Movement Instruction
OS Outside Stimulus
M-M prolonged movement