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Reviewer in Polygraphy

Lie Detection/ Polygraphy


Lie detection or polygraphy test is one of the scientific methods in crime detection. The
polygraph is always one of the scientific instruments in the detection of crime the criminal
investigation department in all police organizations. This is used to test or question
individuals for the purpose of detecting deception or verifying truth of statement through
a visual, permanent and simultaneous recording of a persons cardiovascular and
respiratory pattern as a minimum instrumentation requirement.
The instrument merely measures certain identifiable physical reactions as affecting the
respiratory rate, blood pressure/pulse rate and galvanic skin resistance to a very minute
amount of current in connection with the of a reliable questioning technique for diagnosing
deception.
The effectiveness of the polygraph in recording symptoms of deception is based on the
well established fact that a conscious mental effort on the part of normal person to
deceive, cause involuntary physiological changes, which are in effect, a bodys reaction to
an imminent danger of its well- being.
HISTORY OF THE POLYGRAPH
Cardiosphygmograph Component
1. Cesare Lombroso- an Italian scientist who in 1885 used hydrosphygmograph procedure
and was credited to be the pioneer who envisioned the idea of using scientific
procedures to lie detection. He is considered as the first person to use an instrument
for the purpose of detecting deception.
2. Angelo Mosso- in 1895 he developed a type of sphygmomanometer and utilized a
scientific cradle and focus on the significance of fear as an indication of deception.
3. Dr. William M. Marston 1893-1947- the creator of the systolic blood pressure test,
which lead to the creation of the of the polygraph
4. John A. Larson- 1921 developed an instrument capable of simultaneously and
continuously recording blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration. His invention was
designated as the Bread of Lie Detector

Galvanograph Component
1. Sticker- 1897 worked on the galvanograph component and studied the influence and
relation of the sweat glands to the skin resistance.
2. Veraguth- 1907 formulated the term Psycho-galvanic Skin Resistance (PSR). He claimed
that the electrical phenomena are due to the activity the sweat glands.
3. Richard O. Arthur- developed an improvised polygraph machine with two galvanic skin
resistance.

Pneumograph Component
1. Vittorio Bennussi- 1914 noted changes in inhalation and exhalation ratio occurring
during deception. He recorded the respiratory curves of the pneumograph.
2. Harold Burtt- 1918 a scientist who determined that the respiratory changes were signs
of deception and concluded the systolic pressure changes are valuable in determining
deception.

Kymograph Components
1. Leonard Keeler- 1926 invented the kymograph machine. In 1949 the keelers polygraph
incorporated in the galvanograph with measurement, blood pressure and respiration

component and kymograph component. He also devised the metal recording bellow,
rolled chart paper and the method of question formulation used in polygraph
examination.

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND USED OF POLYGRAPH


1. Sir James Mackenzie- a famous English heart specialist who first describe the polygraph as
the ink polygraph.
2. Cleve Backster- created the numerical scoring on the polygraph chart and standardizing
quantitative polygraph technique.
3. E. Galton- he was credited for devising Word Association Test.
4. John Reid- he was credited for the development of the SAT and Control Question by Test.
EARLY METHOD OF DETECTING DECEPTION
Balance Ordeal
The practice of determining the veracity of the statement of the accused by placing him on
one scale of balance and in the other scale a counter balance. Then the accused is asked to
step down the scale while the judge delivers a catch phrase to the balance. After the
exhortation, the accused is asked to go back to the scale and if he is found to be lighter than
before he was adjudged as acquitted.
Boiling Water Ordeal
Boiling this was prevalent in Africa. This test of deception is undertaken by asking those
persons suspected of committing a crime to place their right arm into the boiling pot to the
elbow, after plunging their arm they are asked to take a rest at the same time the one who
lost some of his skin the next afternoon or showed blister would be determined as the person
guilty of committing a crime.
Donkey Tail Ordeal
This is undertaken by placing the accused and a donkey in one room, if after some time, the
donkey cries, and the accused is adjudged as guilty of the offense charge against him.
Red Hot Iron Ordeal
This form of test is prevalent in India, especially from those living in the hill tribes of Rajhamal
in the North of Bengal. The accused to prove his innocence was asked to lick a red hot iron for
nine times unless burn sooner, if the tongue is burned, the accused was put to death guilt
was believed to make the tongue dry.
Red Water Ordeal
This form of trial is undertaken where the accused is asked to fast for twelve hours, and then
he is asked to swallow a small amount of rice and drink dark colored water. If this acts as an
emetic and the accused rejects all the rice, he is determined innocent from the charges. This
was based on the belief that the fetish of the victim enters the body through the mouth with
the emetic red water; it examines the heart of the accused and if it finds him innocent brings
up the rice in evidence.
Rice Chewing Ordeal
Concentrated rice is the article selected instead of cheese and bread, if the accused who is
asked to chew the concentrated rice is unable to swallow a single grain he adjudged as guilty.
This is based on the premise that a person conscious of their crime and fearful on the
punishment from God would feel a suffocating sensation in their throat; they would then fall
on their knees and confess the crime.
Trial by Combat
A primitive practice of detecting deception whereby controversies in accusations are settled
by means of duel, the victor will be spared from the consequences while the loser will be
pronounced guilty.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF DETECTING DECEPTION
A. Devices which record the psycho physiological response:

Lie detector test a test used to record physiological changes associated with lying in a
subject.
Word association test a list of stimulus or non stimulus words are read to the subject
who is instructed to answer as quickly as possible. The test is not concern with the
answer be it as yes or no. The important factor is the time of response in relation to
stimulus or non stimulus words
Psychological stress evaluator (PSE) - detects measures and graphically displays the voice
modulations that we cannot hear. When a person speaks, there are audible voice
frequencies, and superimposed on these are the inaudible frequency modulations which
are product of minute oscillations of the muscles or micro tremor occur at the rate of 8-14
cycles/sec.
Use of drugs that try to inhibit the inhibitor:
Administration of truth serum The term is misnomer. The procedure is not make
someone tell the truth and the thing is not administered is not a serum but is actually a
drug. Hyoscine hydrobromide is given hypodermically in repeated doses until a state of
delirium is induced. When proper point is reached, the questioning begins and the subject
feels a compulsion to answer the question truthfully. He may forget his alibi which he may
have built up to cover his guilt.
Narcoanalysis it is practically the same as truth serum, the only difference is the drug
used. Psychiatric sodium amytal or sodium penthotal is administered to the subject. The
drug causes depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain and the subject talks
freely.
Intoxication The apparent stimulation effect of alcohol is really the result of the control
mechanism of the brain, like truth serum and narcoanalytic drugs inhibit the inhibitor
In vino veritas (In wine there is truth).
Hypnotismis
The alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the subject manifests a
heightened of suggestibility while awareness is maintained. Not all persons are
susceptible to hypnotic induction. Subject who are strong willed like lawyers, accountants,
physicians and other professionals are non hypnotizable.
By observation:
By observation A good criminal investigator must be keen observer and a good
psychologist. A subject under stress on account of the stimulation of the sympathetic
nervous system may exhibit changes which may be used as a potential clue of deception.
Scientific Interrogation:
Interrogation is the questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or
of a person who are reluctant to make a full disclosure of information in his possession
which is pertinent to the investigation. Requirements for the admissibility of evidence
obtained through interrogation. Sec. 20 Art IV, Bill of rights Phil Constitution.
Confession:
Is the expressed acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal case of the truth of his
guilt as to the crime charged or of some essentials thereof

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Polygraphy- is the scientific method of detecting deception with the aid or used of a
polygraph.
Polygraph is an instrument used for recording changes of blood pressure, pulse rate,
respiration and skin resistance as indication of emotional disturbance specially of lying when
questioned. Derived from Greek word POLY means many and GRAPH means writing chart.

Fear is an emotional response to specific danger that appears beyond a person defensive
power.
Stimulus is a force or emotional response to organism.
Reaction it is an action in mental attitude evoke by external influence.
Deception is the act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying.
Detection is the act of discovering the existence of facts or something that is hiding.
Lying is an uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a false or misleading impression with
the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts through the opinion or affection of another.
Response is any activity of the previous activity of an organism or part of the organism
resulting from stimulation.
Specific response is any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject.
Normal response is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered in the irrelevant
question.
Polygraph examiner is one who conduct or administer test.
Chart or Polygrams refers to the composite records of the pneumograph, galvanograph and
cardiosphygmograph tracing recorded from series of questions.
Subject refers to person being examined.

Limitation of Polygraph
It is an invariable investigative aid but never a substitute for an investigation.
It is not a lie detector but is a scientific diagnostic instrument
It does not determine facts but is a diagnostic reaction
It records responses which the subject knows to be truth
It is accurate as the examiner is competent
The test will not be given until enough facts of the case have been established to permit an
examiner to prepare a complete of suitable questions.
A rest will not be given without the voluntary consent of the subject
No indication will be given to any person or any place in any report that a person will be
considered guilty because he refuse to take the test.
A test will not be given until the accusation have been explained to the subject.
No attempt to use the polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person
No exam will be conducted to unfit subject.
OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION:
Ascertain if the subject is telling the truth
Obtain leads to the facts of the offense, location of the stolen goods and the where about of
the wanted person.
Compare conflicting statement
Verify statement
Obtain the facts after the test indicates that a person lied or tried to cover what he knew.
PRINCIPAL USE OF POLYGRAPH
It is an aid to an investigator
It speed up the process of investigation
It will eliminate innocent subject
The investigator could concentrate to one subject to determine the truth or deception.
What is Lie?
A lie is any untruthful statement, anything that deceives or creates false impression, untrue
statements especially with intent to deceive or to give an erroneous or misleading impression.

What are the general kinds of lie?


1. White lie or benign lie these are the kind of lies used to protect relationship or friendship.
2. Pathological lie this is a lie who cannot distinguish right from wrong.
3. Red lie this involves political interests and motives because this is a part of communist
propaganda strategy. This is prevalent in communist countries.
4. Black lie a lie which accompanies pretentions and hypocrisies, intriguing to cause dishonor or
discredit ones good image.
5. Malicious or Judicial lie this is very pure and justifiable kind of lie that is intended to mislead
or obstruct justice.

What are the other kinds of lie?


1. Fabrication a lie told when someone submits a statement as truth, without knowing for
certain whether or not it is actually true.
2. Bold face lie is one which is told when it is obvious to all concerned that is a lie.
3. lying by omission one lies by omission by omitting an important fact, deliberately leaving
another person with a misrepresentation.
4. Lie to child often platitude which may use euphemism, which told to make an adult subject
accepted to children.
5. Noble lie one which normally cause discord if it were uncovered, but which offers some
benefit to the liar and assist in an orderly society, therefore potentially beneficial to others.
6. Emergency lie - is strategic lie when the truth may not be told because it may harm a third
party.
7. Perjury the act of lying verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or
affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing.
8. Bluffing pretending to have a capability or intention which one does not actually possess.
9. Jocose lie are those which are meant in jest and are usually understood as such by all
present parties. Teasing and sarcasm are examples.
10. Contextual lies one can state part of the truth out of the context, knowing that without
complete information, it gives false impression. Likewise, one can actually state accurate facts,
yet deceive with them.
11. Promotion lie advertisements often contain statements which are incredible.
WHAT ARE OTHER TYPE OF LIAR?
1. Panic liar one lies in order to avoid the consequences of a confession, they are afraid of
embarrassment and it is serious blow to their ego. They believe that confession will just make
the matter worst.
2. Occupational liars are practical liars and lies when it has a higher pay off than telling the
truth.
3. Tournament liar those who love to lie and are excited by the challenge of not being detected.
For them interview is a contest and wants to win, these person realizes that they will probably be
convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing them or his confesses they want
that people will believe that the law is punishing an innocent person.
4. Psychopathic liar the most difficult type, these persons have no conscience and shows no
regret for dishonesty and no manifestation of guilt.
5. Ethnological liars are persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong due to their sick mind.
6. Pathological liar are those who cannot6 distinguish right from wrong due to their sick mind.
7. Black liar are person s who always pretends that he is and what he thinks of himself.

What is polygraph examination?


Is a series of test conducted on the person involved in the commission of the crime and
referred to the polygraph branch and the formulation of questions that is answerable by yes or
no.
IS POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION CONCLUSIVE?
No. it is opinionated because of the following circumstances to wit:
1. No standard as to the instrument used
2. The method of questioning
3. The examiner is incompetent
FACTORS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ERRORS OF THE LIE DETECTOR:
Nervousness or extreme emotional tension experienced by the subject
Physiological abnormalities such as;
Excessive high or low blood pressure
Disease of the heart
Respiratory disorder
Unresponsiveness in a lying or guilty subject because of:
No fear of detection
Apparent inability to consciously control response by means of certain mental sets of
attitude.
A condition of sub shock
Extensive interrogation prior to the test.
Attempt to beat the machine by controlled breathing or by muscular flexing.
Unobservable application of the gadgets.
CAN A PERSON BE COMPELLED TO NE SUBJECTED TO THE POLYGRAPH TEST?
The test requires the subject to answer the question by yes or no. It infers the use of
intelligence and attention or other mental faculties which is self incriminatory therefore, a
person cant be compelled to be subjected to the test.
REASONS FOR THE INADMISSIBILITY TO THE COURT OF THE RESULT OF THE
POLYGRAPH EXAM:
The polygraph techniques are still in the experimental stage and have not received the
degree of standardization acceptance among scientist.
The truth of facts is to give almost conclusive weight to the polygraph experts opinion.
That there is no way to assure that a qualified examiner administers the test. The important
areas that may affect the accuracy of the test result are:
Polygraph training
The extent of the experience
The operation of the instrument
The accuracy of the polygraph techniques
The test itself cannot be relied upon because it has so many errors.
QUALIFICATIONS AND QUALITIES EXPECTED OF A POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
A polygraph examiner is one who is capable of being able to detect deception or verify truth
of statement through instrumentation or the use of mechanical device.
The following qualifications and qualities of polygraph examiner are expected.

Technical know how


He must have a complete knowledge of the instrument and its capabilities and
limitations
Moral
He must have a sincere desire to be a polygraph examiner in its strictest sense, by
devoting himself to polygraph profession through maintenance of a highly personal
integrity and increasing personal proficiency through constant study and research,
Be mindful of his official obligation.
He constantly bear in mind that his primary official obligation to his subject is to
afford them all possible safeguards against error and must never accept for a
polygraph examination any subject whose physical and mental conditions or state
makes him unfit.
Honest
He is an impartial seeker of the truth to conduct his examination in a professional
and ethical manner and never allow his personal feelings, sympathies or prejudice
influence the result of the examination.

INTERPRETATION OF THE CHART:


There must be an identifiable response
It must form a divergence from norm of the subject
It must be seen in at least 2 or more test
The paramount indication of deception is the simultaneous responses in three tracing of
the chart namely the pneumograph, galvanogaph and the cardiosphygmograph tracing.
LOCATION OF TRACING:
1. Pneumograph tracings usually found on the top of the chart it is a record of the subjects
respiratory action during questioning process and may be classified normal or abnormal.
2. Galvanograph tracing usually located at the center position of the chart, when properly
balanced takes the form of a slightly wavering line across the middle portion of the chart with
minor response to spoken stimuli.
3. Cardiosphygmograph tracing usually found at the bottom of the chart, refers to the record of
the activity of the heart during the questioning process.
FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS OF POLYGRAPH
CARDIO-SPHYGMOGRAPH COMPONENT
It was designed to detect changes in the blood pressure and pulse rate of the subject. It can
record changes of systolic blood pressure and pulse rate of the subject. It is made up of the
following:
Blood pressure cuff which is attached to the upper right arm of the subject, slightly
above the brachial artery.
Sphygmomanometer which is utilized to indicate the amount of air pressure
inflated in the system.
Pump bulb assembly - which is inflates air into the system, also known as an air
pump it has a hose connecting the blood pressure the recording pen.
Resonance control unit which is used for reducing or increasing the amount of air
pressure to reach the brass bellows and thus reduce or increase the amplitude of
pen excursions.

Centering control- which is used to provide adjustment of the tracing so that the
composite records pattern would be on the guideline
Vent provide the means by which air in the system can be released.
Recording pen unit which is used to record the blood pressure, pulse rate changes
on the chart paper by means of five inch recording pen.

Cardiosphygmograph Tracing
Cardio tracing taking the form of specific responses indicative of deception are:
Increase or decrease in blood pressure
Increase and decrease in pulse rate
Increase and decrease in amplitude
Change in position or disappearance of diacritic notch
Extra systoles (Premature contraction of an auricle or ventricle while fundamental
rhythm of the heart is maintained.
GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
Its primary function is to detect changes of alterations in skin resistance of the subject. It is
made up of the following components:
Finger electrode assembly which has a finger electrode plate and retainer bond
attached to the left index and ring finger of the subject. And a connecting plug
designed to fasten the system to the polygraph machine.
Recording pen unit which usually seven inches in length.
Amplifier unit which is made to support the galvanometer in converting electrical
to mechanical current.
Galvanic tracing which may be indicative of deception:
Vertical rise at point of deception
Double saddle response
Long duration of response following point of deception
Planging galvano tracing
PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
It is designed to detect changes of respiration of the subject. Its major components are the
pneumograph chest assembly and recording unit.
Rubber convoluted tube which is ten inches in length corrugated rubber attached
to the chest and abdominal area of the subject.
Pneumograph recording unit is made up of brass bellows, a frame, crankshaft,
countershaft, adjustable fulcrum, bearing with adjusted screw pen, vent limiting
screws, pen cradle and pen centering control. The backward and forward right
movement is then recorded to the chart paper.
Chart Interpretation
The changes from the individual norms which may be considered indicative of deception.
Change in rhythm or regularity
Change in amplitude or volume
Change in the inhalation/exhalation ratio
Change of baseline
Loss of base line
Hyperventilation

Suppression
Respiratory block

KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT
Its primary serves as the paper feed mechanism of the polygraph machine. It is a device that
records the different tracings by driving the paper out under a recording pen unit. Its pulls or
drives the chart paper under the recording pen simultaneously at the rate of 6 to 12 inches
per minute. The chart must travel in a uniform speed to facilitate the valid interpretations.
Chart which is rolled graph paper composed of 12 division in 60 seconds run
designed to measure the rate of various body function.
Rubber roller which pulls the paper out of the machine.
Paper trail guide which serves as to secure or ensure the chart papers forward
movement without shaking.
STAGES UNDERTAKEN IN A POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
Initial Interview usually conducted by the investigator handling the case or a polygraph
examiner who given brief significant details of the case. It is designed to obtain pertinent
information necessary for the conduct of the test.
The investigator must furnish the following documents:
Sworn statement of the suspects, witnesses and complainants
Incident or spot report
BI of suspects, witnesses and victims
Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts

Pre-test Interview-administered by the polygraph examiner designed to condition or


prepare the subject for the actual test. Its duration usually last 20 to 30 minutes.

Prior to

the polygraph examination the following considerations are taken into account:
The subject must refrain from smoking at least two hours prior to the test.
The subject should avoid taking medication for at least 2 days prior to the examination.
The subject should not be hungry.
The subject must refrain from consuming alcoholic beverages for at least 12 hours prior
to the actual test.
The subject should not be suffering from physical or emotional abuse.
The subject should calm down and relax, if the female subject is pregnant having
menstruation, the test will not be undertaken.
The subject should not wear tight apparels or clothing as this may cause inference in
the test results.
The subject should have at least five (5) hours of sleep prior to the examination.

Before the actual polygraph examination is administered to the subject, the polygraph examiner
must take the necessary preparations which are as follows:
The appraisal of the subjects constitutional rights.
Obtain the subjects consent to undergo a polygraph examination.
Taking the subjects personal data.
Informing the subjects involvement with the case.
Evaluating the psychological preparations.
Determine his/ her suitability as a subject.

Actual Test-The conditions of the room must be ideal that it should be spacious, well
ventilated and lighted; it should be sound proof and not be decorated so as not to distract the
subject. The major components of the polygraph machine are attached to the subject. And
questions are asked one by one at specific intervals.

Polygraph is assumed to be effective if the examination room is:


The room must be spacious for two persons with a polygraph desk, subjects chair with
arm rest and an examiners stool.
The room must be devoid of pictures, paintings, ornaments and other decors.
The room must be adequately ventilated and well lighted.
The room must be private and generally free from all outside noise preferably at least
90% sound proof and distracting influence.
The room may be installed with an observation one-way mirror and remote sound system
or video device, amplifier for monitoring and recording the test proceedings to authorized
observers.
As to the machine to be used it should be tested and widely used by most Asian
countries, it should be the latest version, it should be well maintained, properly set and in
a well running condition.

Post Test Interview


It is similar to the method of interrogation administered by the polygraph examiner which
is designed to obtain admission or confession of the subject. An interview is
conducted when the subject indicates an innocent response, while interrogation is
undertaken if signs of deception are indicated by the results of the actual polygraph test.
In cases where in the polygraph result indicates that the subject is innocent, it is the duty
of the examiner to cordially release the subject and to thank the subject for giving
consideration and cooperation.

If the polygraph examiner is convinced of the guilt of the subject from the chart taken, the
post test interrogation technique is used to secure admission or confession. It is
undertaken following these procedures:
Inform the subject that he cannot be cleared from his chart.
Advice the subject that the responses were the result of his emotion and not by means
of any mechanical manipulation.
Use sympathetic and persuasive attitude as well as perseverance in drawing out
confession or admission.
Indicate recorded reactions with brief explanations of their importance as an objective,
tangible and concrete evidence to be used against the subject.
Listed conscientiously to any consequences, pursue a line of mild questioning as to the
reasons why the criminal act was committed.
If confession or admission is coming allow the subject to narrate it in his own words.
Carefully listen to precise details and write it down at first instance.
Never make any guarantee as to immunity, reward or leniency.
Inform the investigator on case.
If no confession was given, cordially release the subject.

Purposes of post test interview:


To clarify findings
To learn if there are any other reasons for the subjects responding to a relevant question
other than the knowledge of the crime.
To obtain additional information and an admission for law enforcement purposes if the results
suggest deception.

Rules to be observed in formulating test questions:


Questions must be concise as possible.
Questions must be direct and simple.
Questions should not be in the form of an accusation.
All queries must be answerable by yes or no.
The terms must be used should be clear and understood by the subject.
All questions must refer to one offense only.
All questions must refer to one element of a felony.
Questions must not entail legal terminologies.
All questions should not contain inferences to ones knowledge, religion, race, ideology or
belief.
Types of Questions
Irrelevant questions-are those pertaining to basic data and information regarding the background
of the subject not related to the case but is asked to establish the normal response of the
subject. Example. Name, Address, age etc. Such questions are only answerable by YES only.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRELEVANT QUESTION:
a. It has no connection to the matter under question.
b. No threat to the subject
c. Neither innocent nor guilty suspects have reason to lie.
d. Usually about the subject background.
e. Generally used at the beginning of polygraph technique to establish a norm for examinee or
throughout the examination as needed to establish norm pattern.
Relevant Questions- are those queries related to the issue.
Strong relevant or crucial questions are designed to test for direct involvement which is
specifically designed to produce an emotional response in guilty subjects it having an
intense specific relationship to the crime.
Weak relevant indicates deception on the part of the subject.
1. Knowledge- questions given for the purpose of determining information known to the
subject
2. Evidence connecting is designed to link the subject and the crime
3. Sacrifice questions used to determine truthfulness on the part of the subject. It is
answerable by NO.
Secondary Questions are formulated and given to bring about guilty knowledge or partial
involvement.
Control questions these are questions which are unrelated to the matter under
investigation but are similar nature although less serious as compared to those relevant
questions under investigation.
Test procedures: all test of polygraph examination must be conducted only having a pretest interview with the subject to condition him to the test. Polygraph examination should
consist of asking the subject a list of not more than twelve prepared questions in planned
sequence.
Types of Tests
1. General question test answerable by YES or NO this questions which the subject known
as true.
2. Peak of tension test it is the asking of series of questions in which only one has bearing
upon the matter under investigation. This is conducted when there is a wide spread
knowledge pertaining to a crime but the intimate details are known only by the offender. It
is answerable by NO only.
3. Card test it is conducted immediately after the completion of the first test while the
blood pressure cuff is still deflated. The subject is asked to choose from one from seven

numbered cards. The card is then shuffled by the examiner and instruct the subject to
answer NO concerning the card when shown. This is to single out which among the answer
given by the subject is lie.
4. Silent answer test this is confirmatory test because the subject is afraid of the unfamiliar
and the unknown. It is an examination in which the subject is instructed by the examiner
to avoid AUDIBLE response to the questions asked.
5. Guilt complex test in case the subject is overly responsive, this test is given which
consist of the test pertaining to purely fictitious incident of a similar nature to the one
under query.
6. Mixed question test this consist of an arrangement of first and third test question,
administered for the purpose of discounting possible factor of accident responses and to
compare the degree of reaction between control or relevant question.
CHART MARKING AND INTERPRETATION
Chart markings are annotations of the physiologic tracings to denote stimulus (question) onset
and offset, examinees answer, number, question label, artifacts and other details important to
the interpretation of the physiological data.
Two types of chart markings
1. Primary markings- these are markings which indicate the beginning and end of
examination as well as the question and answers of the subject. These are usually placed
at the bottom or top of the polygraph chart.
a.
X
it indicates start of the test. The examiner informs the subject that the test is
about to begin.
b.
is a stimulus mark. The first vertical line marks when the examiner starts
asking question. Second vertical line marks when the examiner finishes asking question.
c.
+
a positive sign which indicates that the subject answers the question with
YES. It also indicates the period when the subject answers the question and usually
followed by a number indicating the order number of question example +1, +2, +3
d.
XX
indicates the end of the test. Markings
2. Secondary markings are markings which are placed only if the examinee does something
which will cause the physiological tracings to distort. These marking are usually placed below the
affected tracing.

M Movement
T -Subject talk
TI Talking Instruction
C- Coughing
N- Noise
S Sign
L Laugh
Y Yawn
B- Burps
A Downward adjustment of galvano pen.
V- Upward adjustment of galvano pen.
PJ paper jump
CT clearing throat
SN Sniff
SZ Sneeze
BI Breathing Instruction
DB Deep Breathing
IS - Ink Stop
MI -Movement Instruction

OS Outside Stimulus
M-M prolonged movement

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