Utopian

Cities
(HOMEWORK #2 IN SPECIALIZATION 2)

SUBMITTED BY:

Lailani Alyana R. Sedano

AR504

SUBMITTED TO:
ARCH. CHARLIE BELLO

(Garden City Movement)

by: Ebenezer Howard
Garden city, the ideal of a planned residential community, as devised by the English town planner Ebenezer Howard and promoted by him
in Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform (1898). Howards plan for garden cities was a response to the need for improvement in the quality
of urban life, which had become marred by overcrowding and congestion due to uncontrolled growth since the Industrial Revolution.Howards
solution to the related problems of rural depopulation and the runaway growth of great towns and cities was the creation of a series of small,
planned cities that would combine the amenities of urban life with the ready access to nature typical of rural environments. The main features of
Howards scheme were: (1) the purchase of a large area of agricultural land within a ring fence; (2) the planning of a compact town surrounded
by a wide rural belt; (3) the accommodation of residents, industry, and agriculture within the town; (4) the limitation of the extent of the town
and prevention of encroachment upon the rural belt; and (5) the natural rise in land values to be used for the towns own general welfare.
Howards ideal garden city would be located on a 6,000-acre tract of land currently used for agriculture purposes only. It would be privately
owned by a small group of individuals; this company, in retaining ownership, would retain control of land use. Revenue, to pay off the mortgage
and to fund city services, would be raised solely by rents. Private industry would be encouraged to rent and to use space in the town. Only a
fraction of the tracts land would be built upon by the towns 30,000 inhabitants; the rest would be used for agricultural and recreational
purposes.
At the centre of the city would lay a garden ringed with the civic and cultural complex including the city hall, a concert hall, museum, theatre,
library, and hospital. Six broad main avenues would radiate from this centre. Concentric to this urban core would be a park, a combination
shopping centre and conservatory, a residential area, and then, at the outer edge, industry. Traffic would move along avenues extending along
the radii and concentric boulevards.

Howard stressed that the actual placement and planning of such a town would be governed by its site. In 1903 he had the pleasure of seeing his
plan realized. A garden city called Letchworth was developed about 30 miles north of London in Hertfordshire, Eng. It succeeded according to the
guidelines that he had laid down, and in 1920 a second, Welwyn Garden City, was established nearby. Howards concept of interrelating country
and city in a planned city of predetermined size has enjoyed wide popularity in the planning of subsequent new towns. His emphasis
on greenbelt areas and controlled population densities has become an integral part of suburban and city planning as well.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/garden-city-urban-planning

(Radiant City)
by: Le Corbusier
Ville Radieuse (The Radiant City) is an unrealized urban masterplan by Le Corbusier, first presented in 1924 and published in a book of the same
name in 1933. Designed to contain effective means of transportation, as well as an abundance of green space and sunlight, Le Corbusiers city of
the future would not only provide residents with a better lifestyle, but would contribute to creating a better society. Though radical, strict and
nearly totalitarian in its order, symmetry and standardization, Le Corbusiers proposed principles had an extensive influence on modern urban
planning and led to the development of new high-density housing typologies.
In accordance with modernist ideals of progress (which encouraged the annihilation of tradition), The Radiant City was to emerge from a tabula
rasa: it was to be built on nothing less than the grounds of demolished vernacular European cities. The new city would contain prefabricated and
identical high-density skyscrapers, spread across a vast green area and arranged in a Cartesian grid, allowing the city to function as a living
machine. Le Corbusier explains: The city of today is a dying thing because its planning is not in the proportion of geometrical one fourth. The
result of a true geometrical lay-out is repetition, The result of repetition is a standard. The perfect form.
At the core of Le Corbusiers plan stood the notion of zoning: a strict division of the city into segregated commercial, business, entertainment and
residential areas. The business district was located in the center, and contained monolithic mega-skyscrapers, each reaching a height of 200
meters and accommodating five to eight hundred thousand people. Located in the center of this civic district was the main transportation deck,
from which a vast underground system of trains would transport citizens to and from the surrounding housing districts.
The housing districts would contain pre-fabricated apartment buildings, known as Units. Reaching a height of fifty meters, a single Unit could
accommodate 2,700 inhabitants and function as a vertical village: catering and laundry facilities would be on the ground floor, a kindergarden
and a pool on the roof. Parks would exist between the Units, allowing residents with a maximum of natural daylight, a minimum of noise and
recreational facilities at their doorsteps.

These radical ideas were further developed by Le Corbusier in his drafts for various schemes for cities such as Paris, Antwerp, Moscow, Algiers
and Morocco. Finally, in 1949 he found a state authority that provided him with a free hand - The Indian capital of Punjab. In Chandigarh, the
first planned city in liberated India, Le Corbusier applied his strict zoning system and designed the central Capitol Complex, consisting of the High
Court, the Legislative Assembly, and the Secretariat.
Source: http://www.archdaily.com/411878/ad-classics-ville-radieuse-le-corbusier

(Broadacre City)
by: Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1958) exposed his approach to the problems of the American city and territory. His hypothetical project for Broadacre
City (1935-1950s), offered a vision of a territory-wide, middle-class commuter suburb, with elements distributed across a territorial grid, that
symbolic domain of the homestead and American independence mythically hewn from nature and hostile otherness that had held for seventy
years. Wrights vision, staged like a pronouncement, ran against the grain of the ideology of the New Deal programmes. It must be considered
therefore as both a criticism of regionalism as imagined by Roosevelts administration and an argument for individualism as the basis for all
organization. The frontier mythology had been central to both Wrights personality and his spatial concepts, embodied in his designs for houses
in which the masonry hearth, like those characteristic of houses of the colonial period, occupied the centre of the plan and its structure. Space in
Wrights houses, particularly those of his Prairie period, were typically oriented, Janus-like, in opposite directions: inward, toward the centre, the
domestic locus; and outward, not toward a view, but the horizon.

Source: http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Frank-Lloyd-Wright-2007-1

(Cite Industrielle)
by: Tony Garnier
Cit Industrielle, urban plan designed by Tony Garnier and published in 1917 under the title of Une Cit Industrielle. It represents the
culmination of several philosophies of urbanism that were the outgrowth of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe.
The Cit Industrielle was to be situated on a plateau in southeastern France, with hills and a lake to the north and a river and valley to the south.
The plan takes into consideration all the aspects necessary to running a Socialist city. It provides separate zones for separate functions, a concept
later found in such new towns as Park Forest, Ill., and Reston, Va. These zonesresidential, industrial, public, and agriculturalare linked by
location and circulation patterns, both vehicular and pedestrian. The public zone, set on the plateau much in the manner of the Hellenistic
acropolis, is composed of the governmental buildings, museums, and exhibition halls and large structures for sports and theatre. Residential
areas are located to take best advantage of the sun and wind, and the industrial district is accessible to natural power sources and
transportation. The old town is near the railroad station to accommodate sightseers and tourists. A health centre and a park are located on the
heights north of the city, and the cemetery to the southwest. The surrounding area is devoted to agriculture. The plan itself is clearly in the
Beaux-Arts tradition, tempered by a natural informality possibly derived from the ideas of the Austrian town planner Camillo Sitte. The plan
lacked jails, courthouses, and hospitals, as Garnier believed that they would not be necessary under Socialism.
Technical innovations, especially Anatole de Baudots work with reinforced concrete, were incorporated into the architectural specifications. The
building designs in Une Cit Industrielle somewhat resemble the style of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cite-Industrielle

) La Citta Nuova)
by: Antonio Santelia
Antonio SantElia, (born April 30, 1888, Como, Italydied Oct. 10, 1916, near Monfalcone) Italian architect notable for his visionary drawings of
the city of the future. In 1912 he began practicing architecture in Milan, where he became involved with the Futurist movement. Between 1912
and 1914 he made many highly imaginative drawings and plans for cities of the future. A group of these drawings called Citt Nuova (New City)
was displayed in May 1914 at an exhibition of the Nuove Tendenze group, of which he was a member. Although SantElias ideas were Futuristic, it
has been questioned whether he was actually a member of the group. Essentially he was a socialist who felt that a complete break with
architectural styles of the past and historic solutions to urban design was needed.
The hundreds of SantElias drawings that have survived depict various aspects and vistas of a highly mechanized and industrialized city, with
skyscrapers and multilevel traffic circulation. A collection of these drawings is on permanent exhibition at Villa Olmo, near Como. SantElia
volunteered for army duty shortly after the outbreak of World War I, and he died in the battle of Monfalcone.
Antonio Santelias Futurist Architecture discusses modernity and new ways of designing. He argues that living in buildings designed for a
previous generation is imbecilic. Santelia believes that each new generation should design a new architecture, a new city. He writes that modern
architecture should be separate from tradition and that new design should stem from new needs and new technology. Architecture should be built
and rebuilt to suit the needs of a new generation, a new city a new society.
In Santelias La Citta Nuova it is evident that new materials, technology, and desires are informing the designs. Rather than focus on
monumental designs which are static in nature, we need to design for practical reasons, focusing on light and the feel of the building or space as
opposed to the appearance. Modern architecture needs to be dynamic, and stripped of ornamentation in the same way that Adolf Loos suggests.
New materials need to govern the building, glass facades with prominent elevators as opposed to grand staircases because elevators are the
wave of the future they represent progress and innovation. Santelias designs for La Citta Nuova are dynamic, elastic, and light. His buildings
take new shapes and use new materials. Santelia readily admits that futurist buildings will not last for long periods of time, but that simply
reinforces the idea of futurism: that buildings can change and new styles, forms, materials, and programs can define and redefine a new type of
building as each generation rebuilds. And that is a lot like modernism, trying to reshape and redefine itself so that its meaning and form are
constantly in flux.
Source: https://maxwellarch381.wordpress.com/2012/12/14/futurist-architecture-and-the-city/ and https://www.britannica.com/biography/AntonioSantElia#ref258864

(Ciudad Lineal)
by: Arturo Soria y Mata
The linear city was an urban plan for an elongated urban formation. The city would consist of a series of functionally specialized parallel sectors.
Generally, the city would run parallel to a river and be built so that the dominant wind would blow from the residential areas to the industrial
strip. The sectors of a linear city would be:
1. a purely segregated zone for railway lines,
2. a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and educational institutions,
3. a green belt or buffer zone with major highway,
4. a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential buildings and a "children's band",
5. a park zone, and
6. an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms (sovkhozy in the Soviet Union).
As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added to the end of each band, so that the city would become ever longer, without growing
wider.
The linear city design was first developed by Arturo Soria y Mata in Madrid, Spain during the 19th century, but was promoted by the Soviet
planner Nikolay Alexandrovich Milyutin in the late 1920s. (Milyutin justified placing production enterprises and schools in the same band with
Engels' statement that "education and labour will be united".)
Ernst May, a famous German functionalist architect, formulated his initial plan for Magnitogorsk, a new city in the Soviet Union, primarily
following the model that he had established with his Frankfurt settlements: identical, equidistant five-story communal apartment buildings and an
extensive network of dining halls and other public services.

Source: http://www.icaud.epoka.edu.al/res/1_ICAUD_Papers/1ICAUD2012_Danilo_Furundzic_B_Furundzic.pdf

(Arcosanti)
by: Paolo Soleri
In 1965, Paolo Soleri (1919-2013) and his wife Colly (1925-1982) incorporated the Cosanti Foundation, a not-for-profit educational organization
devoted to the support of Soleri's noted architectural and urban planning research.
The Arcosanti project has gone through numerous design changes since inception. The current master plan, Arcosanti 5000, features layers of
super structures soaring over the existing site and provides the facilities to support a population of 5,000.
"The most recent reshuffling of space nudging toward a more self-aware speck of reality. I call it the Lean Alternative in contrast to the
consumption unlimited of our society. A process architecture, space organizing itself, aware and use of the sun presence, in moving
incrementally (the six phases) into higher degrees of complexity, the urbanizing process. Each apse exedra leaf "knows" more than the
preceding, not out of magic, but out of experience (of the preceding). The enriching experience of a growing urban effect. It is the prototypical
instrument adding accesses to the richer sound which the players, residents and guest, might want to employ while growing from 100 to 5000 or
so."
Paolo
Soleri
ARCOSANTI CRITICAL MASS concept was introduced as an incremental phase to house 10 percent of the projected population of 5,000
(ARCOSANTI 5000)

Source: https://arcosanti.org/node/10137

(Linear City)
by: Nikolay Alexandrovich Milyutin
Milyutin's concept of city development outlined in his 1930 book, Sotsgorod (Socialist City), was superficially similar to an earlier deurbanist concept of a linear city put forward by Mikhail Okhitovich. Unlike Okhitovich, whose linear city was terminated with industrial hubs and
thus limited in growth, Milyutin's concept allowed for practically unrestricted linear growth. Milyutin as an economist was very well aware of
construction costs and shortage of funds in the period of rapidindustrialisation, and carefully weighed costs and benefits of available growth
scenarios. His concept was based on decentralisation of industry, which needed to be spread in a thin line along a mainline railroad route, ideally
- according to the natural flow of production from raw supplies to finished goods (Milyutin concentrated on gigantic mass production plants like
the GAZ or the STZ). The housing zone, separated from the industrial zone by a park strip, would develop concurrently, and ideally residents will
be settled directly across their employers, eliminating the need for private or public transportation. In another departure from linear city, he did
not insist on building housing in a continuous strip; on the contrary, Milyutin proposed a less expensive model of initially isolated housing hubs
spread along the main line which might, eventually, merge into a continuous housing belt.

Source: http://narkomfin.ru/Eng/Narkomfin/Patrons/Milyutin.aspx