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UNIVEILSITY OF PITTSBURGH
BABYLON,
WORDSWORTH.
'MiM
m
'id
iA-Ji
NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY
TO THE
SITE OF
IN
NOW
BABYLON
1811,
FIRST PUBLISHED
ANCIENT BABYLON,
By
IM
MAJOR RENNELL;
WITH NARRATIVE OF
UEMAKKS:
JOURNEY TO
PERSEPOLIS:
NOWFIUST PRINTKD, WITH HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS
COPIED AT PERSEPOLIS
BY THE LATE
Esq.,
LONDON:
DUNCAN AND MALCOLM, PATERNOSTER ROW
MDCCCXXXIX.
LONDON;
Printed by
PREFACE.
The
were
following
first
Memoirs on
published,
of Sir
direction
many
years
under the
ago,
The
James Mackintosh.
edition
be called
for,
it
For
it
whatever
as complete as circumthis
purpose an In_
It
Memoirs.
has likewise
This
Journal,
or
perhaps,
more
is
these
correctly,
;
but
still
its
very
PREFACE.
VI
nature,
be
in
and
may
forming
assist the
to
In order, likewise,
to
in the
assist
Memoir.
the
Reader
in
fol-
Remarks
gested by
The
on the
Topography of Babylon,
plates
sug-
discoveries.
is
illus-
genious
artist,
original
sketches.
The second
sepolis, is
new.
The
work on Koordistan,
is
at Persepolis,
and are
now
It is
PREFACE.
use
to
in
Vll
progress which
the
be making in deciphering
character, both by
appears,
at
liitherto
this
length,
unknown
some
officer in Persia,
who
recording
conquest
the
of
Darius
the
Younger.
In a work of
been
much
this opportunity of
Sir
this
R. H.
Elphinstone
happy
to
have
Inglis,
;
is
Bart.
the
General Briggs
to
Hon. Mounstuart
Colonel Chesney
requested of them.
Notting-hill ,
January
I'ith,
1839.
* The
labours of Raske, Grotefend, and St. Martin, have
been some time before the pubUc. Since that time the German
traveller Schulz made copies of some inscriptions near Hamadan,
which were submitted to M. Burnouf, a French savant, who is
he has framed
Zend alphabet
of
the cuneiform
character.
Sanscrit and
Zend
MEMOIRS
LIST OF THE
CONTAINED
Introduction, containing
By
fall.
VOLUME.
IN THIS
the Editor
his expedition to
Page
Babylon
i,
from which the following Memoir was composed, now published for the
first
p.
Memoir on
in the "
Mines de
original sketches
On
time
1'
Orient")
with
by Mr. Rich
new
from the
plates,
p.
43
p.
lOT
" Archaeologia")
Appendix
to
still
visible
Remarks"
.
of
in the
p.
139
lonian antiques
p.
181
THE MEMOIRS.
LIST OF
the year
unpublished
to
to
cuneiform
inscriptions,
copied
at
Persepolis
p.
195
referred "to
Babylon"
the
in
.
"Memoir
on
.
the
.
Ruins
p.
of
281
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION,
Containing some Account of Babylon, before and since her
By
Fall.
the Editor.
CONTENTS.
Narrative of a journey to visit the ruins of Babylon in the year 1811
first
published)
near Bagdad
Vestiges
of walls
tree
ruins,
in
synagogue
a son of
Ezekiel
at Hillah
All The
to
Bagdad
p.
138
with plates.
From
Mines de I'Orient,"
Mr. Rich.
CONTENTS.
of Babylon Obligations
Major
Description of the country between Bagdad and Hillah^
convenient distances
Khans erected
The Naher
shot by a Zobeide Arab Description of
Malcha Large
pruphet
HillahMesjid-el-Shems Miracle wrought by the
Joshua his tomb The sepulchre
Ezra that of Ezekiel Revenues of Hillah the
of the
The Euphrates" canals
site
to
Rennell
for travellers
at
lion
of
fertility
soil
CONTENTS.
Xll
Ruins of Babylon on the eastern bank of the riverThe era Mounds of Amran TheKasrThe Mujelibe Bricks
with inscriptions Dens of wild beasts Satyrs The narrow passage in the Mujelibe Ruins on the western bank of the river
bankment
Birs
Nemroud Nebbi
Eyoub,
Sepulchre
ruins
is
of Belus
Articles of gold
Ancient
Difficulty
found among
Babywhich of the
descriptions of
in discovering
the Birs
Job-
or the
Question on which side of the river the temple or sepulchre was situated Generally-received opinion that
it
pile
p.
43 104
by
the
Recent Observations
By Major
and
Discoveries
Rennell.
of
[Reprinted
Tower
of
Mujelibe has
of Belus
Nemroud
all
His
suggestion of the
is
river
The
Tower
be
the
the
its
nature,
it is
Tower of Belus
artificial
Important
to trace
If
left
CONTENTS.
Xlll
Containing
Reasons
for
drawing up the
first
Memoir
Inducement to
enter into
tower
The
Babylon
the
same
may be
it The ruins
Baby-
of
p.
139
171
an Account
of
With
Plates.
CONTENTS.
Hillah the general depot for antiques found throughout the country
The most
and Babylonian
Most
of the
CONTENTS.
IV
latter contain
Another
monuments and
Deciphered
cuneiform characters
to inscriptions
mode
Brick,
Cylinders
with writing on
.
The
The
cunei-
Sassanian
Description of different anfrom Nineveh Inscriptions
181 191
those of Persia
by Dr. Grotfend
....
it,
p.
scriptions at Persepolis.
CONTENTS.
sagacity
were
in
Copied
three kinds
three
figures
in all
in-
at
Articles
of
Hafizia,
or
the
tomb
his
at
in
city
p.
Page
Plates.
I.
To face
Title-page
The ground-plan
II.
of the ruins.
View
III.
of the
Kasr. To
65
To face
.43
face
67
68
To face
93
VTTT
TV
i
I
.105
-^'
Sulieraan. In
to be placed at the
240
to Persepolis.
Page
Plates.
XIV. iThree
1. {
No.
No.
2.
No.
4.
No.
5.
Three
f^^Xr'lThr
6.
XIX.
tablets,
ferredtoin
XVIIlJ
No.
tablets. Referred to in
tablets.
.
XV.J
.254
XIII.-|
No.
Re.
XXIII. Tablet
to in
.}
J
7. {
,,
^^^
fXXlV.l
No.
248
XXV.jThree
Ixxvi.j
tablets. Referred to in
>
j
250
INTRODUCTION.
SOME ACCOUNT OF BABYLON, BEFORE AND SINCE
HER DESTRUCTION.
it
sketch of some of the leading circumstances connected with the history of that celebrated city.
Many
circumstances combine to
make
this rather
which must
The
present
account, which
a very interesting
bylon by
M. de
"Memoires
the
year
de
Memoir on
St.
1'
1789,
is
the
drawn up from
subject of Ba-
reader to
many
follow
ages.
the
The
a
his-
Editor
INTRODUCTION.
lars,
account;
the
whole
to complete
has endeavoured to
but
was
as concise as
make
the
some readers,
and to
carry
or Babel,
in the
is
Bible.
Nimrod,
is
it
kingdom was
further notice
worthy
is
Sacred Volume,
taken
of this great
until the
time of
in
city
its
any
the
connexion
ment
is
wickedness.
During
splendid capital of
this interval
a most
fall
it
upon
it
for its
powerful
empire
the
civilization
But
all
eyes of men, are passed by in silence, or slightly referred to in the Bible, that History of Nations, written
*
This
is
INTRODUCTION.
by God, who there points out
Ill
what He
to us
ac-
He
cant.
in
tells
civilization
be a corresponding advancement
in reverence,
to Himself,
It
would
be
well
mankind
for
man which
is
eternal
how
they
if
bear upon
truly, as they
they
if
spoken of by the
Of Babylon
dignation
for
having
He speaks
unmerciful
sure
not
for
up
given
for
Him
for
having been
for
multitude of her
*
having been
to
plea-
of children. "t
God
Him
sit
against
striven
among
know
the loss
her knowledge,
sorceries
made her
brutish, and
"The French
a
INTRODUCTION.
IV
she said in her heart, " I am, and none else beside
me."*
In order to obtain any details concerning this
great
first
many
during so
given him
his
l)y
faithful
appears
object of admiration to
all
to
have been an
By some
the ancients.
to
Semiramis,-!-
lished, or enlarged
being
its
The
who
it,
founder.
which rendered
principal works
city,
480
feet thick,
350
men.
trench,
surrounded the
in height,
60 English
furlongs, or
famous
miles.
the hang-
The city
The walls
and in compass
They were
all
deep,
city.
so
it
were 87
is
embel-
probably
wide,
" It
is
and
full
proper,"
of water,
says
Hero-
of,
and how
INTRODUCTION.
the wall was constructed.
The
furnaces
in
earth, as fast as
was converted
the trench,
and baked
when
it
into
thus
pre-
was a layer of
first
were
the
in
The
reeds.
manner described."
The
reader
The
made of
gates,
of which
At
solid brass. f
different intervals
all
10
feet
is
as
and that 25
streets,
sides,
50,
streets
were
And
these
side,
By
the whole
city
squares, each of
on every
*
feet
side,
is
described as
cut out
into
676
is,
p. 98.
xi.
3,
in the "
t Isaiah
in
Memoir on
xlv. 2.
INTRODUCTION.
VI
circumference.
towards the
Round
with
The
all
streets.
reality
in
appearance than
we
are told by
number of
The
which they
The
river,
in compass,
compass.
It
The new
in
walls, one
them.
These walls,
His words
enclosed space
are,
INTRODUCTION.
In the
manner of
till
last,
dens.
side,
Vll
feet
on every
in the
air,
The
ascent
was from
terrace to terrace,
The whole
wide.
upon other
raised
by
were
22
feet
arches,
feet in thickness.
first laid
4 broad
10
pile
stairs
On the
it
on every
16
feet
long, and
rows of bricks,
plaster.
closely
cemented
together
with
And
all
this floorage
was contrived
to
keep the
The mould
was
so
it
all
several arches
structure rested,
upon which
this
whole super-
But by
and
INTRODUCTION.
Vlll
Belus,* which
stood
is
at
some authors
said by
tions
have
to
who men-
Herodotus,
Temple of Belus
as
of the
" It
city,
says
is,"
two
Within
stadia.
and depth
another,
Midway
upon
tower
this
making eight
path which
enclosure
the
erected
is
tower,
solid
is
in
is
ascent
in the ascent
is
On
the
who ascend
No
statue whatever
is
all
is
an im-
tables,
which,
Croix.
is
Avith
Heaven, God,
observes, "
The
Without
or Lord, says
M. de
inhabitants of Meso-
the
a smaller
is
St.
a great
stands a
erected in the
mense golden
steps
is
it
repose
golden table.
by a
is
a resting-place, furnished
temple.
and
raised another
The
all.
width
in
God
of
INTRODUCTION.
tliis
edifice is a
golden altar
Upon
animals.
to offer
any
also another
is
it
not lawful
is
Once
except sucklings.
1000
there
sacrifices,
when
every year,
IX
in
is
cele-
altar
talents of frankincense.
There was
also,
not
12 cubits
in
affirmed.
height;
at
the
so
least,
did
Chaldeans
This figure
it.
But
his
son Xerxes,
not
it,
private offerings"!
Among
of Babylon, de-
seem
to
have excited
for the pre-
summer
its
it
at
that season.
To
*
prevent the
According
to the
damage
calculation
aa
INTRODUCTION.
were
cut,
town, two
at a very considerable
And
Babylon.
more from
within
its
river, built
To
facilitate
the
city.
making of
these works,
it
was
dug a prodigious
160
in compass,
the whole
finished,
when
channel.
But
increase might
gates on
its
preserved.
side of
it
till
was made
to
work was
flow in
Herodotus
Is,
charging
its
The water
common
says, "
still
all
former
its
named
cut
canal,
artificial
the whole
square,
by an
it,
40 miles
lake,
and 35 deep.
river turned
to the
artificial
all
convenient
The
it.
is
a city
itself into
the Euphrates.
This
river brings
From
down with
this source
its
was
INTRODUCTION.
lake was thus
made
XI
more
it
fertile.
works
to the
Nitocris,
He
tells
five
left
empire,
restlessly
city,
them
in
the
best
manner
possible.
it,
In the
formed exca-
by which means
it
its
first
Euphrates ran in a
travel-
She
At some
* Persons
Greece.
from this
sea, the
Mediterranean, that
is,
travellers
from
INTRODUCTION.
Xll
dug a
depth as to drain
was such
The width
make
as to
of the river:
which the
it.
of this excavation
was taken
it
stadia.
The
to raise the
banks
420
circuit
its
this
were
stones, with
Both these
lined.
more
circuitous
many
its
same
time,
that those
so
made
the navigation
who descended
to-
circuit
The
city
whoever wished
was obhged
other
to pass
when
she had
from
to take a boat,
This
in
monument
struct another
will be
magnitude
to
also by
perpetuated.
be hewn
Euphrates into
channel dry.
river
it,
which, as
Then
it
filled,
left
the old
bricks, in like
manner
and with
INTRODUCTION.
Xlll
During the
we have
at
to prevent the
night,
pier,
artificial
was restored
priety of this
parent,
lake
when
to its ancient
completed, the
channel
the pro-
accommodation of a bridge."
fertility
says,
soil
He
hold and his army, each part furnishing food for one
Now,
month.
is
charged
Thus
it
ment of
this region
is
by
of
The govern-
provinces.
receives
for
its
its
till
in Asia.
the
ear
is
INTRODUCTION.
XIV
This
ripened.
take place, as in
fields,
is,
where
intersected
The
canals
is
lands
but
we know,
river,
This region
stood.
the
is,
of
it
the
yields
to the
soil
Yet
this region
so favourable
two hundred
The
dred.
largest of these
which Nineveh
for
Egypt, every-
like
Tigris, on
all
by canals.
but the
pumps
fold,
it
ordinarily
and barley
As
in
for millet
knowledge of the
fact, I
have
personal
forbear to mention
who
its size,
of
its
oil,
They use no
made from sesame. Palm-
is
trees
bear
fruit,
and from
plain,
this fruit is
which
for
most part
prepared a kind of
Having thus
it
is
may be
had
lone:
been foretold
it
INTRODUCTION.
"And
Babylon, the
beauty of
XV
kingdoms, the
of
glory
Chaldees' excellency,
the
shall
be dwelt
it
be as
it
shall
in,
from
make
and
and owls
and satyrs
and dragons
pleasant palaces
shepherds
the
neither shall
is
in their
is
announced.
fall
The
of the last
cedars of
Upon
down no
feller is
men
come forward
art thou
meet him.
to
become
to the grave
the
of the morning
down
!
Is thy
from heaven
How
At
become weak
us."
as we
pomp brought
noise of thy viols ?
the worm
and the worms cover thee.
also_,
How
come up against
down
" Since
the chief
is
King
Lebanon
xiii.
to the
For thou
heaven.
INTRODUCTION.
XVI
I will
will
exalt
sit,
my
I will
be like the
will
brought down to
High
IVIost
look
earth
doms?!"
Then,
the
tremble,
to
tiie
that
clouds.
shall narrowly
see thee
that
also,
They
pit.
man
did
made
that
shake
king-
22nd
in the
King
to the
verse, the
up
off
nephew,
saith the
Lord.
sweep
it
I will also
make
The Lord
Lord of Hosts.
and
pass
a pos-
it
and as
it
it
come
to
stand. "t
"
from thine exalted throne, where thou didst shine like the morning
star in the heavens
what arm has been strong enough to make him
who was
clouds.
Thou
I will elevate
myself up
I will
"The
f Isaiah, chap. xiv. Thus rendered by M. de St. Croix,
Almighty has spoken I will extinguish the very name of Babylonian, and the posterity even to the last remnant of this hateful race.
The place of their abode will I give over to birds of prey and reptiles.
:
INTRODUCTION.
Jeremiah* repeats
XVll
this
tional circumstances, f
The
daughter of Babylon,
who
art to be destroyed;
happy
Happy
little
its
place,
it
up
in
everlasting forgetfulness."
*
and
that, therefore,
we need
and which
to several,
He
to Berosus, issued a
command
and
his suc-
He, according
to prevent a rebellion.
of this order,
taspes
makes the
to require to
be repeated.
the particulars of
The
rebellion of
all their
should be destroyed,
city
misfortunes,
and he carried away the gates, which, before him, adds Herodotus,
Cyrus had not done. This is conclusive: so that either Berosus
must have been mistaken, or Josephus, in citing the passage from the
Chaldean author, must have confounded together the two conquests.
Jeremiah speaks of the destruction of the walls, but he refers it to
the end of all the disasters which that city experienced, and he attriConsequently nothing makes it imit to a King of Media.
probable that Darius was the author of the demolition of the walls.
butes
% Psalm
cxxxvii.
to
city,
and
as
unable
INTRODUCTION.
XVlll
And
commands Cy-
rus
rebels
and do according;
sound of battle
How
to all that I
is
in the land
tion.
is
the
and thou
for thee,
Babylon, and
his
the
work
of the
Lord God of
Come
be
let
cast her
up
as
nothing of her
left.
camp
for
hosts in the
to her
work
unto her
all
round about
all that
Holy One of
it
according to
for she
against the
against
Israel.
young men
soldiers,
fall in
who appeared
to
the streets,
be less eager
enemies.
"Every one
is
that
is
also shall be dashed to pieces before their eyes." Isaiah, xiii. 15, 16.
* See the marginal note on Jeremiah, 1. 21, in Bagster's Bible.
INTRODUCTION.
and
her
xix
men
day
is
most proud
raise
and
it
No
shall
stumble and
shall
him up
visit thee.
and
devour
fall,
And the
made by Herodotus of these massacres, but Xenophon informs us that, the soldiers
of
Cyrus' army having murdered vast numbers of the
mention
is
Babylonians, he issued a
The Prophecies
were thus
literally
accomplished
to relate.
Indeed
than
either
aware
of,
With
to
have been
this conquest of
Babylon perished the Chaldean empire, by which so many other empires had
been destroyed and, as had been prophesied, the
;
was
how
"How
IS
is
the
I.
hammer
b 2
INTRODUCTION.
XX
satisfied
much
3000
of her principal
citi-
were
zens.
beasts,
cattle
your carriages
They
stoop, they
bow down
gone
to the
weary
together; they
is
taken, Bel
broken in pieces;
is
confounded, Merodach
And,
is
commanded
Babylon, and
in
that
I will
to say,
in another
We
yea, the
\\
in the
Temple of
is
with bronze.
It
is
make
clay, faced
fragments of
them."
1 Isaiah
xlvi. 1,2.
Jeremiah
1.
2.
||
Jeremiah
li.
44.
INTRODUCTION.
himself master
the
Tomb
XXI
;*
treasure.
Weak
this time
had
among
the people.
It
was
and
quelled,
easily
and
humble
to
commanded
and magnificent Temple of Belus
And
should be destroyed.
fact,
adds that
the same
fate.
"he
Arrian,
all
"
Arrian,
who
relates this
When Alexander
left
Arbela," says
when
he came nigh
in order
who
to the city
of battle
having
went out
to
commanded
city
there which
the
gifts,
especially
letter of Jeremiah to the Jews on being led capBaruch thus makes Jeremiah speak: "Now ye
shall see in Babylon gods of silver, and of gold, and of wood, borne
upon shoulders, which cause the nations to fear beware, therefore,
In the supposed
tives to Babylon,
when ye
shipping
before
them
vi. 3, 4.
INTRODUCTION.
XXll
He
deans
in
this
city
about the
the
of
restoration
and
in particular
to Belus."
who
Alexander,
of Babylon,
splendour
work
lay buried
it
us
for
sacrifice
undertook to rebuild
the
was
so
two months
in only clearing
it
to
away.
assisted in
all
his
former one,
purposed under-
who
alone refused to
However, notwithstanding
went on but
At
the
all
to
to
work
he,
it
Babylon
assist in the
Babylon
to die
Temple
was
Mr.
similar occasions.
At
the very
moment when
everything seemed
about to prove the failure of the oracles of God, then were they on
the point of being completely and perfectly fulfilled."
INTRODUCTION.
XXIU
was beginning
to
now
Indeed,
He was
may be
the
first
the
the
city,
rius
and
it
was
wor-
in the
hand of God,
like
his
By him were
will.f
it,
ac-
Thou
saidst,
finally
I shall
so that
remember
now this,
it.
Thus
Therefore hear
saith the
Lord of Hosts
be utterly broken, and her high gates shall be burnt with fire; and
the people shall labour in vain, and the folk in the fire, and they shall
be weary."~Jeremiah, li, 58.
+ " I am the Lord, and there
me:
of
is
none
no God beside
known me." Isaiah xlv. 5.
else, there is
;:
INTRODUCTION.
xxiv
me
else beside
know
shall I
things shall
not
I shall
sit
as a
come
to thee in a
widow, neither
but these two
moment
in one day,
widowhood they
:
shall
come
enchantments,
"
it
Howl
ye
&c."'"^
for the
hand
at
is
shall
wrath and
"
fierce anger,
How
is
the
among
tion
mount up
desolate
the
hammer of the whole earth cut asunhow is Babylon become a desola"Though Babylon should
nations!"
of
her
strength, yet
come unto
spoilers
to heaven,
height
the
and he
her,
fortify
me
from
.
shall
Because
At
the
time
when Demetrias
Poliorcetes took
of
all its
defence
its
sole
Most of them, we
by Diodorus, retreated
fled
'''
into
the desert
Isaiah
xlvii.
far
are informed
t Isaiah
xiii. 6, 9.
% Jeremiah
1.
and
li.
INTRODUCTION.
further shores of the Tigris,
XXV
south of Persia.
Seleucus Nicator,
in
this
empire
own name
to
to
come and
settle there.
"
the
still
a few Chaldeans
who
con-
much
says
same
the
"
remarkable.
None
were
it,
The Persians
destroyed
very
entirely neglected.
one part of
is
Strabo
Seleucus Nicator
neighbourhood.
had
its
built
ruin, especially
Seleucia in
is
actually a
its
At
much more
is
and
the pre-
consider-
to a great degree
INTRODUCTION.
XXVI
words of
hesitation, the
Before
general
reduced
He
to be sold.
the
great
much
oppres-
before J. C. a Parthian
number of
great
'
described by
condition
the
into
fell
it
comic poet,
tlie
"
Babylonian
destroyed
Media
to
remained of the
all that
Babylon was
was under
Strabo,
still
we
inhabited,
cultivation.
who
wrote
in the
miserable
city,
and he
says,
merely in a general
it
was
quite
deserted.
celebrity
amone: the
cities
preservation
the
of
the
East.
owed
to her
her
name
of
Nevertheless she
in her reduced
and feeble
rance given
rise to a civil
the
Jews
to their religion.
Babylon, many of
whom
INTRODUCTION.
tion
XXVll
from Babylon
fled
to Seleucia.
her inhabitants.
From
to
is
tamia.
Pliny,
seems
to
who composed
his
The
little
who were
Babylon.
far
its
From
era,
Babylon
is
is
men-
even sometimes
INTRODUCTION.
XXVlll
at that
had
cia
The
her name.*
lost
Babylon
as
In the
it,
for
it
desert.
Jerome believed
St.
had
He
for hunting.
in
satisfied
his
Babylon.
Cyril of Alexandria,
tells
who
having
filled
up, the
Theodoret,
either
was no longer
who
died
inhabited,
He
had changed
its
of a small canal.
In conclusion
*
Upon which M.
Procopius of Gaza
pour
seems
to ]a.hour
names
le
neant.
!''
in the middle
How many
cities
he
have been, the very
;
INTRODUCTION.
XXIX
We thus
rities,
clearly gather
to
make
without an inhabitant.*
is
Mahometans and
as a
mass
early
European
tra-
man
found a safe
refuge.
village."
were
to be seen."
Jewish
traveller,
after
to enter
on
with which
it
was
infested.
name
London
ceeded
to Tripoli in
first to
Syria,
to
Bir,
on
down
the
river
in
*
li.
29. 37.
XXX
INTRODUCTION.
to
often
beheld."
He
notices
particular the
in
describes
as a
height
"but
Saint Pauls,
of
bigger."
was
It
it
much
showeth
Rauwolff, a
city in the
ancient bridge,
the
of
ruins
of ancient fortifica-
tions,
he adds, "
is
so
much
two months
it
venom-
in the winter,
leave
their holes."
Another
traveller, of the
name
of Boeventing, dis-
Temple
veller,
of Belus.
was no spot
as that
and that
is
true that
and though
scription of
INTRODUCTION.
XXXI
traveller, it is still
He
seen.
them generally
describes
as a confused
much
like
hills
as
buildings.
Bussorah in a boat
little
it is
curious,
and
They were
four days in
Me-
From
either
monk,
now
that they
moving on
to the
Arab
tribe of that
He
*
next speaks of
reaching the
place
where
XXXU
INTRODUCTION.
He
gible.
rivers
surely
quite unintelli-
two
that the
these rivers
was
is
is
sailing,
about twenty-five
He goes
on to say
insupportable,
Though
us.
Ave
are
much
the
morning
the
evening at
places,
we
The
following day
we
Here we halted
passengers
built with
begins.
On
in Italy.
arrived at Salussar, in
composed of huts
arrived at
we have
was
fell ill.t
for
so great that
The water
suf-
some of the
of the Euphrates
is
"
remedy
On
for
which
the 27th
is
burnt wine.
we found
ourselves surrounded by
We
heard
all sides,
woods.
*
The
And
lions,
hot.
numbers of them
name
in these
at the coining
of Babylon.
INTRODUCTION.
XXXlll
wood,
keep up a brisk
through the
fire
night.
asleep,
fallen
and the
fire
having become
fainter,
who,
as
commenced crying
were
same
at
alarmed the
lion, that
he quickly took to
"
to a little
we
all
wood
the
sides,
so
the
flight.
of wild cypress-trees,
among which
who were
making
attack us.
We all
men made
and soon
their appearance
vessel
away
They pretended
31st
we
arrived at
that a
we
a wood
full
we
heard the
XXXIV
INTRODUCTFON.
who from
river, to
ing,
On
the 9th
we
who
live
anniversary of the
which
yet, notwithstand-
fruit.
the Coorban
and
in these woods,
sacrifice
Bairam, or
After
of Isaac.
The
captain
Romaia by land
should reach in
him
five
days
to
;
but,
we found
impossible
it
to obtain them.
which
Ave set
at
having
some
lost
of their cattle
ex-
pected to
us
but seeing us
all
little
baggage,
and might
lose
we
"
It is a
*
we remained
for
little
most advis-
of September,
it
life.
fruit-
Here
two days,
was
INTRODUCTION.
the ancient Babylon,
which
is
XXXV
proved by the
site,
fertility
of
many
miles round
but,
above
all,
which
to this
day
were curious
is
called
We
Nimrod's Tower.
were compelled
"
The
to give
it
with horses at
this place,
it,
when
We
we
up.
way
to
Bagdad, we pro-
the
friars,
who
received
their
wonted ex-
them
But
remains of
not in his
Another
nuel de
power
Roman
much
Catholic missionary,
St. Albert,
solitary city,
to give us
at
monk had
information.
le
a later period
Pere Emavisited
the
c2
INTRODUCTION.
XXXVl
della Valle
besides which
which were
had
still
He
down.
fallen
hill
visible
is
which has
may
be
cumference.
in
cir-
some square
it
bricks,
Opposite this
characters.
and
hill,
is
distant
two
between two
visible,
After
"
We
went
to the
opposite
this
one
which
hill,
is
in
Arabia,
is
in
Mesopotamia,
at the
same distance
found
it
to
same impressions
remarked upon
still
as
the
this hill
ones.
first-mentioned
it
was
whole.
vitrified,
it
similar mass
was lying
quite impossible
to
solid,
as if they
had been
XXXVU
INTRODUCTION.
Many
lon
but I
other,
The
know
which
what they
will
and exactly
foolish stories
Jews
not
opposite,
is
make
who
of the
me
a thousand
Niebuhr,
people insist
is
and the
Nebuchadnezzar,''
seems to
mentions that
it
was
still
called
Ard Babel
adding,
On
ging
into,
little
hills,
were discovered to be
to
full
of bricks.
is
in the territory
still to
but they
Tower
of Babel."
Eu-
In another
Above
all
the rest
M. de
is
one which
is
rather
second
mound
i'
of Babylonia.
INTRODUCTION.
XXXVlll
on the
flat
top, of
toises high,
It
sides.
of man's, were
which are
natural
it
visible,
Beyond
hill.
work
for a
was no
it
this
This
mound
called the
commonly designated by
means overturned."
Besides these ruins,
M.
de
been sixty
feet thick.
with the
river,
the city.
Tower
of Babel, are
Beauchamp
lie
which
likewise
nel,
with
flat
long.
by
or seven
six
Beauchamp adds
" There
is
above Hillah.
which
site,
Memoire
le
Journal
des?
just
have
drew up
saw.
lies
and
do not
TAcademie
Dec,
Savans.
INTRODUCTION.
M.
agree with
d'Anville,
who
XXXIX
divides
Babylon by
to
build
houses in
It
mounds
Babel.
was
told
Mohawil, and
a length of
fore,
no
as far
more than
difficulty
six leagues.
There
there-
is,
Hillah,
It therefore appears to
is
me
that 22 leagues
is
rather too
The
result of
sufficient to induce
me
march.
my
it
would follow
INTRODUCTION.
xl
"
The
Babylon was
after,
Olivier,
traveller,
gone
fully
observed
direction
it
for
in every
that,
been
has evidently
at
must be care-
over, before
stood, at about
Bagdad, presents
and
by the
visited
thus describes
Babylon once
place where
who
dug
into.
Mesjid
Ali,
towns
in
which
chiefly Coufa,
Bagdad, Mesjid,
all
that which, as
much
excavations,
these
as
the
But
contri-
was
soil
built.
It
was
situated in a
flat
plain, the
they
made
bricks,
out of this
in the sun,
and
of mortar.
It
is
manifest
that
and Babylon
a building
at 32 34',
very near
eastern,
'
which is
on the
is
INTRODUCTION.
composed of bricks baked
leave
destroyed,
xH
sun would, when
in the
few traces of
its
but
existence,
soil."
are
still
very foundations.
their
to
ruin of
all
Temple of Belus,
is
Avails,
is
edifices
mound
which
is
that
was
built
by Semiramis.
It
Between each
layer of
In this
bricks
is
tended.
This
mound
is
for
the eastern
it is
Between
many
from
this
heaps,
of ancient walls.
bricks on which
in-
unknown
characters.
some ruins
to
INTRODUCTION.
xlii
but I sought
coukl
The
history of the
thus brought
were
visited
down
ruins of Babylon
to
has been
by two very
nor
when they
They have
is
ramparts or
examined and
fully described
Sir R.
It
may
not
reader to conclude
who winds up
this
in the
his
imperfect
own Memoir on
Though
introduction
words of M. de
to
St. Croix,
the ruins
of
Let us
The
inhabitants of Babylon
first
first
observe two
relates to the
menaced by God,
Cyrus
*
by
By
Olivier.
INTRODUCTION.
The second
Babylon
relates to
itself.
here,
xliii
This magnificent
facts together.
having fallen
city,
J.
C,
foreign yoke
As
of prophecy.
revolts, the
the
into
ceased to be the
and
under a
fell
object
outer walls
were demolished
510,
in
that destruction
The
and Jeremiah, t
foretold
by Isaiah*
and
all
the outrages
to
But
the fate of
existed,
sort of consideration,
it vStill
for the
before J. C.
decay.
it
the final
The two
it
blow
soon
in
325
fell into
C,
caused by a
Parthian
C,
Chap,
xxiii. 19.
in the
t Chap.
li. 2.
Chap.
li.
4-47.
INTRODUCTION.
xliv
complete and
ancient
final
Josephus places
which
great
this
and
abandon
this
overthrow of
city.
was kept up by
Euphrates.
It
would seem
famous em-
the
that
was
still
to
and which
entirely filled
up.
already
it
its
city,
and
bed,
it
the whole
was only by
that the
first
and the
The
capital.
Persians, by that
destructive
policy
conquerors,
which
placed
hinder
its
trouble to set
navigation.
it
Alexander spared no
and
consequently
fell
than
INTRODUCTION.
xlv
before.
Tigris,
it
so
ceased to be navigable.
course
its
summer
solstice,
through which
it
ing marshes.
It
country
we
accordingly
at
marshes
dence
Maho-
is
resi-
Bagdad.
it
of mud, according to
tli6
gint,
How
was
city,
which was so
it
far
doret explains to
is
mean
come up
waves
its
come up
that
shall
with
it
removed from
it ?
to
.*
to that
He
had
the multitude of
them
Ijer
subjects,
It is a
all.
meta-
abandonment of the
*
Chap.
li.
42.
city,
and
Chap.
its
li.
36.
becoming a
INTRODUCTION.
xlvi
desert
Some
otherwise,
difficulty
hood of Babylon.
Don
others by
might
Calmet,
is
which served
itself,
Babylonians
commonly
as a port
who were
sion
word sea
it
This
manner of expres-
this
in the
it
uninhabitable
The
satyrs.
phecies
is
remembrance of His
that progress
is
this
is
principally
by several epochs
merus
of men.
Nevertheless,
lets
what we ought
Her
destruction
itself
to
the rod
be seen
observe
was marked
last of these
and
to perpetuate the
to
as regards Babylon.
when
God
and
strikes,
and
oracles,
tinually
was
Hy-
xiii.
21.
her.
"
Mine eyes
INTRODUCTION.
behold her," says the Lord to Micah
shall
shall she
And
xlvii
"
;*
now
truly, for a
Her
appear.
and
it
to
again been
dis-
With
discovered.
it
has
does the
difficulty
traveller of
this
and seems
to
triumph
The
remains.
Avhole territory
means of the
it,
is
a desert, caravans
Tigris, from
Bagdad
to
Bassora.
literally that
no
man
to
accomplish
" Her
cities
and a wilderness
dwelleth,
neither
doth
are a deso-
a land
any
thereby, "t
*
Micah
vii.
10.
Jeremiah
li.
43.
where
man
pass
JOURNEY TO BABYLON,
THE YEAR
December
^th.
Set out
this
1811*.
morning on an expedi-
Our
escort consisted of
my own
troop of Hussars,
man from
Pasha, and a
mehmandar from
the
Arabs.
We
left
bank of the
the opposite
the morning,
W.,
Hillah road
level
we
took a course 50
W.,
passing over a
of the
Naher Malcha
morning.
We
a half
we reached
to Hillah, after a
The
artificial
mounds,
march of seven
canal
whole of the
Bagdad
miles, according to
* It was from this Journal that the following "Memoirs on the Ruins
of Babylon" were composed.
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
N. 12
E.,
was
much
not
by the celebrated
built
Kiahya of Bagdad
it
Our
frequented.
now
road
and
Assad Khan,
after a
lay S.
in
W.
arrived at
khans
all
At noon we
there
there
is
on which travel-
a raised plinth,
summer; and
nmd
always a small
is
travellers,
In the centre
in
is
quadrangle.
We
is
sleep in the
lers
These
of the court
it is
20 W.,
about half an
Ahmed
hour
Kialiya
all
round the
village
some refreshment, and then proceeded on our jourFrom a mound near Assad Khan the ruin of
ney.
Koof, or Nimrod's
Affffher
DO
Agger Koof,
dad.
forcibly.
it
has a
mound
Nemroud
struck
me
The mass
reeds,
way up
it is
The
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
We
left
Assad Khan
bearing due
visible
We
east.
W.,
Naher
further on.
the
little to
which was
from
visible
left
of the road, on a
a great distance,
called
Sheikh Shoobar.
At three
o'clock
onoos, from
we came
to a
khan
called Bir-
minutes
we came
to four
where there
is
Kerbela.
S.
W.
67
All
is
126 feet
ten
in sight
Bagdad
to
on the Mus-
this
plain
About
mud
is
covered with
scarcely any
is visible.
artificial
The height
it is
100 feet the circumference of that part above the rubbish is 300 feet the
visible remains of the tower contain 100,000 cubic feet (Ives, p. 298).
:
The lands
or morasses about
Nimrod,
received by the
Masoudi
is
The dam of
the
canal,
Haour
is
B 2
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
at
We
after a
march
It is a
Mahommed
five,
large
Hussein
deserted.
built
up on the
The
were dug
spot.
December
\Oth.
We
Iskenderia
left
at
ten
running
we
in
At
the road, at
of the person
We
loaded
who
at a
very in-
built
it.
rice,
and going
to
Bagdad.
have
mention
this
sights
march
when
S. 5
W.
The
W.
W.
village of Naseria, S. 60
W.
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
My own
of their coats.
is
which
man. Near
khan there
this
is
over
many
understand that
it.
which
Naher
a canal called
of the canals by
the spring,
when
the Euphrates
is
wds now 38
water in
at its height.
The
W.
al
had a bridge
it
is
for three-
From
ment.
this
spot
was
the
visible,
bearing S. 5 E.*
Soon
bridge.
after
it is
casionally
and
in
Tower
Makloube
ruin
Mukelibe
nunciation,
or,
and, indeed,
that
it
posed to be the
this
was informed
dry, I
mounds were
artificial
tions
now
was ocSeveral
mound conmionly
Beauchamp
of Belus.
supcalls
term
it
Mujelibe, or overturned.
Beauchamp
W.
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
grandeur
its
from
its
At
line.
but
its
appearance
very deceiving,
is
great extent of base and perfectly level outthe top a person might conjecture
my
went up on horseback
companions
fore I
had proceeded
and
pletely giddy,
earth,
on
is
was
my
and
it,
but be-
least, to
visible
far up,
be
to
it
I rode to
its sides,
is
towers or bastions.
mound was
like
interesting-
very extensive.
Near Hillah
who excused
Governor,
this
He
Turkish hautboys
at
drums and
zoornas, or
town, wliere
we
ar-
four o'clock.
Iskenderia
to
twenty-five miles.
We
which was
built
by the
late
own
use.
December
llth.
any place
was
I inquired of
in the vicinity of
him
if
morn-
there
was
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
place, as indeed
make
but he promised to
me
brought to
perfect,
with inscriptions
commonly
The
had proposed
low a place
Jazeria,
strip, different
him
to
called
close
to
Nemroud
of the Birs
He
yesterday.
is
an
called
on
Towereij
The
it.
from those
Governor again
me answers
told
is
me
that be-
a canal called
artificial
mounds
artificial
mound
called
Hillah, on the
it,
found.
December I2th.
to
whom I inquired
Two bricks were
called
else of
inquiries.
river,
that near
it
is
where are
Babylon.
After he
left
me,
and tracked a
little
people measured
the
embarked
in
way up
eastern
bank.
my
my
afterwards
vil-
Jumjuma.
its
to
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
of an ancient town
further,
to the east I
little
me
tell
nothing
Amran Ibn
Ali,
this place.
killed in
me, of
whom
on
scriptions
it"^,
tell
me
him
description elsewhere.
to
horses' feet
earth, into
brick.
The
were
great,
building,
them.
a great
many
we
passed a
we came
Eu-
higher than
to another range,
which had
all
saw
evi-
bricks,
feet.
composed of large
Now
also.
The mortar
itself,
in the British
observed no
has become
Museum.
Ed.
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
as
is
or
Jos.
found
here written
Noora
called
is
bricks.
am
of
On
this
same
feet deep.
jar
those
Not
far
which
from
this, I
came
to
it
were seve-
between the
easily pulverised
fingers.
an excavation more
was a canal
full
walls,
was
of cement.
horseman might
ride through
it.
distinct
mud.
One
The wall
flat.
it
of one brick
and wherever
and
it
is
much
external
itself
was
I think
it
its
it
could only
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
10
an
inferior
quality
the
to
facing;
exterior
but
The
mounds
height of these
level
plain,
much
appearing
really are.
I
Bagdad,
fortifications of
at
Hillah
me
in directing
me
to the
They took me
building.
or,
from
sent
who were
of great use to
Kasr,
Palace
in
To
the
the north
is
The people
it
perfectly fresh
is
me
told
they believed
it
and
had
Upon
About
N.N.E. from
Kasr
or Palace
it, is
which
lies in
a hun-
the direction
tlie
as
the
corresponds
tree,
if
parts
exactly with
the
four
points
It
of the
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
compass, and
nearly
appear as
filled
about
all
natives serdauh,
or cellars,
are
and while
called
by
several
standing by told
fate.
it,
which
talking
which
walls,
in
in
An Arab
ruins,
it
if
quake.
the
is
the top
to
11
was doing
this,
hussars,
and
The
the Wahabbees.
left off
digging in
it,
on
The circumstance
buildings
a curious
is
one though
probably the
proof that
it
mounds
is
There must,
It
is
far
abounds with
it.
December ISth.
informed
me
in the vicinity of
formerly Governor.
a place
I called
thirty-five
One
of his
men
told
me
that at
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
12
side*
libe,
is
mound
Pasha of solid
gold,
time
in the
Mujeof Ali
it,
up.
in the
of a
to penetrate, but
way
little
into the
an invisible being.
and
yesterday
it
with
and found
:
it
to
discovered
Mooref nent
lights,
man
it
to stand upright in
is
He
each side of
it is
into
man
walled, and
it
soft nature,
which
I
had yesterday
and others
it is
used
one bitumen or
present and the
zift,
at
found three
one mortar,
third a reddish
This
That
An
is
south
side.
and
the
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
13
They are
am
manner used
built in the
viz.,
door, but
We
it
was
built
round
saw something
like a
in the centre,
At one
with bricks.
filled
part I
up with rubbish.
Imam
on purpose for
tree, left
Near
to.
and
the
it
was a Babylonian
Ali to
tie his
horse
The Kasr
is
bricks.
made
yesterday,
Mujelibe, which
is
to
the village of
We
and came
mound,
to the great
was a
it
by Beauchamp
Babel.
This
is
by
runs near
it
to the south,
points
is
a fur-
mass of
to
the
west face
building
is
the
there appears
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
14
some
interruptions,
The whole
great pile.
composed of unburnt
with reeds or straw
it,
with
with
are
bricks,
brought
specimen of
off a
these.
we found
we
The whole
it
mounds and
of smaller
worn
by the
rains,
the den of
pieces
mother of
&c.
pearl,
The
glass,
of
and
composed
rest is earth
On
top,
a large
is
branches
aperture,
is
which on
entering
Moore went
it,
into
flat.
This
is
Near the
bottom
of
it,
bitumen was
perfectly
observable
between every
passage
is
layer.
The beginning
feet
high
this
of the
winds
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
The
very much.
corners of this
is
quite
as
was
the Towareij, a
Nemroud
Birs
mound appear to
The opposite side
flat,
Musseib was
ance of ruins.
15
to the
and
to the north
This
mound
faces of
mound on
village of
human
forty feet
to the river.
we had been
towards
mound
by
river,
it.
the
We
east,
exactly
measurement.
actual
On
is
the
of
exploring,
south-east,
loose
earth,
mound
it
it
It
superior nature.
Near
the grand
mounds,
this
and
the Kasr,
nitre.
running nearly
a long
mound
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
16
way
We
came
We
gate.
an opening
to
in it
side
been a
which might be
to the south,
came
to
larger
still
mound
which
to the east,
at a great distance,
This appeared to be
still
more
extended to
forming a
like
square.
which
is
river,
sideration
present.
at
be the
If this
we
case,
the
we know
city
this
is
it
far
We
ob-
several
hundred
feet.
But
its
the large
and
then
Some
must be preserved,
traces of the
as they
were used
monarchs.
The
these
are
as
follow
first,
on leaving the
on the
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
which
side of
which
is
is
the
the village of
Jumjuma,
feet
street,
on the west
is
above the
or ruins, in
is
which
is
Ali, under
to the south-east.
mounds
17
and,
river,
on
another
river, is
where the
greater range of
it,
and a
To-
is
is
the
village
of Mujelibe,
you then
come
to
The
soft
more
first
ruins.
The second
bricks.
dug
is
into
in
every direction
for
December
\^th.
We
went again
who had
left off
at
to
the canal,
work digging
for
all
Naher, or Arki.
along
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
18
bank of the
the
its
river,
some
course, in
At
left its
how
channel.
they pro-
had
all
writing on them.
inscription on
it
men.
It is
was
The people
and
the writing
yet to
its
sticking to
some
still
them
all
regularly with
great
number
writing on them.
faces
their
sides of a
them
that,
could
it
care to place
down.
bitu-
upper.
side
my
any variation.
The
only instance
some of the
all
of opinion that
which
is
most
brick,
perfect.
am
in
The
al-
clay or unburnt
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
19
is
it
between
this
and the
and
at right angles,
To
is
the
and
it,
The
to
In the plain,
is
if
it.
white as
if
of snow.
fall
am
this
plain
is
high^
overflown,
is
inaccessible.
The
appearance, and
On
we
size.
visited yesterday.
We
mound
is
of rubbish
or grand mound.
I
parallel
and close
to them.
* " By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down yea, we wept, when
wo remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the willows in
;
tlie
Ps. 137.
c 2
20
JOURNEY TO BABYLON,
new
The
There
instance of this.
modern
I
digging a
one, close to
is
is
found
is
an
it.
make experiments on
dug
to
into
layers of burnt
have sur-
On
appears
to
with them.
also
still
In the northern
brought away.
The
more
so,
is
part of the
here I found
mud
that
wall standing
on the northern
siderable thickness.
On
The
south-east angle
other
parts
rubbish.
is
mixed up with
specimens of which I
tree,
not thick
mud
mixed up
where a part
on layers of them
side is
face,
kind of
is
higher.
dug
is
132
feet.
into several
The tchoadar
that
that
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
when they
hunters
21
but
that the
The
kill
my men
I set
much
of
to
Serdaub,
called the
open
it
jecture Avhat
was
it
might lead
as
of laying as
to a probable con-
In the
person
who saw
it
me
it
I conversed
he was a respectable
after-
in a
with a
man from
deficient in intelligence
that on getting
two
pieces,
it
out,
it
separated into
exposure to the
after
air,
some
care.
I left
enough
will have
my
to
employ them
from
this
this tower,
and
it
Ibth.
its
the
mean
December
the range
height of a boundary
south-east
more
It
mound
rode out
to
it
to,
or joined,
are visible.
the
ruins, but
The
ruins com-^
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
22
The
risrht
hand
a large
is
sweep
On
to the north-west.
it
flat
of
in the direction
makes a
it
are
modern
tively
building.
come
as
banks of the
to the
a range of
mounds or
you advance
at the
washes
bones.
When
Kasr they
its foot^
it,
is
These are
mound
abrupt, and
still
which
the
in
continues
its
human
which
wall,
height of
rise to the
bottom of
is
to the north.
river,
ruins,
is
of
Just above,
yards' breadth
river,
plain of above
between the
east
evi-
the
and west.
you come to
ruins
bed
mound and
foot of the
its
two hundred
Between
river,
in a slanting
this
range of
and the
grand
grass.
The two
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
grand heaps, namely those of
appear to join, or nearly
old tree, in the
species,
though not
so
The
nitre.
the
I discovered another of
of
great age,
The
so as the other.
full
is
the Kasr,
Below
this side.
but seemingly
much
often mentioned
Amran and
on
same mound,
a different
with
so,
23
canal so
bricks of the
Kasr
are
much whiter
on them.
In
mound
this
measurement of
mound
feet
to the
out the
breadth of the
Moore made
height from
this
street
thirty-four
The
feet.
stones
bent in
on each
side.
At
Mujelibe
the
hand
side
western face.
in
or
is
disleft
chasm on the
been
filled
and bitumen
with dust or
dirt,
They turned up
several earthen
mound
several shells, a
We
few
fine
white
bits of glass
and mother-
so
much
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
24
parts.
The
and south-east
to its
vitrified in
some
El Hheimar
called
is
village called
it is
In an
banks.
mound
is
off.
At
Nemroud.
its
easterly direction
mound where
the
water bricks
The
my
tions
it
making
are
In the excavaMujelibe,
the
in
December
the place
Jews
was
I6th.
came
The
the Birs.
self.
He
Seraff Bashi*
me.
to see
Nebuchadnezzar
(a
Jew) of
small
he
said,
synagogue
it
him-
at the Birs
here.
The Governor
by some
travellers.
I after-
to see if there
went
first
as
men-
to
the
The Mosque
itself
government banker.
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
It has a
dome and
celebrated wife of
Haroun
al
of the spire
among
On the top
Shehab-ud-deen of Bagdad.
of the Mesj id-el- Shems
this turns
25
They pretend
From this I
pole, not
to say that
penetrated
Indeed
it
They
of any
the remains
stands
to
sense
among
that
the gar-
mound simply
that the
do not understand
site
of Babylon
is
M.
le-
Otter's expression,
in
this
coppice
to the town.
to
make
use
At
of,
of the translation.
I rode partly
a semicircular
Near
the
tower
repaired
with bricks.
walls, or rather
There
fine
is
square
a small
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
26
The Euphrates
tensive.
fall
rise
when
it
does, and
December
had employed
informed
me
\ltJi.
Last
night the
men whom
coffin as
side,
seems to have
an ornament
besides this
my
this
We accordingly
sketches.
I resolved
coffin.
to attempt
found that
my workmen
We
draw-
mound, and
flat
roofed.
Tvvo
These
the burnt
cells or
pas-
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
sages are so ruinous that
it is
27
Fronting the
where we descended,
at
the
men had
them by the
out, standing
I stood
discovered.
was the
dug
it
only pull
it
on a ladder.
coffin
by and observed
They could
digging a
young
seem
little
child.
coffin,
could not
skull,
further
we found
the
In
bones of a
employed assured
me
that the
On
bitumen.
the
top of the
mound
I observed
From
bitumen adhering
home
over the
to the other
mound
side.
it,
In
my
ride
and hope to be
immediately took
in possession of
it
to-morrow.
I sent Moore to measure the river
he found it to
be 75 fathoms broad at Hillah, 2^ in depth and the
;
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
28
The number of
is
composed,
half a knot
low,
When
thirty-two.
is
they diminish,
when
less.
when
the river
add
is
low
to this
number.
December
ISth.
Went
my
sketches,
do yesterday.
and
which
I entered the
mosque, and
little
is
Ali's,
you descend
and
The body
is
to
a wooden
chest, part of
which
is
it
in a
is
visible
is
To
coming
to
make
inquired the
tie
tomb.
On
same chamber,
is
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
a large
tomb of
stones, under
which are
said to lie
29
alterations
the
in
appeared to him in a
vision,
my
sketches.
Although
which
was pretty
certain
could be no ruins on
it
it,
was determined
I therefore
to inspect
returned home,
Sliems, which
and came
situated
is
among
to the
and found
it
Mesjid
went
into
it,
pillars,
is
by canals, which
it
is
the
Shems,
The
where intersected
in a very surprising
manner.
buildings.
me was
was exceed-
saw a tomb
country
tomb of Joshua
we
the resemblance.
Here and
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
30
went
w^liich vre
There were
in search of ruins.
We
this side
we
ran,
Jumjuma,
Mosque
of Am-
also
exa-
mound
two of no height
or
There was
building.
Amran
for
mounds of
being
this
had seen on
were none
There
near
is
there
visible.
my camp
Bagdad, wdiich
at Gherrara, in the
last
neighbourhood of
maining.
December
see the Birs
The
X^th.
Nemroud.
We
feet.
to
at
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
31
new
dug up from
Kasr
and
the
it
it
and threatened
at first stormy,
On
our right
we
in a
of date-trees.
have been
built
grove
by Shah Tahmas.
We
all
The
was sandy.
To
the north of
it
round
is
it
to a con-
also traversed
soil
by
the expense
Birs,
or
Shujah ud Doulah.
of,
at about
is
and
On
the top of
The one
which
Amran
is
his burial-
that
pears to relate to
circumstance
able to learn.
it
Mekam
Meh'hdy
was
Close to
was destined
Under
it
by Nim-
fire
it
is
in the style of
Ibn Ali.
here that
it is
it,
place,
rod.
from
Close to the
a hundred yards
this, in
was not
mound,
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
32
is
Serdaub.
call the
It is
not remarkable.
two of
piece or
As we had
it
now
very
but only a
remains.
time to spare,
little
we
divided
our work.
fell
The
end
it
Birs
is
rises
thirty-seven feet
upon
breadth,
At
an enormous mound.
and there
in
is
height
This wall
it.
the north
and
is
twenty-eight in
summit
are covered
it.
The
other parts of
and what
is
perfectly
mass.
The
distinguishable
lumps seem
to
layers are in
many
places
fire.
face of the
summit
The
is
built of burnt
bricks,
with
ment
is
left,
layers.
Small
form.
Down
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
separated, leaving a large crack.
33
On
down from
height,
its
twenty of
slopes
it
is
my
flat
From
paces broad.
more gradually
it,
mound
this the
between
worn
is
On
down more
it
slopes
it,
it
it
reaches this.
On
the
down
At
is,
seemingly,
little
The whole
of the plain.
flat
base of
sides of this
mound
are
burnt
bitumen,
same sand
at the Kasr,
No
ing,
pebbles,
spar,
blackstone;
the
canal
though
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
34
I
saw
mounds
Khalil, the
visible.
mens
in a great
measure
imagine that
to
pile,
it
it
was
of separating them
difficulty
incon-
the
perfect,
The
tribe of the
Algheshaum Arabs
in this neighbourhood.
They
are at present
all their
annoyance
to the traveller.
Other
common
of a
may
hood, which
in
pay
more openly
this
neighbour-
There
is
is
We
saw Kefeel,
ten hours
off,
is
visible early in
the morning.
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
digging.
low one,
is
The circumference of
762 yards the whole
:
measured base
this
wall,
is
235
feet
35
height of
from
The form
is
it
square.
it,
to the
my
248 of
it
Tower
the
of Belus.
were so strongly
me
all
It is
endeavoured to procure
I took
with
They had
writing on them.
We
set out,
on our return,
minutes before
at five
The
Our
escort consisted of
is
distance
six miles.
my own
hussars, sepoys,
in
of the
were
so particular respecting
me, that the Governor did not think himself authorised to break through
first sent
them
that he
had even at
D 2
retire.
JOURNEY TO BABYLON,
36
"
As
for these
*'
them come
let
me on my
out to meet
being
"
us trouble.
my haram
return,
not coming
with me.
my Avorkmen
it
to-morrow, on
at the
Kasr
stone,
and I
my way
back to
Bagdad.
Decetnher 20th.
my way
Set
I rode to the
with inscriptions,
on a pedestal, which
It is
is
It stands
from
rest
man
its
position.
under
it,
is
fallen
from
cleared
Mr.
lions,
seem-
The workmanship
is
indifferent.
In the mouth
is
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
circular aperture, into
37
his
fist.
Al Hheimar
same
We
are vestiges
mounds.
upon the
It is a high, conical
line.
like those
is
Khan
observed three
particular I
in
found at Babylon.
slept at Iskenderia
all
Khan,
all
about which,
my mehmandar
Heard from
My
saw very
stone
at the place,
and
top,
it,
which
is
'
man
This
Zobeide Arabs
is
The Sheikh
of the
is
the most
flat,
barren,
for the
approaching Bairam.
Kiahya Khan
JOURNEY TO BABYLON.
38
was
built by
Ahmed
Kialiya of Bagdad.
He was
Arab
this
khan.
now much
It is
neglected.
We arrived at
some
to build
Bagdad
at four o'clock.
MEMOIR
ON
Esq.,
RESIDENT FOR THE HONOURABLE EAST INDIA COMPANY AT THE COURT OF THE
PASHA OF BAGDAD.
..;?
jJi\
i'i
jrtSJ
iiu Tiiun.s
(>/
Babyfon
on the^a^tBank Of
tin
Ei/ph/ares.
ADVERTISEMENT*.
The
following
in a Journal entitled
Hammer,
quest
it
was composed.
It
now
is
city,
at
whose
re-
though
republished,
in
order
partly to
still
more
satisfy
to solicit
tion of
Bagdad
This Memoir
for
which the
situa-
It
it is
may perhaps
believed that
first
be considered
it is
the only
James Mackintosh.
MEMOIR
THE RUINS OF BABYLON.
The
site
roughly explored,
or accurately described,
my
an account of
spot, the
beg
Mines de V Orient
official
occupation.
I
to
found
this
the accounts of
modern
travellers, I
site
in-
convey an acpar-
From
had expected
of Babylon,
more or
Less, because I
to
less,
could have
whole
thought that
and perfect
state,
44
tures of Babylon.
**
imagined,
walls,
and
palace,
country
theory in
who
inextricable
confusion.
This,
together
Babylon
I
to
all
my
cause
will
account of the
announce no discovery,
hypothesis
am
and frequent
much
visits to
my
opinions from
advance no interesting
a correct judgment,
As
remains of
may be
attached to
my
being an ignorant and superficial observer, than mislead by forming rash decisions upon subjects so
cult to be properly discussed
and
diffi-
shall therefore
Memoir,
to a plain,
all
conjectures except
where they
riiay
OF BABYLON.
45
to inquiry
tlie
and consideration.
which
I claim
my
in
than
good drawings.
who
Lockett),
am
indebted to a gentleman
I project
prosecute
solicit
my
researches
for
and the
my
of Babylon,
present plan
so ably treated by
Major Rennell,
in his
Geography
acknowledging), that
Babylon
of
commence my
description with
an account of the
flat
That
it
was
at
Hillah
is
in a far different
46
state, is evident
traversed,
is
it
and the
neglected,
At
tiles,
which
is
respon-
much
so
is
heard
At
of.
and
lers,
them
to each of
of Fellahs*.
The
first
called
from
ter of
Suleiman Pasha
its
from
The
its
it is
Kiahya or minis-
handsome building
is
now
is
five
now
it is
dry, like
is
is
said, of
S.
from
Naher Malcha,
many
but,
N. and
distant
miles
unfrequented.
is
the
Assad Klian
and
is
Ahmed
rather a
is
Kiahya Khan, so
of these
founder,
Bagdad f, and
is
is
inter-
or flumus re-
Nebuchadnezzar which
others
which
I forbear
men-
it
was applied
to the purposes
Arab peasants.
at three British
OF BABYLON.
of irrigation.
It is confined
47
from
afar.
is
ly
Some
ruinous.
is
visible
is
a bridge of
stage,
one arch,
is
now
he was
phrates
quence, cultivated
by a Zobeide Arab.
at last shot
was
filled
spot.
miles,
is
distant
its
is
upwards of seven
Bagdad and
Hillah.
by steps
saint.
to the water,
and
is
a large
pense of
to the
is
in the direction of S.
67
W.
handsome khan,
Mohammed
much
inferior
48
would seem
building, which
istence of
it is
built
still
is
All around
though deserted.
standing,
of
are vestiges
it
The
spot.
khan
first
name of
chant
who founded
line
and Musseib
80
W, From
S.
man
(a
very near
it, is
on the same
Khan Hajee
erected by an
this,
Iskenderia to
mean building
the road
Bagdad mer-
the
Arab)
and
of
Sulei-
is
a dis-
at this
khan
Eu-
W.
spring, as are
many
is
of water in the
full
Hillah.
is
Mohawil,
announces an approach
it
beyond
to the
is
also
a large
remains of a large
city.
ing, in
three
mounds
in particular at-
and
left
The ground
time
we
passed
it,
it
was
perfectly dry
the
OF BABYLON.
which
road,
is
due
S., lies
49
Tower
of Belus
Hillah
is
him, say
called
is
he,
was
it
augmented, by Saif-
built, or rather
The Turkish
geo-
more
siderably
tives
to the
The
by the na-
district called
Euphrates.
Its latitude,
32 28', and
it is
the
sides
according to Niebuhr^
is
bank of the
meanly
It is
(3
built,
and
population does
its
Turks
the government.
divided
,_^_5
L^^
V^^^
J
It
JjU^l L^
<3o^
t_?Jwjill
^j^^^W^
\al=^\
^_5'*^.
is
<^ (^
^^
Is.
c)yJL<
<-^y^. Jli' *
^^
sid^
^Ji
in
seven small
into
^J {juMi^
employed
as are
ii]sj,)
jd^tiJl
J^
u-cJu<
"1*
'^
Abulfeda.
Jji^ii tiof^
|tjdaji"
^^^
As>-
^^
^'i-J^
^^ ^]
4_^tX-;j!l
cX^
Ic
Djihannuma.
Jj^
i^'^J^J
J^ ^<^
S\Ski
As^
Jjl ^jai-^
aJ^jJkll
i-jUo
y^
^Jiy>\
50
mahalles or parishes
but there
is
mere ibadetgahs
The
or oratories.
The
to,
name
it
on the eastern
door.
Imam
tance appears
town
embosomed
The
Ali.
little street
by a gate, or rather
in a
from a
wood of
little
dis-
date-trees
mounts guard
at
of
night
which a
and
for
matchlockman
greater security
is
Among
river.
mosque
built
is
the Mesjid-el-Shems, a
was wrought
in favour of Ali,
and from
this the
OF BABYLON.
mosque derives
ing,
51
appellation.
its
It is
a small build-
this form,
which
is
particularly the
structures,
formed
cannot
it
the cone
is
now be
mud
On
imitated.
cap, elevated
am
in-
the top of
on a pole, resem-
the sun
The
mosque
inside of the
two
architecture.
supported by rows of
is
feet in girth
in
a striking
It contains
Joshua.
of prophets.
On
Bagdad and
W.
of Hillah
twelve
is
that
tomb of Job
who do
The
(which
Musseib
Imam
who
is
south.
It is
governed by a
whom
the govern-
e2
52
merit
is
is also
farmed
a Serdar or
may be
me by
There
sum*.
communicated
From
....
....
....
....
100,000
Farm
of sesame
dyeing
the butchery
silk
tannery
lime kilns
100,000
^
5,000
15,000
6,000
4,000
1,000
1,500
8,000
20,000
Add
To
the Pasha
Kiahya Bey
also supplies
342,500
Bagdad Government.
.
He
....
292,500
50,000
260,000
30,000
290,000
barley,
it
that
may
be in the neigh-
bourhood
53
OF BABYLON.
Cadi, whose
office,
and the
extremely
soil
The inhabitants
The air is saproducing
fertile,
it
degree of which
The grand
is
it is
cause of this
fertility is
the Euphrates,
more
more reduced
according to Ren-
scale,
400 Danish
Niebuhr says
330.
feet
broad;
fathoms, or
450
feet
its
it
my measurement by
Its
depth
to be
dium
rate of about
The
Tigris
it
to
75
still
at Hillah
its
was a
nell,
is
it
found
at the
me-
less,
is infinitely
and when
more
when
full,
a knot more.
at its height.
The Eu-
bursement, but also to pay the mulct that is invariably levied on Governors when they are removed, however well they may have discharged their duty. And when it is considered that his continuance
in office
it
may
well be imagined
is
The
system which has converted some of the finest countries of the world
into savage wastes and uninhabitable deserts.
54
increases a
March
in
end of April
it
is
it
again
little,
rises,
but
and in the
When
at its
height
it
till
over-
the canals
fills
in
falls
dug
The
ruins of
many
as to render
parts of
them
inaccessible,
among them
so
by
into morasses.
its
moment
am now
writing
(May
At
the
Imam Mousa
The water
*
gate.
of the Euphrates
is
bankments
and complains of
is
Perse
par
M.
Otter,
Tome
OF BABYLON.
lubrious than that of the Tigris.
through the
site
of Babylon
who
all
is
55
Its general course
N. and S*.
I ques-
From
am
much
as the Tigris,
whose
variations in a
stances
It is evident
ginal stream,
and
few years
variety of circum-
it is
it
ori-
might
Cyrus
for
* In the year
That some
Aleppo
to
'
56
change
of
shown.
will be hereafter
Mesopotamia
by canals
intersected
is
(^*)-
uncommon to
see workmen employed in excavating a new canal,
close to, and parallel with, an old one, when it might
These are of
all
ages
and
not
it is
work of nmch
less toil.
has been
some
when
soil,
and
expressed by
belief,
of Hillah.
the channel
up by the accession of
filled
the gardens
with wood*
site
this
is
are
On
the
hereafter have
shall
in all probability
some patches of
generally covered
where
is
certainly incorrect.
is
occasion to mention
Otter in particular
of Babylon
cultivation.
made
the most
OF BABYLON.
diligent search
57
all
heard of many,
an example
The
tives.
reason
obvious.
is
with
nitre,
mound would
of course be levelled in
making the
garden.
In such a
soil as that
of Babylon
it
appears sur-
still
work of
mo-
the Babylonian
it
is
of order.
p. 510,
edit.
lib. xvi.,
mouths of some
the morasses
side,
he
He
more stony
also
place, to ensure
dug basins
these works,
it
is
*
greater durability.
and
3.
in performing
many of
the
58
who were
were dug up
by which
From
places of sepulture.
the
soil I
in the
city, sufficient to
con-
this trench,
The ruins of the eastern quarter of Babylon commence about two miles above Hillah, and consist of
two large masses or mounds connected with, and
N. and
lying
S. of each other,
The northern
at
is
intervals.
Pietro della
which
by two
canals,) proceeds a
boundary wall.
This
S. E.
two
grand masses.
.
The
river
for
shall,
bank
is
perspicuity's sake,
call
its
embankment,
commences on a
it
line
4.
good
is
is
there nearly
5.
OF BABYLON.
three
59
at its base,
from the E.
forty yards
more
flatter,)
to the S. E., so as to
southerly of
is
boundary
most
in fact the
The embankment
the ruins.
all
and
con-
is
till
at the dis-
mencement, where
height,
and
is
is
it
forty
its
com-
perpendicular
feet
from the
which
river,
above, and
ground (D)
returns
is
it
and along
its
in
fifty
breadth at
its
angle or
channel
to
is
Above
worthy of remark
for
though
mentioned embankment.
The whole
is
two
W.
which
do not
60
much from
as
as
is
This space
all,
again longitu-
inferior in
its
of
branching off
by a straight
mound
with
it,
and a
W.
of
it,
is
little
it
to S., but at
Exactly parallel
another
description, but
remains.
may have
This
N.
still
northern termination
line
precisely
to the
of a similar
its
it
the
ruins
of
Babylon
most of these
lines
contained
are
and the
i.
e.
it*.
within
All
the
river, there
being no
line
boundary.
sion
OF BABYLON.
ruins, to avoid repetition,
it is
61
they consist of mounds of earth, formed by the decomposition of building, channelled and furrowed by
the weather, and the surface of
On
the
mound
object
first
two
little
few
feet in
oratory or Koubhe.
(Calvary,) and gives
it
are
and only a
This ruin
its
name
is
Mohametan
called
Jumjuma,
to a village a
little
to
it.
the north of
is
on
the left of
the low
is
mon name
It also
is
the
com-
means, accord-
ginoso fossus."
cable.
To
ruins,
which
succeeds the
this
is
first
grand mass of
in
greatest breadth,
height
is
irregular
be about
plain,
and
fifty
it
a small
its
its
may
procuring bricks.
is
dome
in
it
is
it
62
named
Unfortu-
it
common
From
the north
is
this
On
had no son of
description.
is
it,
of Amran.
fifty
covered with
of very
little
To
elevation.
grand heap of
which
is
second
nearly a
and
its
S.
W.
angle of the
angle
mounds
is
of
Amran, by a
W.
ridge of con-
This
breadth.
is
his observations,
and
Beauchamp made
certainly the
it is
it
declares
it
to have
most
been composed
interest-
every vestige
which have
and notwithstanding
this is
from
it,
they appear
still
to be abundant.
drawn
But the
to
increase the
OF BABYLON.
difficulty
mound,
it
63
as in search of
pierce into
and
pits,
surface.
solid mass,
left
workmen
In
in the rubbish.
with-
all
and in addition
to the substances
we
all
these mounds,
tiles,
the
found a sepulchral
in
urn of earthen-ware,
digging, and
near
it
touch.
To be more
particular in
my
description of this
who
On one
thirty feet
side of
its
and
yards,
is
it
wide by forty or
fifty
deep.
which
is
The
that
opposite side
it
is
so confused a
mass of rubbish,
64
through a
Under
solid building.
is
the foundations at
and
bitumen,
in
laid
to the
of brackish
ductive of
it),
it is
as
much
saw of
as I
height, and
it,
man on horseback to
it
its
by Beauchamp
(vide Rennell,
unaccountably imagines
The
nitre,
very pro-
all
on
which are
it
p.
described
is
369)*,
pass:
feet in
who most
The
all
writing on
lowing
cemented with a
it
out; and a
covered what
little to
the north of
Beauchamp saw
was
told
was discovered by an
the
old
idol.
Arab
in digging,
it,
dis-
and un-
(Rennell,
that
it
but that
he covered
6.
hol-
it
in
imperfectly,
white
brilliant
it
up
,lll
11
'
I,
IP
I)
II
'
l^tx-^i-
OF BABYLON.
On
again,*
who
number of men
show
that
it
was
pointed
work, who
to
statue to
65
a lion of colossal
dimen-
sions,
and of
grey granite,
mouth was
rude workmanship
in the
which a man
(H)
the next
is
whole mass.
It is
visible
is
surprisingly fresh in
its
appearance, that
minute inspection
after a
in reality a
ral walls
was
it
was only
satisfied of its
Babylonian remain.
being
It consists of seve-
and
tenacity,
sharp),
those
that
laid
in
(still
perfectly
lime-cement
of such
whose business
it
is
to
find
treme
difficulty
higher.
* It
On
The tops
may have been much
some places
t See accompanying
Plate.
ft:o
'
6b
been cleared nearly to the foundations, but the internal spaces formed by them are yet filled with rubbish,
in
to their
One
summit.
part of
the wall has been split into three parts, and over-
thrown as
if
by an earthquake
what remains
to
original fabric
it
it.
its
so that
Near
up with rubbish.
bish, the sides of
which
this ruin is a
heap of rub-
by the
were discoverable
in
the interstices.
made by
workmen, who
down
the
to the
N.N.E.
of
ing in
it is
and maintain
God
and a
to
destruction
purposely preserved
place to
It stands
it,
tie
it
of
that
up
it
his
on a kind
little
might
whence
its
trunk
ftl
111!
OF BABYLON.
siderable girth)
67
perfectly verdant,
still
in the wind,
It is
an ever-
am
common
told there
is
description at Bussora.
night-fall,
by which
It will not
it is
mound
ex-
after
evil spirits
haunted.
line (F),
two principal
panying sketch
river,
Amran and
which
the Kasr
is
is
l)y
fifty
a wind-
yards in
white with
more
separated
it,
nitre,
except
near the
the river
most elevated
urns
filled
with
it is
human
*
f2
68
The
fire.
the water.
series,
who
Valle,
Kasr, or
full five
determines
it
is
Mukallibe (ij^)
described by
to have
or,
Pietro della
The
term
to the
its
Mujelibe,
shape, irregular in
its sides,
natives
meaning overturned
fifty
miles
It is of
an oblong
side being
which
is
feet.
is
The western
Near
the
summit of
it
appears
reeds,
it
presents.*
chopped straw or
face,
mixed up with
The S.W.
some
OF BABYLON.
angle
crowned by something
is
like
or
turret
may
lantern
but
69
The western
manner.
the northern
ascent,
worn
into furrows
where
face
is
most
the
All are
difficult.
in
some
places,
way
considerable
into the
The summit
mound.
is
in-
scriptions
whole
is
and even
On
pearl.
latter
shells, bits
asking a Turk
the
least
or
how
without
the
hesitation,
he imagined these
he replied,
there,
"By
the
deluge."
parts,
is
first
heard the
to
the
me when
examined
sembling a
man from
this ruin,
mentioned by
an animal
the head to
is
the
70
having the
thi^;hs
Arabs hunt
it
species.
But wild
there,
tures
and owls
dance there."
shall dwell
Isaiah
human
xiii.
there,
and satyrs
shall
21.*
is
man
which
a low
is
I'ight,
till it
and a respect-
men
searching in
it
The
some
human
which crumbled
satyrs
D''T'yti/ literally
most
translate
has been preserved in the Vulgate. In Lev. xvii. 7, the word is used
The present Jews understand it in this
for " devils, evil spirits."
place as synonymous with DHli^ or demons. I know not why we
introduced the word satyrs,
probably
how we made
being.
on the authority of
Aben
Since the above was written, I find that the belief of the
existence of satyrs
call
OF BABYLON.
71
air.
appearing the
its
me
men
to
They dug
above.
some earthen
in this they
vessels,
fine
On
bitumen, and
made
their
way
the third
filled
with rubbish,
flat
the former,
latter, as usual,
in one or
feet high,
mented
twelve
with
up with earth
filled
to set
Avith
had a lining of
fine
Fronting
composed.
it is
it
probably extends
tance, perhaps
even
all
along
considerable
the
dis-
northern front
coffin,
Under
attached
72
ton.
tiquity of the
beyond
skeleton
being extracted, a
skeleton of a child
little
was found
and
it is
was occupied
in a similar
bank of the
At
from
probable that
its
manner.
extent
No
may
skulls
river.
it,
of a very low
mound
of earth, which
This
dispute.
all
may have
Further to
more
vestiges of
road, shall be
at a future
opportunity.
I have
and
modern
have
That
on the eastern.
satisfied
Mujelibe
to
by the view
;
yet
this is
I obtained
was
It
is flat,
and
OF BABYLaN.
73
inclosed
by mud
tion
but there
is
walls,
villages
on the
and surrounded by
river,
cultiva-
earth,
two similar
ones.
little
To
country
marshy appearance.
a verdant
lias
But although
by
far the
all
surprising
is
mass of
S.W.
Arabs Birs Nemroud,*
of Hillah.
It is called
by the
The etymology
of the
who
it
it
closely
by
fear of
It
appears not to
it
tation of
pi.
Ar.
mean
the habi-
74
by any other
traveller.
limits of
or| three
No
one,
who had
have been
to
S.W. angle
than
less
of the city.
same
ruin.
I visited the
ing was at
of rain
first
l)ut
as
its effect.
The morn-
we approached
fall
tlie
appearance of a circular
plain,
hill,
crowned by a tower,
it.
Its
the
first
it
visit
the
burst at once
upon our
sight, in the
midst
of rolling masses of thick black clouds partially obscured by that kind of haze, whose indistinctness
feAV
is
strong
OF BABYLON.
mound
is
75
of an oblong figure,
At
high
is
eight
and on
feet,
its
seven hundred
is
summit
is
height.
its
fissure
breadth,
is
on them
it
is
and so admirable
is
broken
extending
It is perforated
The
or sixty
a conical
rises in
it
cloven
it is
fifty
by
fine
substance
is
it is
hill are
what
nearly impossible to
to discern
it is difficult
between them,
The
other parts
occupied by immense
if
solid vitrified
pable of accounting.
am
These, incredible as
it
Le P. Emanuel
dit avoir
vu (dans
la
utterly inca-
may
Ema-
the prodigious
partie
occidentale) de
76
this
mound
is itself
whole of
part
them
here,
when
they
may be an argument
ruin.
may
At
mound
the
a step
may
the foot of
and there
is
much more
At a trifling
but
dimensions.
and
parallel
with
its
longer than
Koubbes
Khalil,
it
is
perfect and
eastern face,
Kasr
is
was thrown
mound
the top of
it
Makam
and
not in-
in elevation, but
On
broad.
of greater
much
are two
Ibrahim
where Abraham
by order of Nemroud,
;*
the other,
who
which
on
sait
etablis
que
dans
les edifices
Nabuchadnasser ;
il
conviendrait
de
mieux de
biitisse
Les
Juifs,
La Prison de
dire le palais.
D'Anville
referred to
is
77
OF BABYLON.
is
in ruins, is called
ing
whom
the
one relating
Makam
Saheb Zeman
to his
fire is
;*
but to
histories
the
:~they
that he was born
as follows
nourishment.
inclined to worship
is
them
father
courtiers
presents
him
to
all
his
the Lord of
all
is
all
whom
difficulties
who
A report of
ears of Nimrod,
This
is
is
He was
78
mentioned by Niebuhr
tions
merits no attention
its
position,
mound
mound, which
itself is curious,
able extent.
plies
but the
Round
ignorant.
from
am
life it relates, I
To
the north
is
expense of the
Nuwaub
at the
We
To
are supposed
itself, it
may
Babylon.
is
some
re-
Koubbe
or oratory situ-
ward of
Hillali
it is
a large canal
Imams
He
was born
at
Samara in the year 255 of the Hegira; and we are told by the
Mahometans that he is still alive that he was shut up at the age of
nine years by his mother, who still watches over him carefully, until
the time of his appearance at the end of the world, with the Lord
Jesus Christ, to fight against Antichrist, and to unite Christians and
Mahometans in one.
;
OF BABYLON.
79
ruins
(j\^Si\).
on the bank,
is
is
(<u^jj),
Ptolemy.*
a
mound
five
The governor
me
of Hillah informed
of
Towereij (^j
to the
built
this village
From
of Babylon.
southerly direction,
mounds
is,
works
whose names
lU in Chaldean,
air
detain this
said, are
some
had
is
it
two large
am
unac-
sippa,
two leagues
at a great distance,
quainted.
desert,
from
called
is
mounds
to the
W.
mound
a large
is
In the same
ja).
west of Hillah,
trifling
site
up
to give
Pasha.
renders a
name
man
Talmud and
forgetful.
other
any longer
able to
for
make
it
pectedly retarded)
is
so
am
unwilling to
much and
so unexI
have
80
Al Hheimar
(-4J.^1),
which
a curious ruin, as
is
The
Birs Nemroud.
the
top
of which
base
a heap of rubbish, on
is
a mass
is
not
yet visited
brick-work,
of red
is
least touch.
have
must
it
have seen a
ciently well
decisive
reeds,
to
judgment
but
me
cannot
to
suffi-
form any
how
imagine
and
besides, they
is,
of
burnt brick.*
To
Akerkouf
it
(uJjJyLc), or, as
Nimrod's Tower,
would be improper
it
mean
more generally
called,
in this
it is
place
Nimrod,
as those of
Egypt
N.
are to Pharaoh.
W.
of Bagdad, and
It is
is
is
9.
OF BABYLON.
number
81
is
It is per-
the Birs
east side
is
mud,
is
of the whole
cumference of the
hundred
three
feet
cir-
foot of the
Vide
height
is
rubbish,
mere
it is
The
an extraordinary circumstance.
thousand
To
cubic feet.
the east of
it is
Birs and
at the
Al Hheimar.
now
I shall
celebrated
left
among
its
render Babylon so
size to
and
how
which
it
may
be imagined
Of
all
Babylon,
minute.
Herodotus and
Much
who have
described
some instances be
who
relates, notwithstand-
The
may
in
accounts
10.
82
copy Herodotus.
personal
accuracy and
general
Strabo's
goes
it
but he could
when
its
public
The
circumference
greatest
Strabo,
as
them.*
ancients
the
have
is
who
is
fect state to
form
his
sufficiently per-
city,
of which
we can now
its
bore no proportion to
would convey
to a
it
and that
it
population
district, rather
11.
OF BABYLON.
83
not aware of
it till
e.
i.
three
other in
would,
I think,
event with
much
greater rapidity.
which was
fifty cubits,
dred and
by Darius Hystaspes,
fifty feet,
fensible.
after the
it
less de-
enough
to dis-
Hillah
which
is
of the town, long after which they served as an enclosure for a park
state, St.
Nor can
time.
in
Jerome informs
us,
com-
having
totally disappeared
when
who
for,
first
though
it is
evident
yet,
g2
84
left traces
sufficiently manifest at
present day.
was the
walls,
with
artificial
embankment
of the river,
its
The
though
for
bank of the
river,
found built up in
all,
it,
it
ancient embankment.
The most
each
side,
and
it
was
a stadium in height.
It
has
its
dimensions
TO
fXTinos
nou
it
TO suqos,
he says
aroc^iov
:"
which, sup-
but
it,
may be
(J^riKos
clearly
pronounced an ab-
OF BABYLON.
in this signification
lixity
upos,
as length
and breadth
it
is
85
stadium.
If a sentence can be interpreted in two different
ways,
it is
the worst
and
it
possible that,
is
on a
critical ex-
much
The tower
lators.*
stood in a quadrangle of
two
An additional
it.
its
identity
Belus
at
their
plain
of
memorable a manner.
from the sense
differ
*
The
only passage
in
my memory
may
am
strongly inclined to
which Gen.
immediately supplies
after
V/i iwjjx/itthv
him of viewing
ra^m^os
as
'ivSa,
he lay
xa)
'ivBa.
easily produced.
way
Nestor
is
is
me
com-
with, in
I propose, is
relating his
covered
xi. 4.
evi-
But,
doubt
iiot,
better authorities
might be
86
much importance
may reach untohea-
think too
''
D-'DI^i
phor
common
to the
its top
to all ages
skies" by a meta-
and languages,
more
i.
with a
e.
This
cer-
is
would undertake
to
building of their
own
scale
heaven by means of a
construction.
The
intention
to the
such for
of Josephus' Sibyl,
we have no good
lowing
it
to
al-
forwardness,
it
commenced.
It is therefore
its
gave
it,
the idea of a
spot,
persist in adhering
WTOught, would naturally enough induce them to select its principal structure for that purpose.
as
it
if
Be
this
hun-
city remain,
be
OF BABYLON.
the most remarkable object
among
87
tliem.
Pliny,
standing
and
first
still
Ben-
all
site
conspicuous eminence to
saw
others,
fully
it
among
it
tlie
and,
words of Scripture,
take
perfect as
kind of
it
was
first
in
difficulty in
this
tower of
infested
we
If
in the
the
the
fancied
tile.
represent
Belus.
who
was
celebrated structure.
buhr are the only writers who have noticed the Birs
Nemroud
it.
Tower
Appendix, No.
12.
MEMOIR ON THE RUINS
88
Taking
the ruins.
Babylon
tlie
Birs Nemroud.
the arguments
in favour of each,
with the
and objections
difficulties
first
giving a comparative
English
sum
Total circumference or
By
this
it
2286
.2111
hundred
dium,
feet.
of the
at
sta-
a rough calculation
2000
The
square,
are not
from
my
more than
the
description,
from a perfect
accidents of time
will best
judge,
correspond in any
but
it
is
OF BABYLON.
89
it
may
now
whole height
glacis,
feet.
To
somewhat
would conjecture
corners,
a castle,
it
this
must be objected,
we know surrounded
such traces
arid
to be the
ruins of
which
indeed
been
castellated,
as
ornament or
and
use,
having been a
except
the fortified
call
its
castle.
off for
palace
it
was a
;
castle at
Babylon,
is
not
worth noticing.
Of the grand
(A)
The passage
filled
with skeletons, in
90
tlie
Mujelibe,
is
equally those,
and those,
Belus
though, probably,
it
former.
ing position.
answering
sufficiently
Belus
he does
by study-
this ruin as
to
datum
rest of
The
it,
as a
Babylon.
only building which can dispute the palm
which,
possibility of its
its situation,
supposition
the Birs
Nemroud, previous
is
indeed
moment
had examined
Had
this
it,
been on the
As
the tower."
this,
its
therefore,
is
proper to consider
I believe
it
is
the
principal
it, it
will
be
it first,
nowhere
Babylon,
generally-received opinion
" It
may be
but
it
is
certainly the
OF BABYLON.
91
that the temple stood on the east side, and the palace
A presumptive
on the west.
be regarded as ambiguous,
named
is,
Belidian,
to
be
have
When
side.
w^ere
opened
to
fled to the
him by Zopyrus
temple of Belus,
place of refuge.
Geog. of Herod.,*
pp. 355-357.
Now
it."
I do not
in
these
countries,
as
to,
and
road
it
really derived
its
much
temple,
at
any period.
village,
or
other
may
remarkable
*Appendix.
it
is
92
HOW
which gave
lost/
its
name
As
to the inhabitants
of the temple^
not from
its
it is
it,
its
holiness
and great
enemy.
Tlie difficuly
is,
its
the eastern
have
to
may
Nemroud,
in the dis-
measurement of each
side of
which
would
above
totally
it,
exclude the
Mujelibe,
all
even
the ruins
in the
would be
former
at opposite
we
tower of Belus
Whether
it
it
the
was a
Birs
build-
appears very
surprising
how
been in
of
its
those
so stupendous a pile, as
the
it
nmst have
wonders of
Babylon.
The
OF BABYLON.
93
accounted
on the supposition of
for,
from
its
longer period.
think
conclude
to
much
may be
having been
its
it
was
The annexed
sketch, in
it
mound
great
The
edifice,
it
is
probable
its
it
remain-
itself.
The
original engravings of
Babylon were
ing them,
it
We
in the
abovefind the
same
situa-
so badly executed at
Vienna, that instead of re-publishhas been judged more advisable to give one view of each
ruin,
re-
94
and we may,
In like manner
we
find in
Egypt the
original idea
on a smaller
times
scale,
dependant temple.
its
the de-
of the Babylonian
to offer
on the
edifices,
The
rest.
this
most interesting
it
surrounded by an exterior
as
ing.
same
On
inside
which
which
the custom of
Above
the
new
each
face,
and were
fifty
cubits in height.
When
OF BABYLON.
consider
at
dimensions
tlie
95
the
of
difficulty in
The
tent.
palace
Sefivieli
Isfahaun,
ex-
full
its
how
re-
admitting
far the
river
answer
in
sufficiently well
may
it
pile.
at this time.
it
may
it is
by
in the
this
mo-
after the
some
yet be discovered.
my
num-
by the wall
besides this,
stories,
mate of
this district
all
it
abounded
The
peculiar cli-
it is
in general small
ages
similarity of
and
if
upon
96
this principle
we
must have consisted of the ground-floor or hassecour, occupied by stables, magazines, and serdaubs
or cellars, sunk a
little
and over
all
the
for
rooms opening
the
above
into
it,
flat
From what
the
us,
there
is
fices
which adorned
it
The tower
astonishing from
It
its size.
was
inferior in
some
them
or probably the
external appearance
Xerxes despoiled
it,
are found
among
all
the sculptures
which
barbarous
people.
make any
of, it
would be
difficult to
OF BABYLON.
of
M.
97
supposing that the Babylonians were entirely unacquainted with the arch, of which I could not find the
slightest trace in
posely
made
I pur-
particularly in the
The
Mujelibe.
place of the
then and
still
cannot with
On
buttresses,
made
to
and
which was
name
"
piers,
propriety
be
of pillar certainly
Strabo says,
applied.
made of
is
the date-tree
What Xenophon
which they
oil,
wit
work
being so obvious.
* It
is
p. 511, of
When
curious to compare
tlie
account
Strabo gives,
He
still
or,
principally
subsist
make
on dates
vinegar, and
latter uses
xvi.
distil
lib.
the only sort used, either for eating or burning, as in the time
of Strabo.
98
form an interior of
to
tus
which
there are
and
calls
the
city
of that description,
buildings
and other
walls,
seem
to
have been
constructed.
We find two
burned in a
marks on Gen.
of Babel
it is
n'nb
said
re-
xi. 3,
nnb^
nirr ^n^i^T^Ni
npj^^.i
u;'ii:
to, let
they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mor-
This
tar."
:?''tfb
is
incorrect.
mn
lin"?
According
KiD^m
The Chaldee
to Buxtorff,
mm
i^nipi^
it still
bears in
paraphrast has
"I^H
mus
lateres et
coquamus eos
igni
habueruntque
am
la-
have
not able
German
ther's
one.
This
is
extraordinary
for,
ii.
3.
;
:
OF BABYLON.
99
tween
1?5'7
and
common
the
I conclude he
-HS)
thority,
the Chaldee
word
for he allows
(Targ. Gen.
i^'^^V
3) to sig-
xi.
of the corresponding
Hebrew word,
nil?
from
signifies
root
its
and
much
sively applied
Nevertheless
by the Arabs
it
now
is
to the brick
exclu-
merely dried
in the sun.
The
of half these
They
white, approaching
like
our
cast
different
such as rounding
less to
fire
a yellowish cast,
brick,
which
thir-
more or
Stourbridge or
finest sort;
is
and a few of
dimensions,
is
the
which
is
The
sun-dried brick
is
con-
the kiln,
and
or
chopped
them
Bagdad
manner the
flat roofs
of the houses at
h2
100
At
The
best
sun-dried bricks
are those
saw,
ever
called Akerkouf.
am
Babylon
in
we now
only find
it
is
commonly ima-
in a
for Avhich
it
Though
tains at
it
was
the foun-
nearer at hand a
much
is
that lime-cement
some proof
is
commoner
sort of
is sufficient
brittleness,
and render
it
it
of
its
all,
the
The
found that
were
all laid in
when
this
bitumen
was the
and
I invariably
OF BABYLON.
terranean passage
mound
in the
lOl
of the Kasr, the
facility
no force or
breaking them in
pieces.
in the pashalick of
Bagdad
near Kerkouk,
is
found
to
the next
at
is
the Babylonians
drew
the
first is
their supplies.
Heet
is
town
Jews.
and
is
The
two sources,
for these
other, oil
Mumia,
is
also
found
from Persia.
Strabo,
bitumen, says
its
water,
and
who
calls the
relates
cruel
experiment made
naphtha liquid
is
in direct contradiction of
it.
by
of
I
* "
Eight days' journey from Babylon is a city named Is, near which
runs a small river of the same name, discharging itself into the
Euphrates this river brings down with its waters clots of bitumen
:
bitumen used
in
102
believe
it is
out
flows
Diodorus alone
who
positively says
it
generally, that
bitumen
asserts that
Herodotus
it
produced in Babylonia.
who
me
he believed
is at
might be found
it
was
in the vicinity of
it
told
in the Desert.
It
baths,
somewhat resembling
pearance
in contact
shining, and
black,
brittle,
and ap-
pit-coal in substance
Turks
the
Kier or Geer
remain
to
The fragments of it
with water.
call
Zift,
it
{^)-
and
is
a white
and Ana.
for the
Ana.
powder
The
first is
particularly
it is
damps.
The second
Heet
used as a coating
also
found in powder,
pieces of the
same substance,
it is
is
is
called
it is
the
common cement
Borak,
at
liable to
the
Noora,
called
abundant
is
The
third
is
of the
found in
species,
called
is
it
forms an excellent
103
OF BABYLON.
whitewash or
plaster.
it
mud,
sun-dried brick
and
is
it
is
on.
laid
had
of,
pure clay or
viz.
it is
cement, notwithstanding
which
as if clay
the
At
great
thickness
in
layers of
the Mujelibe,
ment, between
it
marshes)
is
the use of
common growth
it
of the
be supposed
mud;
handsful of
them
are easily
drawn
out.
state,
and
never saw
was used.
mains
clined
think such
am
in-
and
I believe
among
the
Babylonian
RUINS OF BABYLON.
104
architecture,
my
I fear, often
important one, as
it
may
visits
My
make.
to
obser-
merely as a prelude
which repeated
to further researches,
tediousness
it
to the
wish to be
betrayed
me
into
a curious, perhaps an
is
Instead
present remains,
we ought
at the
grandeur of that
traces,
when we consider
ruins
rather to be astonished
which has
city
that
it
its
appear to be inexhaustible
the Abassides, which
left
such
immense
materials,
which
cities
still
we know
modern
vestiges,
which
RUINS OF BABYLON.
104
architecture,
in their turn
by
my
it
to further researches,
which repeated
me
enal^le
I fear, often
important one, as
it
visits
My
make.
to
obser-
merely as a prelude
to the
wish to be
betrayed
me
into
a curious, perhaps an
is
may tend
to illustrate
several
Instead
we ought
its
present remains,
at
traces,
ruins
when we
consider that
rather to be astonished
it
its
appear to be inexhaustible
the Abassides, which
has
left
such
materials,
which
still
we know
modern
vestiges,
which
ror
Read
"
before
mission.
1815;
published in the
may be
[It
made
Rich
to
;
made by
what
taken
is
for
as the Plan
to is
This
Ancient Babylon.
the latter, as the
Memoir.]
The
very interesting
Memoir
on the remains of Ancient Babylon, having a tendency, as well from the facts set forth in
on them,
site
it,
concern-
it
history
(as well
as
that of
to
it ;)
my own
statement,
remains
to
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
108
be
in
course
its
statements of the
est
deavour by their
so as to en-
develop on the
aid, to
site
itself,
the distribution of
principal structures,
its
zeal
them
He
is
faithfully.
prejudice
researches without
and
to
;
much
as set
for
Mr.
time, labour,
have prosecuted
finally, to
indeed the
have reported
first
person
who
more
particulars
supposed Tower of
Belus,
hasty a
detailed
manner,
to
respecting
* It is true that
M.
the
to have
viewed them in
be enabled to furnish a
He
description.*
information,
gives
also
some new
and
mark
the situation
observed the
mounds between
ANCIENT BABYLON.
109
Nimroud
:*
and in
Tower of Nim-
Birs, or
rod,
tion,
is
position
perfectly
novel
although
its
name and
the celebrated
M. Niebuhr.
Tower
of
Nimrod was
that
p. 62,
and
seq. of the
Memoir
of
discovered in
detached mounds of
One
mounds
be composed of the
by the fineness of thfe
bricks, and the goodness of the lime mortar
and the surface has on
it, in addition to the substances generally found on the other mounds,
of these
remains of buildings,
in particular
appears
to
still to
be abundant.
mound
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
110
left
With a
the
and of the
position of the
Beauchamp),
much might
centre of them,
in the
ment of
he adverted
Perhaps, had
change of
to
him
to fall at
Tower
of
to proceed
the
from
it,
as
part
site
only,
and extent
would
set
the
general
fully at rest.
and
distribution
remains of
of the
this
be
lost
whole of the
city,
but in part
medan Conquest
circular,
for
it
is difficult
to the
Maho-
to reconcile the
ANCIENT BABYLON.
Ill
in
Ancient Babylon.*
Two
The
Tower
Tower
and the
assume, in the
changed
its
first instance,
course
and that
had
it
first
it
it
cients
likely to
Tower
city
site
for those
of Belus did, in
;
that the
same
Euphrates.
f See again the Plan of Babylon.
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
112
may
Mujelibe
tower
may
two
remains of that
by Diodorus
palaces, described
ruins, that
for,
as
have
said,
can have
no doubt are
side
present, the
Nimroud
from the
distant
lay
(for
out
Birs,
Mujelibe).
who
its
have
that
is,
of the question,
which
the remains
all
according
the
at
about 8| miles
is
Therefore,
if
the
course, in a small
left
accounts of the
arrangement and distribution of the principal structures in Babylon, have only l)een
fairy tales
shall
lected
amusing us with
now
facts,
col-
has
side
now
;
left all
which
states
Bagdad towards
came
to
(p.
48) that
in
his
way from
" close
;
:
ANCIENT BABYLON.
" to which,
" beyond
is
this,
may
" spot
''
The
city.
ruins of Babylon
commence from
eoohibiting,
it
113
at intervals,
traces
it
this
and Hillah
of building,
and unburnt
in
bricks
" the north of the Kasr" (taken for the remains of the
principal palace),
" Hillah,
is
"and
full five
the Mujelibe''
As
this latter is
Hillah,
it
(His
detail,
to
from Hillah
five
Mohawill.)
falls
distant
however, referring to
p.
known
lie
4f miles than
But taking
it
is,
is
that
the
ground inclosed by the walls was only partially built on. The heaps,
no doubt, are made up of decomposed bricks, bitumen, and mortar,
the whole bricks having generally disappeared, in places where they
were easily got at and from the nature of the cement used, (that is,
;
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
114
Strabo
square of Babylon,
the
to
But
others.
where
all
is
gives,
but somewhat
is
also
remarked by other
mencement of
it
Mohawill.
at
travellers
but with-
Admitting
these to be, as
is
more probable
The
site
also,
all
events, the
commencement of the
Mujelibe, then,
general
But, at
such
as
towards
The
it,
may be
position
ruins.
allowed to occupy
as the
Tower
itself.
shall
not
trouble
this
learned
Society
with
paper unnecessarily.
It
may
suffice
to
say,
that
;:
ANCIENT BABYLON.
Mr. Rich
that of
larly to
excellent drawings
much
of
it,
115
including his
himself,
the
ruin
presents
very
Tower
would lead us
Not
to expect.
of Belus
had we only
that,
reports concerning
its
guessed
it
to
mind
tlie
that
The
wanting,
principal
it
was described
it
may
may
recon-
such a structure.*
stories is
may
for.
suit-
The
furnace.
latter
the
of Alexander's
was
in ruins so
visit,
when
it
was
said, that
it
would
The deep
made by
which
much
all,
it is
it
channels,
on the western
side,
which
is
how
and most of
And
this surely
tends
* See the drawings of its four fronts, at the end of the Memoir of
Mr. Rich. Rennell. This reference is to the first edition of the
Memoir, published by Messrs. Longman & Co., 1818. See note,
page 89, of the first Memoir in this volume. Ed.
I
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
116
mound must
have been
artificial
on so limited a space
mound,
hill in so great
a degree.*
Little more, therefore, need be said in respect of
of
probability
the
Tower of Belus
venerable
this
ruin being
the
may remount
description
affords
by no means yet
full
satisfied.
It is very
walling
external
the
is
now
seen
may
be of a date
The
semicircular
mound
may
It
we know
Plan and
description (p. 17), that the termination of this rampart, northward, points d'rectly
making
thus
* It
must
from
it
by the rain
is still
concerning
east angle
it,
it
it.
particularly
we
raised
on the west
feet
Much more
is
ANCIENT BABYLON.
117
design.
it
at that
Now,
have an
when
idea, that
in the state
And
down by
hence, there
alterations
the better to
it
then
it
tradition-
its
new
character.
Tower
be supposed to
is
at a
So
part.
that
and west.
This
granted that
it
was
is
lie
show
equilateral
offered.*
As the
may
circumference of the
for
Tower appears
That
is, if
is,
in its
which
possibly be
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
118
present ruined
state,
it
is
2111
by Mr. Rich's
feet,
and others
With
were equal.*
northern face,
its
may
The two
to
It is possible
70 and 71.)
mounds of earth running
straight
parallel
of Ancient Babylon.
Their use
were dams
The
direction.
it
it
may
be
difficult to
to prevent inunda-
took
its
course in that
wards.
I shall
said on the
palaces
first
subject by the
ancients.
See the Memoir of Mr. Rich, pages 68 and 88. The hase must
now than in its original state, and yet it is no
confessedly be larger
more
in
present state,
stade
it
and probably, in
of Strabo
its
its
feet to the
The
stade
119
ANCIENT BABYLON.
two
that
is,
and the
river,
on the other
lesser one,
side
the two
Probably,
river's bed.
may be
same
the
whence the
latter
and which
for
it
others, to have
appeared to
me
been
be
to
And
although
ture,
name
it
confess I
name,
be more
common
in all countries to
places to
But
its
for the
which they
lead,
ference to communications.
Herodotus assigns
to the
phrates
two
to
divi-
pied a central position in that quarter of each division situated towards the river.
was
is
and
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
120
As we
can-
In this uncertainty,
palaces
it
may
occupied
perhaps be
the
al-
centre, although
it
is
adopted.
all
with the
Mujelibe,
principal palace
has altered
it,
there cannot, of
to
answer to the
its
as
Herodotus
named from
cipal yA^Lce)
the
is
of
which
Memoir;
Kasr or Palace (meaning
is
only he has
opinion, to answer
This opinion
three
the prin-
justly, in
my
ground-plan, the solidity of the Avails, and the superior quality of the materials
ANCIENT BABYLON.
that
12l
This, however,
mound
itself,
to be under-
is
and not
to the
will be
Now
this
mound
is
is
between the
may
conclude
it
mound
artificial
made by Semiramis),
have been
yet
less
still
than
Tower
of Belus.
Conse-
be erroneous
exact,
centre,
when he
and tower
M. de Beauchamp
says,
"Black
stones,
and
possession of Sir
Hugh
in the
where
home by
One
situation,
it
printed like
It is in the
Inglis.
The present course of the Euphrates through the ruins is southwardly. It is not known whether Mr. Rich allowed the variation of
f
So that
This
if it
W.
may be about
9 or 10 degrees
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
122
But
in order to
admit
this
mound
Kasr
of the
to
And
also.
surely
this is
that
on the
objects
when
site
is
such as that
it
only requires
that
is
contended for
which
it
probably
filled
on
its
departure from
which bed
the one
it
it
may
river,
its
and
now
and for
this
wandering courses of
rivers,
and the
effects often
soils,
more
especially
nothing
is
when,
by the ruins
up by
down
In the course of
my
more powerfully
in diverting
ANCIENT BABYLON.
123
More
will
ancient river-bed in
the
be
said
respecting
this
sequel.
Kasr
lesser palace,
lies
as the
immediate-
remains of the
The
is
at present not
much more
may
The
is
supposition of a change.
To judge from
the Plan,
it
seems as
if it
were
flatter
were more decomposed from time. The only circumstance given, that applies to any part of
line with,
and
the
in
one of
it, is
following,
to regard as a portion of
it
He
(page 60)
" curious red colour, nearly 300 yards long and 100
* Signor Balbi, in his navigation
He
Annah.
the ruins.
On
the Plan
it is
commonly 200
yards.
its
course through
OF THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
124
It has
it."
and
if
would imply
may
it
is
of
much
higher antiquity
From
the
given
scanty notices
whether
it
respecting
Am ran,
it is
the
difficult
'
" elevation
course through
little
that state
its
''f
(see
at different periods
in
varying
it,
mounds
if it
mound
of the
Kasr
same
of
river.
Amran
stream.
*
side of the
Mound
As Mr. Rich had no opportunity of correcting the press, it is posnumbers may be wrong. They evidently appear to be
so in
to remove.
ANCIENT BABYLON.
125
Mound
made
at the
Amran
of
Kasr, was
dam
or
it
answer
to
both purposes.
I shall close these observations
on the
site
cient
of
An-
this de-
it
changed
it
its
state of these
mounds.
bankment of
the river
is
it
(page 67)
Mounds
is
white with
nitre,
" buildings in
it,
'
This, as
centre of
it."
is,
moreover, precisely
it
that
is,
150
is
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
126
it
river
may be
which
it
mound
it
for the
site
of the ancient
between the
pass,
city,
two
In
its
(or that of
above mentioned,
Amran)
is
And
Amran. f
away a
of the
mound
in a state of dilapidation
the stream on
Few
and
considerable portion
it.
is
at present
moment
hesitate to
and description,
in
proof of
this
valley or ravine
through
and proving
all others
common with
Ganges,
it.
number
of years,
;
;
ANCIENT BABYLON.
127
It
been aware of
this
Rich
lend of the
the traces of
its
possibly have
and
given
occasion to
it
might
other discoveries,
to
To
of
subterraneous
the
de
ravine
Beau-
champ.
cannot but suspect that the ruin now standing,
named
ture,
the Kasr,
is
but one of
much
later date
possibly coeval
spoken
of.
In the
first place^ it
appears to be seated
For
it is
all identified
with them.
much
varied
its
now
its
islands in
far
bed.
It
appears that
no great length of
removed from its banks, were
course, within
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
128
appearance;"
ruins
which
is
old.
Nor does
there
is,
such.
It
to
would appear
this
to
owe
its
remaining in existence
Not but
cement used
in the construction.
cement was
that lime
cannot, however,
agree with Mr. Rich (page 100) that " lime cement
" was the one most generally employed."
the fact
is
that the
Probably
By
laid in bitumen,
we
agreed, on
all
to separate in a
been
laid in
hands, that
whole
it
it
possesses.
is
extremely
lime-mortar
in
Babylon.
laid in
now found
latter sub-
The
But
it
difficult
that have
(See also
bricks
which
places.
ANCIENT BABYLON.
and use, unless
were
river,
its level,
known.
better
129
is
at the
and
stated
bottom of
He
mound above
to
be
fifty
the plain
embankment
Amran
whence
being
which,
I believe, are
of
less
it
below the
little
level of the
The
passage
may
palace at large
loose,
soils,
as
we
and
it
its
use, possibly, to
drawn up through
might be regulated by a
course,
Amran
mound of the
the Kasr cannot
plain,
descend.
The mound
forty.
the ground
be from forty
be supposed to contain a
that of
to
The
sluice,
influx, of
and accom-
modated
to the
One can
periodical
by Diodorus, originated so
for the part seen
An
bank,
mound.
it
was high
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
130
enough
horseman
for
breadth
to
pass
The
upright.
is
roof,
M.
said to be se-
de
Beauchamp
remains that
Nimroud
Birs, or
I should say a
Tower
f-
it
character of an
masonry on
its
artificial
summit
me
have been
is
described
hill
itself too
Nor
have the
to
solid to
But
running
off
may be
himself.
It
is
wanting.
The
its
com-
t See the drawings of its four fronts at the end of Mr. Rich's book.*
traveller through the Desert remarked a conical hill with a
%
building on
it,
of Hillah.
It
ANCIENT BABYLON.
131
be
hill
is
more
particularly
wanted
artificial
or otherwise.
what
in
is,
covery
for
its
M. Niebuhr's
even
us to suppose
to have
it
account of
new
it
dis-
leaves
it is
at large, that
it
is
Birs
Nimroud
so far distant
for those of
may be regarded as
its being the Tower
it
so
facts
and descrip-
On
which
M. Niebuhr's
Mr.
Rich reckons it south-west in which case it would be no less than
9;^ miles from the Mujelibe.
Mr. Rich has made an observation respecting an appendage to
;
is
the
Nimroud
Birs,
which
He
is
common
says, p. 76,
also to
"at a
trifling distance
in
from the
and parallel with its eastern face, is a mound not inferior to the
Kasr in elevation, but much longer than it is broad." Al Heimar,
which bears, on a smaller scale, some resemblance to the Birs and
Akerkouf, a ruin in the quarter of Bagdad, have similar dependent
mounds (p, 79, 80, 81 j. None is mentioned at the Mujelibe.
Birs,
K 2
ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF
132
Mr
in his
Memoir
to
marks
may be
If
it
conceived ap-
be possible to trace
and of the
certain
mounds
left
most
in
Kasr
the
for a
reckon from
may be sought
left
by the
that
is,
for
side,
appears ex-
the statement of
fallen upon,
it
should of course be
But
if
lies
in the probable
be
knowm
to
Mr. Rich),
that
to the whole.
all
is
must
And
if the
heaps of
Mr. Rich,
be-
ANCIENT BABYLON.
extent
the
of
the
133
area,
quarter.
of Babylon
was
really
expected to have
left
traces
enough
it
may
be
site
In
might be well
it
Such
most
traces are
the
likely to be
mounds
that
found
lie
that
it
The ground
is
in this
may be
parallel to
in
Mujelibe
prein
city
it.
it
was constructed
at
of the inundation.
of the
dis-
commencement
sumed
at a
towards the
particularly
examined,
mounds and
The mound
libe
dug
Kasr and
It has
the
Muje-
probably been
col-
134
It
Mujelibe
Much may
are.
it is
possible that
it
to that
may
form
Mesopotamia).
As Mr. Rich
ruins (see his
an interesting kind.
very
much time
examining the
so
It
is
numerous and
so widely extended.
being
SECOND
MEMOIR ON BABYLON
CONTAINING
AN INQUIRY
INTO THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE ANCIENT
DESCRIPTIONS OF BABYLON AND THE REMAINS STILL
VISIBLE
ON THE
SUGGESTED BY THE
"
SITE.
IN
Esq.
ADVERTISEMENT.
My
in
Memoir made
very imperfect
first
called the
Mines de V Orient.
So
its
appearance
in Vienna,
my
many
by myself.
friends
England
and an
edition of
it
it
ought
and
to
Essay was
in
My
be republished
in
retained.
many
I
beg
following
Memoir
German
one.
SECOND MEMOIR
On my
first visit
who had
peared to
Babylon
to
want of accuracy
in the accounts
of
me
delineation
to merit a very
all
travellers
The
ruins ap-
it
was then
in possession of;
an
to a
therefore
it
and
more favour-
was anxious
illustrative sketch,
which
me
my
to transmit to
me
to accomplish
hope to do by
part of
my
my own
unassisted efforts.
It
was no
bring forward
my own
speculations,
had
then been
140
qualified to do so
and
my
who
ap-
from opinion,
now
opinions.
have
dis-
" to
vindicate the truth and consistency of ancient history, as well as his OAvn account of
Geography of Herodotus,"
as
Babylon
in the
he " conceives
my
my
Diffident as 1
am
upon
nell,
either
in
his
interpretation
marks the
appear to
of
Major Renthe
ancient
I shall therefore
make
his
Re-
me
opposing
in
Remarks on
this
many
method
additional particulars
will affi^rd
me
an op-
from
RUINS OF BABYLON.
141
my
The sum of Major Rennell's argument is as folThe Euphrates divided Babylon into two
equal parts one palace, with the Tower of Bekis,
lows
opposite
it,
on the west
it,
each
occupying central
ruins
or rather, the
by the
it
is
river.
Now,
my
in
therefore the
account of the
river
must formerly
me on
the
into
two
mounds
laid
equal portions.
down
in
my
But
plan,
them
which render
it
These
central
no remains on the
western bank
the
other
palaces
construction, of
referred to a
town of
we have no
other
evidence.
I shall
now
state in general
which
The circumstance
in
None
Babylon
is
terms what
have to
Tower
of Belus stood.
extremely questionable.
There are
The
sup-
142
position
merely
for the
diffi-
cal
is
with
be reconciled
decidedly against
present remains,
the
it.
And,
may
without
When
Major Rennell,
it
I shall therefore
very particularly.
proceed to deve-
Before
we
which we have
if
we
consider
how
how
how numerous
so far
from
and most
susceptible,
literal
we might
question.
however,
Instead
writers
have
of
making
too
this
frequently
allowance,
seemed
to
and
to
we have
of
many
topographers;
accounts
ancient
places by a
RUINS OF BABYLON.
standard
stricter
would
we
of what
seize
We
bear.
than
143
naturally wish to
and
may
to
help
The testimony
of the ancients
others,
must of
the spot
rank
their
in literature
caution
do not
forcing a resemblance.
memoir
would be necessary
to
we have rendered
much more than they
often
for
I the
more
present, as
it
it is
so far.
authorities
the
not necessary to
have thought
of the
it
my
an inquiry
at
subject to carry
requisite to state
ancients
my
topographical
as
I shall
monly be allowed
that I
how
ancients accountable
general opinion
show
which
error, give
cies
to attempt
It
am
to them.
I shall
willing to adhere
on the contrary
much
closer to
is
of any
144
aware
of.
Babylon
liave laid
much
stress
on the authority of
than
He
quality of
the
the
information
:
owned
that the
he supplies.
to Ctesias
and
want of discrimination
must be
it
in the an-
cients,
ment
and
to her
specifies
Mount
who
tells
know
not to
an author can in so
many
When
certainly
applied.
to
Mount Hecla.
(A)
monu-
what
to his description.
is
we
are cer-
already before
We
have only
for
the
Tower
Herodotus,
he
is
who
Babylon
in
person
is
;
and he
is
in every
RUINS OF BABYLON.
respect the best authority for
145
its state
in his time.
prove
be
to
it
He
so.
been attempted
speaks but of
(for lie
city
if clearly
made
out,
banks
river's
from
are,
^s
v rcb riBv
Se
rcb
on the
it
rra
Iripco,
Ajoj
p.
^riXov
ts
/xsyaXw ts
which
ixiau,
ev
>tai
y^ackyLQTtvXov,
Ipov
in
85),
Inrilyjaro
Tiokios
fiaaiXri'ix, itspiQo'Kcj}
(Herod. Wessel.
Herodotus's words
centre.
t^^'yos,
lnocTB^co
(^dpas'i
rtz.
river
would not
translating:
sv
the
of one of the
centre
the
in
has
it
establish
to
It is true,
'lU'/jupco'
k,
r.
X.
(B)
much fewer
particulars than
are
Roman
consequently of
inquiry.
It
little
appears,
east
or
use in
therefore,
the
Herodotus
historians
the west
still
that
and the
less
they
topographical
none of the
of the Euphrates
that
-its
divisions,
is
and
no
difficulties,
146
appears to
It
may
me
that
more
I
(if I
Tower of Belus
I consider the
am
other
(an
to repre-
less
part
of
Babylon
that
to
Having
centre.
he
new
is
"
The
several particulars
site
the
by the ancients."*
certainly cut
ruins on the
Babylon
but there
such an assumption.
whole of the
ground
carefully
between
examined the
and
Hillah
the
indicative of
it.
The same
my
result.
stay
I
RUINS OF BABYLON.
have long been accustomed
to observe the
so variable
its
the lowness of
them
to
The Euphrates
remarkable degree.
changes
is
most
in a
by no means
banks affording a
its
for its
facility
147
renders
it
The
course.
embankment
strong
its
by the
built
its
running
river has
This
is
expended
one channel
in
many
the case in
parts of
its
progress
for
whence
walls of
best of
Bagdad
my
place in the
At
it,
when
of the western
it
rises
all
it
numerous canals
many
overflows
east
them
into lakes
who had
The Khezail
it
at that
variation.
and on the
desert;
morasses.
constantly flowed
notwithstanding the
Hillah,
drawn from
parts
information,
and
many
surprise
district at
completely inundated
such times
and
still
is
in
many
parts
l2
148
But
Euphrates have
of
its
having altered
which
the Tigris,
to discover traces
On
course.
its
no part of the
in
been able
I ever
much more
is
draw
breaks
down
during
its
own
its
which consequently
This
banks.
it is
or drawn
by canals
oflP
where
Beni
Lam
many
drains,
places
the
it is
it
case
middle
confined between
tricts,
is
in inundations,
and
it
overflows readily.
In those
which characterise
it
its
course.
shown
Having
Rennell's theory
ground,
have
that
is
at
first
the
part
of
Major
him
which induce
me
some length.
now
supposed by Major
As some
of the ruins
"
The whole
RUINS OF BABYLON.
149
of a date previous
To
110.)
(p.
this
The mounds
1.
Rennell
differ in
Mahometan Conquest."
the
to
assumption
I object.
ruins
or
rejected
by Major
help to explain
and no
sort of
composition to
call in
antiquity.
2.
granted by
It is
are
part of
mounds of
that the
all,
the
among them,
others
It appears very
ancient Babylon.
when
subsided
period
edifices,
into
much
greater
Major R. assigns
than
it
at
If ever a
to his city.
and
diminished,
solidity
certainly
the
town
would
The only
whatever
it
may have
striking resemblance
like the castles of
Mujelibe,
which,
now
bears a
to
fortified
artificial
mounts,
its
opinion,
I think
as
the
is
been, certainly
it
castellated state.
every
am
one must be
clearly
who
of
has
150
to another establishment,
and Babylon
the question.
The Mujelibe,
it
necessary, as
before
as
left
out of
observed,
this decision,
were
it
Nineveh,* rather an
mount than
artificial
a mass of
decayed building.
3.
One
reason
supposing a
is,
"that
for
it is diflGicult
Babylon"
streets in ancient
Geography
110)
(p.
of Herodotus, he
though, in the
is
regular distribution
Rennell receives
and Palaces.
of
But Major
Tower
streets.
Now
it
is
and
arrangement
been reason
it,
far
so
from ex-
account of
its
not
been observed
to
sufficient
here,
it
would have
After
all,
find
a difficulty in
was
di-
See Note A.
RUINS OF BABYLON.
151
a chess-board.
ginary arrangement.
true of
some
nowhere vouch
for its
area of Babylon,
It
or
divisions
yet
quarters,
we have
on
pied by cultivation
was
river
brazen
fortified
gates,
The
was
;
would
mathematical accuracy.
was occu-
it
with
guarding
an embattled
wall
and
seems further
illustrated
its
river,
unknown
Major Rennell
(p.
127)
says,
to tlie inhabitants,
by which
lonian structure.
later date,
was
He
''
Remarks"
named
Kasr
the
believes
it
to
be
is
a Baby-
"one of a
;"
i.
e.
of ruins
the
to old
Baby-
about.
he cannot
much
which
that
is,
is
it
looks too
old."
Neither
is it
age which he
152
duction of Ishim
preserved
be no
and
if
e.
be
allowed to have
i.
it
its
difficulty in
of years.
granting
it
dence than
its
is
may
be
its
till
very
rejection
its
required
Whatever
lately
number
the additional
great,
But
Ionian
mound which
it
named
after
;
it is
covered by
it,
and which
have
allowed to be Baby-
is
The
it.
and
side walls,
down
very far
my
drawing shows.
This building
indisputably con-
is
it,
to
be
on a
are,
believe,
cannot therefore
erected
the
before
into rubbish
or at least
ruins
(for
formed
it is
not
RUINS OF BABYLON.
153
and
if
sequently, and
all
mound
itself,
the
conto
it,
lon.
this subject.
As Major Rennell
even of Diodorus,
adverted
not
to
it is
little
the dimensions
:
assigned
by that
Babylon
new
the
(viz.,
all
answer
true,
to the
new
it is
Diodorus places
may
its
Acropolis.
who confounds
but an author
Euphrates
palace, with
the
It is
on the west;
we do
(C)
In-
is,
We
The
eastern monarch,
if
we imagined
it
154
we
mound,
New
the
called
means
too great
and thus
its
extent
all difficulties
by no
is
immediately
new town.
building a
striking
Major Rennell
also,
had he not
failed
set out
by
if
a different direction
within
its
own
must
each being
In
fact, there is
be seated
said to
Tower was
though we may
safely
Had
the Palace
it
would
Major Rennell
this particular.
is
From what
willing
I
to
abandon
have before
said,
in
it
Having
said so
much
eastern ruins, I have but a few words to add conblishments always consist of a fortified inclosure, the area of which
is occupied by many buildings of various kinds, without symmetry
or general design, and with large vacant spaces between them.
RUINS OF BABYLON.
155
ficiently
fearful of
in
my
former Memoir.
was
shapen heaps of rubbish, which are much better understood by a drawing, except
mound
like the
the
Kasr
ral
on
of
this account,
little
It is
heaps which
lie
be-
They
are in
fact
my Plan.
sider
He
them
calls
of the
site
them down
laid
to con-
in the sketch
my Memoir) which
means
have
and magnitude
entitled,*
to
;"
he
to
be the ruins
which are
some other
from
alterations
to his
my
plan,
especially
an
156
nect
I
it
suppose
moir, as
who
my Me-
there
to con-
is
come from
my own want
But
himself.
have to attribute to
The mounds
of precision.
placed to
such magnitude
looseness of
my
But
traces of building."
at intervals
there
none
laid
was
possible
described
offers
its
to say
rest,
the decomposition
The
anything more,
after
having
of bricks
canal of Mohawill,
clined to think,
strike
doubt
at present,
in-
me when
its
it
com-
It is
and
saw no reason
it
to
is
let
out for an
RUINS OF BABYLON.
annual rent.
and
arch,
157
It is
differs in
have
to be
taken
now
but as Major
possibility of there
it
having been
all that
The
canals
which
it
is
New
latter of
This
fact be-
find
name of a place
we have of this place
Al Neel mentioned
in history as the
or district
notices
are
Al Neel,
He
in A.D, 1028.
patriarch's
Al
is
other.'f'
dad
for
Naamania,
Koche
from
list
in the
some reason
I find
which there
a place
is
In Assemani
but the
of the
side
meagre.
for
the general
belief, that
remarks
foregoing
the
granted,
is
Takweem
ul Boldan.
t Assemani,
vol.
i;i.
p.
766.
158
much
cultivation
it is
map
608.
;"* but
he does
D'Herbelot mentions
situated.
Al Neele, a.h.
of the Euphrates
am
at the
mouth
ignorant of the
his
is
mistaken as to
to be inferred that
is
it
Seif ud
its position.
Doulah
is
father's
Al Neel, &c.J
Al Neel further back
am
1000 of
history than
These,
it
in
Christ.
must be confessed,
judgment on
sider
them
may be
so important a point.
attentively,
is
importance.
The
obscurity in which
The name
This
the canal.
latter
but that
con-
involved
When we
is
was no town
is
name,
district contain-
expressly stated by
t D'Anville,
I
at all of this
it
it is
its little
RUINS OF BABYLON.
Such
159
modern
are the
dis-
which waters
the canal
it;
few
slightest traces a
As
destruction.
its
instances,
may
dis-
The
ex-
tricts contains
pression of Abulfeda
is
Oriental languages.
may mean either a district or town and a pernow commonly says he is going to Khalis, or he
lived at Dujjeil
by which he may mean any of
;
^jJl,
son
has
size
whole
either a
cant village
is
in the East
district
district,
in
and that
which belief
tion obligingly
and we
Al Neel was
honour
further justified
communicated
to
consider
it
by the informa-
me by H.
its
it
am
as
and
or a very insignifi-
this
that
no proof of
H., the
But
as
shall
and
it
will readily
supposing
could
it
the canal
nitude
or, to
to
is
mag-
not the
SECOND MEMOIR ON THE
160
reason to believe
slightest
We
large as Hillah.
at the
it
nor
it
it
is
mouth of the
We
canal.
have
in-
Malcha, and
many
town of Neel
thus
Whatever
we have no
left,
much
larger and
at
may
positive reason
even
come
ruins the
if
be believed to have
for
We
other places.
and a place
we now
Were
it
bourhood
more than
tiges of
and
neigh-
to
show
in this
:
cities
of Ctesiphon and
their walls
(if
we except
the
should
go further, and
it
state
my
and
been
situated),
and that
it
it
at the base
could have
supposition
makes no
difference whatever
in
RUINS OF BABYLON.
the opinion I have expressed.
161
an
mount
artificial
the Mujelibe,
at least as large as
of the
is
The
town
would,
is
(as
the
the remainder
and
if
more considerable
still
Kerkook.
We
in
may
may
city
therefore, I pre-
no case
is
slightest
a Turkish
and
is
walls
its
sisting of
of the
present
building,
there the
Al Neel,
which
I
have ventured to
am
call the
conceive a
Palace of Babylon.
may
at first possibly
whose existence
of buildings
being
river.
In the former
shown the
placed in
impossibility
mounds which
to
require
an
inclosure
are
like
that
sufii-
which
SECOND MEMOIR ON THE
162
hollows
reason
of the palace,
wall
it
ruins,
with no
the
in
and
Major Rennell,
inconvenient a situation
is
either at
place
named
The name
there,
]\Iosques.*
after its
Jamaein,
Hillah, which
or
The two
was given
fortified,
is
it
de-
up
one's abode.
I therefore
my
repeat
belief,
reserve.
to
And
must here
state
what seems
to
me
The burnt
Abulteda.
RUINS OF BABYLON.
the cuneiform
character,
all
163
found in
only
Babylon
manner,
viz.,
wards.
It,
now impos-
it is
when
the bricks
When
more modern
these bricks
constructions, as in
Bagdad
indifferently,
In the
sometimes with
writing, and
Babylonian
to
figures
Had
is
indisputably
when
come
the ruins
all
in this order
probability have
use.
tian,
we might
There
is
another
which
tiquity.
is
m2
164
tion
ashes, with
filled
this
discovered
burial,
to reconcile
and though
it is
certainly
The two
separate
modes of
There
worthy of attention.
no reason
found in
ruins, yet in
their antiquity.
lieve,
in
still
coffins.
',
sufficiently
is
mode of
with
them
in
Of the high
coffins.
filled
to
;
burial,
is,
I be-
we know never
may in-
dicate the
may
Babylonians and
have
Rennell considers
ruins.
Beauchamp
states the
same
" Je
dont
la
me
suis
Major
established the
fact
in
His words
si
en
RUINS OF BABYLON.
165
des bricques
ils
And
he
M.
d'Anville, qui
(Mem.
M.
de
S*^
It noAV
me
remains for
the Birs
left
to notice the
all
Nemroud.
supposed to have
tainly the
to
If any
human
force
interest-
building
considerable traces,
most
and, if
Notes
v. xlviii.
its
it
may
is
be
cer-
which by
its
construction,
Even under
we know
it
to
it
tige of
earth.
When,
therefore,
we
be the
* It
site
is true, indeed, that Beaucharap speaks only from informawhich he received from others, and which applies rather to subterranean remains than to ruins on the surface of the earth.
tion
166
vvliich
man and
correspondence with
fect
wonder of
suc-
is
it
all
the
accounts of the
Babylon.
nature to
fix
its
am
limits of
is
of a
and
if
Tower
to the
1)6
more reasonable
to suppose that
it
would
markable of
all
But
the ruins.
From
there
is
no necessity
Memoir,
stood
it
fixed
tively
;
and
will
the
if
spot
we
Babylon
an eye-witness
both
him-
come within
its limits.
Against
re-
We
of probability.
but
we know Babylon
to
have
RUINS OF BABYLON.
been rather an inclosed
district
167
than a city
and
less accurate
of Herodotus,
justify
if
it.
The whole
of the Birs
height
Nemroud above
hundred and
The
two
is
brick wall
itself
is
of another
wall,
brick
is
thirty-
very clearly
precisely
to
little
be seen part
resembling
its
the
still
This
is
The masonry
is
any thing of
infinitely superior to
question any conjecture relative to the original destination of this ruin, the impression
of
it
is,
that
interior of
bish
it
was a
solid pile,
made by
a sight
composed
in the
that
it
was constructed
in receding
fine
on them, laid
and that
ruinous
it
condition.
forcibly broken
The upper
down, and
fire
say precisely
how
or why.
cement
to its present
stories
have
been
stages,
The
it is
not easy
facing of fine
168
by the
down
falling
own
supported
it
my
from
this pile,
observations
and extended by an
is
of
As
discernible.
to lay
am
but I
to notice a
The Tower
we suppose
in height
or stages
therefore, if
height,
Count de Caylus
xxxi.),
we ought
the fragment
feet
and
to
is
preferable to
Mem.
them
is
in
235
more worthy
to
Major
that of the
attention, as
it
Mr. B. himself.
is
apparently the
to
de rAcademie, vol.
Buckingham
sult is the
(see
according
fire
from heaven
vitrified'
M. Beauchamp speaks
*
of
was de-
a curious remark^ as
on the summit.
Tower
it
Mr. Buckingham.
of
it
masses
under
RUINS OP BABYLON.
the appellation of Brouss (F)
himself;
indeed the
169
he never visited
undertaking
The
it
not always
is
excellent
He
gives a very
good account of
it
ouest de Helle a
de
I'Euphrate,
1J
de I'ancienne Babylone
ici il
au dessus
et
il
restes
parle
de murailles cuites
sait
mais
les pierres
de dehors (qui
le
y a
il
ici et la
de petits
sans
{Voyage,
vol.
may be
ii.
p.
236.)
In
this
After
this, I
So
indisputably evident
to
is
bottom
it
to find that
mound being
artificial.
that I should as
as
170
mound
being an isolated
depositions of a river
and therefore,
hill at
if
any traveller
Musseib, or any
tionably mistaken.
The same
(See Geog.
of Herod, p. 369.)
as
in
that l)itumen
which
is
was found
a very dif-
ferent thing.
is
saw
if
ratory to repairing
two months.
indeed,
it
it,
it,
in
If,
mount appear
to
have marked
The
much greater
quantities, the weather having dissipated much of
and,
it in the course of so many revolving ages
its
summit
rubbish about
its
its
destruction.
may have
have endeavoured to
RUINS OF BABYLON.
Babylon
171
show
may
I feel
found
but
it is
being bigoted to
my own
spirit
I
am
of system
so far from
lirst
to lay
to
militate
them before
the public.
Supplement
have received an
containing a sum-
me
to find that
my
NOTES.
Page
(A.)
measurements of
that there
was
among
be admitted
it
are
it
still
Mousul
the town of
Ctesias,
Nineveh a monument of
at
144.
to be
Opposite
is
The
area,
vestiges of building,
larger than
Mousul
which
is
is
now
but
in
its line, at
The
sohdity.
on
it is
it
may be supposed
posed
to
and
mounds
much
form
is
latter
It
is
may be
the
sup-
situated near
is
joined
natives call
it
top
it is
composed, as
predominating
de-
all, is
ascertained, from
it,
as Nurica),
largest of
Koyunjuk Tepe.
to
to
and
by Niebuhr
next,
answer
The
to
and
lineated
no
offers
of greater size
several places,
first
and
and
cultivated
sufficiently
to
earth, the
174
is
only means
on
bnilt
had
it
The
it
of ascertaining
feet for
length of the summit east and west, and 1147 feet for
have
less
straight line
side
is in
mark
its
confidence than in
the
correctly preserved
mounds on
its
The
other
Out
in this place.
men and
So remarkable was
animals.
this
fragment of antiquity,
One
man on
The
others on foot.
stone
it.
the
horseback
by a great many
in
to see
among
cut
into
ages irrecoverably
lost.
seen
assurances given
heard of
or
me
inscriptions.
city,
as
Major Rennell
ground.
Mousul,
It
is
justly observes,
into in
is
but I
the
entertain
hereafter
ruined
a quarry above
dug
From
some places
in search of
them
and
to this
day
175
mound
into
The permanent
edifices.
built
by a
late
Mousul was
considerable of
the least
is
in the part
The
all.
and divides
it
east
mount
I
of
hope
It is
itself into
sides of
wholly
is
make Nineveh
artificial.
it
Koyunjuk
Koyunjuk Tepe
to
and south
its
pyra-
mid, whose base was one plethron, and height two, was no
other than Nineveh with the sepulchre of Ninus (see
basis,
lib. iii).
Ana-
At
Messila, a
Median town
six
hewn shelly
of
stone,
which
is
^e
ri
xqinTrls
XlQou ^tcrov
When
Hv
stone,
At Mousul
yLoyXuXixrov, k. r. X.
remarked
in
my
Page
this
shells.
145.
former
Memoir
that the
words
Tower
of
Belus to be ara.'^iov Kcti to fjivjuos xal to euqos, should be translated " of a stadium in length and breadth," and not
" height and breadth,"
Herodotus
I find
by which
edition of
vol.
ii.
p.
30
65.
Ed.
makes
176
to
p.
85, note.)
Page 153.
(C.)
Some
in
of Herodotus, p. 355,
lesser palace
some
contains
on the
is
Lest
of Belus.
is
it
east,
In the Geography
where
is
it
allusion to the
Temple
of Belus,
and con-
place of the
fictile
" In
and
prefects,
also of Jupiter,
(Diod.
lonians, Belus."
(p.
lib.
who
ii.
is
named by
the
Baby-
c. 8.)
in giving
an
space, surrounded
space
which
palace,
royal
the
fills
Temple of
in
being circular.
Neither
as
a large and
is
And
little
is
the description
I
its
he has given
354.)
There
a circular
strongly defended
Herod., p.
is
from Herodotus,
he says a
Remarks" he
may
suppose
by a wall
circle,
is,
(See Geog. of
that
neither does
was
(D.)
I
Sassanian kings,
is
been supposed
and
177
that
Tauk Kesra,
masonry
is
strikingly inferior
to that of Babylon.
Page 165.
(E.)
The same
de Sainte Croix contains a discussion concerning the latitude and longitude of Hillah, and its distance from Bag-
M. Beauchamp.
dad, by
amount
to
make
21| leagues of 25
to
its
distance from
transit
Bagdad
M. Beauchamp,
a degree.
of
it
5 degrees
to the
same meridian
He
is
" sous
m^me
le
is
distance given
in
little
too
by Niebuhrs
flat
to
German
supposes 13 to 14
He
as a table.
Hillah
Niebuhr
would be just
22J leagues of 25
to the degree.
appears overrated,
latitude
is
too
but he deducts
error he did
not say why.
5' for
even
if
he
does
be 32
The
37'.
latitude of
He
Babylon
observes that
be
178
it
and Babylon
to
Niebuhr.
p. 31.)
correctly
Mhn. de VAcad.
(See
I
my
hope on
its
next
visit
Babylon
xlviii.
to ascertain
it is
In
at
my
Bagdad
8 44' west,
and
at Bussora, 9.
Page
(F.)
169.
It
M. Beauchamp*
Major Rennell
The
Birs).
is
calls
situation
champ
river;
says
it
Nemroud and
is
Brouss.
It is
true.
Beau-
in his Sketch,
makes
it
rather
Beauchamp
and he concludes
it
It
to
is
be the
would ap-
Boursa
in
it
in
fixing
it
Geog. of Herod.,
at
p.
370.
Mem. de VAcad.,
vol. xlviii.
the
Euphrates.
my
first
Memoir
179
village of Jerbouiya,
which
about four
is
the
name
governor.
man
It is
Geography of Herodotus
relating to
may
it.
This
who had
to
Tower
for
am
aware
is
imagine,
Nemroud
have heard
visited
them.
Should
are
is
Borsippa, that
To suppose
itself.
isted a temple
and tower
proportions
hand
must not
accuracies of
in
form and
finish this
my
Memoir without
former one.
Tahmasia was,
is
I find, built
was inac-
Khan
Bir Yunus,
The Well
Bor-
of time,
is
the
asked
have no doubt
which
the
me by
sippa,
but whatever
the
for
mode
at
of the Half-way.
n2
i.
e.
APPENDIX.
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES.
Having
it
will perhaps
the
be expected that
monuments of the
past ages
arts,
should describe
known
to the public.
But
which
tention of
which
have
therefore
at
it
not in
offering specimens of
of these fragments
hope that
who
my power
present content
may
to bestow.
must
and
I console
are infinitely
is
throughout
all this
Raka
to
Samawa.*
The
coins,
of which I
common European
seals of false
carnelian,
and a head of
;
;
182
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES.
now
[APP-
propose to speak.
spe-
it
its
history.*
The
till
terred by the
ill
which secured
success.
The
result, so creditable to
his industry
he obtained
it,
work on the
Politics, Intercourse,
and Commerce of
but
*
its
it is
In the
to
first
sovereigns
fifth
down
by the Mace-
donian conquest, without any reference to the fanciful divisions of Ferdusi in his string of romances, which has by some unaccountably
been entitled an epic poem, and by others, a history. It probably
bears the
same
relation to
the
as the
men
in India.
t Ideen iiber die Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel der
vornehmsten Volker der alten Welt, by Prof. A. H. L. Heeren, 3rd
edition, Gottingen, 1S15, a very interesting work, which ought to be
translated into English.
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES.
APP.]
Upon
communicate
to
to the
183
la-
to those
whose
to
much
devoted to
in-
He
those of Pasargadse.
three varieties
by the
wedge
Each inscription is respecies. The first or simplest
radical signs of a
peated in
all the
three
by Dr. Grotefend
species deciphered
is
in
Zend,
sian empire,
This conjecture
sponding, or nearly
so,
species.
The cuneiform
is
what country
was common
Median,
It is difficult to
was invented
but
its
use
Persian,
Heeren very
it
and Assyrian
justly observes,
it
is
and,
as
Prof.
in all likelihood
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES.
184
[aPP,
pillars
tions deciphered
fell
that
it is
in
which
Notwith-
history
its
is
in-
into disuse.
it
inscrip-
volved,
which he
The
From
its
peculiar form
it
evident
it is
and
ordinary
Zend
use,
The
character of Anquetil-Duperron.
must have
or lapidary character
fallen
sacred
into disuse
or
events
to
record.
The
native
to erect
princes
who
the
and
all recollection
The
of this obsolete
we
find the
it
in their
power
mode of writing
monuments and
and accordingly
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES.
APP.]
whose
or country, in
185
orientalist of
first
any age
Mimoires sur
The foregoing
With
litan inscriptions.
Ion,
be found.
respect to those of
Baby-
is
may
two kinds
and he has
who may be
his
of classification, I
principles
Adopting
shall divide
the
have attempted to
They
tiques, as in Persia
strict
compa-
show whether or no
See Mines de
t In the
I'
Orient, vol.
moment
iv.
and
v.
Memoir
saw a
letter
from
is
characters,
is in fact
but
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES.
186
No,
[apP.
1 is
part broken
and 7| inches
The
in breadth.
foot in length
on
figures
it,
a and
h,
that
c is all
is
now
and
stone,
is
the
in
cuneiform writing.
species
first
of Babylonian
saw an antique
perfectly
to
me by
I believe it
of Babylon.
No. 2
is
On
the front
is
it
is
the sculpture
broken
a,
and
species.
No. 3
is
is
of the
first
species.
ment which
The
larger than
is
of comparison with
coffin
which
also appears to
antique c
found in a
is
be
a brass orna-
with a skeleton in
little
the drawing.
Both appear
;
and
to have
been
sus-
the importance of the undertaking will rejoice to learn that Dr. Grote-
fend
is
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES,
APP.]
pended, there
of b
is
sufficiently
is
appearance
evident from
and that of a
its
may be
me
at
Bagdad from
The age
a.
character and
placed beyond
is
brought to
187
all
inferred,
was found.
The
first
it
No. 4
baked
is
clay, in
and 1^
The
It is
4-|^
inches long
inscription is perfect,
and
ille-
in diameter.
is
The
cha-
This species
also occurs
relief.
To
is
thus
ascertain in
is
in
what
found,
little
some measure
particular part of
is
;
a curious and
words of
manner
without
in
which
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES.
188
No. 5
is
difficult.
[aPP.
I
ing
which
size,
The
writ-
is
little,
how-
shall,
it.
which
is
this kind.
I
Mousul.
It
and contains an
minute and
difficult to
able to determine to
The
third
what
class
it is
is
that
The Babylonian
to be assigned.
of Babylonian writing
class
The antiquary
public.
is
Among
of Greece.
on the Tigris
pressions on
materials
never
been
them
and
it
inferiority of
able
to
workmanship
discover any
writing.
have
The
stamps with which the bricks of Babylon are impressed are, on the contrary, cut very neatly and applied with care
to
are
all
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES.
APP.]
wards
what
and,
very remarkable,
is
though
The
brick.
it
is
189
when
laid in
me
was used
so strongly
marked
as to induce
me
to
change
my
opinion.
proportion to the
some
varieties of
each.
No. 6
is
an inscription of seven
which
lines, of
is
the most
were of
this
sort.
at
common
of
all
random, fourteen
varieties of
racter or two.
No. 7
men
is
an inscription of six
here given
is
lines.
speci-
many
The
remarkable by deviating in
whole
series
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES.
190
No. 8
is
an inscription of three
[aPP.
One
lines.
of this
specimen
No. 9
is
differs a little.
an inscription
in four lines,
which
no specimen of
it
the
is
has ever
been published.
The Babylonian
cylinders are
among
They
some are of
are
stone,
various kinds.
own
Some
collection.
of
it
reversed, or written
is
is
of
from right to
left,
every other kind of cuneiform writing being incontestably to be read from left to
right.
This can
tended to
was found
in the site of
mentioning in
The
Nineveh.
cylinder No. 11
I
Babylonian cylinder
is
them
AU
as amulets,
to the shrines of
some of these
curiosities.
BABYLONIAN ANTIQUES.
APP.]
191
Babylon.
No
also found
from Hillah.
The
of a
further
may
Memoir)
are
of the
rudest
4^^
*<
>.>
nrr
TTTT
I
TTTT
i
s
II
1
,2-
JL
to i
H.
OO
^^
A nj
Mi
~tm
tl4
fl'^^
l2^
i:
^^
1
A:
./<-%
JOURNEY
FROM
THE YEAR
1821;
Esq.
&c.,
JOURNEY
BUSSORA TO BUSHIRE, SHIRAUZ, PERSEPOLIS,
On
the
13tli
of June, 1821,
we
left
&c.
Bussora for
Captain Waterman, at
the
flat
we came
and passed
island of Congo.
to
to
the
On
the
an anchor in the
come
off to
the town
spit of sand,
be accomplished.
o2
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
196
more properly
Busliire, or
Abu
Shelier*,
situ-
is
on one
side, in
inundations
The
other.
spring-tides,
in
coast
is
approach
without great
it
diffi-
culty.
The new
where
factory,
w^e
were lodged,
is
situ-
open
and
to the sea,
in the
difference between
calm weather
in
is
quite
which rarely
rises
The
can believe
it,
from a specimen
my
had of one on
to India.
of
place
the
is
brackish,
At
never
we drank
rain-water,
which
is
and
soft
cool.
When
* I find
there
is
no wind
at
night the
in the relation of a
dew
falls
voyage by a
where are the names of several other places on the shores of the
gulf.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
with prodigious copiousness
197
no bad
effects,
how-
ever,
it,
being exhalations
its
ir erely,
vegetable matter.
a dismal burnt
is
brown
flat,
The summer
here
is
is
a line of date-trees.
not unhealthy, but in the
The
surf at night,
when
and
common.
there
is
a calm,
makes a
season,
this
before
N.W.
this,
had any of
We
now
have
a continued
this
wind.
Rich into a
at
Bagdad
still
hung about
might have been attended with very bad consequences to her health.
the
* Or'^N.
W.
down
to the
end of July.
Ed.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
198
and
we
At
My
The
dew
side of
north
to
was completely
it
while the
it,
the one on the north side was quite wet, that on the
Bussora,
July
\st.
which
A
In
dour here.
is
much wish to
do.
this
feast of the
much
game
mercury
barometrical ob-
my walk
boys playing at a
of the
make any
I should very
salute
Beiram, which
barometer from
quantity
my
In bringing
a considerable
splen-
the day
stiff
pleasant.
the
They
It is a
Bagdad.
is
96, with
but
wind
the
what the
say the
thermometer,
agreeable.
as at
N.W.
yesterday 93,
N.W. wind
renders
the
is
sailors
light
and
always raises
climate
more
During calms
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
atmosphere
199
is
is
exceed-
late.
more than a
July 4th.
squall
was known
For the
last four
to blow.
days
we have had
N.W., and
the
air
more
Sore eyes
quality,
much
You
think
scarcely
Many
his eyes.
tall,
but
July lOth.
This
in
del
Pardo
men by
the
many
precautions to prevent
will allow of
Malabar
its
The crew
the captain in
is
He
and
to
land.
in great
want of everything.
July llth.
Dr.
Dow
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
200
Dow
Dr.
She has
lost sixteen
among
the sur-
vivors.
communication
to take place
July
\^tli.
breeze
it
in
S.W.,
the
first
at
It then dies
dawn
On
at sunset S.
the
morning
the
it
when there is a
at N.W., and
noon it is W., by four
begins
it is
away, and
About two
calm.
is
S.E., varying to E.
till
or
with
find
by ships
at
gun
is
fired.
or,
wind, 2816.
The
ship, the
Rahmania,
is
lying just
28
W.
N.
have timed this more than twenty times, and find it always gives
same (15") under every circumstance of calm, or wind perpen-
* I
the
wmd
is
necessary.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
July Ylth.
Imaum
The Salekh,
of Muscat,
came
201
in last
The go-
night.
They
at
Muscat.
The weather
real heat
is
now
at
air
quite intolerable
though the
is
exactly
is
a Turkish
like
makes
which
bath,
perspiration,
My
Though
greatly distressed.
than
it
it
the thermometer
lower
is
more oppressive
is
in pro-
Tlius
it is
in degree, but
that
of
Bagdad
and
new
expert swimmer,
in
tells
The
me he
The
it.
and unrefreshing
sea
is
warmer than
sea-breeze
though
it
is
heavy, moist,
than the
better
is
is
commonly
The thermometer
till
range
is
Juli/
morning
less
milk,
swimming
is
relaxing, than
till
six
three in
the whole
^The
temperature of
dawn was 90
the
sea
this
same
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
202
time 88.
cats
when brought
The
fish
but
to
the
is
however, that
I think,
it is
of the heat.
July 22nd.
factory at
had a
who
visit
to-day from a
man
of
He
enjoys a
Gen. Malcolm,
The
population of Bushire
souls.
are mere
Mohammed
of the Albu
be about ten
said to
is
thousand
Arabs*.
In the
summer
The kind
a Trankey,
for coohiess.
all
and
I find I
The
heat
become
has
intolerable,
have indeed
health.
Shirauz,
I find
visit
in
to
accompanying me.
We
were
to
who
live
among
Ed.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
this afternoon,
detain
me
July
203
'^\tli.
Bushire.
At
we
it
was
left
essential to
After
by the
sea,
now
but was
only
salt,
at
the
level
country,
cultivation,
and some
village of
end, dig-
under the
in public.
Some
about.
may be
date
orchards
like
July 25th.
The
if I
Gooran^ Arabs,
1. p.
80.
is
remarkable, as
showing how small a space of hot country is sufficient to dry and heat
the wind. The wind was W., consequently came directly from the sea,
from which we could not be further distant than eight or ten miles
yet it had acquired every quality of a true saum. The thermometer
was 110
we
204
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
my
to invigorate
can turn
The
800 musketeers.
ahout
necessity
Bagdadees.
Avell,
We
Tchahkoota
left
at
half-past
eight
in
the
many large
bushes, affording,
The
we were
told, shelter to
to
of heat.
We
and
at
stopped about
two o'clock
fifty
in
Burauzgoon, passing
the
morning we arrived
We
went
to the
new
the
heat
luxury of
two
is
miles.
not yet
accommodation under
of the weather,
a
which
caravanserai,
the gateway.
at
first
stumbling
mule.
dislike
night-
all
one's habits.
July 26th.
SeJim Aga,
flesh tasted
more
like beef
than antelope.
We
were
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
205
Bu-
shire.
to
The
is
Barazjan.
is
It
There are 32
the place are
more
Jews
families of
difficult to
the
Burauzgoon
is
is
little
to look at
The neighbourhood
hills,
of the town
of
The people
here.
all
milk-wort
The
hares and
antelopes
abound.
likewise
hills
medicinal
herbs,
well
as
partridges
as
and wild
goats.
The governor
to take a
vicinity of
moment.
evening,
insisted
few riflemen
Daulekee happens
We
marched
half
man
to be unsafe at this
hills
indented
to a Rahdari,
in
the
very gradually
way we came
with us
at half-past seven
on sending a
at a post
At
about
or guard-house,
As we
we were
who had
approached the
hills
only matchlocks.
and naphtha.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
206
Our guard
into
hills,
passed the
little
We then rounded
and
hills,
We
o'clock.
We
half.
was a very
at
Daulekee
and a
having passed
after
building,
The
of the day.
fatiguing, and
one
tolerable
situated as to
at
at the guard-
singularly
of
all parts
it
most
The
air
which rendered
much
it
closer.
July 21th.
reflection
terrible
burning day
hills
were brought
to those of
and the
Some
were very
fresh dates
far inferior
Bagdad.
last
year at Daulekee,
At
half-past six
very extensive
we
W.
ing
all
is
left
wood of
Daulekee.
date-trees
hills,
and
at
There
is
which reaches
a distance on
forest.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
I
do not think
I ever
saw such a
207
collection of them,
Among
Bagdad.
these trees
Shapour
we had
place
the
first
means
river.
hills,
we
We
crossed
line
among
we saw
way to the
first
defile.
river,
We
it
and we
then
winding through
after
among
some
hills,
At
by no means bad.
half-past nine
we
we
reached the
is
of thirteen
The Shapour
river
water in
much
in
it.
Its bridge
The water
very bare
of the river
and in the
at
close defiles
it
bush
is
to be seen.
saltish, nitrous,
was very
hot.
me
The
Khanakeen.
scarcely a
was
is
to.
so as not
we were coming
and
soft,
After a
we mounted
again,
At one
place there
was a
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
208
The
few minutes.
we advanced
]arg:e
hills
as
We
IMeloo,
which
bad
fallen stones,
as I
deemed very
At
steep,
is
in
frag-
but by no means so
Indeed the
tolerable.
asked us for a
The commandant
bakshish,
right.
Some sum-
range
is
above 1000
above 800
feet
high
feet*.
They appear
to
me
like the
Rabbaii
Hormuzd
hills.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
honeh or balcony, a place over the
209
and a Zeer
gate,
Zemeen
We
felt
which was
and
light
cool,
and
arrived at half-past
one, the
July 2^th.
district of
had a comfortable
We
hills,
five or six
N.W.
On the N.W.
is
The
considerable.
appears a
still
to the
W.
is
very
is
a miserable place.
we found some
travelling tinkers,
village itself
In the caravanserai
in the
a large plantation of
date-trees,
is
miles over,
to S.E., enclosed
higher range.
six hours.
which
arms,
and mending
stocks of matchlocks.
We
mounted
passed a
little
One
Koords.
hour's
We
march brought us
river,
half-past eight
bank.
it
flowed
we halted at
we were on its left
same river we passed
N.W.
some
part of
But
from
its
who
said
its
position
it
to the hills
Mamasenni
Shapour
and
to Eliauts, of
it
course, and
is
we have gone
over
it.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
210
the
name by which
valley
is
flower,
We
odour.
dendrons in
The
known.
left,
its
water
it
leaves
As we advanced
grew wider
the glen
the
strata
two or three
soil like
layers to-
gigantic walls
half overthrown;
the glen,
and huge
cliffs
sides
the
doubt,
seemed
to
much
increased
by night.
keep
sible
to the
;
the
that
observe
wound among
the
which
cliffs,
we
It
at least
side
of
it
Kemarij.
stream
chasm between
precipices, however,
little
it
the
:;
211
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
worst
is
fearful
The
possibly looked
light.
Kemer*
called the
had certainly a
was not
ascent
by a
cliff
its
fall
indeed
it
to
rent,
outer edge
in
actually
is
the whole
tremendous ruin.
we descended
hills at
was
deserted,
had comfortable
eleven, the
was
We
rest.
We
arrived
Never-
we
half-past
at
four hours.
were obliged
and
now
march being
July 2^th.
little
surrounded by rocks.
appeared
Meloo
so steep as the
off,
to send to a village
and our
We
figs,
We
mounted
at
six,
and proceeded
at
a good
I ob-
which leads
to
difficult cut,
foot messengers.
As we
*
p2
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
212
caper-bushes in great
broom on
quantities,
the
rocks,
some small
trees.
At
Turkoon
we
en-
at the entrance is
Mamasenni Koords.
families of
them transporting
We
The
which
is
pass
is
ruinous-looking stones.
It is
rise
from each
side,
among which
and are
I noticed
the broom.
little
them
avoid
to
precipitous
left.
At twenty minutes
we
a guard-house, where
know
I
:
descent,
began
as usual.
Persia enables
After winding
roads.
very
we
past eight
alighted
civil,
pass
the
river
on our
arrived at
to take
coffee.
much wished
is
one
we saw
throughout
The Shapour
course.
We
is
is
river
drank some
close
is
the
excellent water
by the
at
the
river,
and
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
found
it
very good.
obtained this
213
prosing,
scrap of
little
quantity of
or three Persians at
once.
We
mounted again
at nine,
and descended by a
Shapour
left.
is
one
far-
The
road.
valley or plain of
Kauzeroon
like
is,
The
hills.
not so
is
enclosed
it,
plain has
of
many
in
One hour
dark nights.
Shapour branches
off,
which
is
off.
place
till
we have
At twenty minutes
Kauzeroon, or rather
posed to lodge, near
past
at the
it.
twelve
Although
town^ where
it
all
we
arrived
at
all this
had been
we found on our
awaiting
that
visit to
my
cooler weather.
us,
of every one
we found
that the
was proposed
to lodge us
and
all
it.
our
no
At
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
214
when
last,
they fourxd
we were
resolute in keeping
we
morning, when
to us
The Persians
got to bed.
are
Kauzeroon
is
has
of
line
is
now
hills,
and
ruinous and
house,
is
parts
The ram-
Khan Zend,
is
July ^Oth.
we
said to be about
It
10,000
the
The
souls.
and
night before
We
we
terrible talking
we
we had been
subjected to last
mences.
We
have
binger of heat.
still
the
date-tree,
Kauzeroon pays
The
to
that
har-
government
staple produce is
in this district.
hospitable to strangers.
here,
Pehlivans, or wrestlers.
This
is
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
of the Shahzadeh
who was
215
Imaum Mousa,*
of
Our
However,
staying.
my
suited
we
more extra-
still
make me pay
neither
staying
for
nor
their
paying
We
hills,
passing
We
ex-
had an alarm of
tensive
ruins of villages.
thieves,
matchlock
in the distance,
march brought us
its
protection.
to a
Two
hour's slow
and seemed
where
it
to extend far
terminated in a lake.
causeway the
cliffs
the
front,
end of the
retiring
At
bay,
the
area of which
Aushanek,
^also called
the black
clif,
which had
now hung
per-
bar
all
further progress.
poisoned by the
Hejira.
Ed.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
216
came
my
forcibly to
The
recollection.
road begins,
cliff,
which
is
diversified
trees often
up with
buttresses,
We
wholly
is
soon came
being
artificial,
levels
and
It is
so
managed
I
traveller.
as to give no
This Simplon of
much
my
daylight, on
At
purit
by
the top
we
which we proceeded, among bushes and dwarf oaktrees, to a plateau, from whence we descended a few
hundred paces
to
a guard-house.
We
arrived at
refresh om-selves
Avhen,
again
wooded,
as
is all
it
Zengoon.
at a
said to be
much
Khoneh
This
Kelb
is
AH Khan,
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
217
ried
We
At
last,
summit
rose beyond
we
reached the
continuing to ascend,
It is situated
is
soldier.
found an oak
in the centre
room
fire
burning
or divan, where
we
kept by a
We
of the open
On
it is
it
" This
said,
is
dedicated to Kerbela,
This caravanserai
a handful of barley."
* Meshid,
which
in
is
is
tomb of Imaum
Reza, who was the eighth Imaum of the family of Ali, and was named
Reza, or him in whom God delights, by Al Mamoun, the Caliph of
Bagdad, who declared him his successor, in hopes by that means of
buried,
is
The Caliph
Mamoun was
Imaum Reza
in
is
Imaum Reza
died,
it is
suspected by poison, Al
to
He
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
218
called Peer
i
We
are fine
Avhicli
is
from Kauzeroon,
for
here.
July
Z\st.
The weather
is
We
delightfully cool.
to
is
be seen
higher,
which
is
yet
some way
We
off.
much
marched
at
some
fine
At
spring of
eight
hours, and
is
Zen from
prettily
little
above
water running
we were
nearly at the
we had
The whole
ascent
wooded.
preci-
There were
fine
of the Peri
left
much.
left
\vind
is,
Many much
us, especially
I believe,
We
higher
one to the
now
continued
two sum-
among woods
seen.
kind.
noticed in
down
into a
dently by a torrent.
likely
one
comevi-
been a
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
manner emptied
itself
down
219
We now
began
to descend
still
among
numerous
plain
murmured on our
Desht
One end
of the Eliauts.
fires
and before us
left,
of this
and we heard a
we were told profrighten away the hogs.
all
around, which
many
lions,
The
Eliauts
Maddeni tribe
them Gameshi,
call
in buffaloes, of
We halted
The
at
much
troubled with
large
cold
was
we were
venomous musquitoes.
we proceeded
at
Desht
Arjoon
left,
at eleven
coming
is
to the
we
the actual
fifteen minutes,
and arrived
Just be-
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
220
brooks
among
trees,
We
morrow.
which spot
were lodged
propose to
visit to-
in a private house,
and
August
\f>t.
We walked
The
plain
saw
verdant.
beautifully
is
off.
last night,
One
which
fine spring
assisted
tree.
close by,
wild fig-tree
The water
is
like liquid
crystal,
It
fine
is
They show a
slab
is
on which four
horse,
The
cliffs
was
holy place.
This spot
is
art,
obliterated.
at half-
73.
it
was reckoned a
inscriptions, one
in
The same
sect as is
known
in Tui'key by the
name
of Tchiragh
nothing
is
known.
Ed.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
many
there are
hereabouts,
who
are principally of
that sect.
We
221
is
principally
left
fine cattle
scattered
which
turn, Dr.
and found
We
is
Tod
it
On
our re-
to
be 197^.
mounted
at half-past
the afternoon,
five in
having the
on our
hills
hand.
left
which
We
close
it
now began
on the north
again a very
has
On
which
all
we
observed
many
fine-looking
vineyards.
the
hills,
trees
I did
was quite
beautiful.
our road,
We
told
us that
neighbourhood.
My
We
there were
many
lions
in this
valley
It
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
2*22
torrent.
fires
of the
Eliauts.
The
above
a
planet
beautiful in the
it
little after
civil
pearly sky
clear,
light.
moon
just
We halted
two very
They
ing encampments.
told us they
tribe, of
summer
were Nanakeli
in these valleys
warmer
country.
In
It is
only two years since the bulk of the tribe came from
Telieraun, where
it
They
is
not agree with their sheep, which die very fast here.
some of
their tribe
were
there.
different
to their tents,
could under-
was a little
They invited us
it
stuffed lamb.
We
mounted again
at
Karaghatch,
we
forded
little
it
way
at a place
where
it
divides
We
an
now ascended
easterly
direction,
and continued
still
among
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
223
we
and
at ten
We
on entering which
we
the
Khoneh Zen-
goon
fast as
dirty
one,
air.
three
August 2nd.
here,
At
We
to those of
we mounted,
butter
England.
and, keeping
bushes only
(the
digious abundance
is
in pro-
but
and
at twenty-five
had thrown
minutes to ten
the rear
far in
we
again mounted,
After crossing a
little
stream
ably decreased.
our
left,
We
we
we
late
consider-
to the
Rahdar
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
224
narrow by the
escape
it
and the
hills
and through
We
five
The
pass
river, so that
nothing can
arrived at the
midnight,
till
we mounted
Avhen
is
rendered
is
where there
river,
till
we reached
the
we
dens,
was
called the
Jehan Numa.
old acquaintance
We
IMajor Litchfield,
found here
who
It
my
received us
most hospitably.
Our
first
it
last
halted
march
;
two
is
forty minutes
that
is
to the
doing
at
Akbar.
it,
were
where we
Shirauz
six hours
and
as
is,
We
to
is
of Tenj
and
al-
Allah
dred yards each side, the area being laid out in two
cross alleys,
trees;
and
in the centre is a
which
is
small canal of
down
the
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
centre of the principal alley, and
225
received by a
is
hall
but
all is
is
now
a balakin rather
taken of the declivity of the ground to form a subordinate garden in front of the great one, sunk below
it
about twelve
Between them
feet.
were
it
The garden
of the Hafizia
is
into
Numa, on
It is small,
little
open on both
upper division
is
is
consists of a
sides,
the
and divided
a fine ter-
is
The
Tabreez marble, as
poet's cut
on
it,
is
called,
is
The lower
Kerim Khan.
Shirauz
it
a pretty
little
which
division,
faces
it.
Koola Frenghi
dation
field's
but, as the
we
in
Major Litch-
Almost
was once
all
so celebrated,
though
has
seem
still
its
to
have disappeared.
fine trees
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
226
as those at Constantinople,
may be
ceptions, they
They
scat-
common
carpentry,
door and window- frames, as one of the Persian attendants told me.
Indeed the
little
wood there
is
in
Persia
now
is
which
is
by Kerim Khan
in the city.
in the
fine plane-
Bagh
Vakeel,
INIy
vant of the Prince's, spoke of this with evident regret, as also of the destruction of
like
&c.
It is surprising
is
it.
how
the
memory
revered at Shirauz.
still
in the
Kerim Khan
of
There
man who
certainly
must
could so long
and badinjans
and among
them
nolecole
I ever
plums
and
almonds,
large
black
mulberries.
in,
walnuts yet
ripe.
in,
The
2^7
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
Baba, and are
luscious, but
understand,
August
white,
are
said
and
small,
to
want
oblong,
flavour,
6th.
garden
is
Walked
very
which,
we
is
close
small
The
whom
could
liarly
venerated by the
other
graves were
garden,
tell
which
cypress-trees,
old fir-tree.
is
small,
is
The
thickly
among which we
I
Many
Nanakeli Koords.
about theirs.
set
court
with
or
old
The apartments
by two
fine stone
taste to
There are
also
The wind
court.
cypress-trees,
and made a
The
q2
228
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
and
in fresco,
at each
my
of him in
and white
fine por-
They
August 1th.
Went
smaller rooms
long
is
and
Kerim Khan's
time.
This
three kiosks,
new
favourite
his
is
gar-
retreat,
each accompanied
by
of
all
at the top of
Before the
upper hall
which
is
finest
is
little
jets-d'eau,
and
The
exe-
ill
There
is
who
is
The
or whirlwinds,
common
which
in the
pearance,
at
when
ten or twelve of
huge columns.
They
commenc-
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
229
The
morning, or evening.
August
Wtli.
At
little
Meshid
in
sets out in a
to
August
I2th.
By
an
made
experiment
this
that
is,
as nearly as
The
walls
gates,
built
effect
from a distance.
They
is slight,
vated.
full
The
and
in
fire
down from
many
places
is
new
it
The
is culti-
of an irregular form,
its size.
we must
still
travel
by night, to
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
230
my
on
set out
intended
visit to
We
accordingly
left
Jehan
the
which
an opening in the
is
Numa
at half- past
closed by a gateway,
range of
hills, is
in a very
This pass,
distant.
first
good
repair,
at the ex-
style
mun,
is
kept here
which
is
in the handwriting of
the son of
to be deposited in a
room above
Tamerlane.
the
It
is
new gateway,
have the
felicity
of Shirauz
from
is
of passing under
may
and goers
it.
The
best view
this spot.
we
aqueduct
range of
hills
ing much.
turned
north,
on our right
little
left
in
some
either hand.
intricate,
reached the
pass,
winding,
we
de-
Rahdar
and halted
bright,
for
Bajgah, where
half an
hour.
we arrived at nine,
The moon shone
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
We now crossed a
231
two miles
valley about
over, on
and, after
hills,
we
de-
and the
We
castor-oil plant*.
town, defended by a
mud
is
arrived at Zergoon
running
rock
north-west
nearly
mud
of
east.
and shattered
and
south-east,
The
houses were
August
\^th.
We were
Persian musician.
number of
of them
flat
at the top,
fine voices
trill
their voices
entertained to-day by a
among
the Persians.
Several
appear while
they are
trill
as to
singing constantly in an
ague-fit.
We
left
Zergoon
at a quarter past
five
in the
right.
from
it
232
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
with
and weather
oocide
and shivered so as
part,
upper
One
effect.
of the lines
rocky shore.
We
along,
plain,
we
passed
At
half-past six
we came
race.
It is
now
the
body of water
is
narrow channel.
the Col var- water, which are the names of the districts
through which
year
it
is
passes,
it
drawn
and
at this
season of the
cultivation of rice
and
cotton.
met some
Eliauts,
who
had no appearance of
until eight,
Here we
it.
We
when we mounted
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
and
courses
and
cotton-fields;
233
some
observed
We
now approaching
were
my
of
my
the
spot,
to
visit
wishes.
to detach itself
friend
who was
from
riding
the ruins
and
at that
moment
the
moon
inlie
rose with
ible,
and
I sat till
August
the
first
us,
and
many
17th.
spot.
and enjoyed
in ruins
camped
in
I observed
The
largest village
several musicians
The
people
the
(" Tau-
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
234
jik
Turkee bilmezler")
danisheiler
We
how
left
thought of thee at
on our
Naksh
little
after
five
Some
the rest
and
are
to
The
front and
retain a beautiful
still
Sassanian.
truly
The
we came
polish.
five,
two
moment *
hills,
right f.
i
this
to
Poor
meaning
it
inscriptions.
found
on the opposite
side of whichlies
Naksh.
Rustum,
We pursued
ley,
to the
remains of a
was very
towers
all
city, or
rather
mounds
the
round.
valley
must
at
one period
At
present
it
fill
* Mr. Bellino (Mr. Rich's secretary), who had not long been
dead (see Rich's Residence in Koordistan, vol. ii. p. 126), was much
devoted to the study of Eastern languages, and this remark of the
if
centre had been elevated before the mass had become quite solid.
the
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
end of
this
235
still
which
besides
ground,
it is difficult
man
Turkish
to say
tribe called
Nefer, told
He
copper arrow-heads
Under the
village of
We
hills
all
about
among
the
hills.
Hagiabad.
and
to allow the
from the
baggage
we mounted
we
again
the
east,
rather cloudy.
halted to
At
to get on.
wind was
too,
little
being
way
in
hills,
and turned up
to
we had
just quitted.
We
If there had
now
half.
The
was
in this place
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
236
a
much more
accounted
many
our
for
considerable stream
from
its
we
off
below into
Keeping the
left,
which may be
being drawn
river
on
now and
with
Some
fine, lighted
up
of the
as
it
hills
was
above
At
ten
we ascended
a rock, or promontory, to
under perpendicular
cliffs,
summer
banks of the
To
quarters
river, at a place
this, therefore,
we
is
it
we
inhabitants being
in the valley
they
call the
on the
Baugh.
In
side.
the vicinity of
and wild
deer,
effect,
Siwend
all its
down
In
goats.
We arrived at the
Baugh, which
is
a very large
we had been
In the latter
stoppages,
I
pitched
my
for
forty minutes.
fine willow.
of a fever
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLTS.
which
say
prevails,
grapes, as
when
it
is
hut they
rains at the
it
belongs to
237
This village
always greater.
who speak
complain much
of Shirauz
and the
peasantry,
Persian,
of grievous extortions
they attribute
August
it all
I'&th.
to the
We
very
dialect
;
of
but
Kajar government.
the
left
after four,
curious
Baugh
at a quarter
which we kept
river,
for
we found
up, but
there
south-easterly course
usual
its
the
river
there
and
to
again.
wood
it
and took
observed
hereabouts, even
were some
fine
trees
of willow,
We
river,
The
village of
Siwend
The
valley or pass
Killalek,
or
Kilmun,
now expanded
on the
left
little
of which
colour, at
water.
There
is
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
238
We
a perfect original
he was,
however, very
intelli-
He
me
Divs*,
He
number of anmsing
Mader
beyond Mader
me
rises at
it
i
concerning the
likewise informed
Pervar, that
stories
is
called the
stage
plain of Merdesht,
This latter
and
in Loristan,
off in cultivation
rises at
is
entirely
He
Khosrooi Shireen,
some seasons
at
the Bendameer.
falls into
he added,
river,
Sir,"
people.
They
it ?
call a
which he
"These
Baktiyaris.
collected,
is
drawn
forms a lake
man
Mird,
said
he,
would you
and
to say he
At ten minutes
ruins of a
before seven
on an
little fort,
we
artificial
where the
village of
Kilmun
Afghans.
In
many
The Mahometans
by them Div
vellous histories.
Ed.
who were
Adam,
this
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
About
out.
at
half-past seven
we marched
at
made some
first
modating
difficulty
The
many gardens
it,
we
There
Killalek at four.
left
about
the village
inhabit-
about accom-
us.
August 19^A.We
are
again, and
at the miser-
village of
able
239
Soon
place.
it
must
for-
after leaving
which we wound
for
flock of partridges,
We
some time.
and soon
put up a large
emerged into a
after
fine
hills.
on the
was N. 20 W. As we
we saw the afternoon sun shining
Mesjid Mader i Suleiman.
I could perceive
on the
left
The
descended a slope
Not
was
pillars
under a
far
seemed
to
of the
Mezidi tribe
and camels.
observed where
it
We forded
stantly
at the
left,
Mesjid
Suleiman.
awed me.
conception of
steps,
they
and
sheep, cattle,
Mader
The
little hill.
it.
found that
sat
contemplating
it
for near an
until the
moon
hour on the
rose
on
it,
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
240
and
tomb
began
to
Mesjid
my
I pitched
Mader
Suleiman.
at
December 20th.
which
breakfast I
lie
went
had come
so far to see.
One
was standing
erect,
fluted,
but without
or
immense
them were
its
capital
* The village
Morghaub about
on two of
of Kalai Bulverdi
N. 10 W.,
241
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
and lower
pilaster,
others,
on
its
It is a mythological figure
Porter.
head
tion that is
is
is
an inscrip-
The
of white marble.
all
all
a town here.
think
sets
ascended the
Takht
the
little hill
enormous blocks of
The
it
to
sizes.
It is altogether a
very
tions.
it
consisted of
I
huge
little to
stones, without
any inscrip-
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
242
according to an inscription on
built,
700
it,
ruddeen
among
great havoc
in the year
Khojah Bed-
it
the antiquities,
as
has been
it
Some men,
ruins.
of the Shahseven*
Turkish
They
tribe
said they
of the
went
Mesjid
(the
to the
i
his
fist.
falconers.
most interesting
Maderi
Suleiman).'}'
It
is
all
of white marble.
The
There
on a cornice.
the marks
are
hawk on
After breakfast
ruins
man had
each
of
is
top
little
is
arched, + resting
which
door, above
a tablet in
The whole
tion.
cramped
man
is
together,
Takht
like
the
like
manner bored
Sulei-
holes
55
W.
by
S.
northern end,
and
easily conceive
how
is
the only
this building
to
The
aperture.
inside
Or
can
small and
The Mahom-
King-loving.
of the roof.
remains.
The
it is
even
first
layer
one
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
medans have been
243
an orna-
The
south-west face.
Glory of Stone-cutters.
made by
scriptions
entitles
artist
the
in
himself the
in-
One
visitors
The pavement
of the
inside
is
two
pieces
marble, and
it
marble
water
the
is
if
by
suffered
more by
many
votive
follow
violence than
time.
they
observed
The dimensions
offerings.
Length, 10
left
The
of
are
as
10 inches.
The
Length, 20
feet
5 inches.
layers of stone
1 1
feet.
the lowest
is
still
smaller.
The pyramid
are 1 foot 1
4 inches
the
has 6 layers
inches each
fifth
feet
is
r2
feet
feet
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
244
inches.
This
last
one
composed of two
is
all
is
layers,
A lower
other.
still visible.
Length, 43
feet.
Breadth, 39
I
is
feet.
round which
is
square
inclosure,
and
shafts of
They were
effect of the
whole
is
indeed the
At
very Grecian.
the south
now
On
dry.
by Divs,
built
is
hung with
said to be the
is
votive offerings.
believed to
is
have been
tomb of Beebee
We
left
half-past
saw
that
is
said to
no
man
it.
the Mesjid
Her body
the roof,
and arrived
seven.
in the pass
The
quantities
were prodigious.
of partridges
We
also
we
saw a
August
2\st.
Off
on our
245
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
For
return to Persepolis.
shorter,
to return
to be
had come
so
opposite side to
three miles
quite uncultivated,
At
plant.
We passed
tumulus.
artificial
hawthorn, broom,
mountain ash,
&c.,
the
berries
was an
which
of
the
like
are
eaten.
Having crossed
every direction.
this hill,
we
two perpendicular
lay between
It
cliffs
of
and
rough,
single
difficult,
The
file.
clifi"s
In
effects of oxidation.
is
Paroo.
It
opened
properly Farough,
called the
Tenj
more
and
the Nakshi
turned a
We
Rustum
little
at seven
which
Pass,
is
is
o'clock
we came
the continuation of
way
to
Siwend.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
246
As we
among
got
cultivated grounds
we
hills.
and stopped
till
ten
it is
is
hills,
was
told,
We
it.
were
ation
warn
very clean.
travellers against
would
particularly
pits in
the neighbourhood of this village, which need particularly to be guarded against in night marches.
August 22nd.
came
to
the
We
river
mounted
at four,
which we
Pervar,
and soon
forded.
It
makes a sweep
road,
to the left,
After fording
it
again
we came
We
came
first to
it
and the
hills
on the
left.
by the
staircase.
before
six at Persepolis,
and
I pitched
my
tent
it
became
quite dark,
ruins
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
the
moon
rose I again
The
effect
upon the
247
portals.
August 2Srd.
In the morning
In the
went
early I
first
first
The tomb
inches broad.
1 1 feet
mud
inch broad
itself
and
cramps
to join
feet
filled
There was a
was 21
was mostly
it
it
long by
up with
mud
in-
I observed
marks of
iron
Cyrus's tomb.
The
priest
frontispiece
was very
fine
tomb was
rally of the
same design
hand,
different
The
The second
in
and / believe
in
is
more
it is
by
ancient.
The
was grand
still
the
the
doors
what
were conspicuous
modern
oriental buildings.
beautiful.
but
The
were narrow:
defects
was
the
stand-
in
in
short,
these
as
The whole
the
same
prevail
ruin,
in
how-
248
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
ever,
of such of Sir R.
me
I recollect struck
was out
The
ruins.
first
extremely interesting.
is
fidelity
all
K.
Porter's drawings as
forcibly.
the
inscriptions
in the
In
the same.*
many
it
all
may
be
Mesjid
The
Mader
plain in
Suleiman.
age of a hundred
me
to longevity.
re-
distinguished by
on the high
marked
in
the platform on
work
by Le Brun.
row of
*
is
it,
and a
They pretend
name
of Karkhi,
made
out
the inscriptions.
t See Plates
$ Voyage
par Niebuhr,
torn.
2nd,
p.
Quarto.
They had on
fluted
Query
do
these
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
having been under the rubbish.
249
There
nothing
is
belt,
were thrown up
hung down
is
25th.
On
building G, whence
the
side
in folds behind.
August
which
long,
arm and
pilaster*
lion,
in
&c.
Niebuhr's
in
Every
two
lines of the
first,
last of
on
one
a line
less
third
or, if the
number
of lines
is
the second and third are shorter, and the letters wider.
The wedges
in the
third cross
two never
or stop in the
is
third
.f
first
When
or Avindow, the
on the
*
The
left
first
The
do.
in the second
an inscription
species
is
is
on the
separation
f
in the
round a door
also
not,
and
is
letter,
250
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
running down.
at the strange
dialect
but
met
corrupted
here,
They were
which
of a tribe
other Eliauts.
the
two
Sheiban.t
August
2^th.
On
which
G stands
I laid open,
on
and copied.
They
are
this
G est du
l'edifice
voit encore
ici
les
moi
les
On
Voyages de Chardin
et de la
Bruyn,
et
Si j 'avals eu avec
que j'eusse su ainsi
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
between a
Kacmklees,
line of
inscription,
Zend.
in
who
251
which apparently
had three
also
but
inscriptions,
is left,
is
till
I laid it
is
open.*
perfect.
There
platform, which
It
no
is
is
the
southernmost.
Adjoining, on the
He
east,
is
Niebuhr's building
I.
is
I therefore
I also
destroyed. I
this building
building
so perfect
state
pilaster I copied
but
still
like
tablets,
the inscriptions on
much
but not in
the
west
; <
more defaced.
ici la
mes
successeurs."
Voyage
Actuellement
en Arabie, torn. 2d,
(Quarto Edition.)
*
See Plate
23.
% See Plate
19.
|
^
See Plate
18.
See Plates
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
252
three
but
inscriptions,
in
and
very shattered
so
it
to
copy them.
The
inscriptions
building are
all
in
this
is
Zend cuneiform
his
An
G.
the blacking
visible, is
it
still
on the portal of
tions
eminent place.
the
the
other,
tablet
if
if side
by
if
same
has been
he put on
to be seen.*
The
it,
Zend always
Zend one
is
always
it
is
on his robes,
if
in
it is
the upper
on the top
it is
it is
on the front
in the centre,
Zend
last
all
The
their order
is,
when
tablet is
it.
to
Even when
to
inscrip-
are the
given by Niebuhr
render
They
alphabet.
the king
still
is
on the
is
from
left
of least con-
sideration.
The
Niebuhr
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
staircase is
gone
253
The
The Zend
them.
one
left,
con-
dis-
is at
The
finished,
The
stones had
On
side
caves.
hill,
some hewn
The
hewn
to the
some not
in a shattered state.
cramped with
disappeared.
block,
down, but
ruins,
out,
the
roughly
it
iron, as
at
When there
Morghaub, but
has been a
split
it
has
all
on a large
The northernmost
is
its
portico,
at
with a
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
254
sphinx at
king, with
The
each end.
all his
here
sculpture
'is
an ambassador.*
to
The
about the
The
hills
fruit is
small,
many
but
grow
they
ruins.
of them were
well
tasted.
August
21th.
the inscriptions at
went
in
The
Nakshi Regib.t
Seyid
]|]
The
inscriptions
on the west or
and
The
to
me
portals, but
in order to
as,
in-
be copied;
remain
still
this.
my head
accomplish
it,
my own
that
t See Plate
I
when on the
spot.
En.
some
other,
and
staff.
12.
to
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
have
now
copied
that I can
all
there remains
case,
255
stair-
Nakshi Rustum.
at
The
platform
is
This
from
arises
the
the natural
hill,
to
colonnade
'
too
is
effect.
much
grand as a
so
espe-
both small and heavy, proceeding from the disproportionate application of vast materials,
which
is
after
a foolish ambition.*
all
places
descends from
hewn
it
staircase,
is
which
likewise
hill.
In the afternoon
about ride to
and the
very disagreeable,
muddy
The mountains on
defile of the
the
fords.
perpendicular
* Nevertheless
little
cliffs,
we ought
left,
it,
off to a
as otherwise
and we should
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
256
point
and on
this point,
extremity of the
which
is
Rustum.
the westernmost
of Nakshi
On
the third from the point are two long tables of cunei-
form inscriptions
upper compartment
in the
They
longest of
seen.
In
all
one on
two on the
are the
been violated
and from a
little
may be
seen
The
little
distance
There
is
it
Quarto
edition.
humbled be-
so
Roman
Empire,"' vol.
i.
ch. 10.
p.
274.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
257
very interesting.
tions
two
in
Artaxerxes'
sanian,
consisting
of two
Arsacidan
breast of the
it
defaced, in Sas-
which
king's
much
lines,
have
to
it
could
This
but
on the
is
horse.
my
being able
Nakshi
at
The
in nowise
to
The
respects
the
costume
is
faces,
Nakshi Rustum
nearly the
fillet
how-
in other
same.
round
his
The
head
in curls
The
on
beard also
is
it falls
on
in carrots.
his head,
and
in a preposterous
On
on each
bush of
have been a
fire-altar.
side
curls.
up
to
it.
still
is
the shaft
standing, and
I believe this to
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
258
The
fire-temple,
rubbish
which stands
in a square
heap of
and
Indeed
In returning home
Takht
of the
side.
Jemsheed, which
which Persepolis
is
now known
is
is
defile,
a part
the only
name by
my
observa-
and
Hereabouts
The Nefer
Turks.-\
is
a large tribe, of
who
are
which there
Heiderlu,
&c.
everyAvhere
It
up
at
midnight
me, whilst
tired,
to
count at
chronometer for
the
malhaut.
August 2Sth.
This
of
place
encampment.
They
way
to a fresh
themselves
called
was
vend
and
in Loristan.
t I observe the
Taujiki.
call the
Persian language
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
259
tribe.
among themselves
Turkish, but
With
By some
us they spoke
a curious dialect
I collected a
falsifiers,
and
;
They
also are
and, above
as sheep-stealers.
The
the neighbourhood of
same
dialect,
We bade
return to
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
Shirauz
by
different
route,
our
far
To come.
ane' Come.
J Go (imp.).
Keni
Where are you going
Kari ktchira' Where are you going?
YeUbish'
down.
Yena'
Ave' or
'
a'
jeta'
Sit
Get up.
Iktitchast'
'
Dizi'
'
'
as
A plain.
Yagh' Fire.
'
Panee' Water.
may smoke,
t Sights with the compass from the centre of the great staircase,
The
s2
mile.)
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS
260
as
dameer.
At twenty minutes
or rather
little
town, of Kinara
we came
five
a respectable-looking
cultivation around
At
place, walled,
are,
we
after four
to the village of
at the angles,
and a
The
place
We
at present.
Eliauts,
The
much
it.
larger than
was green,
To
liquorice.
it is
plain
it.
Reshmigoon,
jerboas..
the south-west
we
which
is
we
which takes
its
name from
of brick-work, to
down with an
streams that
let
the
with arches
all
along,
agreeable
unite just
Above
noise,
forms three
little
district.
are
drawn
off to
The banks
rhododendrons.
The
village
is
built
is
is
on both sides of
even on
it.
The
cliffs
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
and appear
west,
to terminate
261
which begin
Pool
at the
markable circumstance
this line of rocks,
that
it
Khan.
of
cliffs
is
a re-
be observed concerning
to
which
There
considerable,
is
and that
is,
in his
own mind
that
Bendameer
night at
he pushed on before us
Bend
came
to
night.
it
to secure quarters
to invite
me
and
in the
village,
who
to
Zergoon, but
and
honeh
at the
pared for
me by
the chief,
August
2^th.
teen arches,
is
is
fifty feet
long and
consists of thir-
it
was
built
by
salt
valley.
From
the
number of ways
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
262
in
which
be
now
We
the
consider
had
At
Araxes.
four
fish
inquiring
why we
which appeared
from
we mounted, and
o'clock
Upon
my
to
it
satisfactorily proved.
to
hills
to be the case.*
about
miles
five
we
plain,
which
I after-
hills,
and arrived
at
Zergoon
little
mosque covered
it
many good
six
observed a
south-east^
at
contain
By-the-
style.
We
at night, or
who sang
us
many
and powerful voices being accompanied by the unnmsical and noisy zoornaf and dombelek.l
*
Our
course was
first
W.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
August
30th.
light.
We
Zergoon
left
was anxious
fore three, as I
to reach
263
at a quarter be-
Shirauz by day-
plain
hills,
left
afterwards
we ascended
the
On
Bajgali.
summit of
boundary of
the
left
the ridge
hand of the
ascent,
and
which
dar
with
Rah-
and on
is
a very remarkable
piece of rock,
it
was a building
it
is
quite natural.
we saw many
families of
were
and we
this
a young
bear and a
hideous baboon waylaid us, and insisted upon entertaining us for a few minutes
after
which we pro-
we
five.
Thence
N. 60 W.
all
Course
S. 50
W.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
264
It
we had
superior to any
brought
A
mud
in
we came
far
it
is
Akberabad, a
to
little
several parties of
in the
now
ice-house,
narrow
Zengeneh Koords
We
valleys.
off
just
passed an
There
At
There were
to
trip
channel to Shirauz.
artificial
after six
little
fort,
an
on our
tasted
built
it
we
found ourselves in
The whole
Numa.
we
of which
September
Vst.
and go
osities,
commonly
it
is
The bazar
to the bath.
of a cross,
think
pages.
with
finer
very
high
probably from
the
roof.
to
be
is
not so showily
being larger
The
caravanserais,
The mosque
towns in Turkey.
handsome, but
it
imposing entrance
the
vaulted
shops
Khans
an un-
arranged,
is
in the form
is
;
defective in
nor
is
it
of the Vekeel
the
to be
is
want of an
compared with
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
Indeed the bazar
&c.
mascus,
265
is
must say
prisingly insolent.
*
The
following are
of Shirauz
Much
some of the
sur-
commerce
broken glass
houses here, incense, aloe-wood, iron, lead, cotton (sometimes), camphor, chalk, quicksilver, stuifs,
chiefs, silk
and
kinkobs of
all sorts,
cotton,
Aghabani muslins,
dimity, handker-
long cloths,
palampores, tcharshaffs or sheets, kaitan (a kind of thin linen),
China
satins,
China crapes,
ditto,
tea,
Muscat
limes,
Bussora abas.
European Goods.
kinds of cloth, casimeer, shalloon, velvet, velveteen, plush,
'
16
all
guns,
gun-locks of
pistols,
and
all
scissars, coarse
silk,
wax
Exports
Wine,a rose-water,
to
Bushire.
otter of roses in
sehkhisht (a kind of
manna
for medicine),
caramanian wool,
more might be
piastre ain,
collected if necessary.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
266
as a
unknown
private
individual,
and as a public
a place in any part of the East, where the protection of an officer of the local
government
is
so
much
required.
September
Srcl.
Hafizia, to lay a
went
I purchased here,
on
his
to
morning
this
the
its
be
which
my
Mohammed Aga,
which
is
It is
The
Odes contained
(_j
15
6
z
J
167
made
a Defter, or
in the latter.
my
list
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
267
ever,
or omens.
fals,
to
for
it
part of
it
now
am
Numa, where
breez marble,
which Kerim
The
living.
stone called
Khan
Ta-
substituted^
is
nine feet ten inches long, and three feet seven and a
half inches broad, and one foot three inches thick.
Near Hafiz
who
lies
believe, to
Kerim Khan.
It surely
To my
was a
Kerim Khan,
zeal, in
^liU-
misguided
to
Ode under
i^ in this collection is
^^
^1) sS'i'^ ij^, which was published in one of the first numbers of the Asiatic Miscellany, and was,
I believed, always deemed by connoisseurs to be authentic.
I had
CifJsA-s
never seen
who
I
had.
it
-<2J5
in
jt> j*jJj
is,
I believe,
(for
it is
many
years since
which
truth.
is
The word
gently, cautiously
Miscellany "
*
A basin
is
ixjJC^ Sengeneh
Ashte Ashte.
Softly,"'
literally,
The ode
is
(.j^JjXxu.
heavily
but also
water.
t
it is
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
268
The
well remembers
to be
removed.
it,
dervish
cypress-tree
The garden
much more
original
the
as
perfect,
was
too, I
was
told,
is
little
tomb of
the
September \2th.
to
Zeki
Khan
This evening
(the Vizir)
a party
came out
They
belonging
to the neigh-
consisted
They were
his household.
all,
something
in favour of the
to hide
Yet
it.
it
is
and violence
in these
scenes
of intoxication
Turks
under
such
be
circumstances.
it
committed
As
the
by
a set-off
must be remarked,
in
in
feeling
and sentiment.
spite
whom
there
is
much
often great
With
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
the Persians this
very rare.
is
269
Persian master
and
passionate,
servants
the
consequently,
are,
In short, a Persian
is
or com-
too
is
Nothing can
fix
or im-
press him.
September Vlth.
tomb
which goes by
to
This
morning
of Saadi, situated a
Kerman
garden,
The Saadia
lays.
to the
the
pass
is
containing a flower-
Avail,
The
went
his
pinks.
way up
little
north-east side
is
gathered some
occupied by a build-
modation of benighted
short,
for a lodging:
in fact a caravanserai.
it is
in
to address himself
In the south-
lies
The tomb
is
floor,
me.
lief
His dust
is
;*
as
Kerim
Avas
Avith
one of his
The guardian
OAvn,
told
me
had
it
good
it
taste to
of
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
270
be wished he had
It is to
but Hafiz
is
may
Dilgousha.
which an octagonal
ground.
This
mains on
it
is
descend the
Baun by
and there
and recesses
The water
and
full
of
You
is
as clear as crystal,
to Saadi,
very agreeable.
the
Dilgousha,
to the fish,
which
is
at
garden, though
is
still
the
entrance
traction
The
is
to sit
very agreeable.
is
it is
fish,
from
deficient in
shade.
is
of
a pretty
and
is
made
to
other courses.
down little
The l)ottom of
rush
descents, and to
the canal
is
full
fill
of
water-cresses.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
271
month
who
vson
of the present
from
it
rooms
Persians,
its
in
is
con-
it.
who
is
of the stream.
constitute a
tobacco,
The water
in this
Persian paradise.
some medicinal
garden
is
and
to
&c.
cloth,
said to have
It is also highly
common
is
a manufactory of
paper.
I have forgotten to
at the
hills
in request as a cold
bath.
properties,
is
a village
The
On
there
the
is
built
of a castle
commanding
that
is
was
There
is
The
all
is
really here,
people call
it
had
visit it.
It
seems the
slightly.
it
272
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
who
Thinking
to be
it
in-
To show
the street.
or supposed to be
so,
in
was attacked,
away the
September \^th.
festivities
The
in-law,
horse,
of the wedding*
harem have
also died.
to the
His brother-
palace,
flew
sister
actually, as they
disease.
The
yesterday morning
and
is
off his
fell
gate.
This
fatal.
There
is
scarcely
Nothing
left.
may.
and
dis-
man
ofl"
vol.
ii.
p.
226.
in-
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
Some dead
stantly expired.
273
particulars.
The
Takht
ill
at the
do
what
is
to
become of me
some time
for
When
was taken
she
at last
" What
?" not
He
shall I
thinking of his
he and
his sister
mounted
their horses
as
horses,
if
they
were
herself,
rest,
Zeki
The Prince
Khan
has
wives,
is
ex-
went
whither they
off,
who
his party
on
by an
pursued
and,
among
women, and
chil-
The
old
The
banner of the
blems
lion and sun of Persia, and other emby twelve muezzins chanting, several children
lowed by about
the present
is
forty men-servants.
deposited at the
till it
and was
fol-
Her body
for
mosque of Hamza
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
274
September \Wi.
The
disease
is
unabated
still
somewhat
is
The former
where
is
it is
The town
of Shirauz
Several per-
The
if it
of kajars, there
is
in
there
is
not a soul
There
desertions.
situated
is
left
is
in
it,
is
quite a desert;
yet.
Yes-
two hundred.
He
country will
therefore,
fall
latter
men
of rank leave
it,
the whole
resolved to stay, to
quences of the
The
prevent the
Shahzadeh's defection
He
is,
conse-
if possible.
He
has this
evening
is
275
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
September ^Oth.
ill
the
tality
has
disease
attained
Moullahs ordered
poured out
ing
past.
God
Please
To-day the
crisis.
its
the
to
They have
all
the jars.
all
the town.
"
As some
the town
into
streets,
to-day, they
met nine
funerals in the
September 2\st.
The
disorder
is still
said not to
were four or
five
is
the
There
longest
is
all
people.
of ordinary people.
and
at Asser,
he expired
period
known
that
has yet
lin-
morning.
this
his
elapsed
death.
mosque.
He was
No
in the place
where he expired
this
still
morning.
t2
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
276
There
is
away.
This
is
rather ungracious,
when
the Prince
who now
All
back with
sticks.
After mid-day
creased
again.
day before
is
the
disorder
The
mortality
now
The
disease
is
in-
and the
to
upwards
on each side of
zone
this
is
it
Jew
is
is
is
still
Eighteen
persons
died
alone.
its
is
not
It does
particularly fatal to
and, what
yet dead.
One
not so bad.
ment.
have
to
said
yesterday
amounted
said to have
is
women.
very bad
commence-
in
the
He
says fully
night,
in
two
all
rible visitation.
mense crowds
all
the
something very
of such an
ing to
fine
holy
Allah
places
!"
immense and
in
im-
about
There was
in the voices
September 2Srd.
They say
The most
is
truth.
277
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
commencement of the
disease
make
amount
it
to
1800 persons.*
September 2ith.
tion,
Another day
of public supplica-
pearance of a crowd of
There was
idlers.
in
one
ing.
now in flower, of
meen i Kebood.
anywhere
One
of
they
which
call
this
it
is
Yus-
species
taken
ill
is
The poor
my
September 25th.
is
Seyid
colour
my grooms was
It
alive,
Ibrahim,
lilac
else.
last night.
still
Poor Seyid
noon.
now
taken
Ibrahim
is
ill.
recovered.
ill
at night
She
recovered,
Avas far
gone
in
the groom.
did
as
There
is
now
when
deleterious.
They
still,
it
to a house.
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
278
man
more
September
2Qth.
The
mortality
very
considerable.
whom
he had
fatal to
^The
left
women
is
night was
quite
cold.
still
the Shahzadeh's,
of
wife
said
than on any of
be decreasing, but
to
said
is
which,
is
Our meh-
had died
this
He
yesterday.
The
He
is
now
Sejitember 21th.
brought to-day
The cholera
to
Dr. Tod.
continues not-
still
There
is
a song sing-
and Zeki
Khan
for
September 28th.
Baba Kooy,
running away.
This morning
half-way up the
there like a
went
to see
Mar INlattee*
with a pretty
is
conse-
pretends to be hunting.
It
an-
quence, and
ing-
man
cat.
little
There
is
little
in miniature, but
flower-garden
it
terrace
ornamented
and some
vol.
li.
trees.
you enjoy a
p. 74.
fine
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
Kooy was
Baba
279
Shah
a chief of dervishes in
Akber's time.
come
for people to
who wished
to
to obtain holy
There
longer.
one
is
residing there
dervish
at
present.
knows
or
of,
ment of the
who have
30^/i.
disorder.
total
considerably.
The
mortality
continues
still
he seems
order,
and
of people.
among
it.
He
occasion,
and indeed
distributes
the poor,
money and
active in preserving
is
in
men
to
classes
when
all
it
seems
all
is
present
to deserve
provisions
he
is
conduct on the
man
however, he
this occasion.
The
town
him openly
morning
to the
Takht
Kajar, by far
The
architect has
the
to
erect his
is
building,
JOURNEY TO PERSEPOLIS.
"280
which
is
The
from
it,
a fine
cal-
effect.
The garden
is
walks crammed
full
From
all
the old
heard
\st.
The
mortality yesterday
little
calms, which
may be
October 2nd.
this
morning.
the occasion of
Aga
A
it.
Baba Khan
mates the
total mortality
holy Seyid,
to
me
on
called
charms
was very
up
to this
are.
He
esti-
day at 5600.
to
write
the cholera,
traffic
few days,
ii.
it
caught the
this
p. 236.
morning.*
>
I:
5lll
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31
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al
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51
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31
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31
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31
i::T
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^1
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31
31
31
31
31
3l
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y-
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UIP-
If
GENERAL APPENDIX,
THE EDITOR.
APPENDIX.
No.
(Referred to iu
"
The
The
to
p.
55 of Mr. Rich's
1.
"Memoir on
first
walls of
it
was no easy
enterprise.
of people within
them
all sorts
However, these
difficulties
storm or assault, he
made them
to reduce
it
To
by famine.
of circumvallation to be
large
The
its
army
month
of their ramparts
city with
for
all
their walls,
and
reason
was
by
much
unprofit-
able labour.
" As soon as Cyrus saw the ditch, which they had long
finished,
fit
desire.
He
to nobody.
an opportunity
purpose as he could
in the city,
on such a day.
284
APPENDIX.
was
[no.
I.
a great
festival
lonians,
to be celebrated
mean
time,
in the palace
and the
city,
them
the
it
this festival,
both
his troops
and another
city,
by marching along
Having given
fordable.
all
by representing
them
that he
By
emptied, and
its
to
sides
it
this
Then
the
the other
to
open
The
invisible guide,
all
made
the
general negligence and disorder of that riotous night subservient to his design,
and which
the river,
to shut
brass,
alone,
if
have defeated
the
whole
left
to
open,
were
sufficient
Thus
to
enterprise.
company
hear
what
rushed
them
to pieces.
Some
of the
in,
noise
it
soldiers
it;
and.
NO.
APPENDIX.
II.]
who came up
28^
to them, sword-in-hand, at
way
The
sword.
to
first
king.
to succour
him,
having at
last
of attention, as they so perfectly agree with what the Scriptures have recorded of the impious Belshazzar.
" In the time of Alexander the Great the river had quitted
its
These
outlets,
bringing
projected the
work.
ling of
in the country.
Alex-
fix
had
into
its
men
fulfil-
happened soon
by the death
),
after."
Rolun's Ancient
No.
(Alexander)
had,
Babylon, as Aristobulus
History, vol.
ii.
2.
(Referred to in p. 55 of the
"He
of Alexander, which
first
moreover,
tells us,
Memoir.)
a navy
of ships
at
286
APPENDIX.
II.
from Phoenicia.
two quinqueremes,
and
[no.
three
quadriremes,
down
same author
us that
also
triremes,
to pieces in Phoenicia,
twelve
tells
to
being again
The
much
and other
fishers,
and the
sea-faring
He
coast thereabouts.
men, belonging
then
to Phoenicia
ca-
a thousand
manner
sail
of long galleys,
and
mean
" In the
Hist,
which
down
is
distant from
fur-
longs.
"
Now
Pallacopas
is
its rise
among
For that
river,
hav-
own
channel,
and, overflowinor
None
all its
it
summer
sol-
fields
on
NO.
APPENDIX.
II.]
each side
unless
it
287
waters through
its
When
sea.
whence, through
it
finds a
way
to
the
happens
still
and thence
tries,
dammed
enough
to
overflow
mouth
its
its
Assyrian
the
marshy coun-
on each
fields
side.
labour,
difficult to
light
the work.
was resolved
Assyrians;
huge
there whole
to
do something
whereupon he determined
much more
effectual
dam up
to
that
thirty furlongs
it
to
if
he pro-
the ancient
but also
its
would be ren-
288
APPENDIX.
[no.
II.
Arrian's
Vol.
"
He
(Alexander)
then,
ii.
(Rooke's Trans.)
Book 7,chap.
despising the
21, p. 169.
the
of
advice
he had continued in
and determined
the city on his
hand.
left
way among
their
of his galleys,
commanders, had
he sent them
skilful
placed
among
lost
river in
to
direct
Many
of the
pilots
hazards,
the
all
run
to sail
those marshes."
Jb.,
Book
7,
chap. 22,
p.
70.
most famous
loses itself
among
the marshes.
Euphrates that
Upon which
is
the
it
fol-
should overflow
each
side.
its
It either
flat
it
countries on
the marshes of
raneous passage.
But
as to the
ii.
his
Euphrates
whole
fleet
itself,
or the
entered the
NO.
APPENDIX.
II.]
mouth
when he
thereof
up
sailed
289
Babylon
to
to
meet Alex-
ander."
See Arrian,
lib. vii.
cap. 19.
them
down
to the Persian
fleet,
part of his
thereof, leaving
and then
fleet
it
by many
latter
into
name
much
own bosom,
its
the
it
passable by a ford
becomes a great
insomuch that
for
it
river before
it
is
it
glides
everywhere im-
it is
on both
sides
being
much
them
and
in
is
each
side,
many
it
(some
happen
fall in
at all
to
these parts)
its
when
the
neighbouring countries
whence
it
(for rains
seldom
is
but a small
river,
easily fordable.
and
290
APPENDIX.
down the
III.
river Enlseus
to the
Tigris,
his
to
[no.
first
command
Thence
on that
to Opis, a city
he commanded
river,
to
the wears
all
be pulled up,
be cleared.
to
his
who were
down by
the
affairs, to
Persians,
unskilled in maritime
upon them
them
that way.
as the
little
contriv-
hinderance to
Hist,
of Alexander's Expedilion,
Vol.
No.
"
Ce pays
(la
first
les
7,
chap.
]37.
Memoir.)
le
On
remonte
le
de rinde.
7, p.
pour
book
3.
les
ii.
apres ceux
Seleucie
quant a I'Euphrate, on
3000 stades de
le
la
remonte
mer.
Les^
du dehors, avaient a
em-
toutes celles
qu'il
put
faire
dis-
APPENDIX.
NO. III.]
291
du Tigre depuis
mer)
la
jiisqu'a Opis.
"
a partir
montagnes de I'Armenie
les
I'ete
il
amas
En
II
grossit,
se deborde.
II
et,
champs
cultives,
c'est ce qui
comme
les plaines,
a rendu
les
canaux
celles
du Nil en Egypte
Leur
necessaires.
parceque
saignees
qu"'elles se
et
lit
Ton ne
si
moyen de
repandent dans
dans
commencement de
vers le
I'Euphrate
efFet
entretien
terre (vegetale)
la
campagnes
elle
remplit le
le
lit
pour en
faire toute
sorte
de vases
on en
"
II n'est
les
uns enduit
pouvant
les autres
fait
claies.
entierement
une
inondation
telle
mais
bons ad-
les
ne s'encombrent pas
des canaux
est,
le
le
sol,
il
faut le secours de
etant
mou
entraine avec
lui,
et
les
en
Le enrage
depot du limon.
a la verite, facile
afin d'eviter
et
il
u 2
cedant
s'eboule,
difficile
292
APPENDIX.
Or
bien fermer.
car
les
I'eau n'ait
pas
manquent
lorsqu'ils
efFet,
epuisent le fleuve
par
Du
le soleil.
il le
une
faut,
du
cheresse.
en est de
ou sur
II
ete,
I'ete,
sol soient
trop bas,
aux canaux
d'irriga-
et
il
est a
submerges ou perissent de
m^me de
se-
une grande
moyend'en corriger
ils
En
s'en ecouler.
pendant
Teau
reste,
les produits
les
tems de
seul
le
de
fleuve,
et le
Ill,
importe que
il
[no.
et le
de fermer
afin
de maintenir
le
moyenne, de maniere
abon-
" Aristobule
dit
qu'il
les
nettoyer
fit
d'hommes dont
il
en employant
s'etoit
fait
ment fermer
certaines embouchures, et
d'autres.
ment
et
II
grande multitude
la
accompagner.
il
If
fit
egale-
se derigeait principale-
ables,
lesse et
il
ouvrit
un nouveaucanal a
il
detourna les
eaux de ce cote."
Geographic de Stkabon.
Traduite du
^Tome
Grec en Frangais.
i.
Paris, de
pp. 171
4.
Urn-
APPENDIX.
NO. IV.]
No.
4.
(Referred to in p. 58 of the
"
When
Cyrus got
round the
his
city,
first
Memoir.)
Babylon he posted
to
his
whole army
himself, together
it
friends,
293
his
with
he thought
as
allies
proper.
When
"
'
how
it is
summoned
Friends and
do not
by any
men
so much
they
may be
'
Does not
it is
and
so high
but
my
the sooner, in
opinion,
men must
Then Chrysantas
make
can
find that I
attack, to
taken by famine.
him
to
we have
allies,
is
city
'
Yes, by Jove
!
'
said
standing upon the other, would not reach above the water,
so that the city
is
yet stronger
Then Cyrus
walls.'
said,
by the
we
by
than by
river
its
let
us lay aside
It is
our business,
'Chrysantas,
ditch,
the
river,
leaving a space
suflficient for
large
first
their foundation
less
than a
294
APPENDIX.
hundred
length
feet in
grow even
[no. IV.
those of
to
them that
and palm-trees
He
it
made
intended that,
if
many
its
He
city,
way
as if
he
it
other turrets
and
that were
but they
that he
earth,
Cyrus, hearing
army
When
in the year.
by the Phrygians,
selves
affected to
now finished.
" Cyrus, when he heard
this,
men
to the
Persians.
The
ditches were
ival in
Babylon,
revelled the
number
river.
of
in
men
When
foot
this
When
and
drawn up two
it
river
off
by the
to the
managed,
and the
They came
accordingly.
ditches,
all
which
He
then,
and
making those
horse, to
go down
that
attended his
into the
dry part of
295
APPENDIX.
NO. IV.]
them
to try
When
was passable.
river
it
foot
"
'
The
river,
them
in this
manner
to
friends,
the city.
within,
march
my
many
them
now
are
awake, sober,
asleep,
many
drunk, and
all of
city) that,
But
more
still
at ease
made
of the palm-
must of necessity
fly
mediately be burnt.
to Gobrias
Come
way
on, then
and,
to the palace.'
'
so that they
I'll
and Gadatus,
he
is
mounting
tree,
any one
in case
in,
more
is
apprehensive (what
them
to
them are
of
in confusion
we
Do
when we
'
It
you,' said
for
you are
may
be no wonder, per-
'
if
we
shall
always one
set there.'
We must
*
at the gates,
not, then, be
296
APPENDIX.
much unprepared
"
When
this
'
set
may
take
them
as
as possible.'
was
marched
said, they
and some
[no. IV.
fell
They
up a clamour.
upon and
if
found the
military order
in
fled,
some
killed,
door of the palace shut; and they that were posted opposite
to the
guards
fell
in
them im-
As soon
as the noise of
to
They
in
They
many
and
deal-
to the king,
in
drawn.
in
came up
that
loose,
They
it
to those that
killed.
if
any were
for
shedding
many tears in
hands and
feet of
and
first
upon
Cyrus,
satisfaction.
"
297
APPENDIX.
NO. IV.]
When
castles
perceived that the city was taken and the king dead, they
He
and
commanders with
sent
ordered heralds to
make proclamation
relations,
it
and made
be declared
it
They
all the
accordingly brought
in
the
When
and
people in
"
future occasion.
these things
commanded them
to
first
summon-
After this
He made
if
had been
manner
that
it.
He
and
to
The
Persians,
serve those
that
to
pay
their taxes,
to
his
fellow-sharers,
to.
and
had
received."
Vol
ii.
book
vii.
pp.
31723.
298
APPENDIX.
No.
[no. V.
5.
un chan ou
Memoir.)
first
le soir
pour Irouver
et
partis
du grand matin
etant
d'oii
de Novembre,
vingt-troisieme
le
nous plantames
de I'ancienne Babel, ou
la conimodite de
le pavilion,
le tour
Je
il
fis
je niontai au plus
je
fis
une revue
fort
que
Au
"
du melange des
mon
ces ruines,
et les
ait
grosse montagne,
oil
commencement, comme
de quoi
il
me
il
trompe,
et si ce n'est
peut arriver,
longueur
couchant.
du
il
pas
le
si
je ne
comme
septentrion
Elle peut
au
avoir de
midi
que
circuit,
du
ainsi
levant
au
que je
I'ai
bien,
mon
avis,
un bon quart de
lieue.
Sa
299
APPENDIX.
NO, v.]
mesure, son assiette,
appararament
doit 6tre
et sa forme^
tombeau de Belus
le
et ce
fait
mention, la
Babel,
*
'*
II est
montagne en avant, en ne
cette
ait
Babylone
faraeuse
cette
puisque tout
que
ville
ce qui s'y
pent
masse,
c'est
seulement
le reste
de quelques fondemens qa
et
la,
Pour
du
terrain
un pays
d'architecture.
elevation
ou
tres plat,
ce
semble impossible
il
batimens notables
car,
qui
qu'il
ait
eu jamais des
uni,
est
ait
eu
le
dessein de
dont
les
batimens etaient
si
bien fondez,
si forts, et si
consi-
derables.
" *
faite
La
de mines
n'est
du moins en
On
ce qui
mines, ou par
le
raboteux, et inaccessibles
est
fait
ordinaire a toutes
tems ou par
et plus
bas
les
hommes.
ici
escarpes,
il
300
est
APPENDIX.
dedans
au dessus, en
et
voit
montagne de
nattre
conlusion.
II
[no. V.
et
enfin
ce
n'est
s'il
d'ou
il
qu'une
n'est
est aise
et
quelques
que,
comme
miers demolis
moins
et renverses,
et
"
Au dedansj quand
SI elles
c'a 6te
et
m^me
s'y mettres
assez que la
fait voir
et grosses
comme une
II
seulement au
soleil,
peut-^tre de la
terre
que
les
m^me
maniere que
le sont ces
et
;*
ni sable,
dans
fait
is
et
telles
que sont
afin de rendre
evidently the
same
mound.
Ed.
artificial
This
et petrie
de plauchers on avait
means an
faire
comme
brises,
pour
la liaison
il
la,
mottes de
celles
dont on
Touvrage plus
as the Arabic
fort.
APPENDIX.
NO. VI.]
301
endroits, surtout
ou
merae grandeur
fourneau, et
grand de
seulement sechees au
No.
Tom.
The
following
referred to in
" The
There
on the
top,
ravines.
It
human
found in
first
from
in particular
of an
irregular
of the ruins of
the
visible
a league north of
an elevation which
it.
Its
it
height
not proved
is
not
is flat
and intersected by
figure,
hands, were
50.
Memoir.)
M. Beauchamp's account
ruins of
Hillah.
of
is
extracted
soleil.''
Lettre xvi. p. 46
6.
Babylon,
i.
by the
for the
work
layers of bricks
more than 60
yards.
It is
little
still
building of Hillah,
containing ten
an Arabian
city,
unknown
large
or
and
characters, specimens
Mount
of
is,
turned topsyturvy.
was
in-
APPENDIX.
.^02
[no
them were
found earthen
vessels,
On
rubbish.
large
has frequently
the
He
thick walls,
VI.
life,
figures of a cow,
nished bricks.*
Sometimes
human
senting
figures.
lion,
found repre-
The
in relief.
bricks are
in
by a very
me
to
be
is
well
thin stratum of
made
of lime
and
sand.
"
The
Occasionally
me
out a long while ago to get at the bricks of a wall that from
the
marks he showed me
thick.
It
city.
found
in
river,
it
and
a subter-
is
covered
wide.
and
Hillah,
incontestibly
mark
to the north of
Babylon.
"
* Diodorus,
lib.
ii.
c.
1,
The
&c.
the bricks,
animals
clearing
part which
APPENDIX.
NO. VII.]
303
mass
was
it
block, as
it
but
chisel,
it
The
of a black grain
stone
ments of
is
it
many
found in
pretty-
deep holes in
it
it.
places,
it
On
the eastern
side I found a stone nearly two feet square, and six inches
thick, of a beautiful granite, the grain of
and red.
same
some
On
the
No.
7.
(Referred to in p. 73 of the
Niebuhr says
of the
ruins
ici
fete
first
Memoir.^
Babylon
les
"
n'y
II
dans la contree
de Helle.
of
trouve encore
mines
il
en juger
se trouve
meme
par ces
dans I'enceinte de la
superbes
en Egypte.
meme
marbre
La
I'endroit
meme
si
il
outre cela
faites
on y rencontre
304
APPENDIX.
loin, ct
meme
souvent
au
tout pres
dans
et
meme
et le
[no. VII.
des montagnes de
lieu
pareil,
mais seulement de
Bagdad,
et
de
les
chercher
c'est la
et
taill6es, ils
fort loin,
du
la partie
trop coute
ils
avaient
S'ils
fait leurs
de
bien plus
restes
Mais
actuellement.
ils
les
fort,
si
et
maisons dans
M6me
I'Euphrate.
n'y
en a
un grand
faire
peu a peu
de nouvelles
et tres
beau caravanserai a
de ces mines.
"
Quand a
trouve des
mon
du fleuve;
le
avis,
on en
et tout
pres du riviere
fondement
s'y
il
y a deja long-tcms
trouvent encore, et
dessus de la terre
mais
les murailles
moi-meme
j'ai
trouv6
de
ici
Au
lieu
la contree, depuis
le
305
APPENDIX.
NO. Vll.]
d'autres arbres, que
On
Au
un autre
dans
voit d'ailleurs
petites
morceaux de bricques.
restes
on
fruitiers,
et la
"
ici
ici
il
encore d'autres
est
interieurement aussi
Mais
du dehors (qui
pierres
les
sait
ou plutot dans
pour y donner un
y a
libre
qui aurait
Au
etoit
et
I'air,
au dedans I'humidite^
la contree des
la
ici et
de
sans doute
pour empecher
pu nuire au batiment.
encore en
que toute
fleur, et
cette
tour doit avoir en une tres belle vue, car au pied de la tour
on
voit
lieues
Meschid
encore
Ali,
d'ici.
Mosquee qui
vu
J'avois
JVimrod, et
ici
un grand
et
Herodote
paru
rapporter.
dit
le
regardois
huit
mon
dans
tour
pour une
nom,
ce
ici
avoit b^ti
Cadi, et celui
du Palais, que
Mais en
du temple de Belus
tres vraisemblable
et c'est
du moins a
magnifique Palais.
de
le
viens
est
cette
ci
relisant ensuite
et
de sa
ne savoit
la fable
forte tour,
que je
ce
il
que
m'a
la des restes
APPENDIX.
306
voyage en fera de
[no. IX.
nous en
recherches, et
plus exactes
donnera la description."
Fuyage en Arable^ par C. Nif.buhr, Tom.
No.
(Referred to in
The
p.
first
who was
234
236.
Memoir.)
R. K. Porte r-f-,
p.
9.
80 of the
ii.
first
Al Hheimar, given
this ruin,
visited
many
there not
years
and Sir
after.
" It was a quarter before nine o'clock/' says MrBuckingham, " when we departed from hence (Hillah) to
"
We
in that direction,
Al Hheimar.
We
occasionally long
others crossing
them
at right angles
it,
to S.,
from E. to
we reached a small
passed
and saw
W.
sheikh's tomb,
beyond
this,
which
still
tempted
me
to
go on.
hill
My
particularly as
* Travels in
we had
and go no further
originally
Mesopotamia.
By
J. S.
come out on
more
this excur-
Buckingham.
By
Sir
APPENDIX.
NO. IX.]
mound
sion in search of a
only
be
to
called
Al Hheimar, which
miles to the E.
five
307
is
said
though we were now more then ten miles from that town,
in the
tomb
the
direction
accordingly
left
to repose in the
sent
have
it
who was
at
had
unwilling probably to
thirst
as well as a stranger.
We
"
still
way, as before,
in the
and
fine
of double
S.,
Beyond
had
all
These continued
city.
nected masses, as
the ground as
materials
hour
to
if
taken
is
away
from
tomb
hence;
of the saint,
Al Hheimar, which
an
we reached
the
in
better
half
until,
far to
examine.
"
We found
it
to
be a high
was
steep
more
so.
up,
even on
The
We
foot.
western
still
mound of loose
rubbish, so steep
went up on the
easiest,
it
though there
it
its
summit seemed
x2
to be
APPENDIX.
308
[no. IX.
wall, rather like
The
a tower.
ment of pottery
and
added
this circumstance,
to its steep
it
itself,
and the
fall
of fragments
from above, with the comparatively perfect and sohd appearance of its summit, induced me at first sight to conclude
that
it
solid
and extensive
and
wall,
at Hillah, in a
day
at
which
my
we
recollection.
"
The
base of the
mound
of
appeared
its
to
me
to
Al Hheimar,
feet in
W., so that
its
at this eastern
S.,
its
and
its
circumference
greatest length
from E.
lesser
Its
the
at
feet.
equal
to the
breadth of
its
own
base.
On
feet,
and nearly
ascending to
its
dently once of
being in
side.
from
its
The
its
much
yet evi-
work
original standard
but of this
number
it
was not
of layers of bricks
so easy to
might have
APPENDIX.
NO. IX.]
removed,
been
309
is
would be with
their
though
it
summits.
" Nothing was more evident, however, than that this was
a solid mass of wall, and no part of
habited edifice.
Its
it
a chambered or in-
it
had been
built
made
its
interior
feet
thick
top,
and seventy
The
to eighty
feet
fifteen
in
feet
thick at the
perpendicular height.
and
size,
of a
decidedly
marked
they had
not, in
surface.
was ex-
tremely thin, and of the same colour with the bricks themselves, but not of the extraordinary tenacity of that at the
Kasr
The
which
and one
known
ruins of
hitherto, at least,
is
unique
in the
and recurring
or,
as
it
struck
me
the
in
crossing of fine
forcibly
at
much
every
appeared a layer of
on the
small
pieces
The
APPENDIX.
310
[no. IX.
fresh, the
merely touching
came
off in
and on
to
piece
of wood,
particles,
and,
at-
a whole,
Buckingham's Travels
in the air."
in Assyria.
Quarto
edition, p.
November 22nd
" Another
gigantic
438
445.
object worthy of
again attended by
my
on the
it fell
Sir
wing
touching a butterfly's
after
it
flesh,
On
England.
in
it
mineral saUs, or
finest
made
my escort, I
Al Hymer.
Its distance
The
morning
to
pile in view
and
resume
is
called
cannot be less than eight miles and a half; and from the
eastern
line,
may
it
N. 30 E.
perfectly
for
full
except
flat,
The
an hour.
in
On
a direct
clearing
country as usual
some
of
gious width,
Those
and the
lesser,
N. and E.
W.,
from N.
to S.
NO. IX.]
APPENDIX.
311
and
all
When
itself,
of which in-
is
with numerous
it
to be pyra-
Its
One-third of
elevation
its
is
composed
fire.
surmounts the whole, standing clear from any of the loose rubbish which so abundantly encumbers
bricks on the outside,
and
soft;
by some
air
its
The fire-baked
base.
become extremely
cause, have
effect to
their
complete
In
more than
as
inass,
it
The whole
stands on
its
of
rounded ruin-encumbered
the S. measures 39
Through them
other.
The
from any
seeming
to
all
the
usual
W.
air-channels traverse
to
51.
each
be their cement;
five,
six,
at the
or seven bricks,
unequal
common bed
Whether
of
it
reeds,
may
dis-
a bright white
been the
That
tances of four,
substance
feet,
originally
as
if
have
transformed thus by
com-
APPENDIX.
312
posed
the bricks,
to decide,
may
am
[no. IX.
enough
same
But
which
may
hereafter enable
No
it.
traceable.
closely
described
The burnt
examined the
bricks
have already
to
its
foot in
They
differ in size
had
those
had examined
in
and about
the great
measuring thirteen
During
nation of Al
Hymer
was so fortunate as
my
exami-
to obtain
an
and found
its
hence
lines of
"
may
call
cuneiform
it
an unique specimen.
ceived, at
some
little
It
contains ten
an upright column.
letters in
of
Al Hymer, we per-
To
* "
these
in height to
we directed our
the
horses'
Al Hymer proves
heads
those 10 which
we were
banked old
"
which ran
canal,
Minor
was not
From
less elevation;
25 E.
*
;
and
N.
the
western ramifications.
its
two running
longest, to
and
inferior in height to
conical form.
the
S.
left
the inter-
we quickly ascended
It
313
APPENDIX.
NO. IX.]
S.
and
W.
S.
and the
of
third,
This central
adjuncts
chain of minor
E. by a deep
scattered ruins.
" In a direction
mound, standing
quite alone
in altitude nearly
equal to
a compressed
yards.
"
I
On
its
returning,
to
the
E.
Its
length
W.
stood E. and
It
open
horse-shoe,
by the base
mound
have formed a
vale.
It
yards, in a direction S.
ditch.
30
W.
to the E.
and, on proceeding
S.
back
In this
to
Hillah,
direction
took
we passed
tomb
" In oin-
prettily situated
among some
for
date-
Abu Hassan.
; ;
314
APPENDIX.
visible,
[no.
and
ruin,
than
that
five
is,
its
nitrous effects.
five
o'clock."
in Georgia, Persia, 8fc.
Quarto, Vol.
No.
(Referred to in
Ives
We
miles.
"
p. 81 of
It lies
p.
390 397.
10.
the
W.
Memoir.)
first
Nimrod's Tower,
ii.
commonly
is
it
to the
tower,
still
to
ancient Seleiicia.
to rise in
tower, occasioned, as
we imagined, by
or round form
is
a gentle
we reached the
was
Bagdad
ruins of buildings,
be seen
called,
now
is
difficult to
all
the remaining bricks are placed square, and not in the least
circular.
The
and four
mud
or slime
reed,
The cement
as we mix
either
is
of
hair
with mortar
swamps
very
in the plain,
much
abounds.
APPENDIX.
NO. XI.]
We
swamps
The height
largest
of the ruin
and middle
part, about
in
feet deep.
126
is
315
100
We judge
feet.
it
to
it
to
a regular
is
to,
appears, how-
it
The
about 300
is
at, it
feeet
probably
but,
would be found of
far
greater extent."
Ives's 7>aw/s. Quarto, p. 297, 298.
No.
11.
(Referred to in p. 82 of the
"
Babylone
est
first
Memoir. J
circonference,
les
32 pieds
et
de 60 coudees en y comprenant
largeur
suffit
celle
des
tours
que
jardin sus-
le
compose de (plusieurs)
11 est
s'^levent
les
unes au-dessus
piliers.
Les
piliers
chaque terrasse
et les
ces piliers
voutes
ainsi
est
de
terrasses
des
autres,
sont creux et
la
m^me
voutees,
les
que
sont construits
le
en
racines
sol
de
briques
APPENDIX.
316
[no. XI.
On
cuites,
arrive a I'etage
des limaces
sans cesse en
dans
des homines
mouvement
le
commis
du
a cet
monter
et font
fleuve
6galement
le
le fut, dit-on,
effet, les
mettent
I'eau de I'Euphi'ate
par Xerxes.
ment
retablir
la
et
qui
C'etoit
Alex-
mais I'ouvrage
et
deux mois pour que 10,000 ouvriers parvinssent seulea deblayer les terres et les decombres
aussi
Alexandre
de ce monument
(successive)
le reste fut
de cette
ville,
lui
personne ne s'occupa
egalement neglige
et la
ruine
Perses,
du temps,
pour
les
et
fortifie
En
eifet,
ville nouvelle, et
y transport-
celle-ci
en
est
maingrande
"
Vu
piliers
La grande
la rarete
ville n'est
du
on
les tient
les portes
sont
317
APPENDIX.
NO. XII.]
manque de
de
taillis,
le
pays
est
palmier.
la
car
Babylonie,
abondamment
trouve
se
dans la
aussi
"On
en
meme
Tusage des
parceque
tuiles,
(Referred to in
"
We
The
Tome
12.
87 of the
Memoir.)
first
The harbour
to
lyeth a quarter of a
off,
by land
Bagdad, which
At
this
harbour
is
Felugo or Elugo.
village
la
night, near to
"
p.
et la Sitacene."*
Geographic de Strabon.
No.
reconverts
toits
les pluies
The
it
cannot be
is
This country
tilled,
and
is
the place
so
is
so dry
bare, that
the manners of the Assyrians, throws some light on the cylinders and
gems found
in
blanche
lin
trainante et
un
surtout de laine
une embade.
Chacun
porte
un cachet au
doigt
et
E d
rose,
d'un
lis,
ou de quelque chose de
APPENDIX.
318
[no. XII.
much whether
and
this potent
powerful city (which once was the most stately and famous
known
it
by
situation,
its
and
the pleasant
in
if
fruitful
delicate
First,
lation.
(which
Euphrates
Baruch, in his
and arches
little
first
still
also
called
is
some pieces
above where
we
landed.
it is
admirable
river is
built of
because
all
a great deal
smaller,
still
see
castle
did stand,
some ruins
in
except in two
of their holes."
"
From
not
winter
which
it is
come near
is
quite de-
pretty near to
This we see
but
it,
is
still,
so ruined
it
it,
and
and
did
it is
full
of
{pege 174.)
this tower,
strong town
hill
may
behind
may
the
of the fortification,
Elugo,
the village
whereon the
lieth the
vi.
the Tigris and Euphrates, which two rivers, not far below,
are united.
''
October 2^th.
and asses
Early
in
the
we
Bagdad.
In
the beginning the ways were very rough with the stones
after
we passed the
castle
and town of
APPENDIX.
NO. XII.]
319
By
tents.
men, nor
neither
way we saw
the
you
find
it
in the
is
very
fine,
and
like
large, ancient,
ruins
and
vallies) here
many
in the plain
whereof many
there,
some
to
Thus they
steeple
inhabited
something
or St.
self,
stand,
solitary
of Daniel, which
like
may
and
only the
save
desolate,
still
Maurice
you
is
Augsburg, on which, as
it
stands by
it-
and the
had
and
It is in
After
we
we
re-
viewed
this,
considered and
walls,
one be-
gates
wherefore
be-
about there, and ihat the places where they were open have
been anciently the gates (whereof there were 100 iron ones)
of that town
and
because
saw
in
some
So we
{j^age 176.)
" Start off again on the night of the 26th, and at two
{page 179.)
APPENDIX.
320
The
account
following
of
1583
"
landed
at
our goods
by John
The
Babylon.
to
heat at that
is
camels
men
This Felugia
to travell.
Not
Arabians.
time of the
a village of some
is
to
is
their
ruins
these
who
We
yeare
[no XII.
for dischargeing of
we were constrained
New
Babylon, over a
in crossing
travelling
to avoid the
great heat.
citie
of Babylon,
many
my
often beheld at
good
Here
leisure,
citie
olde
I,
mines of the
the lesser
gone thither
and
lesser
to see
it,
it
appeereth.
Sundry times
to
have
sheweth
much
bigger.*
The
brickes
but
remaining
it
in this
* " For about seven or eight miles from Bagdad, as men passe
from Felugia, a towne on Euphrates, whereon Old Babylon stood, to
this new citie on Tigris (a work of eighteene houres, and about forty
is
321
APPENDIX.
NO. XII.]
most ancient monument be halfe a yard thicke and threequarters of a yard long, being dried in the sunne onely
made
mattes
of
and
a course of
lieth
canes,
perishe, as
The
New Babylon
citie of
desert,
citie
open a
sluce,
and
It
same
if
they
will,
round
river
passe,
guages; to
"
let
The people
women
and the
set therein
and
this
they do
p.
239.
and
whereas
it
in the
midst of
is
travellers,
and the
real
Babvlon
^
322
APPENDIX.
[no. xiii.
No. 13.
(Referred to in page 91 of the
The whole
a part of which
is
referred to
first
Memoir.)
in
but
it
may
mains found
at the present
Now
statue of Belns.
to
and the
be on the west
and there
also
re-
For
side,
was
to
this idea.
to
It is also to
and the
fills
in the centre of
He
says
the city
city in
which
stood
it
division.
of
Diodorus
is
its
pointed, with
and consequently,
to the river-bank
and he
is
borne out
Curtius, both of
whom
and
all
square
* Sfrabo, p.
the
fortified
j^cilace*
They were
to,
the
supplied
raiddie of the city, and the pensile gardens are adjacent to the river
APPENDIX.
NO. XIII.]
with
drawn up by
watei^
engines,
323
from the Euphrates.
in
the
of
centre
which
it
miles broad
city
stood
to
that of
it
the
the
to
division
and
than
itself,
and
instead
of
it
also
"
at
that
is,
it
appears probable
temple, should
ambiguous,
of Diodorus
is,
to
be regarded
as
named Belidian
side.
When
Darius
opened
to
The
were
to
it
Cissian or
Sussian gate
as the plan
be stationed opposite
and
much
fled for
as,
it is
pro-
facilitate as
first
hope.
says that the centres of the two divisions were occupied respectively by
The square
was two
stadia.
y2
APPENDIX.
324
"
It
feints
and
may
also be
at
which the
Cissian,
The
[no, XIII.
first,
towards
Nmus
to the north-east,
were
and Cissian
As
gates,
if
is
it
unquestion-
was confined
and
between the
it
may be
lie
to the
and
if
this
be
Majok Rennell,
Loudon
Printed by
W.
on Heioilolus, p. 3oi
357.
':M
m
1
fit*