PTT-102003

PTTSISTEM INFORMASI
SUMBERDAYA LAHAN
Kuliah ke 6

INPUT DATA GEOGRAFIK

PENDAHULUAN
Input data geografik merupakan pekerjaan
yang membutuhkan tenaga, waktu dan
biaya yang cukup banyak (85 %)
Minggu ini kita mempelajari sumber data
dan cara input data.
Sumber: primer dan sekender
Cara: capture dan transfer

Data Input
How do I transfer the paper map data and
attribute data to a format that is usable by the GIS
software?
Data input involves both locational (map) and
attribute data.
The data can originate from various sources:
paper maps
attribute data on paper
other digital formats- databases (dBase), spreadsheets

(excel), or ASCII files

Sumber data
Source
Primary

Secondary

Raster
Digital Satellite RS
Image
Digital aerial
photographs
Scanned maps or
photographs
Digital elevation
models from
topographic map
contour

Vektor
GPS
Measurement
Survey
Measurement
Topographic
maps
Toponymy
(placename)
database

Alur Input data

Planning

Evaluation

Preparation

Editing/
Improvement

Digitizing/
Transfer

DATA PRIMER
Data Raster: dari citra penginderaan jauh:
AVHRR, Landsat, Aster, Spot, Ikonos,
Quickbird, dll.
Dipilih sesuai dengan tujuan

Data Vektor: GPS

Ground survey membutuhkan waktu yang

cukup banyak.

DATA SEKUNDER
Data Raster: Media analog cetakan di scan
dengan resolusi sesuai kebutuhan (100 dpi,
200 dpi, 400 dpi, dst).
Untuk perencanaan detil perlu discan dengan

dpi tinggi.

Data Vektor:

Digitasi manual: menggunakan meja digitasi

Heads-up digitizing and vectorization
Kesalahan digitasi
Fotogrametri.

Keyboard entry:
(the source data only exists on paper)

mainly attribute data

type data using keyboard
data can be entered directly
into a GIS table, spreadsheet,
or database table.

Land survey:
calculates coordinates
on location (in the
field) by measuring
distances and angles,
then entering the
values
into the
software
process uses
coordinate geometry
(COGO)
process is used to
draw legal documents
ie. Parcel properties

Digitizing:
A process that uses a device
to extract spatial features
from paper maps or photos
to electronic GIS format
Digitizing hardware:
table or tablet
grid of wires embedded in

surface
grid generates a magnetic
field
that can be detected by a
cursor

cursor is a small flat device

contains a
wire cross hair
that

cursor keypad allows special

Modes of Digitizing
Two modes of digitizing:
point user identifies points to capture individually by
pressing enter on cursor

stream

points captured at set time intervals and/or

movement of cursor

Point

Stream

Manual Digitizing ?
The majority of spatial
data entered into a GIS
is from manual
digitizing.

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Manual Digitizing
The digitizing tablet and table allow
information to be traced from an existing
map or graphic.
Three different types of tables or tablets
exist.
(1) Acoustic the digitizing pen emits a high

frequency sound that is received by

microphones at the corners of the work area,
triangulation is used to calculate the x and y
coordinate of the pen.
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GTCO CalComp Sonic Digitizer

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Types of Digitizers (Continued)

(2) Resistivity uses two charged pads
separated by a thin air gap, x and y
coordinates are determined when the pads
make contact.
(3) The most widely used in large scale
digitizers is the electronic digitizing tablet.
Embedded below the surface of the table or
the tablet is a grid of wires that measure the
strength of the signal from the puck or the
pen
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Qualities of a Digitizer
Stability

The ability of the digitizer to maintain a

value as the puck remains in one place.
Repeatability
Precision
Good digitizers accurate to 0.001 inch

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Qualities of a Digitizer #2
Linearity

the ability to be within a specified distance of

the correct value
Good digitizers are able to have a linearity of
0.003 inch over 60 inches
Skew
The ability to produce coordinates in a true
rectangle.
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Digitizing Procedures
The Map is fixed to the digitizing table.
Three or more control points are digitized.
Easily identified points (intersections of major streets,

major peaks, points on coastline)

These coordinates will be known or verified
The digitizing area is registered to the map area.

Digitizing the map can be done in two ways.

In point mode , the operator identifies the points

captured explicitly by pressing a button.

In stream mode the points are captured at regular
intervals (time or distance)
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Digitizing Procedures (cont)

Point mode is done subjectively by the
operator (no two operators will digitize the
same).
Stream mode generates a large number of
points, many of which will be redundant.
Most digitizing is done in point mode.

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Advantages of Digitizing
Low initial capital cost
Flexible and adapts to different types of
data
Easily mastered skill
Digitizing devices are reliable
Generally the quality of data is high
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Digitizing Vendors
Altek
Calcomp
Didger
GTCO
Kurta

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Problems
Problems or Errors using Digitizing:
- Paper maps can stretch/ shrink. Lose accuracy.
- Paper maps meant to display information, not
record locational (x,y) information.
- Discrepancies across map sheets to digitize. (ie
roads do not match when 2 maps digitized.)
- User error such as overshoots, undershoots, or
spikes

Overshoot

Undershoot

Spike

Problems
To avoid or correct overshoots, undershoots,
or spikes:
use clean function
snap to nodes

Before

After

overshoot

Dangling segmen

undershoot

Sliver polygon

Scanning Technology
Converts paper maps into digital format by
capturing features as cells, or pixels.
Cells are captured using a scanner head
made up of photosensitive cells.
Advanced large format scanners have
heads with 8000 photosensitive cells
Each sensor is able to record a pixel rated
between 0 (black) to 255 (white) and any
graytones between.
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Color Scanning Technology

Color images use the same technique but
the image is scanned for red, blue and
green.
Older scanners required the image being
scanned to pass the scanning head in three
passes.
Vectorization often requires color scanning
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Color Scanning Technology

Filters allow the head to pass the image
once scanning all three colors at once
The latest technology: full width, single
line, sensor array scanning uses a line of
LEDs which capture the image
LED scanners can create images using 16.8
million colors at speeds several times faster
than previously obtained.
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Scanning Problems
Higher resolutions arent always the answer to
better data; often the additional noise and
resulting clean up of data can cause higher
resolution to not be the best solution, a balance
between detail and additional manual clean-up
must be struck.
Paper maps are not dimensionally stable and a
great deal of variation occurs as the maps age.
Documents must be clean (no smudges or extra
marks or lines).
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Scanning Problems #2
Text may accidentally be scanned as line
features in automatic feature recognition.
Specialized symbols (for example marsh or
asphalt) may not be detected as such.

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IDEAL
Large Format
Monochrome Scanners
Model

Price

FSS 4300DSP
FSS 8300DSP
FSS 12300DSP

$6,675
$10,425
$11,925

max
dpi

Paper
Size
200
800

1200

Speed

36 in.

15 sec.

36 in.

17 sec.@200
dpi

36 in.

25 sec.@200
dpi

FSS 18300DSP

$13,425

1800

36 in.

34 sec.@200
dpi

Super Wide 2250

$13,425

400

50 in.

3 in./sec.

Super Wide 2251

$14,925

800

50 in.

6 in./sec

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Model

Price

max dpi

Paper
Size

Speed

ANAtech
Binary & Grayscale
Scanners
400 36 in.

3"/sec @
200 dpi

800 36 in.

3"/sec @
200 dpi

$12,500

800 36 in.

6.4"/sec @
200 dpi

1270 Digidot

$50,000

1270 27 in.

Unknown

Eagle 4225

$55,000

2540 42 in.

Unknown

Evolution 4
Evolution 8
Evolution Pro

$10,000
$11,000

High Resolution
Monochrome Scanners

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Price
Model

Paper
max dpi Size

Speed

Large Format
Color
Scanners
ESC 5010
DSP
FSC 8010
DSP

$11,175
$14,925

500
800

36 in.

36 sec.@200
dpi

36 in.

48 sec.@200
dpi

Large
Format
Color
Scanners
Colortrac
5480
Eagle 6250C
4/1/2013

$31,000

800 54 in.

$142,000

1000 62 in.

1.5"/sec. @
200dpi
Unknown
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Vendors for Scanners

Widecom Scanners
www.widecom.com/

Anatech Scanners
www.anatech.com/

Vidar Systems Corporation

www.delinfotek.com/

Abakos Digital Images

www.abakos.com.au/

Contex Scanning Technologies

www.caddcentreindia.com/
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Digitizer or Scanner
Scanners
Speed and ease
Raster data without
intelligence; manual or
automatic vectorisation
possible.
Usually produces large files
that need compression
Hardware is expensive

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Digitizers
Labor intensive
Requires skilled operator
Vector (intelligent) data
Labor intensive
Hardware less expensive

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Scanning & Digitizing Input Errors

Incompleteness of the spatial data; missing
points, line segments, and polygons.
Location placement errors of spatial data;
careless digitizing or poor quality of the
original source.
Distortion of spatial data; base maps that
arent scale correct over the entire image or
from material stretch in paper maps.
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Scanning & Digitizing Input Errors #2

Incorrect linkage between spatial and attribute
data; misplaced labels or unique identifiers being
assigned during manual key entry or during the
initial setup.
Attribute data is wrong or incomplete; missing
data records or data records from different time
periods.
Redundant information, including vertices, text,
nodes, and arcs.
Incorrect label information and placement.
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Common Spatial Errors

Slivers or gaps in the line work.
Dead ends, dangling arcs, overshoots and
undershoots.
Bow ties or weird polygons caused by
inappropriate closings of connecting
features.

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Data Verification
Visual review; usually done by reviewing a check
plot (hard copy).
Cleanup of lines and junctions; this process is
usually done by software and then through
manual editing.
Check source maps, if additional copies of the
same map are available compare them to see if
stretching of the map has occurred.
Check output drawing to see if text or symbols
were read as features if software is used to
convert the drawings.
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DATA TRANSFER
Dari format data lain

Data Yang Dimasukkan

DATA ANALOG
Peta
Data Tabulasi
DATA DIGITAL
Peta
Tabel
Disesuaikan dengan tujuan dan data yang
tersedia
Menentukan keefisienan dan keefektifan sistem
pengelolaan data dalam SIG
Berpengaruh terhadap besarnya data yang
diperlukan

PERSIAPAN PEMASUKAN DATA

TERGANTUNG DARI DATA YANG TERSEDIA
Data tabular: diketik ke dalam spread sheet
Foto Udara:
Interpretasi
Koreksi geografik
Digitasi

Data dijital lain

Konversi ke format yang dituju

Data lapangan:
Tabulasi
Klasifikasi

PERSIAPAN PEMASUKAN DATA

Pertimbangan lain:
a. Kualitas data sering dipengaruhi oleh lembaga
penghasil data
Lokal:
hanya untuk kepentingan sendiri sulit diintegrasi

Regional/Nasional:
untuk kepentingan banyak pemakai mudah diintegrasi

b. Sumber data

lapangan

interpretasi citra (foto udara/satelit)

PERSIAPAN PEMASUKAN DATA

Pertimbangan lain:
c. Waktu pengambilan
tergantung macam data:
data vegetasi/penggunaan lahan sebaiknya yang
terbaru
tanah: bisa lama asal klasifikasinya sama
untuk monitoring: periode waktu tertentu tergantung
tujuan, harian, mingguan, bulanan, tahunan, dll
d. Lain-lain

SUMBER & ALAT PEMASUKAN

DATA SPASIAL
SUMBER DATA

ALAT PEMASUKAN

Peta Analog, Foto

Udara, dll

Meja digitasi
Scanner digitasi di layar

Data tabel

Keyboard

Data dijital

Konversi ke format yang dituju

Floppy disk
CD
Dll

Koordinat
Lapangan
Dll .

GPS
Dll ..

Editing
Dilakukan bila ada kesalahan dalam pendigitasian
dengan menggunakan meja digitasi

1. Berkaitan dengan kondisi geometrik

a. Node hilang/bergeser
b. Ujung hilang/bergeser

2. Berkaitan dengan topologi:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Ujung tidak berkaitan

Ada antara/gap
Garis ganda
Garis lebih
Poligon aneh
dll

Pemasukan dengan Scanner

Produknya berupa data raster
Perlu perampingan bentuk garis agar
koordinatnya dapat dikenali dengan baik
Kadang perlu vektorisasi
Untuk data yang kompleks (misal peta
topografi), seringkali harus dilakukan
penggambaran kembali
Ada dua macam:
flat-bed scanner
drum-scanner

Pemasukan dengan Digitasi

Layar Komputer
Peta disiam (dengan menggunakan
scanner)
Ditampilkan pada layar monitor
Didigitasi langsung di layar (+ editing jika
terjadi kesalahan)
Registrasi untuk mendapatkan koordinat
Bermanfaat untuk menambah informasi
yang tidak terdapat pada peta asli, misal
pola drainase yang wilayah
berbukit/bergunung. Dengan melakukan
overlay dengan foto udara atau citra
satelit pola drainase dapat ditambahkan.

Pemasukan data dengan GPS

Untuk koreksi geometri
Menentukan koordinat obyek di lapangan
secara tepat, misal lokasi pemboran, minipit,
profil tanah dsb.
Bisa berfungsi sebagai digitasi obyek di
lapangan
Kelemahan: membutuhkan ruang terbuka,
pada ruang yang tertutup (dibawah pohon)
menghasilkan deviasi yang besar

Digitasi konvensional vs GPS

KONVENSIONAL

GPS

Ketelitian bergantung skala

Ketelitian tidak bergantung skala

Cocok untuk koleksi data yang besar

Cocok untuk koleksi data yang selektif

Kecepatan pendigitasian dikontrol oleh

pengguna

Kecepatan pendigitasian dikontrol oleh

batas kecepatan dan kondisi lalu lintas

Cocok untuk obyek-2 yang dapat

terlihat pada peta atau foto udara

Dapat juga digunakan untuk obyek-2

kecil

Digitizer 2 dimensi

Digitizer 3 dimensi

Pendigitasian point-mode

Pendigitasian dengan metode

penentukan posisi statik singkat, stop
and go atau pseudo-kinematik

Pendigitasian stream-mode

Pendigitasian dengan metode

penentukan posisi kinematik GPS

Operator lapangan harus terlatih

Staff biasa dapat melakukan

pengukuran

Perlu ada land mark lapang

Perlu ada land mark lapang

Data non digital

Data digital

PEMANFAAT DATA DIGITAL

Dinegera maju data digital dan
pendukungnya sudah banyak tersedia
Di Indonesia sedang dirintis
Lembaga yang mengurusi:
BAKOSURTANAL (Badan Koordinasi
Survei dan Pemetaan Nasional)
Format data spasial yang ada:
ArcInfo, ArcView, Erdas, Idrisi, ILWIS,
Auto-cad, MapInfo, kadang juga dalam
bentuk BMP, TIFF, JPG.

DATA YANG TERSEDIA

Data kartografik:
Bakosurtanal

Data sumberdaya alam

Tanah: Puslitbangtanak, Bogor
Penggunaan Lahan: BPN
Geologi: Puslitbang Geologi Bandung

Data elevasi digital

Data kartografik berkaitan dengan sensus
BPS