IP Addressing and

Routing
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Network layer locates the third layer of

TCP/IP protocol stack, between the
data link layer and transport layer.
Network layer defines some protocols to
ensure the right forwarding of data
packet.

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Upon completion of this course, you will be

able to :
Master the classes of IP address
Subnet address planning in reason
Understand ARP/RARP protocol
principle
Know the working principle of router

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Chapter 1 IP Address
Chapter 2 Protocols of Network Layer
Chapter 3 Working Principle of Router

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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation

upper layer
data
TCP header upper layer
data
IP header

upper layer
data

LLC header upper layer FCS

data
MAC header upper layer FCS
data
0101110101001000010

Application
layer

Application
layer

upper layer data

upper layer data

Transport
layer

segment

Transport
layer

Network
layer

packet

Network
layer

Data link
layer

frame

Data link
layer

TCP+ upper layer data

IP+TCP+ upper layer data
LLC header +IP+TCP+ upper layer data

Physical
layer

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bit

Physical
layer

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0101110101001000010

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Data Encapsulation on Network Layer

TCP Header Upper layer
data
IP Header

IP Header

source
address
171.17.1.1

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Upper layer
data

destination
address

Transport layer

Network layer

data

IP address

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IP Address

IP address identifies a network device uniquely, it is made up

of 32 binary digit.

IP address is shown as dotted decimal format.

IP address is divided into two parts:

Network address portion
Host address portion
IP address

Network address

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Host address

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Classification of IP Address
Class A

1.0.0.0~126.255.255.255
0 Network(7bit)

Class B

Host(24bit)

128.0.0.0~191.255.255.255
1 0 Network(14bit)

Class C

Host(16bit)

192.0.0.0~223.255.255.255
1 1 0

Network(21bit)

Class D

224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255
1 1 1 0
Multicast address

Class E

240.0.0.0~255.255.255.255
1 1 1 1 0
reserve

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Host(8bit)

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Special IP Address
Network part

Host part

Address type

Any

all 0

Network
Address

Any

all 1

Broadcast
Address

127

Any

all 0

Usage
Representing a network
Segment
All the nodes of a Specially
designated network segment

Loopback
Address
All Networks

Loop test
As the designate default routes
in Huawei Quidway router

all 1

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Broadcast
Address

All nodes of
Local network segment

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Private IP Address

Private IP address
10.0.0.0~10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0~172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0~192.168.255.255

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Subnet Mask Introduction

Distinguish between network part and host part by subnet mask

The subnet mask format is same as the IP address format

All of the network part and subnet part of subnet mask are 1, and all of

the host part are 0

For example Class Bs subnet

mask is 255.255.0.0

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Network Address and Subnet Mask

IP Address

192.168.1

Subnet Mask

255.255.255

Network Address:

192.168.1

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100

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System Conversion

8bit
Binary system

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

128

64

32

16

Decimal Summation is 255

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Example of System Conversion

Example :

1*128

1*64

1*32

0*16

1*8

0*4

0*2

1*1

128

64

32

233

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System Conversion of IP Address

IP address192.168.1.11(decimal)

byte8bits

byte8bits

byte8bits

byte8bits

2726252423222120 2726252423222120 2726252423222120 2726252423222120

11000000

10101000

00000001

00001011

192

168

11

binary digit11000000.10101000.00000001.00001011

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Addressing without Subnet

Addressing without Subnet means using nature mask, no subdivision of

network segment. Class B segment 172.16.0.0 with mask 255.255.0.0

172.16.30.1/16

172.16.28.1/16

Et her net

172.16.30.10/16

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Addressing with Subnets

Class B segment 172.16.0.0

172.16.4.1/24

Ethernet

Ethernet

172.16.8.1/24

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Subnet Mask Representation

192 .

IP Address

168 .

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

Subnet mask

11111111

Bits of subnet mask

Subnet mask representation

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255 . 255

. 255

11111111

11111111

. 240

11110000

8 + 8 + 8+ 4 = 28

192 . 168 . 1 . 7 / 28

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Calculation of Network address

IP Address is: 192.168.1.7/28
192

IP Address

168

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

255

Subnet Mask

11111111

255

11111111

255 .

11111111

240

11110000

Network Address
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
(Binary)

Network Address

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192.168.1.0/28

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Calculation of Host Number

Subnet Mask

Network Portion

Host Portion

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00

N bit

Host Number 2n
Valid Host Number : 2n - 2

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Example of Host Number Calculation

IP Address192.168.1.100/28
/28=255.255.255.240

The binary representation of subnet mask:

11111111111111111111111111110000

28bits
network portion
The total number of host: 24

4bits
Host portion

The valid number of host: 24 -2

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Example of Subnet Address Planning

examplea company gets class C address 201.222.5.0. if it needs

20 subnet and 5 host in each subnet. How to plan the IP address?

Subnet address

Usable host address

201.222.5.8/29

201.222.5.9~201.222.5.14

201.222.5.16/29

201.222.5.17~201.222.5.22

201.222.5.232/29

201.222.5.233~201.222.5.238

201.222.5.240/29

201.222.5.241~201.222.5.246

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Example of Planning Class B

Subnet address
Host address

172.16.2.0
172.16.2.1172.16.2.254

Broadcast address

172.16.2.255

IP host address

172.16.2.120

Subnet mask

255.255.255.0

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Example of Planning Class C

Subnet address

192.168.5.120

Host address

192.168.5.121-192.168.5.126

Broadcast address

192.168.5.127

IP host address

192.168.5.121

Subnet mask

255.255.255.248

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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (VLSM)

192.168.1.32/27
192.168.1.160/30
192.168.1.64/27

ISP

announce
192.168.1.0

192.168.1.164/30

192.168.1.96/27
192.168.1.168/30

192.168.1.128/27
192.168.1.172/30

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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

CIDR reduces scale of routing table and enhances network

extensibility.

198.168.1.0

Internet

Announce route
198.168.0.0/16

198.168.2.0

ISP
198.168.3.0

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Chapter 1 IP Address
Chapter 2 Protocols of Network Layer

Chapter 3 Working Principle of Router

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ARP

ARP--Address Resolution Protocol

MAC address of 10.0.0.2

: 00-E0-FD-00-00-12

HostA

IP:10.0.0.1/24
MAC:00-E0-FD-00-00-11

HostB
ARP Reply

IP:10.0.0.2/24
MAC:00-E0-FD-00-00-12

Need MAC
address of
10.0.0.2?

ARP Request?
broadcast
unicast

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Proxy ARP

If ARP request is sent

from one host in the
network to another host
in another network, thus
the router which
connects this two
network can reply this
request, this procedure
is called Proxy ARP.

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Network A
ARP Reply

Network B

ARP Request

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Gratuitous ARP
Create error
information
HostA

MAC address of 10.0.0.1

: 00-E0-FD-00-00-12

HostB

ARP Reply
IP:10.0.0.1/24
MAC:00-E0-FD-00-00-11

IP:10.0.0.1/24
MAC:00-E0-FD-00-00-12

need MAC
address of
10.0.0.1

ARP Request?
broadcast
unicast

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RARP
RARP--Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Your IP
address is
10.0.0.1
Diskless
workstation

RARP Reply

RARP Server

Whats my IP
address?
RARP Request?

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Chapter 1 IP Address

Chapter 2 Protocols of Network Layer

Chapter 3 Working Principle of Router

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The Function of Router

Router runs in the layer 3the core function is interconnection of

the networks

Group data forwarding

Route : establish, refresh, lookup routing table
Rate adapt between the subnetwork

Network isolationto prevent network stormappoint

accessing rule (firewall)
Interconnection of the heterogeneous networks

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The Working Process of Router

Router
Network layer

Router
Routing protocol
conversion

Data link layer

De-encapsulation

Physical layer

LAN1

Network layer
Data link layer

Protocol
encapsulation

Physical layer

LAN2

WAN
sending

receiving
transmission

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Routing Table

Router keeps a routing table at any time, sending and forwarding of all

messages

Router maintain a routing table all the time, all the message are sent
from corresponding interface via lookup routing table.

Routing table can be static configuration, it also can be generated by

dynamic routing protocols.

Routing table includes the following contents:

Destination address
Network mask

Outgoing interface
Next hop
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Summary

The classification of IP address.

The function of ARP/RARP

protocol.

The work principle of router.

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Thank You
www.huawei.com
T