Narada S Elemenary Pali Course

ANELEMENTARY PI COURSE
CONTENTS
i.
Preface
ii.
Introduction
iii. Abbreviations
iv. Alphabet
v.
Pronunciation
Lesson I
A. Decl. of Nouns ending in a:
Nom. & Acc. Cases
B. Conj. of Verbs - Pres. Tense. Act.
Voice, 3rd person
Lesson II
Instr. & Dat. Cases
B. Conj. of Verbs-Pres. Tense. Act.
Voice, 2nd person
Lesson III
Abl. &. Gen. Cases
B. Conj. of Verbs-Pres. Tense. Act.
Voice, 1st person
Lesson IV
Loc. & Voc. Cases
B. Full Conj. of Verbs-Pres. Tense Act.
Voice
Lesson V
Full Decl. of Nouns ending in a
Lesson VI
A. Nouns ending in
B. Infinitive
Lesson VII
Aorist (Ajjatan) Act. Voice
Possessive Pronouns
Lesson VIII
A. Nouns ending in i
B. Indeclinable Past Participles
Lesson IX
A. Feminine Nouns ending in i
B. Future Tense (Bhavissanti)
Lesson X
A. Nouns ending in
B. The Formation of Feminines
Lesson XI
A. Decl. of Nouns ending in u &
B. Verbs-Imperative & Benedictive
Mood (Pacam)
Nrada Thera
Third edition, third and final revision (or "Version 3.3"), October 2007
"With innumerable corrections and improvements"
by Eisel Mazard, Xishuangbanna, People's Republic of China.
[PUBLICATION DATA: This book was first published in 1941; the second edition, revised and
enlarged, was published by The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, Lake House,
Colombo, 1953. An electronic text of the 2nd edition was first released into the public
domain in 1996. The second edition has also been reprinted by The Corporate Body of the
Buddha Educational Foundation, 11F., 55 Hang Chow South Road Sec. 1, Taipei, circa 2000,
with additional print runs available in response to demand or donations. This version of
the electronic text has been extensively re-formatted to display the Pali text with Unicode
compliant characters, and should not require any special fonts to display properly on a
contemporary computer. I have made corrections to errors, improved the tables, layout,
and glossary, but have refrained from substantially revising the text itself--Eisel Mazard]
PUBLISHER'S NOTE: The author is not charging any royalty or accepting any remuneration
for this book, the benefit of which, at his request, is being passed on to students in the
form of a lower price than would otherwise have been possible.
TO MY VENERABLE TEACHER PELENE SIRIVAJIRANA MHANYAKA THERA

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The word Pi means "the Text", though it has now come to be the name of a language.
Mgadhi was the original name for Pi. It was the language current in the land of
Magadha during the time of the Buddha (6th century B.C.).
Suddha Mgadh, the pure form of the provincial dialect, was what the Buddha used as His
medium of instruction.
The elements of Pi can be mastered in a few months, Pi opens one's ears to the
Dhamma and the music of the Buddha's speech. It is also a lingua franca in Buddhist
countries, and therefore worth acquiring.
This slender volume is intended to serve as an elementary guide for beginners. With its aid
one may be able to get an introduction to the Pi language within a short period.
I have to express my deep indebtedness to my Venerable Teacher, Pelene Siri Vajirana
Mah Nyaka Therapda, who introduced me to this sacred language. Words cannot
indicate how much I owe to his unfailing care and sympathy.
My thanks are due to the Venerable Nynatiloka Thera, for his valued assistance.
NRADA
October, 1952.
This work is provided as public domain under the terms of the GNU, Dec. 1996
pg. 1
Lesson XII
A. Personal Pronouns
B. Conditional Mood (Sattam)
Lesson XIII
Relative Pronouns
The Interrogative Pronoun
Lesson XIV
Participles
Lesson XV
A. Demonstrative Pronouns
B. Adjectives
Lesson XVI
Numerals; Ordinals.
Lesson XVII
A. Some Irregular Nouns ending in a
B. Conjugations
Lesson XVIII
A. Declension of Satthu
B. Causal Forms (Krita)
Lesson XIX
A. Declension of go
B. Perfect Tense (Hyattan)
Lesson XX
Compounds (Samsa)
Lesson XXI
Indeclinables (Avyaya)
Lesson XXII
Nominal Derivatives (Taddhita)
Lesson XXIII
Verbal Derivatives (Kitaka)
Lesson XXIV
Rules of Sandhi (Combinations)
Lesson XXV
Uses of the Cases
Lesson XXVI
Passive Voice
Appendix i
Selections for Translation
Appendix ii
Notes on the meaning & usage of
words
Glossary
[The glossary is provided as a
separate PDF file, at:]
[www.Pali.Pratyeka.org]
Abbreviations
Adjective
Indeclinables
indeclinable Past Participles
Feminine
Masculine
Neuter
Past Participles
Prefix
Present Participles
Present
Pronoun
Adj.
Ind., Indec.
Ind. p.p.
f.
m.
n.
p.p.
Pre.
Pres. p.
Pres.
Pro.
PRONUNCIATION OF LETTERS
Pi is a phonetic language. As such each letter has its own characteristic sound.
INTRODUCTION
Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Samm-Sam-Buddhassa !
Pi was the language spoken by the Buddha and employed by Him to expound His
Doctrine of Deliverance.
Mgadh is its real name, it being the dialect of the people of Magadha -a district in Central
India.
Pi, lit. "line" or "text", is, strictly speaking, the name for the Buddhist Canon. Nowadays
the term Pi is often applied to the language in which the Buddhist texts or scriptures
were written.
The Pi language must have had characters of its own, but at present they are extinct.
ALPHABET
The Pi Alphabet consists of forty-one letters, -eight vowels and thirty-three consonants.
8 Vowels (sara): a, , i, , u, , e, o.
33 Consonants (vyajana)
Palatals: c, ch, j, jh, . (ca-group)
Gutturals: k, kh, g, gh, . (ka-group)
Dentals: t, th, d, dh, n. (ta-group)
Cerebrals: , h, , h, . (a-group)
Labials: p, ph, b, bh, m. (pa-group)
Palatal:y.
Cerebral: r.
Dental: l.
Dental and Labial v.
Dental (sibilant):s.
Aspirate h.
Niggahta:
.
.
Cerebral:
Sinhalese Script
Romanized Transliteration
gh
kh
k
g
jh
ch
h
th
dh
ph
bh
a is pronounced like u in but
is pronounced like gn in signor
is pronounced like a in art
is pronounced like t in not
i is pronounced like i in pin
is pronounced like d in hid
is pronounced like i in machine
is pronounced like n in hint
u is pronounced like u in put
p is pronounced like p in lip
is pronounced like u in rule
b is pronounced like b in rib
e is pronounced like e in ten
m is pronounced like m in him
is pronounced like a in fate
y is pronounced likey in yard
o is pronounced like o in hot
r is pronounced like r in rat
is pronounced like o in note
l is pronounced likel in sell
k is pronounced like k in key
v is pronounced like v in vile
g is pronounced like g in get
s is pronounced likes in sit
is pronounced like ng in ring
his pronounced like h in hut
c is pronounced like ch in rich
is pronounced likel in felt
j is pronounced like jinjug
is pronounced like ng in sing
The vowels "e" and "o" are always long, except when followed by a double consonant; e.g.,
ettha, oha.
The fifth consonant of each group is called a "nasal".
There is no difference* between the pronunciation of "" and "". The former never stands
at the end, but is always followed by a consonant of its group.
The dentals "t" and "d" are pronounced with the tip of the tongue placed against the front
upper teeth.
The aspirates "kh", "gh", "h", "h", "th", "dh", "ph", "bh", are pronounced with an "h"
sound immediately following; e.g., in blockhead, pighead, cat-head, log-head, etc., where
the "h" in each is combined with the preceding consonant in pronunciation.
*[Althgouh this is true in modern Sri Lanka, the did differ in sound from the in classical
times; as with k & g on the same row, the sound originates far back in the throat, whereas
the sound is formed with the back of the tongue raised to the soft palate, further forward
by comparison. I should also note that the chart with Sinhalese script on this page is one of
my additions (2007) to Nrada's text --E.M.]
yr lvs h
pg. 2
Nominative
Accusative
Nominative
Accusative
Lesson I
A. Declension of Nouns ending in "a"
Nara*, m. man
SINGULAR
PLURAL
naro
nar
a man, or the man men, or the men
nara
nare
a man, or the man men, or the men
Terminations
SINGULAR
o
Verbs:
Dhvati*
Dhovati
Vadati
Vandati
Rakkhati
Illustrations:*
1. Sdo
The cook
2. Sd
The cooks
3. Sdo
The cook
4. Sd
The cooks
* In Pi, nouns are declined according to [their] termina[tions or] endings: a, , i, , u, , and
o. There are no nouns ending in "e". All nouns ending in "a" are either in the masculine or
in the neuter gender.
There are three genders in Pi. As a rule males and those things possessing male
characteristics are in the masculine gender, e.g., nara, man; suriya, sun; gma, village.
Females and those things possessing female characteristics are in the feminine gender, e.g.,
itthi, woman; gang, river. Neutral nouns and most inanimate things are in the neuter
gender, e.g., phala, fruit; citta, mind. It is not so easy to distinguish the gender in Pi as in
English.
Nara + o = naro. Nara + = nar. When two vowels come together either the preceding or
the following vowel is dropped. In this case the preceding vowel is dropped.
Draka
Gma
Janaka
Putta
Ycaka
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
child
village
father
son
beggar
3rd person terminations
Sopacati*
Spacati
Te pacanti,
pacati
is cooking
pacanti
are cooking
odana pacati
is cooking
rice
ghae
dhovanti
pots
are washing
* In Pi sentences, in plain language, the subject is placed first, the verb last, and the
object before the verb.
Exercisei
A
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH
B. Conjugation of Verbs
PRESENT TENSE - ACTIVE VOICE
SINGINULAR: ti
runs
washes
speaks, declares
salutes
protects
* As there are seven conjugations in Pi which differ according to the conjugational signs,
the present tense third person singulars of verbs are given. The roots are given in brackets.
PLURAL
Masculine Substantives:
The Enlightened One
Buddha
Dhamma
Doctrine, Truth, Law
Ghaa
pot, jar
rice, cooked rice
Odana
Sda
cook
(dhva)
(dhova)
(vada)
(vanda)
(rakkha)
PLURAL: anti
paca = to cook
SINGULAR
he cooks, he is cooking
she cooks, she is cooking
PLURAL
they cook, they are cooking
* The verbs are often used alone without the corresponding pronouns since the pronoun is
implied by the termination.
pg. 3
Buddho vadati.
Dhammo rakkhati.
S dhovati.
Ycako dhvati.
Sd pacanti.
Janakvadanti.
Te vandanti.
Narrakkhanti.
Putt dhvanti.
Drako vandati.
Buddho dhamma rakkhati.
Drak Buddha vandanti.
Sdo ghae dhovati.
Nargma rakkhanti.
Sodana pacati.
Buddh dhamma vadanti.
Puttjanake vandanti.
Ycakghae dhovanti.
Te gme rakkhanti.
Janako Buddha vandati.
B
TRANSLATE INTO PALI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
esteem, care, affection
dara
Daa
stick
sick person
Gilna
Osadha
medicine
holy man, ascetic
Samaa
He protects.
The man salutes.
The child is washing.
The son speaks.
The beggar is cooking.
They are running.
The children are speaking.
The fathers are protecting.
The sons are saluting.
The cooks are washing.
The men are saluting the Buddha.
Fathers protect men.
The cook is washing rice.
The truth protects men.
She is saluting the father.
The Enlightened One is declaring the Doctrine.
The boys are washing the pots.
The men are protecting the villages.
The beggars are cooking rice.
The cook is washing the pot.
Vejja
Instrumental
Dative
Instrumental
Dative
Nara
PLURAL
narebhi, narehi
by or with men
narna
to or for men
Terminations
SINGULAR
ena
ya, ssa
PLURAL
ebhi, ehi
na
food
slave, servant
hand
cart, chariot
dog
Doctor, physician
PRESENT TENSE - ACTIVE VOICE (contd.)
2nd person terminations
SINGULAR
si
PLURAL
tha
2nd person SING. Tva pacasi, you cook, you are cooking*
2nd person PLU. Tumhe pacatha, you cook, you are cooking
* "Thou cookest, or thou art cooking." In translation, unless specially used for archaic or
poetic reasons, it is more usual to use the plural forms of modern English.
Lesson II
(contd.)
SINGULAR
narena
by or with a man
narya,* narassa
to or for a man
hra
Dsa
Hattha
Ratha
Sunakha
Verbs:
(disa)
Deseti
preaches
(d)
Deti
gives
Harati
(hara)
carries
brings
harati
(hara with *)
Nharati
(hara with n*)
removes
Paharati
(hara with pa*)
strikes
(gamu)
Gacchati
goes
(gamu with )
comes
gacchati
gets, receives
(labha)
Labhati
(pesa)
Peseti
sends
* , n, pa, etc. are Prefixes (upasagga) which when attached to nouns and verbs, modify
their original sense.
Illustrations:
1. Dsena (instr. s.)
with the slave
2. Vejjebhi (instr pl.)
by means of doctors
3. Sunakhassa (dat. s.)
to the dog
4. Samana (dat. pl.)
to the ascetics
* This form is not frequently used.

The Instrumental case is also used to express the Auxiliary case (Tatiy).
The vowel preceding "na" is always long.
pg. 4
gacchati
he goes
labhasi
you obtain
desi
you give
pesetha
you send
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Exercise ii
Lesson III
A.

(cont'd)
Tvan rathena gacchasi.

Tvan darena Dhamman desesi.
Tvan gilnassa osadhan desi.
Tvan dandena Sunakhan paharasi.
Tvan vejjnan rathe pesesi.
Tumhe darena gilnnan hran detha.
Tumhe dsehigman gacchatha.
Tumhe samannan dhammar) desetha.
Tumhe hatthehi osadhan labhatha.
Tumhe sunakhassa hran haratha.
Drak sunakhehi gman gacchanti.
Sd hatthehi ghate dhovanti.
Tumhe gilne vejassa pesetha.
Dsojanakassa ahran harati.
Saman darena dhamman desenti.
Tumhe dandehi sunakhe paharatha.
Vejjo rathena gman gacchati.
Drak darenaycaknan hran denti.
Tvan samanehi Buddhan vandasi.
Tumhe hatthehiosadhan niharatha.
11ara
Ablative
Genitive
SINGULAR
PLURAL
nar, naramha, narasm
narebhi, narehi
from a man
from men
11araSSa
narnan
of a man
of men
Terminations
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Ablative
, mh, Sm
ebhi, ehi
Genitive
SSa.
nar)
Acariya
Apana
teacher
Amba
mango
shop, market
Arma
temple, garden, park
ASSa
horse
Mtula
uncle
Ovda
Pabbata
rock, mountain
Pannkra
advice, exhortation
reward, gift
Rukkha
tree
Sissa
pupil
Talka
pond, pool, lake
* Verbs implying motion take the Accusative.

B
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
You are coming with the dog.

You are giving medicine to the ascetic.
You are sending a chariot to the sick person.
You are striking the dogs with sticks.
You are preaching the Doctrine to the ascetics.
You give food to the servants with care.
You are going to the village with the ascetics.
You are bringing a chariot for the doctor.
The sick are going with the servants.
The dogs are running with the children.
The Enlightened One is preaching the Doctrine to the sick.
The servants are giving food to the beggars.
The father is going with the children to the village.
You are going in a chariot with the servants.
You are carrying medicine for the father.
You get medicine through the doctor.
PRESENT TENSE ACTIVE VOICE
(cont'd)
1st person terminations
SINGULAR
PLURAL
mi
ma
SING.
Ahan pacmi
PLU.
Mayan pacma
I cook, I am cooking.
We cook, we are cooking.
* The vowel preceding "mi" and "ma" is always lengthened.
* Use the Instrumental case.
pg. 5
Verbs:
Exercise iii
A.
Ganhti" (gaha)
... Sanganhti (gaha with san)
... Ugganhti (gaha with u)
Kinti (ki)
... Vikkinti (ki with vi)
Nikkhamati (kamu with ni)
Patati (pata)
Ruhati
takes, receives, seizes

Treats, compiles
learns
buys
sells
departs, goes away

falls
grows
... Aruhati (ruha with )

... Oruhati (ruha with ava')
Sunati (su)
ascends, climbs
descends
hears
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
* Plural: ganhanti. So are sanganhanti, ugganhanti, kinanti and Sunanti.

# "Ava" is often changed into "o"
Illustrations:
1. ambrukkhasm (abl. s.)

... mangoes from the tree
patanti
fall
2. rukkhehi (abl. pl.)
patma
... from trees
we fall
3. panehi (abl. pl.)
kinmi
I buy
... from the markets
4. pan (abl. s.)

... from market
Ahan cariyasma Dhammar Sunami.

Ahan matulasma pannkranganhmi.
Ahan assasma patami.
Ahan matulassa armasmnikkhammi.
Ahan panasm ambe kinmi.
Mayan pabbatasm oruhma.
Mayan cariyehiugganhma.
Mayam acariyassa ovdan labhma.
Mayan cariynan putte sanganhma.
Mayam assnan hran panehikinma.
Siss samannan rmehinikkhamanti.
Acariyo matulassa assan ruhati.
Mayan rathehigmgman gacchma.
Tumhe cariyehi pannkre ganhtha,Narsissnar) dsnan ambe Vikkimanti.
Mayan Samannan ovdan Sunma.
Rukkh pabbatasma patanti.
Ahan sunakhehi talkan oruhmi.
Mayan rmasmrman gacchma.
Putt darenajanaknan ovdar; ganhanti.
B
I receive a gift from the teacher.

I depart from the shop.
I treat the uncle's teacher.
I take the advice of the teachers.
I am descending from the mountain.

We buy mangoes from the markets.
panan (acc. S.)

to market
We hear the doctrine of the Buddha from the teacher.
5. matulassa (gen.s.)
... Uncle's
We are coming out of the pond.

We are mounting the uncle's horse.
rmo
garden
. . We fall from the mountain.
6. Acariynan (gen. pl.)

... of the teachers
.
.
.
.
.
.
Siss
pupils
pg. 6
We treat the father's pupils with affection.

Pupils get gifts from the teachers.
You are selling a horse to the father's physician.
We go from mountain to mountain with the horses.
Teachers give advice to the fathers of the pupils.
We are learning from the ascetics.
Lesson IV
(contd.)
Locative
Vocative
Locative
Vocative
nara
SINGULAR
nare, naramhi, narasmi
in or upon a man
nara, nar
O man !
Terminations
SINGULAR
e, mhi, smi
a,
sky
ksa
Canda
moon
farmer
Kassaka
Maccha
fish
Magga
way, road
Maggika
traveller
Verbs:
(ka)
Kati
(pada with u)
Uppajjati
Passati*
(disa)
Vasati
(vasa)
Supati
(supa)
(cara with vi)
Vicarati
* "Passa" is a substitute for "disa"
PLURAL
naresu
in or upon men
nar
O men !
Some Indeclinables:
Ajja!
ma !
Api!
Ca!
Idni!
Idha !
Kad!
PLURAL
esu
Maca
Sakua
bird
bed
Samudda
Suriya
Vija
Loka
sea, ocean
Kasm!
Kuhi!
Kuto!
Na!
Puna!
Sabbad!
Sad!
Saddhi*!
to-day
yes
also, too
also, and
now
here
when
why
where
whence
no, not
again
every day
always
with
merchant
sun
*"Saddhi" is used with the "Instrumental" and is placed after the noun; as Narena
saddhi - with a man.
world, mankind
Illustrations:
1. Mace (loc. s.)
on the bed
PRESENT TENSE - ACTIVE VOICE
Su, "to hear"
Singular
Plural
3rd person suti
suanti
2nd person susi
sutha
1st person sumi
suma
plays
is born
sees
dwells
sleeps
wanders, goes about
2. Nar
Men
Paca, "to cook"

Singular
Plural
pacati
pacasi
pacmi
pacanti
pacatha
pacma
Disa, "to preach"

Singular
Plural
3rd person deseti
desenti
2nd person desesi
desetha
1st person desemi
desema
pg. 7
supati
he sleeps
gmesu (loc. pl)

in the villages
vasanti
live
3. Draka (voc. s.)

child,
kuhi tva gacchasi?

where are you going?
4. Janaka, aha
father, I
na gacchmi.
am not going.
Exercise iv
Lesson V
A.
Full Declension of Nouns ending in "a"
Sakum rukkesuvasanti.
Kassako mace supati.
Mayan magge na kilma.
Nara loke uppajjanti.
Maggika, kuhin tvam gacchasi
Amasadte na ugganhanti.
Macch talke kilanti.
Nara, m. man
Nom.
VOC.
ACC.
Kuto tvan gacchasi? [Janaka:] ahan idnirmasmgacchmi.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Kassaka sabbadgmesu na vasanti.

Kasm tumhe macesu na supatha?
Mayan samanehisaddhin arme vasma.
Macchtalkesu Casamuddesu cauppajjanti.
Ahan kse Suriyan passmi, naca candar).
Ajjavnijo pane vasati.
Kasm tumhe drakehisaddhin magge kilatha?
Ama, idniso" 'pigacchati, aham: "pigacchmi.
Maggik maggesu vicaranti.
Kassk, kad tumhe puna idha gacchatha?
Acariya, sabbad mayan Buddhan Vandma.
Vnij maggikehisaddhin rathehi gamesu vicaranti.
InStr.
Abl.
Dat.
Gen.
LOC.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
11ar'O
nar
a 111a11
111611
nara, nar
O man |
narar)
O men
a 1.11a11
Inern
nar
hare
11arena
narebhi, narehi
by or with a man
by or with men
nar, naramha, narasm
narebhi, narehi
from a man
from men
narya, narassa
narnan
to or for a man
to or for men
11a1"aSSa
narnan
of a man
of men
nare, naramhi, narasmin

in or upon a man
haresu
in or upon men
Neuter Gender
Phala, fruit
* So + api = so 'pi.
# The vowel following a niggahita is often dropped, and the niggahita is changed into the
SINGULAR
NOm.
nasal of the group consonant that immediately follows [cf. pg. 2, above, & lesson XXIV,
below --E.M..]; e.g., Ahan + api = aham 'pi.
VOC.
ACC.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
He is playing on the road.

The farmers live in the villages.
I do not see birds in the sky.
The Buddhas are not born in the world everyday.
Travellers, from where are you coming now?
We see fishes in the ponds.
O farmers, when do you come here again?
The travellers are wondering in the world,
We do not see the sun and the moon in the sky now.
Why do not ascetics live always in the mountains?
Yes, father, we are not playing in the garden today.
Why do not the sick sleep on beds?
O merchants, where are you always wandering?
Children, you are always playing with the dogs in the tank.
Teachers and pupils are living in the monastery now.
Yes, they are also going.
PLURAL
phalan
phal, phalni
phala, phal
phal, phalni
phalan
phale, phalni
(The rest like the masculine)
THE CASES IN
PALI
Patham (1st)
Alapana
Dutiy
(2nd)
Vocative
Accusative
Tatiy
(3rd)
Auxiliary
(4th)
(5th)
(6th)
(7th)
Dative
Karana
Catutthi
Pacami
Chatthi
Sattami
Nominative
Instrumental
Ablative
Genitive
Locative
* As Tatiy (Auxiliary) and Karana (Instrumental) have the same terminations, only the
Instrumental case is given in the declensions.
pg. 8
Exercise V
Terminations
A.
Singular
Case
Plural
Masculine
Neuter
Masculine
Neuter
1]
a, ni
VOC.
--, a
--, a
a, ni
Acc.
1]
1]
e, ni
Aux.
112
112
ebhi, ehi
ebhi, ehi
Instr.
112
112
ebhi, ehi
ebhi, ehi
Dat.
aya, ssa
aya, ssa
nan
nar)
Abl.
a,Sma
mha,
,sma
mha,
ebhi, ehi
ebhi, ehi
SS2.
SS2.
nan
nar)
eSUl
eSUl
Nom.
Gen.
Loc
mhi,
Smin
C,
mhi,
Smin
C,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sakun phalni khdanti.

Mayan pithesunisidma, macesu supma.
Nar panehi bhandnikinanti
Phalnirukkhehi patanti.
Kassaka khettesu bljani vapanti.
Sabbad mayan udakena pde ca mukhafi" ca dhovma.
Sisscariynan lekhannilikhanti.
Idniahan mittehisaddhin ghare vasmi.
Dso talkasmin vatthni dhovati.
So pupphehi Buddhan pujeti.
Kasmtvan hran na bhujasi?
Ajja sisscariyehilpotthakniugganhanti.
Maggik mittehisaddhin nagara nagaran vicaranti.
Ahan sabbad rmasm pupphniharmi.
Mayan nagaregharni passma.
Kassak nagare talkasm'udakan haranti.
Drakjanakassa pithasmin na nisidanti.
Mittan cariyassa potthakan pujeti.
Tumhe narnan vatthni cabhandni cavikkintha.
Acariyassa arme saman darena narnan Buddhassa Dhammar) desenti.
* Mukhan + ca = mukharica
The vowels preceding-ni, bhi, hi, nan and su are always long.
I am writing a letter to (my) friend.

We eat fruits.
Neuter Substantives:
seed, germ
goods, article
Nagara
Pda
(m,n) foot
home, house
Pitha
chair, bench
field
letter
Potthaka
book
flower
Mitta
(m. n.) friend
Mukha
face, mouth
Udaka
Vattha
Bija
Bhanda
Ghara
Khetta
Lekhana
Puppha
We offer flowers to the Buddha everyday.

He is not going home now.
You are sowing seeds in the field to-day.
The sons are washing the father's feet with water.
They are partaking food with the friends in the house.
Children's friends are sitting on the benches.
Are you writing letters to the teachers to-day?
. I am sending books home through the servant.
. I see fruits on the trees in the garden.
city
Water
cloth, raiment
. The birds eat the seeds in the field.
.
.
.
.
Verbs:
Bhujati
Khdati
Likhati
Nisidati
Pjeti
Vapati
(bhuja)
(khda)
(likha)
(ni + sada)
(puja)
(vapa)
eats, partakes
Friends are not going away from the city to-day.

We are coming from home on foot".
From where do you buy goods now?
Men in the city are giving clothes and medicine to the sick.
eats, chews
* Use the Instrumental.
Writes
Sits
offers
SOWS
pg. 9
Lesson VI
Sunanti
pesenti
A. Nouns ending in ""
Sunitur), Sotun
pesetup
* This same principle applies to the Indeclinable Past Participles and Present Participles
which will be treated later.
Ka, f. maiden, virgin

SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom.
Ka,
VOC.
Kae
ACC.
Kaan
Instr., Abl.
Kaya
Kaya
Kaya, Kayan
Ka, Kayo
Ka, Kayo
Ka, Kayo
Kabhi, Kahi
Dat., Gen.
LOC.
Infinitive
Ind. Past Part.
disa [+ e]
to preach
desenti
desetup
desetva
Kanan
disa [+ a]
to See
passanti
passitun
disva, passitva
Kasu
gaha
to take
ganhanti
ganhitun
ganhitva, gahetva
gamu
tC)
gacchanti
gantun
gantva
Terminations
SINGULAR
3rd. per pres. pl.
Meaning
Root
go
PLURAL
a + gamu
to COnne
agacchanti
agantun
agantv, agamma
to be
honti
hotun
hutva
ar)
--, yo
--, yo
--, yo
Instr., Abl
ya
bhi, hi
isu
to wish
icchanti
icchitun
icchitva
Dat., Gen.
ya
nar)
kara
to do
karonti
katun
katva
LOC.
ya, yar)
SUl
All nouns ending in "" are in the feminine with the exception of "s", m. dog.
San + lapa
tC) COInVerse
sallapanti
sallapitun
sallapitva
Feminine Substantives:
fia (jana)
to know
jnanti
fiatun, janitun
fiatva, janitva
NOm.
--
VOC.
ACC.
Bhariy
wife
Bhs
language
naha
to bathe
nahayanti
nahyitun
nahayitva, nahatva
Drik
DhammaSl
preaching-hall
pa
to drink
pibanti, pivanti
patun, pibitun
pitva, pibitva
Nava
to ascend
ruhanti
aruhitun
aruhitva, ruyha
tha
to stand
titthanti
thatun
thatva
Pa
wisdom
Plibhs
Pathasl
ship, boat
Pli language
a + ruha
Osadhasl
girl
Ganges, river
dispensary
Saddh
faith, devotion,
Sal
hall
* These Indeclinable Past Participles will be treated in lesson VIII.
Visikh
Street
Illustrations:
Gang
school
confidence
Gilnasala
hospital
1. Bhariy
B. Infinitive
The Infinitives are formed by adding the suffix "-tup" to the root. If the ending of the root
is "a", it is often changed into "i".
Examples:
paca
+ tun
= pacitur)
to cook
rakkha + tun
= rakkhitun
to protect
d
+ tun
= datun
to give
odanan
pacati.
rice
cooks.
2. Drikyo
The girls
ugganhitun
pthasalar)
gacchanti.
to learn
to school
g0.
3. Te
gangyar)
in the river
kilitun
to play
icchanti.
wish.
hran
bhujitu)
slyan
food
to eat
in the hall
4. Kayo
The maidens
pg. 10
dtur,
to give
to the girls
They
Generally the above suffix is added to the forms the roots assume before the third person
plural termination of the present tense
Examples:
desenti
desetup
kinanti
kinitur,
bhujanti
bhujitu)
drikna
The wife
nisidanti.
sit.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Exercise Vi
Lesson VII
A.
Aorist (Ajatani) - Active voice
Kayo gangayan nahyitun gacchanti.

Ahan pthaslan gantun icchmi.
Mayan Dhammar) sotun slyan nisidma.
Kuhin tvam bhariyya saddhin gacchasi
Drikyo saddhya Buddhan vandanti.
Siss idni Plibhsyalekhannilikhitunjnanti.
Nar paan labhitun bhsyo ugganhanti.
Kae, kuhin tvan pupphniharitun icchasi
Kayo drikhisaddhir gilne phalehi sanganhitun Vejjaslam gacchanti.
Assudakan pibitun gangan oruhanti.
S cariyassa bhariy hoti.
Gilne sanganhitun visikhayan osadhasl na hoti.
Narbhariynan dtun panehi vatthnikinanti.
Drikgharan gantum maggar) najnti.
Drak ca drikyo capthaslyan pithesu nisiditun na icchanti.
Gilngharnigantum osadhaslya nikkhamanti.
Mayan cariyehisaddhir plibhsya sallapma.
Bhariye, kuhin tvan gantun icchasi
Mayan gangayan nvyo passitun gacchma.
Paan ca saddhan calabhitun mayan Dhammar) sunma.
Terminations
SINGULAR
PLURAL
3rd person
2nd person
up
1st person
in
ttha
mha
Paca, to cook (Aorist tense)

Singular
3rd person
"ach Paci apaci,
Plural
"he cooked"
' ', "they cooked"
paci
apacinSu, pacinSu
2nd person
apaco, paco
"you cooked" | apacittha, pacittha "you cooked"
1st person
apacin, pacin
"I cooked" | apacimh, pacimha
"we cooked"
Gamu, to go
B
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
O maidens, do you wish to go to the temple to-day?

I am coming to take medicine from the dispensary.
There are no dispensaries in the street here
Father, I know to speak in Pli now.
We see no ships on the river.
She wishes to go with the maidens to see the school.
With faith the girl goes to offer flowers to the Buddha.
You are sitting in the preaching hall to hear the Doctrine.
Boys and girls wish to bathe in rivers.
There are no patients in the hospital.
We study languages to obtain wisdom.
I do not wish to go in ships.
With faith they sit in the hall to learn the Doctrine.
I do not know the language of the letter.
O girls, do you know the way to go home?
He is bringing a book to give to the wife.
3rd person
Singular
Plural
agami, gami, agami, gami
agamum, gamum, agaminsu,

gaminsu
2nd person
agamo, gamo
agamittha, gamittha
1st person
agamin, gamin
agamimha, gamimha
Su, to hear
pg. 11
Singular
Plural
3rd person
asuni, Suni, asunu, Suni
asuninsu, Suninsu
2nd person
aSuno, Suno
asunittha, Sunittha
1st person
aSunim, Sunim
asunimh, Sunimh
Words:
In the past tense the augment a- is optionally used before the root. The third person I is
sometimes shortened, and the third person plural-up is often changed into -insu. The
vowel preceding ttha and mh is changed into i. The second person o is mostly changed into
Aparanha
111.
Ciran
indec.
long, for along time
l.
EVa
indec,
just, quite, even, only (used as an emphatic affirmative)
Hiyo
afternoon
Whenever the root or stem ends in a vowele or , the S-aorist is used --i.e., s is added before
Pato
indec,
indec.
the suffix.
Ptarsa
111.
yesterday
early in the morning
morning meal
Pubbanha
111.
forenoon
Purato
indec.
Syamsa
111.
in the presence of
evening meal, dinner
Viya
indec,
like
Examples
The Aorist augmented by "s"

Singular
Plural
3rd person
Si
Sur), risu
2nd person
Si
sittha
disa + S + rjsu = desinsu
simha
th 4 S + i = atthsi
th4 nsu = atthansu
d 4 S + i = adsi
d psu = adansu
Sin
1st person
Exercise Vii
A.
disa + S + i = desesi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Possessive Pronouns
3rd person
2nd person
1st person
111. 11
taSSa
111. 11
tesan
f.
f.
tsar,
m. f. n.
m. f. n.
m. f. n.
m. f. m.
tava, tuyhan
tumhakan
mama, mayhan,
amhkan
tass,
his
their
her
their
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
your or thine
your
my
Our
These are the Genitive cases of the Personal Pronouns. [Note: the following table is one of
my additions, in order to clarify the foregoing --E.M..]

Singular
3rd person
(masculine & neut.)
Singular
Plural
* Pto +eva = ptova. Here the following vowel is dropped.
# Tumhe + eva = Tumheyeva. Sometimes "y
"y" is augmented between vowels.
taSSa
3rd person
taya, tass, tissa.
(feminine)
tissya
Plural
Buddho loke uppajji.

Hiyo samano dhammar desesi.
Drako pto'va tassa pthaslar agami.
Acariytesan sissnan pubbanhe ovdan adapsu.
Ciran teamhkan gharan na agaminsu.
Driktsanjanakassapurato atthansu.
Tvan tasshatthe mayhan pottakan passo.
Tvan gangayan nahyitun pto'va agamo.
Tvan ajja ptarsan na bhujo.
Kuhin tumhe tumhkan mittehisaddhin aparanhe agamittha?
Kasm tumhelyeva' mama cariyassalekhannina likhittha?
Tumhe ciran mayhan putte na passittha.
Ahan tuyhan pannkre hiyona alabhin.
Aham'eva: gilnnan ajja osadhan adsin.
Ahan asse passitun visikhyan atthsin.
Mayan tuyhan cariyassasiss ahosimha.
Mayan ajja pubbanhe naugganhimh.
Saman viya mayam'pi: saddhya dhammar Sunimh.
tava, tumham, tuyhan
tesan, tesnan
tsan, tsnan
his / its
her
their
# Ahan + eva = aham'eva. When a niggahita [viz., "n"] is followed by a vowel it is sometimes
their
changed into "m".

# Mayan + api = mayam'pi. Here the following vowel is dropped and niggahita is changed
into "m".
tumhkam, tumhan
thine
your
I slept on my bed.
I stood in their garden in the evening.
1st
(anyperson
gender)
mama,
maman,mayhap,
amhan
amhkar),
amhe,
amham,
asmkan
I sat on a bench in the hall to write a letter to his friend.

my
OUlr
* This a should not be mistaken for the negative prefix a.

pg. 12
We bathed in the river in the early morning.

We ourselves' treated the sick yesterday.
For a long time we lived in our uncle's house in the city.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Child, why did you stand in front of your teacher?

Wife, you cooked rice in the morning.
Son, where did you go yesterday?
You obtained wisdom through your teachers.
Why did you not hear the Doctrine like your father?
Where did you take your dinner yesterday?
She was standing in her garden for a long time.
The rest like masculine, with the exception of the Loc, plural which has two forms atthisu, atthisu.
Words:
Adhipati
m.
chief, master
Aggi
111
fire
ASi
m.
Sword
Atithi
111
guest
Kapi
Mani
Im.
m,
monkey
jewel
Nti
Vihi
111
relative
111
paddy
14. He himself' washed the feet of his father.
Gahapati
m.
house-holder
15.
16.
17.
18.
Kavi
m.
poet
For a long time my friend did not buy goods from his shop.
The doctors did not come to the hospital in the afternoon.
The boys and girls did not bring their books to schoolyesterday.
I myself gave medicine to the sick last: morning.
Narapati
m.
King
Pati
m.
husband, lord
# Use mayam'eva
Indeclinable Past Participles

These are generally formed by adding the suffix "-tva" to the root. If the ending of the root
is "a", it is often changed into "i". Sometimes "-tvna" and "-tna" are also added to the
Use so eva
roots [i.e., as variant spellings of tva, having the same function].
* Use Pto'va.
# Use hiyo.
Examples:
paca
Lesson VIII
khipa
+ tW
+ tW
= pacitv,
=khipitv,
A. Nouns ending in "i"

SUl
+ tW
= Sutv,
kara:
+ tW
= katv,
* See note and the table in lesson VI-B
Muni, m. sage
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom., Voc.
muni
ACC.
munin
muni, munayo
muni, munayo
InStr.
munin
# In this case the final "ra" is dropped.
Abl.
munibhi, munihi
munin, munimha, munism munibhi, munihi
Illustrations:
1. nisiditv
bhuji
Dat., Gen.
munino, munissa
muninan
... having sat
he ate,
LOC.
munimhi, munism in
munisu
(or: "He sat and ate")
PLURAL
Nom., VOC.
I, ayo
ACC.
InStr.
'.
1, ayo
hi
... the Buddha
dhamman
Sotum ... agami
having saluted
the Doctrine
to hear ... he went
(or: "He saluted the Buddha and went to hear the Doctrine.")
and
2. Buddhan
Terminations
SINGULAR
3. He stood
Abl.
Dat., Gen.
n, mh, Sm
bhi, hi
... So thatv
no, SSa
nar)
LOC.
mhi, Smin
SUl
ACC.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
atthi
atthin
atthi, attini
atthi, attini
Terminations
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom., Voc.
--
1, ni
ACC.
r)
I, ni
vanditv
spoke
vadi
4. After playing he went to bathe

... So kilitvnahyitup agami
Atthi, n. bone
Nom., Voc.
having cooked
having thrown
having heard; also sutvna, sotuna
having done; also katvna, ktuna
pg. 13
.
.
.
.
.
.
Exercise viii
Lesson IX
A.
A. Feminine Nouns ending in "i"
Muni narapatin Dhammena sanganhitv agami.

Kapayo rukkhan ruhitv phalni khdinsu.
Kad tumhe kavimh potthakni alabhittha?
Ahan tesan rme adhipatiahosin.
Mayan gahapatihisaddhin gangaya udakan haritv aggimhikhipimh.
Narapati hatthena asin gahetv assan ruhi.
Tvan tuyhan patin darena sanganho.
Gahapatayo narapatino purato thatvvadinsu.
Atithi amhkan gharan gantv hran bhujinsu.
Sakuna khettesuvihin disvkhdinsu.
Narapatigahapatimha manin labhitv kavino adsi.
Adhipatiatithihisaddhirjhran bhujitv munin passitun agmi.
Ahan mayhan htino ghare ciran Vasin.
Sunakh atthihigahetv magge dhvinsu.
Dhammar sutvgahapatinan Buddhe saddhan uppajji.
Bhumi f, ground
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom., Voc.
bhumi
ACC.
bhmin
bhumiy
bhumiy
bhumiya, bhumiyan
bhumi, bhumiyo
bhumi, bhumiyo
Instr. Abl.
Dat., Gen.
LOC.
bhumibhi, bhumihi
bhminan
bhumisu
Terminations
SINGULAR
PLURAL
I, iyo
I, iyo
bhi, hi
Nom., Voc.
-
ACC.
r]
Instr. Abl.
y
y
y, yar)
Dat., Gen.
LOC.
nar)
SUl
Words:
The father of the sage was a king.

O house-holders, why did you not advise your children to go to school?
We saw the king and came.
I went and spoke to the poet.
The chief of the temple sat on a chair and preached the Doctrine to the householders.
Anguli
Bhaya
finger
Atavi
fear
Mutti
Piti
joy
patience
Rati
Khanti
Kuddla
Only yesterday I wrote a letter and sent [it] to my master.

The poet compiled a book and gave [it] to the king.
Our relatives lived in the guest's house for a long time and left only [this] morning.
Kupa
Ratti
f.
f.
f.
f.
Spade
Soka
m,
well [i.e., a water-hole] Suve, Sve adv,
forest
deliverance
attachment
night
grief
tomorrow
B. FUTURE TENSE (Bhavissanti) - ACTIVE VOICE
The householders bought paddy from the farmers and sowed in their fields.
. We sat on the benches and listened to the advice of the sage.
Terminations
. The king built a temple and offered [it] to the sage.

. After partaking' [of] my morning meal with the guests I went to see my relatives.
. I bought fruits from the market and gave [them] to the monkey.
. Why did you stand in front of the fire and play with the monkey?
. Faith arose in the king after hearing the Doctrine from the sage.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
3rd
2nd
SSati
SSanti
SSasi
ssatha
1st
SSmi
SSma
paca, to cook
* [Nrada provides no specific verb for "build" in the vocabulary, so, presumably, the
3rd
student should use the absolutive of karoti (kara), viz, katv, katvna, or ktna --E.M..]
# Use "bhujitv"
SINGULAR
PLURAL
pacissati
pacissanti
they will cook
pacissatha
you will cook
he will cook
2nd
pacissasi
you will cook

1st
pacissmi
pacissma
I will cook
we will cook
In the future tense the vowel preceding the terminations is changed into "i".
* Note that, the future tense terminations are formed by adding "ssa" to the present tense
terminations.
pg. 14
Verbs:
Bhavati
Khanati
Jyati
Ppunati
Pavisati
Tarati
Lesson X
(bh)
(khana)
(jana)
with pa)
(visa with pa)
(tara)
'
becomes (be)
digs
arises, is born
A. Declension of Nouns ending in "i"

Smi m. lord, husband
arrives
SINGULAR
PLURAL
enters
Nom.
Sm
CrOSSeS
VOC.
Smi
ACC.
Smin
Smi, Smino
Smi, Smino
Smi, Smino
InStr.
Smin
smibhi, smihi
Abl.
smin, samimha, smism
smibhi, smihi
Dat., Gen.
Smino, Smissa
sminan
Exercise ix
A.
1. Gahapati kuddalena bhumiyan kpan khanissati.

2. Khantiypitiuppajjissati.
3. Narapati sve atavin pavisitv munin passissati.
4. Gahapatayo bhumiyan nisiditv dhammar Sunissanti.
5. Rattiyan te atavisu na Vasissanti.
6. Narapatino putt ataviyan nagaran karissanti.
7. Narapati, tvan muttin labhitv Buddhobhavissasi.
8. Kadtvan ataviynikkhamitvnagaran ppunissasi'?
9. Kuhin tvan sve gamissasi'?
. Tumhe rattiyan visikhsu na vicarissatha.
. Rattiyan tumhe candar) passissatha.
. Ahan assamhbhumiyan na patissmi.
. Ahan mayhan angulihimanin ganhissmi.
. Mayan gangan taritv sve atavin ppunissama.
. Sve mayan dhammaslan gantvbhumiyan nisiditv muttin labhitun pitiy dhamman
smini, smimhi, smismin

The Loc. sing. has an additional "ni"
LOC.
smisu
Terminations
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom.
--, no
VOC.
--, no
ACC.
r)
--, no
The rest like "i" terminations
Nom., Voc.
ACC.
Dandi, n. one who has a stick
Terminations
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SING.
PLU.
dandi
dandin
dandi, dandini
i,
r
1,ni
1, ni
***
77
**
77
The rest like the masculine
Sunissma.
. " Ratiyjyatisoko - ratiyjyati bhayan."

Nri, f, woman
B
SINGULAR
PLURAL
The monkey will eat fruits with his fingers.
NOm.
nr
nri, nriyo
He will cross the forest tomorrow.
VOC.
nri
Sorrow will arise through attachment.

Child, you will fall on the ground.
You will see the moon in the sky at night.
ACC.
nrin
nriy
nri, nriyo
nri, nriyo
Osages, when [will] you obtain deliverance and preach the Doctrine to the world?
LOC.
Instr., Abl.
Dat., Gen.
nriy
nriy, nriyan
nribhi, nrihi
nrinar
11a1"1SUl
O farmers, where will you dig a well to obtain water for your fields?
Terminations
Why will you not bring a spade to dig the ground [with]?
.
.
.
.
I will go to live in a forest after receiving" instructions from the sage.

I will be a poet.
I will not stand in the presence of the king.
Through patience we will obtain deliverance.
Why shall we wander in the forests with fear?
We ourselves shall treat the sick with joy.
* Use gahetv
SINGULAR
Nom.
VOC.
ACC.
The rest like "i" terminations.
PLURAL
--, iyo
--, lyo
--, iyo
Words:
Appamda
Brahmacri
Dhana
Exercise X
m.
m.
earnestness,
heedfulness
celibate
wealth
Dhammacri
111.
he who acts
Bhagini
Duggati
f.
f.
Sister
merit, good
excellent, chief
Have
indec indeed, certainly
Iva
Janani
f.
mother
Mahesi
Medhvi
111
Wise man
ppa
evil state
indec, like
f.
queen
11.
evil
Papakri
m.
evil-doer
Pua
n.
Puakri
m
f
well-doer
Settha
adj,
Sugati
11.
A.
righteously
"Dhammo have rakkhati Dhammacri."
good or happy state

.
11.
.
.
.
.
B. The Formation of Feminines
Some feminines are formed by adding "" and "i" to the masculines ending in "a".
Examples:
MASCULINE
FEMININE
she-goat
"Na duggatin gacchatidhammacari."

Nar canriyo capuan katv sugatisu uppajjissanti.
Bhagini tassa smin saddhirjjananin passitun sve gamissati.
Papakri, tumhe papan katva duggatisu uppajjissatha.
Idni mayan brahmacarino homa.
Mahesiyo nrinan puan ktun dhanan denti.
Hatthino ca hatthiniyo ca atavisu capabbatesu cavasanti.
Mayhan sminojanani bhikkhunina" ca upsikna ca sanganhi.
Mahesinarapatin saddhin sve nagaran ppunissati.
Medhvino camedhviniyo ca appamdena Dhamman ugganhitv muttin labhissanti.
Puakrino brahmacrihisaddhin vasitun icchanti.
Nriyo mahesin passitun nagaran agaminsu.
Bhikkhuniyogahapatninan ovdan adansu.
"Appamda camedhvi - dhanan setthan'va: rakkhati."
Aja
goat
Aj
ASSa
horse
male devotee
ASS
111 are
Upsik
female devotee
* Niggahita (p) when followed by a group consonant is changed into the nasal of that
Darik
girl
particular group [cf. pg. 2, above, & lesson XXIV, below --E.M..], e.g.,
DeVa
boy
god
Devi.
goddess
DSa
Servant
Daisi.
maid-servant
Nara
111a11
Nari.
WOIT1a11
Upsaka
Draka
San + gaho = Sangaho

sag + thana = Santhna
ahan + pi = ahampi
ahan + ca = aharica
tap + dhanan = tandhanan
*(If the noun ends in "ka", the preceding vowel is often changed into "i".)
# Setthan + iva.
Some are formed by adding "ni" or "ini" to the masculines ending in "a", "i", "i", and "u".
Examples:
MASCULINE
Rja
Hatthi
Medhvi
Bhikkhu
FEMININE
king
elephant
Wise man
monk
Those who act righteously will not do evil and be born in evil states.
Rjini
queen
Hatthini
Medhvini
Bhikkhuni.
she-elephant
The well-doers will obtain their deliverance.
Wise Woman
My husband mounted the elephant and fell on the ground.

She went to school with her sister.
ITU111
The queen's mother is certainly a wise lady.

Boys and girls are studying with diligence to get presents from their mothers and
But:
fathers.
Mtula, uncle becomes mtulni, aunt and gahapati, male house-holder becomes gahapatni,
female house-holder.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Men and women go with flowers in their hands to the temple everyday.
My sister is protecting her mother as an excellent treasure.
Mother, I shall go to see my uncle and aunt tomorrow.
Amongst celebates there are wise men.
Having seen the elephant, the she-goats ran away through fear.
The king, accompanied by: the queen, arrived in the city yesterday.
* Use the Locative.
# Use "Saddhin"
pg. 16
Lesson XI
Sabba, m. All-knowing One

SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom., Voc
sabba
ACC.
sabbaun
sabba, sabbauno
sabba, sabbauno
A. Declension of Nouns ending in "u" and ""

Bhikkhu, m. mendicant
The rest like bhikkhu
SINGULAR
PLURAL
VOC.
bhikkhu
bhikkhu
ACC.
bhikkhun
bhikkhu, bhikkhavo
bhikkhu, bhikkhavo, bhikkhave
bhikkh, bhikkhavo
InStr.
bhikkhun
Abl.
bhikkhun, bhikkhumh,
Dat., Gen.
bhikkhuno, bhikkhussa
bhikkhunan
LOC.
bhikkhumhi, bhikkhusmin
bhikkhusu
Nom.
Gotrabhu, n. The Sanctified One

SINGULAR
Nom., Voc
gotrabhu
bhikkhbhi, bhikkhhi
bhikkhubhi, bhikkhhi
PLURAL
gotrabhu, gotrabhni
bhikkhusm
Vadhu, f. young wife

SINGULAR
Nom., Voc
Vadh
The rest like dhenu
Ayu, n, age.
Nom., Voc.
ACC.
SING.
PLU.
yu
ayur]
ayu, ayuni
ayu, ayuni
Words:
Avuso
Cakkhu
The rest like the masculine
LOC.
m.
PLURAL
MacCu
m.
111.
11.
Paha
111
question
--
, ni
Send
f.
army
Tina
11.
--
--
, avo
, avo,
, ni
Yagu
m.
rice-gruel
Yva
indec. till
Taiva
indec. until
, avo
, ni
*Correlatives: "as long as" vs. "so long"
SINGULAR
PLURAL
dhenu,
dhenum
dhenuy
dhenuy
dhenuy, dhenuyan
dhenu, dhenuyo
dhenu, dhenuyo
dhenubhi, dhenuhi
dhenunan
dhenusu
Terminations
SINGULAR
Nom., Voc
Kujara
11
Dhenu, f. cow
Dat., Gen.
light, lamp
11.
SINGULAR
aVe
Instr., Abl.
11.
11.
indec. Lord, Rev. Sir

wood, fire-wood
Dru
Kata
111.
r]
r]
The rest like the "i" terminations
ACC.
Dipa
Khira
Bhante
grateful person
elephant
Madhu
m.
honey
Sdhukan indec. well
ACC.
Nom., Voc
eye
vadh, vadhuyo
milk
death
Terminations
NOm.
VOC.
indec. friend, brother

11.
PLURAL
--
ACC.
PLURAL
, yo
, yo
The rest like "i" terminations
Abhibhu, m. conqueror
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom., Voc
abhibhu
abhibhu, abhibhuvo
ACC.
abhibhun
abhibhu, abhibhuvo
pg. 17
m.
grass
Verbs:
Verbs: Imperative and Benedictive Mood (Pacami)
Bujjhati
Dhunati
Singular
Plural
Kujjhati
Jivati
3rd person
-tu
-antu
2nd person
-hi
tha
[The stem alone may be used
-1710
as a 2nd person sing, imp.]

[The vowel is normally
lengthened before-mi & -ma]
1st person
-mi
Pucchati
(budha)
(dhu)
(kudha)
(jiva)
(puccha)
understands
destroys
gets angry
lives
asks
Exercise Xi
A.
Sabba bhikkhunan dhamman desetu!

Dhenutinan khdatu!
Avuso, ataviydrun haritv aggin karohi.
Gahapatayo, bhikkhusu m kujjhatha.
Bhikkhave, ahan dhamman desessmi, sdhukan suntha.
"Dhuntha maccuno senan - nalgran'vakujaro."
Yv'han gacchmitva idhatitthatha.
Bhikkhu pahan sdhukan bujjhantul
Paca, "to cook" (Imperative)

Singular
Plural
3rd person pacatu
may he cook
pacantu
may they cook
2nd Person|paca, pachi may you cook pacatha
may you cook
1st person | pacmi
may I cook
pacma
may we cook
Siss, sad kata hotha.
.
.
.
.
Katauno, tumhe ayun labhitv ciranjivatha!

"Dhamman pibatha, bhikkhavo."
Mayhan cakkhhippan na passmi, Bhante.
Dhenuya khiram gahetv madhuna saddhir, pibama.
Avuso, bhikkhunan purato mtitthatha.
. Bhante, bhikkhumha mayan pahan pucchma.
. Nar canriyo cabhikkhhidhammar) sdhukan sutv puan katvsugatisu
uppajjantul
This mood is used to express a command or wish, and it corresponds to the Imperative and
Benedictive moods.
The vowel preceding "hi", "mi", and "ma" is always lengthened. In the second person there
is an additional termination "a".
Illustrations:
COMMAND
Idha gaccha,
Tvan gharasmnikkhamhi,
Tumhe idha titthatha,
come here.
Let him salute the mendicants!
you go away from the house.

you stand here.
May you live long, O All-knowing One!

Do not give grass to the cows in the afternoon.
Friend, do not go till I come.
Rev. Sirs, may you see no evil with your eyes!
Let us sit on the ground and listen to the advice of the Bhikkhus.
May you be grateful persons!
Let them stay here till we bring firewood from the forest.
O young wives, do not get angry with your husbands.
May I destroy the army of death!
May I drink rice-gruel with honey!
May we know your age, O bhikkhu!
Do not stand in front of the elephant.
O house-holders, treat your mothers and fathers well.
Friends, do not offer rice-gruel to the Bhikkhus till we come.
Do not drink honey, child.
WISH
Ahan Buddhobhavami,
Buddho dhammar) desetu,
may I become a Buddha.

let the Buddha preach the Doctrine.
The prohibitive particle "m" is sometimes used with this mood," e.g.,
mgaccha
do not go.
* This particle is mostly used with the Aorist 3rd person; e.g.,
m agamasi,
do not go.
m atthsi,
do not stand.
mbhuji,
do not eat.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
[Keep in mind that these examples would be from a narrative context set in the past; the
aorist is never used as a present tense, even if English affords no better translation--E.M..]
pg. 18
Words:
Lesson XII
A. Personal Pronouns
Alikavdi
Aroceti
Asdhu
Amha, I
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom.
ahan
ACC.
mar), mamar)
InStr.
may (me)
Abl.
Dat., Gen.
may
mayan, amhe, (no)

amhkar), amhe, (no)
amhebhi, amhehi, (no)
amhebhi, amhehi
amhkar), amhe, (no)
mama, mayhan, amhan,

mamar), (me)
mayi
LOC.
Bhajati
Bhanati
Dna
amhesu
Tumha, you
m.
he who speaks lies

( 4 ruca) informs, tells, announces
m.
bad man; adj. bad, wicked
(bhaja)
associates
(bhana)
speaks, recites
11.
alms, giving, gift
Evan
Jinti
indec.
(ji)
conquers
Kadariya
m.
miser, avaricious person
Kodha
111.
anger
Khippan
Pandita
Papaka
indec.
m.
adj.
quickly, immediately
PLURAL
Sdhu
111.
ACC.
tVar), tuvar)
tar), tavan, tvar, tuvar)
Sacca
11.
InStr.
tvay, tay, (te)
tumhe, (vo)
tumhakar), tumhe, (vo)
tumhebhi, tumhehi, (vo)
Abl.
Dat., Gen
tvay, taya
tumhebhi, tumhehi
tava, tuyhan, tumhan, (te)
tumhan, tumhakar), (vo)
LOC.
tvayi, tayi
tumhesu
Yad
Tad
* Correlatives
"Te", "me", "vo", and "no", are not used in the beginning of a sentence. [These are the
enclitic forms of the pronouns, always appearing subjoined to another word, cf. 605 of
B. Conditional Mood (sattami)
3rd
2nd
1st
PLURAL
eyya
eyyun
eyysi
eyymi
eyytha
eyyma
.
.
Paca, "to cook" (Conditional)

Singular
Plural
3rd Person | pace,paceyya he should cook

paceyyur,
2nd person | paceyysi
you should cook | paceyytha
1st Person
paceyymi
I should cook
paceyyma
they should cook
.
.
.
you should cook

we should cook
16.
The third person singular "-eyya" is sometimes changed into "e".

This mood is also used to express wish, command, prayer, etc. When it is used in a
11
evil
indec.
indec.
truth
when
then
Exercise xii
A.
Duroiselle's grammar, also available as a free download from www.Pali Pratyeka.org--E.M.
Terminations
SINGULAR
Wise man
good man; adj. good

Vyamati (vi + d 4 yamu) strives, tries
Vanna
111.
appearance, colour, praise, quality
SINGULAR
NOm.
thus
"Gman no gaccheyyma."
"Buddho'pi Buddhassa bhaneyyavannan."
"Nabhaje ppake mitte."
"Saccan bhane, nakujjheyya."
"Dhammar, vo desessmi."
Sace ahan saccnibujheyymite roceyymi.
Yaditvan Vymeyysikhippan pandito bhaveyysi.
Yva tumhe man passeyythatva idha tittheyytha.
Sace bhikkhu dhammar) deseyyun mayan sdhukan suneyyma.
Sdhu bhante, evan no kareyyma.
Yaditvan may Saddhin gantun iccheyysitavajananin rocetv gaccheyysi.
Amhesu catumhesu cagahapatayo nakujjheyyun.
Sace dhammar) sutv mayi saddhtava uppajjeyya ahan tvan adhipatin kareyymi.
Yva tumhe muttin labheyytha tva appamdena vyameyytha.
"Akkodhena" jine kodhan asdhun sdhunjine
Jine kadariyan dnena-saccena alikavdinan".
"Khippan vyama; panditobhava."
* [Akkodhena = a + kodha + ena, the k is doubled after the prefix --E.M..]
11
conditional sense, the sentence often begins with "sace", "ce" or "yadi" --[meaning] if.
pg. 19
Lesson XIII
Relative Pronouns
You should not go with him.

Children, you should always speak the truth.
Rev. Sir. I should like to ask a question from you.
Well, you should not be angry with me thus.
I shall not go to see your friend until I receive a letter from you.
You should endeavour to overcome your anger by patience.
If you would listen to my advice, I would certainly go with you.
You should tell me if he were to send a book to you.
We should like to hear the doctrine from you, Rev. Sir.
. By giving we should conquer the misers.
Ya, "who, which, that"
Singular
Masculine
. . We should not be born in evil state until we should understand the truths.
Neuter
Yan
Ye
ACC.
Yan
Yan
Yan
Ye
InStr.
Yena
Yena
Yya
Yebhi, yehi
||Yebhi, yehi
||Ybhi, yhi
Yamh,
yasm
Dat.,Gen. Yassa
Yamh,
yasm
Yya
Yebhi, yehi
||Yebhi, yehi
||Ybhi, yhi
YaSSa
Yassa, yya
Yesar),
yesnan
Ysan,
ysnan
Yamhi,
yasmin
Yamhi,
yasmin
YeSu
YSu
LOC.
||Yesar),
yesnan
Yassar), yyan Yesu
Ye, yni
Feminine
YO
person.
wicked persons associate with the wise, they would soon become good men.
|: .. Should
If you should hear me well, faith should arise in you.
Feminine | Masculine
NOm.
Abl.
. Would you go immediately and bring the letter to me?

. If a good person were to associate with a wicked person, he may also become a wicked
Neuter
Plural
Ye, yni
Y, yyo
Y, yyo
Ta, "who, he"
Singular
Masculine
Nom.
So
Neuter
Tam, nam
Plural
Feminine
Sai
Masculine
Te, ne
Neuter
Feminine
Te, ne, tni,
T, tayo, n,
nyo.
nni
ACC.
Tam, nam
Tam, nap
Tam, nam
Te, ne
Te, ne, tni,

nni
Instr.
Abl.
Tena, nena
Tena, nena
Tamh,
Tamh,
taSm,
taSm,
Tya, nya
Tya, nya
Tebhi,
tehitebhi,
tehi, nebhi,
Tebhi,
tehitebhi,
tehi, nebhi,
nehi
nehi
Tebhi,
Tebhi,
tehitebhi,
tehi, nebhi,
nehi
namh,
namh,
tehitebhi,
tehi, nebhi,
naSm
naSm
nehi
Dat.,Gen|Tassa, tass, Tassa, tass, Tissya, tissa Tesam,

tya, nassa. Itya, nassa
tesnan,
LOC.
Tamhi,
tasmin,
namhi,
nasmin
Tamhi,
tasmin,
namhi,
nasmin
Tissan,
Tesam,
tesnar),
nesan,
nesar),
nesnan
nesnan
TeSu, neSu
ITeSu, neSu
T, tayo, n,
nyo.
Tbhi, thi,
nhi, nbhi
Tbhi, tahi,
nhi, nbhi
Tsan,
tsnan
|TSu
tassam, tayan
The forms beginning with "t" are more commonly used. The pronouns "ya" and "ta" are
frequently used together. They are treated as Correlatives.
pg. 20
Examples:
"Yo Dhamman passatiso Buddhan passati"
Pubba, para, apara are sometimes declined in the Ablative masculine singular, as: pubb,
par, and apar respectively; in the locative masculine singular, as: pubbe, pare, and apare
respectively.
He who sees the Dhamma sees the Buddha.
"Yan hotitan hotu"

Be it as it may.
"Yan icchasitan Vadehi"
Say what you wish.
"Yo gilnan upatthti so man upatthti"
Words:
Adaya
indec. p. p. (d with ) having
Disa
f.
quarter, direction.
Nma
n.
name; mind
taken.
He who serves the sick serves me
Kin
indec. Why? what? pray [tell]
indec. by name, indeed

"Eta", that (yonder)
SINGULAR
Nu
indec. pray [tell], I wonder!
indec. either, or
Payojana n.
use, need
PLURAL
111.
11.
f.
111.
11.
f.
NOm.
eSO
es
ete
ACC.
etan
etan
etan
etan
ete
ete, etni
ete, etni
et, etyo
et, etyo
*Sometimes used without a meaning.

#Sometimes used in asking a question.
The rest like "ta", with the exception of forms beginning with "n".
Exercise xiii
The Interrogative Pronoun:

"Ka", who, which?
A.
Konma tvan?
SINGULAR
Konma eso?
111.
11.
NOm.
ko
ACC.
kan
kar), kin
kar), kin
InStr.
kena
kena
Abl.
kamha, kasm
kamha, kasm
Dat., Gen
kassa, kissa
kassa, kissa
LOC.
kamhi, kasmin
kimhi, kismin
kamhi, kasmin
kimhi, kismin
f.
k
k
Konmate cariyo?
Idnieso kin karissati'
Kin tvan etan pucchasi
Esnrite kin hoti
kya,
kya
kya, kass
kya, kyan
Sve kim'ete karissanti!?
.
.
The rest like "ya"

"Ci" is suffixed to all the cases of "ka" in all the genders to form Indefinite Pronouns; e.g.,
koci, kci, any, etc.
The following adjectives are declined like "ya":
Aa
another
Apara
other, subsequent, Western Dhakkhina
South
Eka
one, certain, Some
Itara
different, the remaining
Katara
what? which?
Katama
what? which?
Pacchima
West
Para
other, different
Pubba
first, foremost, Eastern,
Puratthima
East
Uttara
higher, superior, Northern
Aatara
(generally of the two)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
certain
(generally of many)
earlier
Sabba
all
25.
Kassa bhikkhussatan potthakan pesessma?

Tesan dhanename kin payojanan?
Kojnti "kin'eso karissati'ti?"
Kissa phalan nma etan?
Kyan disyan tassjanani idnivasati'?
Kassa dhamman sotun ete icchanti!?
"Yo Dhamman passatiso Buddham passati, yo Buddhan passatiso Dhammar) pasati".
Yan tvan icchasitar) etassa arocehi.
Yan te karontitam eva gahetv paran lokan gacchanti.
Yassan disayan so vasatitassan disayan ete"pivasitun icchanti.
Eso naro ekan vadati, esnri affian vadati.
Paresan bhandni mayan naganhma.
Etni phalnimtassasakunassa detha.
Idni sabbe'pite Bhikkhuttarya disaya aatarasmin rme vasanti.
Etasmin nagare sabbe nar aparan nagaran agaminsu.
Kici'piktup so najnti,
Kataman disar) tumhe gantun iccheyytha -puratthiman Vdakkhinam Vpacchiman
vuttaran v?
Kataraya disyatvan Suriyan passasi-pubyan v aparyan v?
Aa, ariatara, itara, eka are sometimes declined in the Dative and Genitive feminine
* When a niggahita (n) is followed by a vowel, it is sometimes changed into "m".
singular as: aiss, afiatariss, itariss and ekiss respectively; in the Locative feminine
singular as: aissan, anatarissan, itarissan and ekissan respectively.
See note in Exercise 10 A
pg. 21
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11.
10.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Generally these suffixes are added to the forms the roots assume before the third person
plural terminations of the present tense.
These participles are inflectional and agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify, in
gender, number and case. They are also used when contemporaneity of action is to be
indicated. The sense of the English words 'as, since, while, whilst' may be expressed by
them.
B
Who is she?
What is his name?
In which direction did he go?
Is he a relative of yours?
What is the name of that fruit?
From whom did you buy those books?
With whom shall we go to-day?
In whose garden are those boys and girls playing?
In which direction do you see the sun in the morning?
Of what use is that to him or to her?
To whom did he give those presents?
What is the use of your wealth, millionaire? You are not going to take all that with you
to the other world. Therefore* eat well. Have no attachment to your wealth. Grief
results thereby. Do merit with that wealth of yours. Erect hospitals for the sick
schools for children, temples for monks and nuns. It is those good actions you take
with you when you go to the other world.
Those who do good deeds are sure to be born in good states.
Let him say what he likes.
We did not write all those letters.
You should not tell others all that you see with your eyes.
We like to live in cities in which wise men live.
Declension of pacanta in the masculine

SINGULAR
paca, pacanto
Nom.
paca, paca, pac
Voc.
pacanta
Acc.
pacat, pacantena
Instr.
pacat, pacantamh
Abl.
pacantasm
pacato, pacantassa
Dat., Gen
pacati, pacante, pacantamhi,
Loc.
pacantasmi
PLURAL
pacanto, pacant
pacanto, pacant
pacante
pacantebhi, pacantehi
pacantebhi, pacantehi
pacata, pacantna
pacantesu
Feminine
The feminine is formed by adding the suffix "", as pacanta + = pacant, and is declined like
feminine nouns ending in "" (See lesson X.)
* Use "tasm".
Use "tena".
Neuter
SINGULAR
paca,
Nom., Voc
pacanta
Acc.
The rest like the masculine.
Lesson XIV
Participles
PLURAL
pacant, pacantni
pacante, pacantni
The Present Participles ending in "mna" are declined like "nara","ka" and "phala"; as
pacamno (m.) pacamn (f.) and pacamna (n.)
In Pithere are six kinds of Participles-viz:

(i) Present Active participles,
(ii) Present Passive Participles,
(iii) Past Indeclinable Participles,*
(iv) Past Active Participles,
(v) Past Passive Participles, and
(vi) Potential Participles
* These have been already dealt with in lesson VIII - B. See Table in lesson VI-B
Illustrations:
gacchanto puriso,
going man, or the man who is going.
gacchantassa purisassa,
to the man who is going.
paccant (or) pacamn itth, the woman who is cooking.
so vadamno gacchati,
he goes speaking.
patamna phala,
the falling fruit.
the city that is being protected.
rakkhyamna nagara,
Aha magge gacchanto ta purisa passi,
I saw that man while I was going on the way.
i. The Present Active Participles are formed by adding "anta" and "mna" to the root; e.g:,
paca
+ anta
= pacanta;
paca
cooking.
+ mna = pacamna,
ii. The Present Passive Participles are formed by adding the Passive suffix "ya" between
the root and the suffix "mna". If the ending of the root is "a" or "", it is changed into "i",
e.g.,
mna
paca
+ ya
+
= pacyamna, being cooked;
being heard.
s
+ ya
+ mna = syamna,
pg. 22
(iv), (v) The Past Active and Passive participles are formed by adding the suffix "ta", or "na"
after "d" etc. to the root or stem. If the ending of the root is "a", it is often changed into "i".
Examples:
fi
+ta
= flata,
SUl
+ta
= Suta,
paca
+ta
rakkha
chidi
bhidi
+ ta
= pacita,
= rakkhita,
=chinna,
=bhinna,
+ha
+ na
Examples:
Present
Active
Participle
Root
known
heard
cooked
da
protected
disa
Cut
broken
Present Passive
diyamna
denta
i) desenta, desamna,
i) desiyamna,
ii) passanta, passamna
(ii) passiyamna
Past
Participle
Potential
dinna
databba
i) desita,
ii) dittha
Participle
-
i) desetabba,
ii) passitabba
bhuja
bhunjanta,
bhujamana
bhunjiyamna
bhutta
bhufijitabba
These are also inflectional and agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify in gender,
number and case. They are frequently used to supply the place of verbs, sometimes in
conjunction with the auxiliaries "asa" and "hu", to be.
gamu
gacchanta, gacchamna
gacchiyamna
gata
gantabba
Illustrations:
gaha
ganhanta, ganhamna
gayhamna
gahita
gahetabba
kara
karonta, kurumana
kariyamna
kata
kattabba, ktabba
pibanta, pivanta,
pibamna, pivamana
piyamana
pita
ptabba
Sll
Sunanta, Sunamana
suyamana
Sulta
sotabba, Sunitabba
he went or he is gone. (Here hoti is [implicitly] understood.)
So gato,
Thito naro,
the man who stood.
Thitassa narassa,
to the man who stood or to the man standing.
Thitya nriy,
to the woman who stood.
Buddhena desito dhammo,
the Doctrine preached by the Buddha.
Sissehi pucchitassa pahassa, to the question asked by the pupils.
(vi) The Potential Participles are formed by adding the suffix "tabba" to the root or stem
with or without [permutation]. If the ending of the root is "a", it is often changed into "i".
* disa, (i) to preach; (ii) to see. Desenta, preaching; passanta, seeing

Examples:
D
+ tabba
= databba,
should or must be given.
fia
+ tabba
= htabba,
should be known.
should be cooked.
+ tabba = pacitabba,
These participles too agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify in gender, number and
case. The agent is put in the Instrumental.
paca
Illustrations:
Janako vanditabbo,
Janani rakkhitabb,
Cittan rakkhitabban,
Tay gantabban,
Svakehidhammo sotabbo,
the father should be saluted.
the mother should be protected.

the mind should be guarded.
you should go.
the Doctrine should be heard by the disciples.
Words:
Atthi
V.
is, there is
Avihethayanta
p. part.
Bhuta
11.
(a + wif hetha) not hurting

being
(cara) wanders
Carati
V.
Khaggavisnakappa
Nidhya
m,
like a rhinoceros's horn, or a unicorn's horn--E.M..]
ind. p. p. (ni: dh) having left aside
Penna
111.
attachment, love
Sahya
Tanh
Upasankamati
111.
friend
f.
craving
(kamu with upa + san) approaches
V.
Exercise xiv.
A.
1. "Evan me sutan."
2. Mayigate so gato.
3. Kin tena katan?
4. So tassavannan bhanamano man upasankami.
5. Ahan magge gacchanto tasmin rukkhe nisinnan Sakunan passin.
6.
Bhikkhhilokassa dhammo desetabbo.
7. Puan kattabban, ppan na ktabban.

8. Ajja etena maggena may gantabbar).
9. Sabb itthiyodhammar Sunantiyo etya slya nisidinsu.
pg. 23
Lesson XV
. Pandityan yan desan bhajantitattha tatth'eva pjit honti.

. Buddhena bujjhitni saccni may'pi bujjhitabbni.
. Paran lokan gacchante taya katan puan V ppan vtay Saddhin gacchati.
A. Demonstrative Pronouns
Ima, "this"
. Thitov nisinnov gacchanto vsayanto (or sayno) v ahan sabbesusattesu mettan

karomi.
Singular
. Vejjaslya vasantnan gilnnan pure osadhan databban, pacch aparesan databbar).

. Kin nu kattabban'ti ajnant te mama purato atthansu.
. "Pemato' jyatisoko pematojyati bhayan;
Pemato vippamuttassa-n'atthisoko kuto bhayan."
. "Tanhyajyatisoko - tanhyajyatibhayan;
Tanhya vippamuttassa - n'atthisoko kuto bhayan."
18. Ekasmin samaye ariataro devo rattiyan Buddhan upasankamitv saddhya vanditv
bhumiyan atthsi. Thito so devo
ekar pahan pucchi. Pucchantassa devassa
Buddho evan dhamman desesi.
19. Te gangayan nahyante mayan passimha.
20. "Sabbesu bhtesunidhya dandan
Avihethayan aataram'pitesan
Na puttam'iccheyya kuto sahyam
Eko care Khaggavisnakappo."
Masculine
Neuter
Plural
Neuter
Feminine
NOm.
ayar)
idan, iman
layan
ime
ime, imni
|im, imyo
ACC.
iman
idan, iman
|iman
ime
ime, imni
|im, imyo
imin, anena
InStr.
imin, anena |imya

imamh,
imamh,
imaSm
imebhi, imehi, imebhi, imehi, imbhi,

ebhi, ehi
ebhi, ehi
imhi,
imaSm
Abl.
imya
aSm
aSm
imassa, assa
Dat.Gen. imiss, imya, imamhi,

ass, assya |imaSmin
imassa, assa limebhi, imehi, imebhi, imehi, imbhi,

ebhi, ehi
ebhi, ehi
imhi,
imasmin
imeSam,
imesnay,
aSSan
imesu, esu
imamhi,
imeSam,
imesnan,
imsan,
imsnan,
esar), esnap Iesar), esnan

LOC.
* This is the Locative absolute.
# "To" is another suffix for forming the ablative.
imissan,
imyam,
asmin
imeSu, eSu
imSu
asmin
B
This was done by you.

The branch was cut by him.
I saw a man going in the street.
She stood saluting the sage.
I came home when he had gone to school.
The monkeys ate the fallen fruits.
They saw her sitting in the hall.
Amul, "this, that, such"
Singular
Masculine
You should not bathe in the river.

Let him do what should be done.
.
.
.
.
Thus should it be understood by you.

The books written by me should not be given to them.
My friends saw the jewel that was thrown into the fire.
I sat on the ground listening to the doctrine preached by the monks.
NOm.
asu, amuko
ACC.
InStr.
Abl.
Neuter
Plural
Neuter
Feminine
adup
(ISL, amu
am, amni
|amu
am, amuyo
amun
adup
amun
am, amni
|amu
am, amuyo
amun
amun
amuy
ambhi,
ambhi,
ambhi,
amhi
amhi
amuhi
ambhi,
ambhi,
ambhi,
amhl
amhl
amhl
amumh,
amumh,
amusm
amusm
amuy
amuno,
amusS,
Cl171UISSCI
(lmuSQ.,
amuy
amsam,
amsnan
amsam,
amsnan
amsam,
amsnan
amumhi,
amusmin
amumhi,
amusmin
amussar),
amSu
amSu
amSu
Dat.,Gen.Jamuno,
. The virtuous should do much merit.
. The people saw the sick persons drinking medicine given by the physician.
LOC.
pg. 24
amuyan,
Exercise XV
B. Adjectives
A.
In Pli Adjectives are inflectional and they agree with the substantives they qualify in
gender number and case. Generally they are placed before the noun.
Adjectives ending in "a" are declined in the masculine feminine, and neuter like nara,
phala, and ka respectively. Sometimes in the feminine they are declined like nri.
Some adjectives may be formed by adding "vantu" to nouns ending in "a", "" and "mantu"
to nouns ending in "i" and "u".
Kim'idan?
Kassa imni?
Iminate kin payojanan?

Idan mayhan hotu.
Konma ayan puriso?
Ayan me matulni hoti.
Idan maykattabbar).
Sabban idar) asukena katar).
Ayan smi cando na hoti.
Examples: bala
bandhu
dhiti
+ mantu
guna
+ Vantu
+ Vantu
+ mantu
= balavantu,
=bandhumantu,
= dhitimantu,
= gunavantu,
powerful
having relatives
. Ayan me antimjti,
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
courageous
Virtuous
These adjectives are declined like "pacanta" with the exception of the Nominative singular,
e.g.,
SING.
PLU.
bandhum
dhitim
bandhumanto, bandhumant
dhitimanto, dhitimant
gunavanto, gunavanta
gunav
words:
Antima,
adj,
last
Asana,
Arahanta,
p.p.
(used as noun &

adjective) exalted,
worthy, sanctified
long
Bhagavantu, adj.
blessed (used as an
Kanha,
adj.
epithet of the Buddha,

the Blessed One.)
black
small
Majjhima,
adj.
middle
big
Namo,
indec. honour, homage, praise,
Digha,
Khuddaka,
Mahanta,
adj.
adj.
adj.
11.
Seat
Ayan seto asso khippan na dhvati.

Gunavantehi ime giln sanganhitabb.
"Yathidan tath etan - yathetan tath idan."
"Idan vo fitinan hotu - Sukhit hontu fitayo!"
"Tvan etasmin pabbate vasa, ahan imasmin pabbate vasissami."
"Namo tassa Bhagavato, arahato samm-sambuddhassa."
Asmin loke ca paramhicagunavanta sukhena vasanti.
Asukya" nma visikhya asukasmin'ghare ayan taruno Vejo vasati.
Imehi pupphehi Buddhan pujetha.
Mayan imasmin rme mahantni rukkhni passma.
Imassa gilnassa unharj udakan databban.
Janako ucce sane nisidi, putto nice asane nisidi.
Imesu pupphesusetnica rattni capitnica pupphnigahetvgacchhi,
Imni khuddakni phalni mayan na kinma.
Imin dighena maggena ete gamissanti.
* [Asu has an alternate base in asuka (this is not discussed in the textbook's instructions);
viz., asu + ka + inflection, without any change in meaning caused by ka-E.M..]
salutation
B
Nica,
adj.
Patipad,
Ratta,
adj.
mean, low
Nila,
adj,
blue
course, path, practice,
Pita,
adj.
yellow
1. Who is this boy?

2. This is my book.
conduct
3.
Who are these men?
red
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
He is living in this house.

This was done by me.
There is such a young doctor in this street.
Cold water should not be drunk by the sick.
He is the last boy in the school.
Did you see him sitting on this high seat?
Take these long sticks and throw into the fire.
May all these beings be happy!
Samm
m.
Fully Enlightened One
Sambuddha,
Seta,
Sukhita,
Ucca,
[Cando
adj.
adj.
adj.
adj.
white
Sita,
adj.
cold, cool
happy, healthy
high
Fierce, violent, angry
Taruna,
adj.
adj.
adj.
young
hot
true, real]
Unha,
[Tatha
. I like to mount this white horse.
Bring those small books and give to these boys.

. You should wash your face with this hot water.
. These Exalted Ones understood the middle Path of the Buddha.
. This Doctrine was preached by the Blessed One.

pg. 25
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
We shall go by this long way.

There are tall, big trees in this forest.
I shall take these white flowers; you may take those red flowers.
These are small ships.
Young men and women should always associate with the virtuous.
This city is protected by a powerful king.
The courageous do not run away through fear.
Little children are playing with these little dogs.
May the Blessed One preach the Doctrine to these monks and nuns!
"Eka", "ti" and "catu" are declinable in the three genders. When "eka" is used in the sense
of 'some, certain, incomparable", it is declinable in the three genders and in both numbers.
Otherwise it is declined only in the singular.
Numerals from "dvi" to "atthrasa" are declined only in the plural. With the exception of
"ti" and "catu" all the other numerals are common to all genders.
These numerals agree with the noun they qualify in number and case. Eka, ti, and catu
agree in gender also. Generally they are placed before the noun.
Declension of "dvi"
Lesson XVI
Nom., ACC
Numerals
Instr., Abl
dve, duve
dVibhi, dvihi
Dat., Gen.
dvinnan
LOC.
dvisu
ekatinsati, ekatinsa
dvattinsati, dvattinsa
1. eka
2. dvi
31.
3. ti
5. paca
33. tettinsati, tettinsa

34 catuttinsati, catuttinsa
35. paca-tinsati, paca-timsa
6. cha
4. Catul
7. Satta
8. attha
32.
Declension of "ti"
111.
11.
f.
NOm., ACC
tayo
tini
tisso
36 chattinsati, chattinsa
Instr., Abl
37. Satta-timsati, satta-timsa
tibhi, tihi
tinnar)
tibhi, tihi
tinnannar)
tibhi, tihi
Dat., Gen.
LOC.
t1su
t1su
t1su
38. attha-tinsati, attha-timsa

39. ek'na cattalisati
40 cattalisati, cattalisan, cattalisa
49. ek'na pasa
12. dvadasa, barasa

13. terasa, telasa
14. cuddasa, catuddasa
50 pannasa, pas
15. Pacadasa, pannarasa

16. Solasa, sorasa
70. Sattati
17. Sattadasa, sattarasa

18. atthadasa, aptharasa
80. asiti
Nom., ACC
90. navuti
Instr., Abl
9. nava
10. dasa
11. ekadasa
tissannan
Declension of "catu"
60 satthi
111.
11.
f.
Nom., ACC
Cattro, Caturo
cattri
CataSSO
Instr., Abl
catbhi, cathi
catbhi, cathi
Dat., Gen.
Catunnan
catbhi, cathi
catunnar)
LOC.
CatuSu, CatSu
CatuSu, CatSu
CatuSu, CatSu
79. ek'nsiti
catussannan
19. ek'lina-vasati (lit. one less twenty) | 99. ek'na-satan
Dat., Gen.
Declension of "paca"
paca
pacabhi, pacahi
pacannan
20, visati, visan
100. Satan
LOC.
pacasu
200. dvi satan
Numerals from "ek'unavisati" to "attha-navuti" and "koti"are treated as feminines and are
declined only in the singular like feminine "i" (see bhumi). Tins, cattlis, and pas are
declined like feminine "" (see ka).
21, eka-visati
22. dve-visati, dva-visati

23. tevisati
24. catu-visati
25, paca-visati
26. chabbisati
27. Sattavisati
28. attha-visati
ek'na-tinsati
29.
sahassan
10,000. dasa-sahassan, nahutan
100,000. sata-sahassan, lakkhan
10,000,000. koti
100,000,000. dasa-koti
1,000,000,000. sata-kopi
1,000.
Numerals from "ek'unasata" to "lakkha" are declined only in the singular like the neuter
a" (see phala). When, however, numerals from "visati" and upwards are used collectively
they take the plural; e.g.,
dve visatiyo,
tini satani,
30, tinsati, tinsa
pg. 26
tWotWenties
three hundreds
Ordinals
4. Catuttha (fourth)
5. Pacama (fifth)
6. Chattha (sixth)
1. pathama (first)
2. Dutiya (second)
3. Tatiya (third)
The rest are formed by suffixing "ma", as sattama (seventh), atthama (eighth), etc.
The ordinals also agree with the noun they qualify in gender, number and case. In the
masculine and neuter they are declined like "nara" and "phala" respectively. In the
feminine "pathama", "dutiya", and "tatiya" are declined like "ka". The ordinals from
"catuttha" to "dasama" assume the feminine suffix "i" and are declined like "nari"; e.g.,
catuttha + i = catutthi, Sattama + i = Sattami, etc.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The feminines of other ordinals are formed by adding "i" directly to the numerals, as
ekadasa + "i" = ekdasi.
Words:
Divasa
m., n. day
Ito
MSa
m., n. month
Pana
Pariccheda m.
limit, extent, chapter
Sila
morality, precept, virtue Vassa
11.
Sarana
indec, hence, [from that time

forth], from here
indec, but, however, further
(sometimes used without
a meaning)
11.
refuge
m., n. year, rain
I gave him four books.

He lived three days in our house.
We have two eyes, but only one mouth.
There are thirty days in one month, and twelve months in one year.
They are now studying the twelfth chapter of the book.
Which of these two presents would you take?
The child bought three mangoes, ate one and took two home.
He will come on the 28th day of this month.
They took the Three Refuges and the five precepts to-day.
There were two hundred patients in the hospital yesterday.
Seven days hence my father will come to see me.
Some householders observe the ten precepts on the fifteenth day.
If you do evil, you will be born in the four evil states.
If you do good, you will be born in the seven states of happiness.
He gave five hundred and received thousand.
She brought three presents for her three little sisters.
My age is eighteen years.
In his 29th year he left home, and endeavouring for six years he understood the Four
Truths and became a fully Enlightened One in his thirty-fifth year. After becoming a
Buddha He preached the Doctrine for forty-five years.
Lesson XVII
A. Some Irregular Nouns ending in "a"

Exercise XVi
A.
Atta", m. soul, self

Cattr'imni, bhikkhave, saccni.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
"Ekan nmakin?"
Tisulokesu Satt uppajjanti.
Ekasmin hatthe paca anguliyohonti.
Ito sattame divase ahan gamissmi.
Mayan tini vassni imasmin game vasimha.
Ayan pana imasmin potthake solasamo paricchedohoti.
"Buddhan saranan gacchmi, Dutiyam'pi Buddhan saranan gacchmi, Tatiyam'pi
Buddhan saranan gacchmi' "
So tassa tinnan puttnar) cattri cattrikatvdvdasa phalni adsi.
Etasmin ghare catasso itthiyo Vasanti.
Yo pathaman gaccheyya so pannkran labheyya.
Imasmin ghare ayan tatiybhumi.
Antimena paricchedena gahapatihi pacasilnirakkhitabbni,
Gunavanto sad pacasilnica atthamiyan ctuddasiyan pacadasiyan ca attha silni
SINGULAR
PLURAL
NOm.
VOC.
att
atta, att
attano
attano
ACC.
attnar), attan
attano
InStr.
attena, attan
attanebhi, attanehi
Abl.
Dat., Gen.
attana, attamh, attasma

attano
attanebhi, attanehi
attnar)
LOC.
attani
attaneSu
* This noun is sometimes used in the sense of a reflexive pronoun.

Rja, m. king
SINGULAR
PLURAL
NOm.
rj
VOC.
rja, rj
rjnan, rjan
ra, rjena
ra, rjamh, rjasm
rao, rajino
rae, rjini, rjamhi,
rjasmin
rjno
rjno
ACC.
rakkhanti.
InStr.
15.
.
17.
18.
Bhikkhu pan'eva dvisata sattavisatisikkhapadnirakkhanti.

Tassa setthino Catupannsakotidhanan atthi.
Ekasmin mse tinsa divashonti. Ekasmin vasse panatisata pacasatthi divashonti.
Imya pthaslya pacasatanisissugganhanti.
Abl.
Dat., Gen.
LOC.
pg. 27
rjno
rjbhi, rjuhi, rjebhi, rjehi
rjbhi, rjuhi, rjebhi, rjehi
raar), rjunar), rjnan
rjusu, rjsu, rjesu
Words:
B. Conjugations
Attha
111.
matter, good, welfare,
indec indeed
Ntha
m.
m.
Rattha
11.
lord, refuge
country, kingdom,
Amacca
111.
Hi
Psda
minister
In Plithere are seven conjugations. They differ according to their respective
meaning
conjugational signs (Vikarana) which are added on to the roots before the terminations.
There is no definite rule to indicate to which class of conjugation the roots belong.
The conjugations are as follows:
palace
realm
Class Paradigm
1st
paca
Vikarana
(l
3rd person present sing.
Sankilissati
[English]
pact a + ti=pacati
He cooks
bhu + a + ti=bhav + a + ti=bhavati

ru-n-dh + a + ti = rundhati
He exists, etc.
indec, thus.
Ti
2nd
rudhi"
p......a
3rd
divu
ya
bhu-ja + a + ti=bhunjati
div +ya + ti= divyati
(san + kilisa) is defiled
Siy
Vihariati
(3rd pers, singular

subjunctive of asa) to be
(vi + hana) perishes
*This particle is used in quoting the words of others, at the end of sentences, etc.
He hinders
He eats
Exercise XVii
A.
He shines
"Ayan me attano attho."

(also =) dibyati = dibbati
h ya + ti= hyati
nu, n, und Su + n + ti = Sunati
4th
SUl
5th
ji
n:
6th
tanu
o, yira
"Name so att."
He abandons
"Bhagavato etan atthan roceyyma."

"Dhammar cara rja!."
"Atthi attano ntho-Ko hintho paro siy."
"Attnan rakkhanto paran rakkhati. Paran rakkhanto attnan rakkhati."
Atite pana amhkan ratthe gunavrj ahosi.
Ralikhitan idan lekhanan amacc passantul
Papakehi amaccehiraoko attho?
Amhkan rjnan passitun puratthimaya disaya dve rjno gat.
. Rj attano mahesiya saddhin psde vasati.
. Catuhi disahi cattro rjno gantv Bhagavantan vanditv etam'atthan pucchinsu.
. "Putt m'atthidhanan m'atthi -Itiblo vihariati
Att hi attano n'atthi - Kuto putt kuto dhanan."
14. "Attan'va katan ppan - attan sankilissati
Attana akatan ppan - attan'va visujjhati."
* n is changed into m.
He hears
(also =) su + nu + ti = Sunoti
ji + n + ti =jinti
He conquers
tanu + 0 + ti=tanoti
He spreads
kara + 0 + ti = karoti
He makes, etc.
kara +yira + ti = kayirati

7th
cura:
e, cya
cura + e + ti = coreti
He steals
cura + aya + ti = corayati
*In this conjugation too the conjugational sign is "a", but "n" is argumented before the
final consonant of the root and is afterwards changed into the nasal of the [same] group [as
the] consonant that follows. This rule applies only to the active voice.
# In the conjugation of the root ki, to buy, which belongs to this class n is changed into n;
e.g. kit n ti=kinti.
I am my own master.
He advised himself.
The initial vowel in this class [the 7th], not followed by a double consonant, undergoes
vuddhi substitution], i.e., a, i and u become , e, & 0 respectively.
.
.
.
.
.
.
pg. 28
These presents were sent by the king.

Good or evil is done by oneself.
The ministers taking their own sons went to the palace to see the king.
It is not good for kings to get angry with the people.
Virtuous kings are always respected by all.
He does not know his own good.
Righteous kings do not wish to associate with wicked kings.
By wisdom is one purified.
Ministers obtain wealth by means of kings.
He for his own good associates with kings and ministers.
Some kings perish on account of their greediness towards the countries of others.
The ministers told that matter to the king.
He does not shine like a king.
B. Causal Forms (Krita)
Lesson XVIII
A. Declension of Satthu, m. Teacher

SINGULAR
PLURAL
satthro
satthro
NOm.
satth
VOC.
sattha, satth
ACC.
satthran
Causals are formed by adding "e"[or] "aya" to roots ending in "u" and "", [whereas]
"ape" [or] "paya" [are added] to roots ending in "" and [either] all [of] the four
[possibilities] or just] two [can be variously added] to the other roots. The terminations
are added afterwards. All tenses, moods and participles have their own causal forms. The
initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, often undergoes vuddhisubstitution].
Sometimes the vuddhi substitutes "e" and "o" are changed into "aya" and "ava"
respectively.
satthro, satthre
satthrebhi, satthrehi
Instr., Abl.
satthr
Dat., Gen.
satthu, satthuno, satthussa
satthrnan, satthnan
LOC.
satthari
satthresu, satthusu
Examples:
bhattu,
datu,
jetu,
kattu,
husband
giver
conqueror
doer
Vattu,
talker
etc. are declined like "satthu".
nattu,
natu,
netu,
SOtu,
nephew
paca + e + ti
paca + aya + ti
knower
leader
hearer
Pitu, m., "father"
= pceti
= pcayati
paca ape ti.
=pacpeti.
paca + apaya + ti
= pacapayati
- causes to cook
pcesi, pcayi, pcpesi, pcpayi,

pcessati, pcayissati, pcpessati, pcpayissati,
he caused to cook
he will cause to cook
SINGULAR
PLURAL
d ape
d paya
= dpeti
= dapayati
-causes to give
-causes to give
Nom.
pit
pitaro
chidi + e + ti
= chindeti
-CauSeS to Cut
VOC.
pitaro
pitaro, pitare
chidi pe + ti
=chindpeti
-CauSeS to Cut
ACC.
pita, pit
pitaran
ni-ape-ti.
-nayapet
-causes to lead
Instr., Abl
pitar, pitun
pitbhi, pituhi
pitarebhi, pitarehi
pitarnar), pitunar), pitunnar), pitnar)
pitaresu, pitusu
Dat., Gen.
pitu, pituno, pitussa
LOC.
pitari
gamu + e + ti
= gameti
sure : ti
bhi.e. ti
saveti
-causes to go
Causes to
-bhavet .
hear
-develops-lit causes to become
Intransitive verbs become transitive, and ordinary transitive verbs take two objects when
they assume causal forms.
Bhtu, brother is declined like "pitu".

Mtu, mother is also declined like "pitu" with the exception of the following:
SINGULAR
Inst., Abl, mtar, mtuya
Examples:
Rukkhopatati.
So rukkhan pteti.
Dso odanan pacati.
So dsan odanan pceti.
Dat., Gen. mtu, mtuy
Dhitu, duhitu - daughter, are declined like "mtu".
The tree falls.

He makes the tree fall.
The servant is cooking rice.

He makes the servant cook rice.
-
- -
Sometimes the agent of the causal verb or, in other words the indirect object is put in the
Instrumental case e.g.,
So dsena odanan pceti.
In some cases the causal forms modify the original meaning of the verb; e.g.,
vaca-to speak,
vceti-reads [literally, "recites"--E.M..]
bhu -to be,
bhvefi-develops, cultivates
pg. 29
Exercise XViii
Lesson XIX
A.
A. Declension of "go"
1.
"Nam'atthu satthuno ".
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
"Taysutan dhamman amhe"pi svehi".

Sattsvake dhamman despeti (or svakehi).
Pit puttan gman gameti.
Mt attano dhitaran nahpetvpthasalar pesesi.
Bhatt attano bhariyya atithayo sanganhpesi,
Dhitaro, dsehidrniharpetv aggin dpetha.
Dhithimtaro capitaro carakkhitabb, mthi capituhi cadhitaro rakkhitabb.
Mt dhitare satthran vandapeti.
Ahan mtuy capitar ca saddhirjrman gantvte dhammar Svessmi.
Mtula, mayan pana tava nattro homa. Tasm no sdhukan ugganhpehi.
Satthsotre saccni bodhento gmgman nagara nagaran vicarati.
Tesan ratthe dhitimante netrena passma.
Mtari capitarica adarena mayhan bhatt attano dhanena mahantan gharan
krpetvte tattha vaspesi.
go, m. bull
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom. VOC.
go
ACC.
gvur), gavar), gvar)

gvena, gavena
gvo, gavo
gvo, gavo
InStr.
gobhi, gohi
gobhi gohi
Abl.
gv, gav, gvamh,

gavamh, gvasm, gavaSm
Dat., Gen.
gvassa, gavassa
gavar), gunnar), gonar)
LOC.
gave, gave, gavamhi, gosu
gavamhi, gvasmin, gavasmin
mana, n. mind
SINGULAR
PLURAL
man, manni
VOC.
manan
mana, man
ACC.
manan
mane, manni
InStr.
Abl.
manas, manena
manas, man,
manebhi, manehi
manebhi, manehi
Dat., Gen.
manaso, manassa
mannan
LOC.
manasi, mane,
111a116SUl
Nom.
* Namo + atthu = nam'atthu; [here] atthu [is the] Benedictive mood 3rd person singular of asa,
to be. [cf. the table provided with lesson XXVI, below --E.M..]
manani
manamha, manasma
B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Talkers are not always doers.

The leaders are not always conquerors.
My father taught my brother well and made him a leader of the country.
I made my mother give alms to the disciples of the Teacher.
My nephew is reading the letter sent by his father.
Virtuous daughters cause their husbands to treat their mothers and fathers well.
Daily my father and mother cultivate good-will towards all beings and advise us also to
manamhi, manasmin
The following nouns are declined like "mana":
aha,
day
aya,
Ceta,
do likewise.
8. Of my two brothers one is a talker and the other is a doer.

9. I do not cause my servants to give food to my husband.
10. Let the Teacher cause the monks to preach the Doctrine. There will be knowers. They
will understand the Truth and make others realise their Deliverance.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Our father made our brothers cut the trees in the garden.
The conquerors caused the people to erect a large hall in the kingdom.
Daughters, you should not do evil, nor cause others to do evil.
The monks should neither dig the ground nor cause others to dig the ground.
pg. 30
Sira,
iron
tama,
head
darkness
mind
tapa,
asceticism, control
chanda,
Qja,
wish, consent, metre
teja,
majesty, radiance, heat
eSSenCe
ura,
paya,
water, milk
VQC(l,
raja,
dust
Vaya,
shoulder
word
age
Sara,
lake[, arrow, vowel]
yaSa,
glory
B. Imperfect Tense (Hyattani)*

Paca, "to cook"
Terminations
3rd person
2nd person
1st person
There is no dust in this street.

The consent of the sick monks should be taken.
Singular
Plural
apac
Singular
apac
ttha
apaco
-a
-mh
apaca, apacan
apacattha
apacamh
Plural
In this tense, as in the first past tense (ajjatani), "a" is prefixed to the root. Sometimes an
additional "n" is found in the 1st person.
As a rule the ajjatani is more commonly used than the hiyattani to express the past. It will
be safer for the students to adopt the former:
.
.
.
.
Fathers carry their sons on their shoulders.

My father is 45 years of age.
The World was in darkness for four, days.
We should purify our own mind.
A fruit from the tree fell on my head.
The farmers caused their sons to give grass to the cattle and went to the city.
People reverence him on account of his asceticism.
In glory may you shine like the moon.
The king by his majesty conquered all the people.
They have no anger in their minds.
The cattle do not, drink the water of this lake.
. There is no essence in this milk.
* [The original text (mis-)translates Hyattani as the Perfect tense in this title --E.M..]
# See lesson VII
LeSSOh XX
Exercise XiX
Compounds (samsa)
A.
"Etad avoca satth."
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
A samsa is a compound which is composed of two or more simple words.

As a rule, only the final member of the compound takes the case terminations. The
preceding members, with a few exceptions, drop their case endings and assume their
"Bhagavetam'ha. "%
"Idam'avoca Bhagav".
"Acariy evam'ha."#
"Atthan hintho saranan avoca."
"Satthtam itthin ha-'etisstava puttan dehi'ti."
Eko go tamasikhettan agam.
Vayas ahan paca visati vassni.
"Manas samvaro sdhu."
"Tan sdhukan sunhi, manasikarohi."
Amhkan sattuno pde mayan siras avandamh.
Tava vacas V manas v mki cipapakan kammar karohi.
Ayan nv ayas kata.
Satta ahni mayan kici'pihran na abhujamh.
Mayhan bht gonan tinan ad
bases.
The component parts of the compound are combined, wherever necessary, according to
the rules of sandhi [explained in lesson XXIV, below --E.M..].

In Palithere are five classes of compounds, viz:
1. Adjectival Compounds (kammadhraya),
2. Case Compounds (tappurissa),

3. Copulative Compounds (dvanda),
4. Attributive Compounds(bahubbihi) and
5. Adverbial Compounds (avyayibhva).
1. An Adjectival Compound (kammadhraya) is that which is formed by combining a

* Etan + avoca = Etad avoca.
# [Nrada's vocabulary includes aha, "day", but does not include ha, "he said", nor the use
of aha as an exclamation ("oh!"); he leaves it to you to you sort out which meaning is
intended here --E.M..]
substantive with an adjective, or a noun in apposition, or an indeclinable used in an

adjectival sense, as its prior member.
In some instances the qualifying adjective follows the noun.
Examples:
Taruno-puriso
Taruni-ka
Tarunan-phalan
Sumedho-pandito
tarunapurso
tarunaka
tarunaphalan
sumedhapandito
Mukham'eva cando mukhacando
Silam'eva dhanan
Su-jano
pg. 31
siladhanan
Sujano
(m) young man

(f) young maiden
(n) young fruit
Sumedha the wise or wise Sumedha
moon-face
wealth of virtue
good man
Na-kusala
akusala
immoral or non-moral
anasso
Na-asso
non-horse (mule)
non-man (a spirit)
amanusso
Na-manusso
"Na" followed by a consonant is changed into "a", and into "an" when followed by a vowel.
3. A Copulative Compound (dvanda) is that which is formed by combining two or more

substantives which, if not compounded, would be connected by the particle "ca".
(a) These compounds generally take the plural and the gender of the final member when
the component members are viewed separately.
(b) If they collectively imply an aggregate, they take the neuter singular.
Those Adjectival Compounds that have a numeral as their first member are in Pi known
as Digu Samsa (Numerical Compounds).
They generally take the neuter singular when they imply an aggregate.
Examples:
two-finger
Dve-aguliyo
dvagula
tiloka
Tayo-lok
three-fold world
catuddisa
Catasso-dis
four-fold direction
catusacca
Cattri-saccni
four-fold truth
sattha
Satta-ahni
week
They do not take the neuter singular when they do not imply an aggregate.
Examples:
a. Cando casuriyo ca
= candasuriy,*
nar canriyo ca
= naranriyo,
b. Nma carpaca
= nmarpa,
Sukha ca dukkha ca
= sukhadukkha,
Hatthica gavo ca ass ca
=hatthigavssa,
* Words with fewer syllables are often placed first.
Examples:
Eko-putto
Tayo-bhav
Cattasso-dis
ekaputto
tibhav
catuddis
moon and sun.

men and women.
mind and matter.
happiness and pain.
elephants, cattle, and horses.
4. An Attributive Compound (bahubbhi) is that in which the component members

collectively denote something else than what is originally expressed by them [separately].
These compounds assume the gender of the implied object and are declined accordingly.
one son
three existences
four directions
Examples:
Pta means yellow [and] ambara [means] garment; but ptambaro means he who has a yellow
garment.
[Similarly,] gata, come + samaa, ascetics = gatasamao, the place to which ascetics have
come, i.e., a monastery.
Diho, seen + dhammo, Truth = dihadhammo, by whom the Truth has been seen, i.e., a
Saint.
Ni, free from + tah craving = nittaho, he who is free from craving, i.e., an Arahant.
2. A Case Compound* (tappurisa) is formed by combining a substantive with another

substantive belonging to any one of the oblique cases, by dropping its case endings.
In some exceptional cases the preceding members retain their case endings.
These compounds take the gender of the final member and are declined accordingly.
With the exception of the Nominative and Vocative cases all the other oblique cases go to
form these compounds.
* According to Saskrit grammarians, this class of compounds is known as the
Determinative Compounds.
5. An Adverbial Compound (avyaybhva) is that which has as its first member a prefix
(upasagga) or an indeclinable (nipta), not used in an adjectival sense,* but used in
determining the sense of the final member.
The Adverbial Compounds generally take the neuter gender and are indeclinable. They are
treated like the nominative singular of neuter substantives.
If the final member of these compounds ends in "a" or "", the neuter termination "" is
affixed; otherwise the final vowel is retained except in cases of long vowels which are
shortened.
* See Adjectival Compounds.
Examples:
1. Dutiy-Acc.
gma-gato
he who has gone to the village.
= gmagato,
siva-karo
= sivakaro,*
blessings-bestower.
2. Tatiy-Abl. of Agent.
Buddhena-desito = Buddhadesito,
preached by the Buddha.
3. Karaa-Instr.
Asin-kalaho
= asikalaho,
sword-fight.
4. Catutth-Dat.
beneficial to the world.
Lokassa-hito
= lokahito,
5. Pacam-Abl.
fear from thief.
Corasm-bhaya
= corabhaya
6. Chah- Gen.
Buddhassa-dhammo = Buddhadhammo, Buddha's Doctrine.
7. Sattam-Loc.
Vane-vso
= vanavso,
residence in the forest.
pupil (lit. he who lives near).
Ante-vsiko
= antevsiko,*
The
case
endings
in
these
instances.
*
are retained
Examples:
Prefixes:
Anu-pubba
Adhi-itth
Upa-gag
Upa-nagra
Indeclinables:
Yath-bala
Yath-kama
Yath-vuddha
Yath-satti
pg. 32
= anupubba,
= adhitthi,
= upagaga,
= upanagara,
in due course, in regular succession.

in a woman or relating to a woman.
near a river (riverside place).
near a city, i.e., a suburb.
=yathbala,
=yathkkama,
=yathvuddha,
=yathsatti,
according to strength.
according to order.
according to seniority.
according to one's ability.
Yva-attha
=yvadatthar),
as one wishes, as much as required.
9.
Yva-jiva
=yvajivan,
till life lasts.
Pacch-bhatta
= pacchbhattan,
after meal, i.e., after-noon.
. The lion is the king of quadrupeds.

11. His pupils gave the three Refuges and the eight precepts to the male and female
In this vessel is well-water and in that is sea-water.
devotees.
. These chairs and beds were washed by the servants and maid-servants to-day.
. May I understand the four-fold Truth Preached by the Buddha and be a Desireless One!
Mixed Compounds
When a compound is further compounded with another single word or compound it is
treated as a mixed compound.
Examples:
Setan-Vatthan
Pituno-setavattham
Putta cadhitaro ca
Mahantani gharni
. There is no fear of death to the Saints.
. Never before have I seen white elephants or blue horses.

. By this gift ofTruth may I be an all-knowing Buddha'
= setavattham,
= pitusetavattham,
= puttadhitaro,
= mahgharni,
(adj. comp.)
father's white cloth (case comp.)
sons and daughters (copulative comp.)
big houses
(adj. comp.)
white cloth
Lesson XXI
Indeclinables (avyaya)
An avyaya is that whose form remains the same in all genders, numbers, and cases, without
undergoing any change.
There are two kinds of Avyayas, viz: upasagga and nipta.
An upasagga (prefix) is an indeclinable word which possesses an independent meaning and
which, when prefixed to substantives and verbs, usually modifies their original sense.
These upasaggas correspond to prefixes in Latin and sometimes to prepositions in English.
A nipta is an indeclinable word which may stand either before or after another word.
These niptas comprise particles, adverbs, conjunctions and interjections in English.
Puttadhitarnan mahgharni = puttadhitumahgharni,

the big houses of sons and daughters
(case comp.)
Exercise XX
A.
"Sabbadnan dhammadnanjinti."
"Ahan te saddhin puttadhithidsi bhavissmi."
"'Tisaranena saddhin pacasilan dethame bhante."
"Iti'piso Bhagav arahan, samm-sambuddho,.....satth devamanussnan.....
"Mtpit dis pubb, cariydakkhin dis."
gacchantan puttadhitaro Vbhtaro Vhatthigavssan Vna anugacchanti
11
Prefixes
There are twenty upasaggas or prefixes in Pli.
1. "A", up to, until, as far as, around, reversing to;

Apabbata,
as far as the rock;
Agacchati,
comes, gacchati, goes;
Aharati,
brings, harati, carries.
O11OW).
|
||
Eho tarunavejo Vejjakammar karonto gmanagaresu vicarati.

Drakadrikyo tesan mtpitunnan ovde thatv kici'pi ppakamman na karonti.
SItodakan v unhodakan vhara.
Amhkan Buddho pana pubbe Sumedhapandito nma ahosi.
. Sattasu dhanesu saddhadhanan pana pathaman; Siladhanan dutiyan, padhanan
2. "Abhi", to, unto, forward, towards, high, great, special, over;

Abhigacchati,
goes near to, goes forward;
Abhikkhamati,
goes forward;
Abhidhamma,
higher Doctrine;
Abhi,
higher knowledge, special knowledge;
Abhijnti,
perceives, jnati, knows;
Abhibhavati,
overcomes, bhavati, is;
Abhimukha,
facing towards;
Abhimangala,
special or high festival.
Sattamar).
.
.
.
.
Dvipadesu v catuppadesu v sad mettacittena Vasitabban.

Ahan khinsave vna ditthapubbo, satthudhamman v nasutapubbo.
Itthipuris sukhadukkhan bhujamn tibhave vicaranti.
Amaccaputtrjabhayena mahpsdato nikkhaminsu.
Mayhan antevsikesu dve brahmacarino saddhcetas Buddhadesitan dhamman sutv
samanadhammar) katva ditthadhamm ahesun.
B
3. "Adhi", in, upon, above, over, great, excessive;

dwells in;
Adhisessati,
will lie upon;
Adhititthati,
stands on, stands above;
The boys and girls are studying diligently.

The monks and nuns heard the Teacher's Doctrine and gained their Deliverance.
Sons and daughters should respect their parents.
Adhivasati,
Little children wash their hands and feet with hot water.
Adhibhu,
Adhibhuta,
Adhisila,
O young men! You should not associate with evil friends.

Sun and Moon shine in the sky
My brother's son is a pupil teacher in a village-school.
Great beings are born amongst men for the good of the world.
Adhisita,
Adhigacchati,
pg. 33
lord, master, bhu, to be;

overcome, mastered;
higher morality;
very cold;
enters upon, attains, acquires.
4. "Anu", after, like, behind, along, under, sub, according to;

goes after, follows;
Anugacchati,
sub-chief;
Anunyaka,
Anurj,
following king, successor;
Anulomato,
in accordance with.
12. "Pa", forward, forth, in, chief;

Pabala
very strong;
goes forth;
Payti,
Pakkhipati,
throws in, puts in;
sets out, goes away.
Pakkamati,
5. "Apa", away, from, away from;

Apaslya,
from the hall;
goes away;
Apagacchati,
blame, abuse, vda, speech.
Apavda,
13. "Par", away, aside, back, opposed to;

decline, ruin (lit. away from being);
Parbhava,
defeat (lit. away from, or opposed to, victory);
Parjaya
puts forth one's strength, strives.
Parakkamati,
6. "Api", sometimes contracted to "pi", over, near to;

Apidhna, pidhna, pidahana, lid, cover.
14. "Pari", around, about, complete;

puts on;
Paridahati,
runs about;
Paridhvati,
Parikkhipati,
throws around, surround;
complete purity.
Parisuddha,
7. "Ati", very, over, beyond, excessive;

Atisundara,
very beautiful;
goes beyond, transgresses;
Atikkamati,
Atigacchati,
overcomes.
15. "Pati", (frequently changed into "pai") again, against, towards, back;
steps backwards retreats;
Paikkamati,
Paideti,
gives in return;
answers (lit. speaks in return);
Paivadati,
Pailoma,
backwards;
against the stream;
Paisota,
Patirpa,
counterfeit, suitable;
hostile king;
Patirja,
letter in reply.
Patilekhana,
8. "Ava", often contracted to "o", down, away, off, around;

steps down, descends;
Avakkamati, okkamati,
Avaharati,
takes away, removes;
Avajnti,
despises, jnti, knows;
looks down upon;
Avamaati,
full knowledge;
Avabodha,
goes through, traverses.
Avacarati,
9. "Du", bad, difficult;
Duggati,
Duddama,
Duranubodha,
16. "Sa", with, together, self;

Sambuddha,
Samgacchati,
Sameti,
Saharati,
Sakhipati,
Sagaha,
Sammukha,
evil state;
difficult to tame;
difficult of comprehension.
10. "Ni", away, in, into, down, free from, down wards, without, great;
Niggacchati,
goes away;
goes away, departs;
Nikkhamati,
lays aside;
Nidahati,
without food;
Nirhra,
Nicaya,
great collection, accumulation;
Nigama,
market town;
Nikhaati,
digs into, bury;
ceases, turns back.
Nivattati,
self enlightened;
comes together, assembles;
meets together;
collects, folds up;
condenses, (lit. throws together);
collection;
face to face with.
17. "Su", good, well, thoroughly, excellent;

happy state;
Sugati,
good man;
Sujana,
Sudesita,
well-preached;
Subhvita,
thoroughly practised;
Sudubbala,
very weak;
easy to do.
Sukara,
11. "N", away, without, outwards, out of;

Nharati,
takes away, draws out;
Nroga,
healthy, without disease;
sapless, tasteless.
Nrasa,
pg. 34
Exercise XXi
18. "U", up, above, away;

Uggacchati,
Ukkhipati,
throws upwards;
"M nivatta abhikkama."
Ucchindati,
cuts off,
Uttarati,
comes up, ascends;
Udaya,
rise, beginning.
Puttadhithimtpitaro yathsatti sangahetabb.

Idh'gacchatha, bhikkhavo, yathabuddhan vandatha.
Sace"pi dujjanyvajivan Sujane bhajeyyun tesan koci'pi attho na bhaveyya.
Sudesitan Buddhadhammar ugganhmiyathabalan.
Sabbe devamanuss manussaloke v devaloke vyathkammar uppajjanti.
*Tv'han Plibhsan ugganhmi. Apica khopana: tassa bhsya patilekhanan
likhitun Vyammi.
Tass'antevsikgmanigamesu vicaritvsuriyodaye nagaran samppuninsu.
Senapatiputto anupubbena tassa ratthe senapatiahosi.
"Itih'etan vijnhi pathamo so parbhavo."
Duranubodhan abhidhammanythbalan pandit-sotunar desetum vattati:#.
Uparj patirjnan abhibhavitun upanagaran gato.
Sattasatthan so nirhro'va vane vasi.
Mahsetthino corabhayena yathsukhan na supinsu.
A.
rises;
19. "Upa", near, towards, next, by the side of, sub, below, less, strong;
Upagacchati,
goes near;
Upaskh,
minor branch;
Upadhvati,
runs up to;
Uparj,
Upakanna,
Upakaddhati,
Updna,
8.
9
10.
11.
12.
13.
viceroy;
into the ear;
drags down;
attachment, clinging (lit. strong or firm hold).
20. "Vi", apart, separate, not, free from, special, around, clear, different, opposed to;
14.
Vimala,
Vibhava,
stainless;
15. "Att hikira duddamo."
Wealth, prosperity, power:*

separated, disappeared;
wanders about;
* Tva, Still
Vigata,
Vicarati,
Visoka,
Vikkhipati,
scatters;
Vipassati,
sees clearly;
not equal, uneven;
cuts, off,
perfect release;
Visama,
Vicchindati,
Vimutti,
Viloma,
Vimukha,
Vykaroti,
# Apica khopana, nevertheless.

# Vattati, it is fit.
free from sorrow;
reverse;
averted (lit. face away);

expounds.
*[Nrada's original defined vibhava as power or free from existence. In compounds, the
word has some technical, philosophic meanings along the lines of "toward non-existence",
e.g., vibhava-tanha, but the basic usage of the word is equivalent to wealth, etc. --E.M..]
Of the above prefixes, abhi, anu, pati, and pari are sometimes used after the words.
Frequently, the consonant following du, ni, and u, and sometimes vi, is duplicated. If the
consonant is aspirated, the first duplicated one is changed into the same unaspirated
10.
11.
12.
13.
COnSOhant.
14.
15.
Before a vowel, "r" is augmented in the case of "du" and "ni", "d" in the case of "u"
and "y"
in the case of "vi". [For a less confusing account, see lesson XXIV on sandhi --E.M..]
pg. 35
The viceroy became the king in due course.

You should sit according to seniority.
Just when the sun had set they in due course arrived in the suburb.
Husbands should treat their wives and children according to their might.
Good men and bad men do not always come together.
I shall try to be a celibate as long as I live.
It is not right to sleep after meals as one wishes.
He is yet studying the Higher Doctrine. Nevertheless he will try to teach it according
to his strength.
Boys, I shall question you now. You must give answers according to order.
Pupils follow their teachers according to their ability.
Take as much as you require and go away from this home.
It is not right for good men to look down upon bad men and women.
The mind is indeed difficult to tame. The wise nevertheless overcome it by degrees.
When the moon arises darkness disappears.
Healthy people do not eat and sleep as much as they like.
Lesson XXII
4. "I", "ika", "ima", "mantu", "vantu", and "vi" are used to signify possession.
Examples:
he who has a stick
Danda +1
= dandi,
Taddhita - Nominal Derivatives
Chatta +1
Putta + ika
Words formed by adding suffixes to the bases of substantives, primary or derived from
roots, adjectives, etc. are called Taddhita.
Some of these derivatives are treated as nouns and adjectives and are declined accordingly.
Danda + ika
A few others are treated as indeclinables.
Putta + ima
There are many such suffixes which are used in various senses. The following are the
principal ones of these:
Dhiti + mantu
Bandhu + mantu
Guna + Vantu
= chatti,
= puttika,
= dandika,
= puttima,
= dhitimantu,
= bandhumantu,
= gunavantu,
= medhv,
he
he
he
he
courageous
Virtuous
he who has wisdom
Medh + VI
substitute.
5. "Maya" is used in the sense of 'made of'.

Examples:
Aya + maya
Dru + maya
Mana + maya
Rajata + maya
Suvanna + maya
Pa + a = paa (m. Nom. Sing: pao)

He who has wisdom, or wise.
Saddha + a = saddha (m. Nom. Sing, saddho)

He who has faith, or faithful; devotional.
Vasitth + a = Vsittha
Vsittho, son of Vasittha, Vsitthi, daughter of Vasittha,
vsittham, Vasittha clan.
Loka + ika
=lokika,
righteous.
bodily
pertaining to the city, i.e., urban.
worldly
Lona + ika
=lonika,
mixed with salt
Ky + ika
Nagara + ika
=kyika,
= ngarika,
= rajatamaya,
= Suvannamaya,
made of iron
wooden
mental
made of silver
golden
* Mana and other words similarly declined, when combined with another word or with the
suffix maya, change their final vowel "a" into "o". See lesson XIX.
6. "T" is used to signify collection, state, or quality. The derivatives thus formed are
always in the feminine.
Examples:
Gma + ta
= gmat,
collection of villages
Examples:
= dhammika,
= darumaya,
= manomaya,"
(or Sovannamaya)
2. "Ika" is used to signify 'pertaining to', 'mixed with', 'crossing', 'versed in', 'engaged in',
etc. In this case too the initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes
vuddhi substitut[tion].
Dhamma + ika
= ayomaya,
has an umbrella
has sons
has a stick
has sons
he who has relatives
1. "A" is used to signify possession, pedigree, etc.

In this case the initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes Vuddhi
Examples:
who
who
who
who
Jana + ta
Bla + ta
Dhamma+ t
=janat,
= balat,
= dhammat,
multitude
Manussa + ta
= manussat,
manhood
ignorance, childhood
state of things, nature
Nv 4 ika
= navika,
navigator, he who crosses in a ship
7. "Tta" and "ya" are also used to signify state or quality: The derivatives thus formed
Magga + ika
Vinaya + ika
Bhandgra + ika
= maggika,
= venayika,'
= bhandgrika,
traveller
are in the neuter.
he who studies vinaya
In the case of "ya" the initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes vuddhi
substitution].
Examples:
treasurer
* [Compare the] English [suffixes]-ish and -ic, as in hellish or heroic.

# [Because of the literal meaning of the root word (viz., as opposed to its figurative use,
alluding to the monastic rules), venayika can also mean "a nihilist", cf. PTSD --E.M..]
3. "Ima" and "iya" are also used to signify 'pertaining to '.
Aroga + ya
= rogya,
health, freedom from disease
Bla + ya
=balya,
ignorance, childhood
Bla +tta
=blatta,
ignorance
ManuSSa + tta
= manusSatta;
Nila + tta
= nilatta,
manhood
blueness
wisdom
Pandita + ya
= Pnditya,
Pandicca.
* [Compare] Sanskrt, tvam; English "-dom", [as in] Kingdom.
Examples:
Anta + ima
= antima,
last
Majjha + ima
Loka + iya
= majjhima,
=lokiya,
middle, central
# Sometimes the word "bhva", which means nature or state, is combined with other words
worldly
to express state or quality, e.g., purisabhva, manhood; itthibhva, womanhood, etc.

pg. 36
Exercise xxii
8. "Tara" and "iya" are used to express the comparative degree, and "tama" and "ittha", the
superlative degree.
Examples:
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
Bla (young, ignorant)

Dhamma (righteous)
Guna (virtuous)
Medha (wise)
Panita (noble)
Ppa (evil)
Appa (little, few)
blatara
blatama
dhammiya
medhiya
dhammittha
gunittha
medhittha
panitatara
panitatama
ppatara, papiya
papatama, ppittha
Pasattha (good)
Vuddha (old)
guniya
appatara
appatama
kaniya (younger)
seyya (better)
jeyya
kanittha (youngest)
settha (best)
jettha
A.
"Rjbhavatu dhammiko."
"Socati puttehi puttim."
Tava pandiccena mamakin payojanan?
Ahan mama matpitare sad dvikkhattun Vandmi.
Manussattam"pilabhitv kasm tumhe puan na karotha?
Eso saddho dyako sabbad silan sammrakkhati.
Sabbesu devamanussesusamm-sambuddho pana settho hoti.
lmesan dvinnar) svknan ayan panajeyyo Seyyo cahoti.
Tasmin pane vanijo, darumayabhandni na Vikkinti.
. Yo saddhov pao vyanyan desan gacchati so tatth'eva pjito hoti.
. Mahrao kanitthaputto imasmin ratthe settharjabhandgriko hoti.
Amhkan antevsiknan kaniyo pana venayiko, kanittho pana abhidhammiko.
Lokiyajana puappan katv sugatiduggatisuuppajjitvbahudh
kyikasukhadukkham bhujanti.
. "Tesan saccena silena-khantimettabalenaca
Te pitvan anurakkhantu - arogyena sukhena ca."
9. "Ka" is affixed to numerals to denote a group.

Examples:
Eka + ka
= ekaka,
one-group; unit; groups of singles
Dvi + ka
= dvika,
two-group; dyad; twofold group
Catu + ka
= catukka,
four-group; tetrad; threefold group
What is the good of your manhood if you do no good to others?

Every bodily deed is mind-made.
His eldest brother is the most virtuous boy in the school.
The great multitude sat in the hall in different ways.
These derivatives take either the masculine or the neuter.
10. "-kkhattup" is affixed to numerals to denote the number of times.

Examples:
Eka + kkhattun
= ekakkhattun,
OnCe
Dvi + kkhattun
= dvikkhattun,
twice
Health is the best wealth.
It is a Buddha who understands the nature of a Buddha in every way.

I went to see the treasurer several times.
11. "Dh" is affixed to numerals, "So" and "th" to others, to form distributive adverbs.
Examples:
Eka + dh
Paca + dh
Bahu + dh
Attha + so
Sabba + so
Aa + th
Sabba + th
All ships are not made of iron.

What is the use of worldly goods to monks and nuns?
He advised me in every way to strive to attain Buddhahood.
Twice I wrote to him, but he did not send a reply even once.
My youngest brother is the wisest of all.
The righteous and wise men are very few.
= ekadh,
in one way
= pacadh,
in five ways, fivefold

in many ways, manifold
according to the meaning
.
.
.
.
in every way
. Wooden beds are better than iron" beds.
= bahudh,
= atthaso,
= sabbaso,
= aath,
= sabbath,
in another way, differently

in every way
* Use the Ablative case.
These last two classes of derivatives are treated as declinables.
It should be understood that some comparatives and superlatives are formed by prefixing
ati, and atva or ativiya to the positive respectively.
pg. 37
Lesson XXIII
Examples:
= dyaka,
= nyaka,
giver, supporter
Words formed by adding suffixes to verbal roots are called kitaka.
D 4 aka
Ni + aka
Sa + aka
= svaka,
hearer, disciple
There are several such suffixes which are used in various senses.
Bhuji + aka
eater
A few of the important ones are given below:

1. "A" is affixed to roots to form masculine abstract nouns, to denote agent, instrument,
etc. The initial vowel undergoes vuddhi substitution].
Examples:
Bhu + a
=bhava,
becoming, existence; nature, condition
Budha + a
= bodha,
understanding
DuSa + a
= dosa,
anger, hatred
Gamu + aka
Jana + aka
= bhojaka,
=gamaka,
=Janaka,
Kara + aka
= kraka,
doer
D 4 tu
= datu,
giver
Ni + tu
= netu,
= SOtu,
= fitu,
leader
hearer
knower
Kitaka-Verbal Derivatives
Ji + a
=jaya,
victory
Khi + a
Lubha + a
Muha + a
= khaya,
= lobha,
destruction
Su + tu
N 4 tu
Bhara + tu
leader
goer
father (producer)
= bhattu,
husband (supporter)
Gamu + tu
=gantu,
Kara + tu
= kattu,
goer
doer
Pata + a
= moha,
= pta,
covetousness, greed, lust

ignorance, delusion
fall
Vc + tu
= Vattu,
speaker
Pada + a
= pda,
foot (by which one walks)
Ruja + a
= roga,
disease
2. "A" is also affixed to roots when the words forming their objects are prefixed to them.
The verbal derivative thus formed is afterwards compounded with the preceding word.
The initial vowel of the root sometimes undergoes vuddhisubstitute.
Examples:
Annan + d + a
= annada,
giver of food
Balan + d + a
= balada,
strength-giver
Dhammar) + dhara + a = dhammadhara, one versed in the Doctrine
Dinary 4 kara + a
= dinakara,
maker of the day, (sun)
Kumbhar *kara + a = kumbhakra,
potter
Rathan + kara + a
= rathakra,
coach-builder
Ml 4 kara + a
= mlkra,
garland-maker
* Here "m" is changed into "n".

5. "Ana" and "ti" are affixed to roots to form neuter and feminine abstract nouns
respectively.
Examples:
D + ana
N1 + ana
= dna,
= nayana,
Su + ana
= Savana,
Gamu + ana
=gamana,
Kara + ana
= karana,
Mara (to die) + ana
= maranana,
giving, alms
leading
hearing
going
doing
death, dying
Before "ti" sometimes the final syllable of the root is dropped, and at times it is changed
into "t".
3. "A" is also added to roots when words other than their objects are prefixed to them.
Sometimes the final syllable is dropped.
Examples:
Pdena + p 4 a
= pdapa,
tree (lit. drinking with the foot).
Bhujena + gamu + a =bhujaga,
Snake (lit. going zigzag).
action-born
Kammato +jana + a = kammaja,
Gamu + ti
=gati,
=giti,
gait, condition of birth
GI (to soing) + ti
Muca + ti
= mutti,
release
P 4 ti
= piti,
drinking
sport, attachment
recollection, memory
hearing
Ramu (to sport) + ti = rati,

Sara (to remember) + ti = sati,
Vane + Cara + a
= Vanacara,
forest-wanderer
Su + ti
Vrimhi +jana + a
= vrija,
water-born, aquatic
Th 4 ti
= thiti,
Thu (to praise) + ti = thuti,
= Suti,
Song
State
praise
4. In the case of "aka" the initial vowel of the root frequently undergoes vuddhi
substitution], and monosyllabic roots ending in "a" take an augment "y", and those
ending in "i", and "u" change into aya and ava respectively before the suffix.
"Aka" and "tu" are affixed to roots to denote the agent of the action.
In the case of "tu" the initial vowel of monosyllabic roots undergoes vuddhi substitut[ion]
and the final syllable of others are sometimes changed into "t".
6. "Aniya" and "ya" are affixed to roots in the sense of "ought to be, fit to be, fit for, worthy
of." If the root ends in "a" and "", the suffix "ya" is changed into "eyya".
Examples:
Kara + aniya
karaniya,
ought to be done
fit to be drunk, (water)
P 4 aniya
pniya,
Puja + aniya
= pujaniya,
worthy of offering
Su + aniya
D 4 ya + eyya
= Savaniya,
fit to be heard
= deyya,
fit to be given
Gha + ya
N ya + eyya
= (gahya, becomes) gayha, fit to be taken

= neyya,
P 4 ya + eyya
= peyya,
Exercise xxiii
A.
ought to be known, should be understood

ought to be drunk, drinkable
* After "r" the dental "n" is changed into cerebral "n".

Some irregular forms:
Bhuji + ya
=bhoja,
fit to be eaten, edible
Mada + ya
= majja,
fit for intoxication, intoxicating
Khda + ya
= khajja,
edible
Garaha + ya
= grayha,
blamable
Vada + ya
= Vajja,
fit to be said, (fault)
Yuja + ya
= y.ogga,
suitable
7. "I" and "ana" are affixed to roots in the sense of "disposed to, in the habit of." The initial
vowel undergoes vuddhisubstitut[ion].
Examples:
Brahman cara + i
=brahmacri,
one who is in the habit of leading a noble life
(celibate).
Dhamman vada + i = dhammavdi,
one who is in the habit of expounding the
Dhammadharo, Dhammavdi.
10.
11.
12.
Tavathutiy me payojanan n'atthi.

Saccavdinosada pujaniyhonti.
Sampattivipattisu akampanacitto hohi.
. Sdhusili svak dhammasavanatthaya gantukm nagarato nikkhaminsu.
14. Bhsanadrak panditehigrayhhonti.
Doctrine.
Saccan vada +1
Sdhu Sila +1
Papakara +1
Kudha + ana
Bhsa + ana
Ghusa + ana
Kampa + ana
= saccavdi,
= sdhusli,
= papakri,
= kodhana,
= bhsana,
= ghosana,
= kampana,
"Kin dado balado hoti-kin dado hoti vannado.

Kin dado Sukhado hoti-kin dado hoti cakkhudo?"
"Annado balado hoti vatthado hoti vannado
Ynado Sukhado hoti - dipado hoti cakkhudo."
Maggo atthi maggiko n'atthi, gamanan atthi
gamako n'atthi, kammar atthikrako na'tthi.
"Dhammapiti sukhan seti."
"Dhammacri Sukhan seti asmin loke paramhi ca."
"Sabbappassa akaranar "
"Ppnan akaranan sukhar) ".
Sabbadnan dhammadnanjinti
Sabban rasan dhammarasanjinti,
Sabban ratin dhammaratin jinti,
Tanhakkhayo sabbadukkhanjanti."
Yo svako kayena V Vcya V cetas v kici'pi ppan kamman na karoti so hoti
one who is disposed to speak the truth, truthful.

good-natured one
evil-doer, one who is disposed to evil
disposed to anger, angry
garrulous
sounding, noisy
shaky
By the destruction of lust, hatred and ignorance one obtains deliverance.

This potter is making iron vessels.
Evil-doers and well-doers should be known by their actions.
The expounders of the Doctrine should be reverenced by all.
Of what use is his praise to the disciples?
I do not know his going or coming.
There is medicine for bodily diseases but not for mental diseases.
The coach-builder wishing to make a chariot felled the tallest tree in his garden.
8. The infinitives, which are also treated as verbal derivatives, formed by adding "tum" to
the roots, are compounded with "kama" in the sense of 'desirous of ', 'wishing', by
dropping their niggahita.
The Desideratives thus formed are declined like compound words.
Examples:
Bhujitu) kma
Gantun kma
Pacitun kma
Ktur, kma
=bhujitukma,
bhujitukmena,
bhujitukmassa,
=gantukma,
= pacitukma.
= kattukma,
Who knows that our death will come tomorrow.
.
.
.
.
.
wishing to eat
by one who wishes to eat
to one who wishes to eat
desirous of going, wishing to go
wishing to cook
wishing to do
By his gait I know that he is a good-natured person.

The speech of truthful persons should be heard.
This garland-maker is not an evil-doer.
No evil action should be done in thought, word, or deed by expounders ofTruth.
The supporters wishing to go to hear the Doctrine approached the disciples who were
reverenced by them.
* Use the causal of 'pata', to fall (ptesi).
It should be understood that infinitives and all kinds of participles which have already
been dealt with, are also treated as kitakas.
pg. 39
Lesson XXIV
6. When te, me, [or]ye are followed by a vowel, "y" is sometimes substituted for their final
11 - 11
RULES OF SANDHI (Combinations)
", e.g.,
Me - ayan
By sandhi" is meant the combination of two letters that come in immediate contact with
Te ahan
each other.
Ye assa
= myayan, myyan, this by me

=tyahan, tyhan, I to thee
=yyassa, yyssa,
those to him
This combination may take place by elision, substitution, augment, etc.

7. When "i", "i" and "u", "o" are followed by a dissimilar vowel" "y" and "v" are sometimes
substituted for them respectively, e.g.,
Vi-kato
= vykato,
proclaimed
* Formed of san, "together", with dh"to join".
1. Sara Sandhi-Vowel Combinations,
Anu eti
Su-gatar)
2. Vyajana sandhi-Consonant Combinations, and

3. Niggahita (n) sandhi-Niggahita Combinations.
Ko-attho
= SVgatar),
= anveti,
= kvattho,
So - ayan
= Svayan, Svyan,
In Plithere are three classes of Sandhi, viz:
1. Sara sandhi-Vowel Combinations
welcome
follows
what good
he this
* For instance a and are similar vowels, a and i are dissimilar vowels.
1. When two vowels come together, the preceding vowel is often dropped. e.g.,
Loka agga
= Lok'agga,
chief of the world
Pa-indriya
= pa'indriya,
faculty of wisdom
8. "Ti" of ati, iti, and pati, when followed by a vowel, is sometimes changed into "cc". e.g.,
= accantar),
exceedingly
Ati antan
TIni imni
= tin'imni,
these three
Ati-eti
= acceti,
surpasses
Sabbo - eva
= sabb'eva,
verily all
Ati odto
= accodto,
very white
Iti-etan
= iccetan,
= paccharati,
thus that
Pati-harati
2. Sometimes the following vowel is dropped, if it is preceded by a dissimilar vowel, e.g.,

Chy-iva
= chy'va,
like a shadow
Iti api
= iti'pi,
such indeed
Pto eva
= pto'va
early morning
brings back
9. "Abhi", followed by a vowel is sometimes changed into "abbha", e.g.,

Abhi-uggato
=ubbhuggato,
arOSe
3. When the preceding dissimilar vowel is dropped, the following "i" and"u" short or long,
are substituted by "e" and "o" respectively, e.g.,
constituted
= Up'eto
Upa-eto
Suriya-udaya
Sunrise
= Suriy'udayu, Suriyodaya,
10. "Adhi", followed by a vowel, is sometimes changed into "ajha". e.g.,

Adhi - agama
= ajjhgama,
attained
11. Sometimes "t, d, n, m, y, r, l, w" are inserted before a vowel. e.g.,
Ajja agge
= ajjatagge,
from to-day
Atta attha
= attadattha,
self-good
Ito - ayati
=itonayati,
comes from here
Idha - ahu
= idhamahu,
here they say
4. When the preceding vowel is dropped, the following vowel is sometimes lengthened.
e.g.,
reflecting on the Buddha

that I go
very helpful
Buddha - anussati
= Buddh'nussati,
Gacchmi-iti
Bahu - upakaro
= gacchm'iti,
=bahupakaro,
Sace - ayan
= Sacyar),
if this
Cha abhi
Idni-ahan
= idn'han,
noW I
Ti-angikan
5. Sometimes the preceding vowel is lengthened when the following vowel is dropped. e.g.,
SO eVa
= soyeva,
he himself
Ni-antaran
= nirantaran,
= chalabhi,
=tivangikan,
without an interval, intermittent
six kinds of higher knowledge

three factors
2. Vyajana Sandhi - Consonant Combinations

1. The vowel preceding a consonant is sometimes lengthened. e.g.,
Lokassa - iti
Vi atikkama
Sdhu - iti
= lokass'ti,
=vi"tikkama,
= sdh'ti,
transgression
thus good
Te assa
= tyssa,
those to him
Municare
= municare,
Jivitahetu- api
=jivitahet'pi,
even for the sake of life
Su - akkhto
= svkkhto,
Jyatisoko
=jayatisoko,
the sage would wander

well-expounded
grief arises
thus to the world
pg. 40
2. Sometimes the vowel preceding a consonant is shortened. e.g.,

=yadivasvake,
or if towards the disciples
Tanh - khayo
= tanhakkhayo,
destruction (of) craving
5. Sometimes the niggahita preceding a vowel is dropped. The initial vowel of the following
word [if it is] not followed by a double consonant, is lengthened, and the final vowel of the
preceding word is dropped. e.g.,
Adsim ahan,
adsi-ahan,
ada's - ahar),
ads'han, I gave
thus I
Evan ahan,
eva ahar),
ev'ahan,
ev'han,
Yadi vsvake
3. Before a consonant the final "o" of the pronominal stems "eta" and "ta" is changed into
11 - ||
Cl". e.g.,
Eso dhammo
= esa dhammo,
that nature
So muni
= Sa muni,
he (is) a sage
6. Sometimes the niggahita preceding a consonant is also dropped. e.g.,

Buddhnan ssanan
= Buddhnassanan, message of the Buddhas
4. The consonant following a vowel is sometimes duplicated. e.g.,

A - pamdo
= appamado,
diligence
7. Sometimes a niggahita is inserted before a vowel or a consonant, e.g.,

Cakkhuudapdi
= cakkhun udapadi, the eye arose
Vi-finan
AVa Siro
=vinan,
conciousness
5. When an aspirated consonant is duplicated the preceding one is changed into the
unaspirated form of the same consonant. e.g.,
Ni - bhayan
= nibbhayan,
fearless
sa - dhammo
= saddhammo,
= avansiro,
8. Sometimes the vowel following a niggahita is dropped, and the niggahita is afterwards
nasalised. e.g.,
Idan api
= idam"pi,
this too
noble Doctrine
Kin iti
= kin'ti,
Cakkan iva
= cakkan'va,
3. Niggahita (n) Sandhi-Niggahita Combinations

1. The niggahita preceding a group consonant is changed into the nasal of that particular
group," e.g.,
Tan khanan
= tankhanan,
that instant
Sarjjta
Tan hnan
= safjta,
= tanan,
Tan thnan
Ahan te
Sar) nipto
San bodhi
=tanthnan,
= ahante,
San mna
LeSSOn XXV
The Nominative Case (Patham)
born
that knowledge
that place
1. The Nominative case, when used by itself, expresses the crude form of a word; e.g.,
naro,
man,
I to thee
nr,
WOman,
= Sannipto,
= Sambodhi,
union
phalar),
fruit.
= Sammna,
honour
enlightenment
2. The subject of a verb, whether active or passive, is expressed by the Nominative; e.g., .
Purisio gacchati,
man goes.
Buddhena Dhammo desiyate,
the Doctrine is preached by the Buddha.
viz., "the nasal of that particular group". This can be seen clearly when the alphabet is
displayed in a grid, as in the chart that I have added on page two, above. By "a group
consonant" Nrada means any consonant excluding the alphabet's final row (y, r, l, v...) as
these are considered "ungrouped" (viz., miscellaneous) in the Pali tradition--E.M..]
3. The complement of intransitive verbs is also expressed by the Nominative; e.g.,

So rj ahosi,
he became a king;
Eso drako hoti,
he is a boy.
2. The Niggahita precedinge and h is changed into fi. Before e the substituted n is
duplicated. e.g.,
Tan -hi
= taeva,
= tahi,
The Vocative case (Alapana)

The Vocative Case is used to express the Nominative of Address; e.g.,
Putta, idh'gaccha!
son, come here.
itself
it indeed
Bho Gotama,
3. The Niggahita preceding "y" is sometimes changed into "", "y" is afterwards dropped,
and the substituted "n" is duplicated. e.g.,
San - yamo
= Saamo,
= etadavoca,
O venerable Gotamal
The Accusative Case (Dutiy)
restraint
1. The Accusative denotes the object; e.g.,

Ahan lekhanan likhmi,
I am writing a letter.
4. The niggahita, followed by a vowel, is sometimes changed into "m", and into "d" if it is
affixed to "ta" and "eta". e.g.,
that I
Tan ahan
=tamahan,
Etan avoca
what is
like a wheel
Uses of the Cases
*[By "group", Nrada means a row of the alphabet, each of which ends with a nasal sound,
Tap eva
head downwards
this he said
pg. 41
2. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the Accusative. e.g.,
Idha so temsan vasi,
here he lived for three months.
Dvi'han atikkantan,
two days are passed.
Yojanan dighopabbato,
the mountain is one league long.
2. The Instrumental is also used to express

(a) Cause and reason; e.g.,
Vijjya Vasati,
through knowledge he lives.
Kammanvasalo hoti,
by action one becomes an outcast.
3. Verbs of motion take the Accusative; e.g.,

So gman gacchati,
he goes to the village.
(b) Bodily defects; e.g.,

Akkhin kno,
blind in one eye.
(c) A characteristic attribute; e.g.,
4. The prefixes "anu", "pati", "pari" also govern the Accusative; e.g.,
Rukkhan anu, rukkhan pati,
rukkhan parivijotate cando
the moon shines by every tree.
whatever there be here for me.
Yad'ettha man anusiy,
Devadatta is kind to his mother.
Sdhu Devdatto mataran anu,
Anu Sriputtan paavbhikkhu,
monk inferior to Sariputta in wisdom.
Saccakiriyan anu pavassi,
it rained according to (his) act of truth.
Nadir Nerajaran pati,
near Neranjar river.
Vannena abhirupo,
Gottena Gotamo,
Sippena nalakro,
beautiful in appearance.
Gotama by clan.
a basket-maker by profession.
(d) The length of time and space within which an action is accomplished; e.g.,
Ekamasena gacchmi,
Yojanena gacchati,
5. The Accusative is sometimes used adverbially; e.g.,

Rj Sukhan vasati,
the king lives happily.
Sukhan supati,
sleeps happily.
Dukkhan seti,
lives painfully.
I shall go in a month.
goes by a league.
(e) The price at which a thing is bought or sold; e.g.,

Satena kitan,
bought for a hundred.
(f) The idea of resemblance, equality, rejoicing, deficiency, proficiency, need, use, etc.; e.g.,
6. Sometimes the Accusative is used in the sense of the (a) Ablative of agent, (b) Dative, (c)
Genitive, and (d) Locative; e.g.,
without the Doctrine.
a. Vin* Dhammar),
Sace man n'lapissati,
if he will not speak with me.
a simile occurs to me.
b. Upama man patibhti,
C. Tan khopana Bhagavantan,
(of) that Blessed One.
d. Ekan Samayan Bhagav...,
on one occasion the Blessed One...
* Sometimes "Vin" governs the Nominative, Instrumental and the Ablative.
Pitar sadiso,
like the father.
Mtar Samo,
equal to the mother.

deficit of a farthing, less by a farthing.
Kahpanena uno,
Dhanena hino,
Vcya nipuno,
Manin attho.
destitute of wealth.
proficient in speech.
in need of a jewel.
(g) The conveyance or the part of the body on which a thing is carried; e.g.,
Sisena bhran vahati,
carries the burden on his head.
3. The indeclinables saha, saddhin (with, accompanied by), alam (enough, what use), kin
7. The root "vasa" preceded by , adhi, anu and upa governs the Accusative; e.g.,
Gmar) avasati, anuvasati, upavasati,
lives in the village.
Vihran adhivasati,
lives in the monastery.
(what?), also govern the Instrumental; e.g.,

"Nisidi Bhagavsaddhin
the Blessed One sat
...bhikkhusanghena",
...with the multitude of Bhikkhus.
Bhtar saha,
together with his brother.
Alan te idha vsena,
what is the use of your staying here?
of what use is wealth to me?
Kin me dhanena,
The Auxiliary Case (Tatiy)

When the construction is passive the agent is expressed by this case; e.g.,
Acariyena potthakan diyate,
a book is being given by the teacher.
Tena katan kammar),
the action done by him.
4. Sometimes the Instrumental is used adverbially; e.g.,

Sukhena vasati,
lives happily.
The Instrumental Case (Karana)

1. The means or the instrument by which an action is done is expressed by the
Instrumental Case; e.g.,
he does the work with his hand.
Hatthena kammar karoti,
Cakkhuna passma,
we see with our eye.
Nnena sukhan labhati,
one obtains happiness by means of wisdom.
pg. 42
6. The words hita, good, attha, good, need, payojana, use, and indeclinables like ala, ki,
namo, svgata, govern the Dative; e.g.,
lokassahita,
good for the world.
I am in need of wealth.
Dhanename attho,
of what use is wisdom to you?
enate ki payojana,
a warrior is fit for a warrior.
Ala mallo mallassa,
Namo sammsambuddhassa,
praise be to the Fully Enlightened One.
te
mahrja,
welcome to you, O king!
Svgata
blessing to all beings.
Svatthi hotu sabbasattna,
may happiness ever be to you!
Sotthite hotu sabbad,
5. The Instrumental is sometimes used in the sense of the (a) Accusative, (b) Ablative, and
(c) Locative, e.g.,
he sows gingili in the field.
Tilehi khette vapati,
a. Attan'va attna, sammannati,
he chooses himself.
b. Sumutt maya tena
we are wholly released
mahsamaena,
from that great ascetic.
c. Tena samayena,
at that time.
The Dative Case (Catutth)
1. The Dative Case is used to express the person or thing to whom or to which something is
given; e.g.,
Ycakna dna deti,
he gives alms to the beggars.
he gives strength to the body.
Kyassa bala deti,
7. Sometimes the place to which the motion is directed is put in the Dative; e.g.,
few go to heaven.
Appo saggya gacchati,
2. The roots ruca, to please, and dhara, to bear or hold, govern the dative of the person
pleased, or held; e.g.,
the truth is pleasing to the ascetic.
Samaassa rucate sacca,
he holds a golden parasol
Devadattassa suvaacchatta
for Devadatta.
dhrayate,
The Ablative Case (Pacam.)

1. The Ablative Case is principally used to denote the place or object from which motion or
separation takes place; e.g.,
the king departed from the city.
Nagar niggato rj,
Rukkhasm phalni patanti,
fruits fall from the tree.
Assasm patmi,
I fall from the horse.
3. Verbs implying anger, jealousy, praise, blame, curse, and others having the same sense
govern the dative of the person against whom such a feeling is directed; e.g.,
be angry with him, O great hero!
Tassa kujjha, mahvra,
Dev'pitesa pihayanti,
even the Devas hold them dear.
the evil are jealous of the virtuous.
Dujjan guavantna usyanti,
he praises the Buddha.
Buddhassa silghate,
Nindantibahubhnina,
they blame the garrulous.
sapate,
he curses me.
Mayh
2. The Ablative is used to express the person or thing from whom or from which something
is originated, produced, caused, learnt, received, released, etc.; e.g.,
Pabbatehi nadiyo pabhavanti,
rivers originate from mountains.
putto,
the son born from the breast.
Urasmjto
Ubhato sujto,
well-born from both sides.
grief arises from passion.
Kmatojyati soko,
fear arises from thieves.
Corasmbhaya uppajjati,
we learn from the teacher.
cariyamhugguhma,
pupils receive gifts from their teachers.
Siss cariyehi pakra labhanti,
may they be freed from pain!
pamucantu,
Dukkh
released from the bondage of the Evil One.
Mutto mrabandhan,
4. The indirect object of verbs such as telling, proclaiming, teaching, preaching, sending,
writing, etc. is put in the Dative Case; e.g.,
they told it to the doctor.
Te vejjassa kathayisu,
Arocaymivo Bhikkhave,
I declare to you, O Bhikkhus
Satth Bhikkhna Dhamma deseti,
the Teacher is preaching the Doctrine
to the Bhikkhus.
he sent a letter to him.
Sotassalekhana pahii,
3. That which one desires to Protect and whose sight one desires to avoid, are also put in
the Ablative Case; e.g.,
lit. they guard crows from rice.
Kke rakkhantitaul,
one should protect the mind from evil.
Ppa citta nivraye,
pithi
putto,
the son disappears from the parents.
Mt
antaradhyati
5. The purpose for which anything is done, the result to which anything leads, and the
reason for which anything exists, are also expressed by the Dative; e.g.,
Yuddhya gacchti, he goes to war.
is conducive to Nibbana.
Nibbnya savattati,
Caratha bhikkhave crika
goye forth, O Bhikkhus,
for the good and happiness of the many.
bahu-janahitya, bahu-janasukhya,
it will be for my good.
Atthyame bhavissati,
4. The place or time from which another place or time is measured is expressed by the
Ablative. The distance in space is put in the Locative or in the Nominative, and that in time
is put in the Locative; e.g.,
the forest is four leagues from the city.
Nagarasm catusu yojanesu araa,
the monastery is one league from the village.
Gmasm rmo yojana,
Imamhmsasm pacamse atikkhante when five months have elapsed from this.
Ito kappasahasse,
thousand Kappas hence.
pg. 43
5. Some prefixes and indeclinables also govern the Ablative; e.g.,

, as far as
-pabbatkhetta,
as far as the rock is the field.
Apa, away from
they come from the hall.
- apa slyayanti,
Pati, like, in exchange for
- Buddhasm pati Sriputto,
like the Buddha is Sriputta.
Ghatam'asssa
telasm
he gives him ghee in exchange for oil.
patidadti,
Pari, away from, without
it rains except on the mountain.
- Paripabbat devo vassati,
Adho, below
below the hip.
- adhar adho,
Nn, different
-te Bhikkh nn-kul,
those monks from different families.
Rite, without
- rite saddhammkuto sukha,
where is happiness without the noble Doctrine?"
Vin, without
- vin dhamm,
without the Doctrine.
Uddha, above
- uddha pdatal,
upward from the sole of the feet.
Upari, above
- Upari gagya,
above the river.
Yva, as far as
as far as the Brahma realm.
-yva brahmalok,
The Genitive Case (Chahi)

1. The Genitive Case is generally used to denote the possessor; e.g.,
Buddha's Doctrine.
Buddhassa dhammo,
Rukkhassachy,
the shadow of the tree.
2. The Genitive is also used to denote the relationship between two objects; e.g.,
heap of flowers.
Pupphna rsi,
samho,
multitude of monks.
Bhikkhna
sound of thunder.
Meghassa saddo,
colour of gold.
Suvaassavao,
Pdassaukkhepana,
raising of the foot.
the good of the world.
Lokassa hito,
3. Persons or things over which kingship, lordship, teachership, superiority, etc. are
expressed are also put in the Genitive Case; e.g.,
king of men.
Narna indo,
chief of men.
Manussna adhipati,
teacher of gods and men.
Satth deva-manussna,
4. When a person or thing is distinguished from a group the word implying the group is
put in the Genitive or Locative; e.g.,
the Buddha is the chief of men.
Buddho seho manussna,
he is the first of these boys.
Imesa draknan eso pahamo,
(or: imesu drakesu)
Etesa phalna ekagaha,
take one of those fruits.
6. The Ablative is also used to denote comparison; e.g.,

Dnato slam'eva vara,
morality is indeed higher than liberality.
Slam'eva sutseyyo,
morality is nobler than learning.
8. Sometimes the (a) Accusative and the (b) Genitive are used in the sense of the Ablative;
e.g.,
(a) Ki krana,
by what reason?
(b) Ta kissa hetu,
by what cause?
5. Words implying skill, Proficiency, likeness, similarity, distance, nearness, under, above,
etc. govern the Genitive; e.g.,
skill in knowing the right and wrong.
Dhamm'Dhammassakovido,
skilled in dancing and singing.
Kusal naccagtassa,
Gmassa (vgmato) avidure,
not far from the village.
in the presence of Nibbna.
Nibbnassasantike,
near the city.
Nagarassa sampe,
in his presence.
Tassa Purato,
Heh chyya,
under the shade.
Heh, macassa,
under the bed.
Tass'opari,
above it;
jnumaalna upari,
above the knees.
similar to the father.
Pitussa tulyo,
Mtu-sadiso,
like the mother.
9. Sometimes the Ablative is used after abstract nouns formed from past participles in the
sense of 'because of'; 'on account of'; e.g.,
by reason of having done the action.
Kammassa kaatt,
on account of having arisen.
Ussannatt,
6. The Genitive is also used with superlatives and words having the same sense; e.g.,
of things the four Truths are the highest.
Dhammna caturo pad seh,
the Buddha is the highest of all men.
Sabbesa sattna Buddho uttamo,
seho
manussna,
Danto
a self-controlled person is the best of men.
7. The Ablative is sometimes used in the sense of the (a) instrumental and (b) Locative; e.g.,
(a). "Slato na pasasanti,"
they Praise him on account of morality.
birth is conditioned by action.
Bhava-paccayjti,
Sakhranirodh avijjnirodho,
the cessation of ignorance results from the cessation of activities.
(b) Puratthimato,
from the east.
pg. 44
7. Sometimes the Genitive is used in the sense of the (a) Accusative, (b) Auxiliary, (c)
Dhammasmi
smi,
Dpi
the
(d)
Sabbe
cammesu
or
e.g.,
(d)
haate,
(e)
the
killed
on
account
ofthere
their
Manussesu
4.
Lokasmi
Kammasmi
Gtasmi
Dassanasmi
Gosu
3.
5.
(e)
1.
Ppna
(b)
(c)
Patta
Rao
kusala,
or
or
or
pasann,
skill;
(gtassa)
(lokassa)
or
tikkhattau,
or
isor
or
Case
(kammassa)
sometimes
pasuto,
(dassanassa)
or
the
sukha,
sghatamo,
denotes
adhipati,
bail;
which
the
paibh,
is
place
sakkhi,
by
with
ore.g.,
the
time
one
with
pleased
thrice
itor
filling
of;
the
isare
thing
commits
happy
with
isare
skill
bowl
not
witness;
anything
by
to
e.g.,
the
the
in
with
lie
Blessed
for
singing.
do
king.
or
and
evil.
is
or
offence,
smi,
One.
or
happens;
separated
falsehood.
e.g.,
is
put
Bhto
catunna
sivisna,
ofthe
four
The
Case
(a)The
Amatassa
dt,
all
witness
master
heir
of
action.
the
of
in
earth.
case.
men
in
houses.
born
the
of
nanda
isthrough
is
the
the
fastest
ismaster;
one
of
of
oftravellers.
the
men.
(Dhammassa)
Adhikaraasmi
pcittiya
Addhikesu
Musvde
yasm
lord;
Pahaviya
Arahants.
Manussgharesuvasanti,
Bhagavato
Instrumental,
Divasassa
Locative;
group
reason
Locative
(gava)
nando
akaraa
bhyantimaccuno,
pjito,
odanassa
pcittiya,
dhvato
khattiyo
(pahaviy)
class
arahantesu
patibh,
Ablative,
(adhikaraassa)
pretv,
sratamo,
from
kusalo,
Genitive
issaro,
expressed
dydo,
aataro,
Locative;
pasuta,
aused
person
Locative
born
frightened
giver
reverenced
Locative;
tigers
sakkhi,
where
live
regard
words
aafraid
immortality.
day.
(Sattam)
surety
Venerable
lord
of
distinguished
adhipati,
of
athe
warrior
runner
ato
pcittiya
death.
cows.
Truth.
appearance.
food.
alord;
world.
snakes.
dyda,
bravest
heir;
e.g.,
skin.
issara,
a in
6. The Locative is used with the words sdhu, good, kind; nipua, proficient, skilful; and
words having the sense of "being pleased with, angry with, contented with, being addicted
to"; etc., and with prefixes adhi and upa, in the sense of exceeding, or master of; e.g.,
good in wisdom.
Paya sdhu,
sdhu,
kind towards the mother.
Mtari
Vinaye nipuo,
proficient in discipline.
attached to the treasury.
Bhagreniyutto,
Dhamme gravo,
reverence towards the Dhamma.
being pleased with the Buddha.
Buddhe pasanno,
being contented with little.
Appakasmi tuho,
na
kuppmi,
Ksirae
I am not angry with the Ksiking.
the Buddha is superior to the gods.
Adhi devesu Buddho,
Upanikkhe kahpaa,
a Kahpaa is greater than Nikkha.
Ito
satasahassamhi
jala,
pacati,
kappe,
he[i.e.,
cooks
rice
in
pot. called
2.
The
denotes
gato,
also Phussa
the
timemonth
when
an
action
place;
e.g., Phussa]
months
after
the
month
Phussamsamhtsu
msesu
at
one
that
time.
thousand
aeons
hence. is the
month
of
he
came
is
water
in
the
inafternoon.
Syahasamaye
Tasmi
Thliya
Khresu
Locative
samaye,
three
odana
Veskha.
from
veskhamso,
there
hundred
takes
amilk.
7. Sometimes the Locative is used in the sense of the (a) Nominative, (b) Accusative, (c)
Instrumental (d) Dative, and (e) Ablative; e.g.,
(a) Idam'pi'ssa hoti slasmi,
this also is his virtue
(b) Bhsugahetv,
taking the hands.
salute the monks.
Bhikkhsu abhivadanti,
(c) Sama pattesupiya caranti,
the ascetics go for alms with their bowls.
Sanghe,
Gotami,
dehi,
(d)
O Gotami, give to the Sangha.
(e) Kadalsugaje rakkhanti,
lit. they protect the elephants from the plantain
trees.
The Genitive and the Locative Absolutes
The Nominative Absolute in English and the Ablative Absolute in Latin are expressed by
the Genitive and Locative Absolutes in Pi
(a) When the subject of a participle is different from the subject of the verb it is
put in the Locative Absolute and the participle is made to agree with it in gender,
number and case.
(b) If the subject of the participle is the same as that of the finite verb this
construction is not used.
(c) Mayigate so gato, he came when I had gone.
Bhikkhusaghesu bhojiyamnesu gato, he went when the multitude of
monks were being fed.
Sabbe magg vivajjentigacchante lokanyake, when the leader of the
world goes, all turn away from the path.
This construction corresponds to the Nominative Absolute in English and Ablative
Absolute in Latin.
(d) When disregard is to be shown the Genitive Absolute is often used. Sometimes
the Locative Absolute is also used.
Aha gacchanto tena saddhi nasallapi, as I was going I did not speak
with him.
Mtpitunna rudantna pabbaji or mtpitsu rudantesu pabbaji, he
renounced disregarding his weeping parents, i.e., he renounced in
spite of or not withstanding the weeping of his parents. (Though his
parents were weeping, he went forth into homelessness.)
pg. 45
The same construction may be used in the sense of "as soon as; no sooner than", by
compounding "eva" with the participle; e.g.,
Tayigate y'eva so gato, he went as soon as you came, or he went just as you had
Lesson XXVI
Passive Voice
There are different endings, for the Passive Voice. Sometimes the endings of the Active
COrme.
Voice are also used in the sense of the Passive.
In forming the Passive Voice "ya" is added between the root and the endings. If the roots
end in "a" and "", they are often changed into "i".
Examples:
Rakkha
+ ya
+te
+te
NT
+ ya
+ ya
Su
+ ya
+te
= niyate
= suyate
Paca
+ ya
+te
= pacayate / paccate
+te
= rakkhiyate
= diyate
Present Tense (Vattamn) [+passive voice]

PLU.
SING.
3. te
SING.
ante
paccate
paccante
2. Se
whe
mhe
paccase
pacce
paccavhe
paccamhe
1. e
PLU.
Aorist (Ajatani) [+ passive voice]

SING.
PLU.
SING.
PLU.
apacc, pacca
apacc, pacc
2. Se
vhan
apaccise, paccise
1.
mhe
apacca, pacca
apaccivhan, paccivhan
apaccimhe, paccimhe
3.
Imperfect Tense (Hyattani)* [+passive voice]

SING.
PLU.
SING.
PLU.
apaccattha
2. Se
tthun
vhan
apaccase
1. In
mhase
apaccin
apaccatthun
apaccavhan
apaccamhase
PLU.
3. ttha
Benedictive (Pacami) [+passive voice]

PLU.
SING.
3. tar)
SING.
antan
paccatar)
pacCantan
2. SSu
who
paccavho
1. e
mase
paccassu
pacce
paccamase
Subjunctive or Conditional (Sattami) [+passive voice]

SING.
3. etha
2. etho
PLU.
SING.
PLU.
eran
paccetha
paccetho
pacCeran
eyyavho
1. eyyar,
eyymhe
pacCeyyar,
Future Tense (Bhavissanti) [+passive voice]
SING.
pacceyyavho
pacceyymhe
PLU.
SING.
PLU.
3. SSate
SSante
2. SSase
ssavhe
ssmhe
paccissate
paccissase
paccissan
paccissante
paccissasvhe
paccissmhe
1. SSan
*|Nrada's original text (mis-)translates Hyattani as Perfect Tense"]

NB: Parokkh and Kltipatti are not treated in this book.
pg. 46
SELECTIONS FORTRANSLATION
Conjugation of "hu", to be
Present Tense
3rd person |hoti

2nd person |hosi
honti
Aorist (Ajatani)
Singular
Plural
ahosi, ah
ahesun
hotha
ahosi
ahosittha
1st person |homi
homa
ahosin, ahun
ahosimh, ahumha
Singular
Plural
BUDDHENIYAVATTHU
Story of Buddheni
Jambudipe kira pubbe ptaliputtanagare sattsiti-koti-nihita-dhanan ekar) setthi-kulam
ahosi. Tassa pana setthino eky'eva dhit ahosi-nmena Buddheni nma. Tassa satta
Vassika-kle mt-pitaro klamakansu. Tasmin kule sabban Spateyyan tassy'eva ahosi.
Imperative (Pacami)
Future Tense
3rd person hessati, hehi

2nd person|hessasi
hessanti
hotu
hontu
hessatha
hohi
hotha
1st person |hessami
hessma
homi
homa
Conditional (Sattami)
Skira abhirppsdik paramyavannapokkharatyasamanngat devacchar

patibhgpiyca ahosi manpsaddh pasannratanattayammik pativasati. Tasmin
pana nagare setthisenapati - uparjdayo tan attano pdaparikattan kmayamn manusse
pesesun pannkrehisaddhir). S tar) sutv cintesi: mayhan mtpitaro sabban vibhavan
pahya mat. May'pitathgantabban. Kin me patikulena. Kevalan citta-Vinsya bhavati.
May pan'iman dhanan Buddha-ssaney'evanidahitun vattati'ti cintesi. Cintetv ca pana
tesan mayhan patikulena'ttho'tipatikkhipi.
Future Tense (Bhavissanti)
3rd person |heyya

2nd person|heyyasi
heyyan
heyytha
1st person |heyymi
heyyma, heyyan |hessmi, hehmi
hessati, hehiti
hessasi, hehisi
hessanti, hehinti
hessatha, hehitha
Stato patthya mahdnan pavattenti samana-brhmane Santappesi.

hessma, hehma
ahuvattha
Ath'parabhge eko assa-vnijako assa-vnijjya pubbant'parantan gacchanto agamma

imasmin gehe nivsan ganhi. Atha so vnjo tan disv dhitu-sinehan patitthpetvgandha
ml- vatth-'lankrdihitassupakrako hutvgamanakle - "Amma etesu assesultava
ruccanakan assan ganhhi" tiha.
ahuvamha
S'pi asse oloketv ekan sindhavapotakan disv"etan me dehi"'tiha.
Perfect (Hyattani)
3rd person ahuva
2nd person ahuvo
1st person ahuvan
ahuvu, ahuvu
Vnijo "Amma eso sindhavapotako. Appamatt hutv patijagghi"'tivatv tan

patipdetv agamsi.
S'pitan patijaggamn ksa - gami-bhvan hatvsammpatijagganti evan cintesi
puakaranassame sahyo laddhoti agatapubb came Bhagavato sakalan marabalan
vidhmetv Buddhabhtassa Jaya-mah Bodhi-bhumi. Yannnhan tattha gantv
Bhagavato Jayamah-bodhin vandeyyan'ti cintetvbahu rajata-suvanna-mldayo
krpetv ekadivasan assam' abhiruyha ksena gantvbodhi-mlake thatv- Agacchantu
ayya suvannaml pujetun'tiugghosesi - ten'ettha:
Yato patthya'han Buddha-ssane suddha-mnas
Pasunn tena saccena - mamanuggaha-buddhiy
Agacchantu namassantu-bodhin pujentu sdhukan
Sonnamlhi Sambuddha-putt ariyasvak
Sutv tap vacanan ayy-bahu Silavsino
Agamma nabhasa tattha - vandinsu ca mahinsu ca.
Conjugation of "asa", to be
Present Tense
Singular
3rd person |atthi

2nd person |asi
1st person |asmi, amhi
Plural
Santi
si
attha
si
asma, amha
sin
Aorist (Ajatani)
Singular
Plural
sinsu, Sur)
Imperative
sittha
simha
Conditional
3rd person |atthu

2nd person |hi
Santu
Siy, assa
Siyur), assu
attha
aSSa
assatha
1st person |asmi
aSIT1a
assan
aSSma
Tato-ppabhuti s kumrik Buddha-ssane at'va pasannniccameva assamabhiruyha

gantv ariyehisaddhin Mahbodhin suvannamlbhipujetvgacchati.
Atha Ptaliputta-nagar'opavane Vanacartassa abhinham gacchantiy cagacchantiyca
rpasampattin disvrao kathesun. "Mahrja, evarpkumrik assam'abhiruyha
agantv nibandhan vanditv gacchati. Devassnuran aggamahesi bhavitun" ti.
Rjtan sutva "Tenahi bhane ganhathanan kumarin Mama aggamahesin karomi" ti,
purise payojesi.
pg. 47
Tena payutt puris Bodhi-pujan katv gacchantin ganhm'ti tattha nilingahana-sajj

atthansu. Tad s kumrik assam'abhiruyha Mah-Bodhimandan gantv vitargehi
saddhin pupphapjan katvvanditvnivatti. Atha tesueko Dhammarakkhitatthero nma
tass eva'mha; "Bhagini, tvan antarmagge corganhitukm thit. Asukhatthnan patv
appamatt sigham gacch"ti.
S "smi mama gehe dhanan n'atthi. Api came satta-puttehi saddhin man dsin karohi.
Etan muca dev" tiha.
III
DUGGATASSA DANA)
A Pauper's Charity
Spi gacchantitan thanan patv corehi anubandhit assassa panhiysaan datv

pakkami. Cor pacchato pacchato anubandhinsu. Asso vegan janetv ksa'mullanghi.
Kumrik vegan sandhretup asakkonti assassa pitthito parigilitv patanti-may
katupakran sara puttti ha. So patantin disv vegena gantv pitthiyan nisidpetv
ksato netvsakatthney'eva patitthpesi, Tasm
Ahosip duggato pubbe - Brnasi-puruttame

Dnan dentinar tattha-nimantetvna bhikkhavo
Jivanto bhatiyso'ham - dnan dente mahjane
Tutthahatthe pamudite-evan cintes'ahan tad
Samuppanna-Vatthlankr-dnan dentiimejand
Paratthalpi pahatth'va-sampattim'anubhontite
Buddhu'ppdo ayan dni - dhammo loke pavattati
Susil'dni vattanti-dakkhineyyjinoras
Avatthito'va sansro - apykhalu purit
Kalyna-vimukh Satt-kman gacchanti duggatin
Idni dukkhito hutv-jivmikasiren'ahan
Daliddo kapano dino - appabhogo anliyo
Idni bijap ropemi-sukhette sdhu-sammate
App'evanma ten'ham - parattha Sukhito siy
Iti cintiya bhikkhitv-bhatin katvna nekadh
Mandapan tattha kretv-nimantetvna bhikkhavo
Aysena ads 'ahan-pysan amatyaso
Tena kammavipkena - devaloke manorame
Jto'mhi dibbakmehi- modamno anekadh
Dighyuko vannavanto - tejasica ahos'aham.
Tiracchnagata p"evan sarant upakrakan

Najahanti'timantvna-kata hontu pnino.
Tato s kumrik sattsitikoti - dhanan Buddhassaney'eva vapitvyvajivan silan
rakkhitvtato cut suttappabuddho viya devaloke nibbatti.
Atitarunaway bho mtugm'pi evan
Vividhakusalakammam katv Saggar, vajanti
Kusalaphalamahantan mariamnbhavant
Bhavatha katha'mupekkdnamndikamme.
II
PANIYADINNASSA VATTHU
Story of the Giver of Water

Jambudipe anhatarasmin janapade kir'eko manusso ratthato ratthan janapadatojanapadan
vicaranto anukkamena Candabhg-naditiran patvnvan abhiruhitvparatiran gacchati.
Ath'paran gabbhinitthi tya eva'nvya gacchati. Atha nv gang-majjh-patta-kle
tassa kammaja vt calinsu. Tato s vijyitu'masakkonti kilant pniyan me detha
pipsit'mhi'timanusseyci. Tetass vacanar) asunant viya pniyan n'dansu. Atha so
jnapadikotassa karunyanto pniyan gahetv mukhe sifici. Tasmin khane sladdhasss
Sukhena drakan vijyi. Atha te tiran patvkatipaya-divasena attano attano thanan
ppuninsu. Ath'parabhge sojnapadiko aatara-kiccan paticca tass itthiyvasana
gharan patv tattha tattha ahindanto nivsanattnan alabhitv nagaradvre slam gantv
tattha nipajji.
Tasmin y'eva divase cor nagaran pavisitvrjagehe sandhin chinditv dhanasran
gahetvgacchantrjapurisehi anubaddhgantvty'evaslya chaddetvpalyinsu.
Atha rjapuris gantvtanjnapadikan disv-ayan coro'tigahetvpacchbhan glham
bandhitvpuna-divase rao dassesun.
IV
SUMANADEVIYAVATTHU
Story of Suman Devi

Svatthiyan hidevasikan Anthapindikassagehe dve Bhikkhu-sahassni bhujanti; tath
Visakhya mahupsikya. Svatthiya cayo yo dnan datukmo hoti so so tesan
ubhinnan oksan karonti. Kim kran? Tumhkar) dnaggan Anthapindikov
Visakhv gat'ti pucchitvn'gat'tivutte satasahassan vissajjetvkatadnam'pikin
dnan nm'etanti garahanti.
Ubho'pite Bhikkhusanghassa rucifica anucchavikakiccnica ativiyajnanti. Tesu
anti. Tasm sabbe dnan datukmte gahetv'va
gacchanti. Itite attano ghare bhikkhu parivisitun nalabhanti.
vicrentesu bhikkh
Ra"Kasmbhane, corakamma'ksi" tipucchito

"N'han, deva, coro, gantuko'mhi" tivutte, rj core pariyesitv alabhanto ayam'eva coro
iman mreth'tinpesi.
''
Tato Viskh"ko nukho mama thne thatvbhikkhusanghan parivisissati" tiupadhrenti

puttassa dhitaran disv tan attano thne thapesi, S tassnivesane bhikkhusangham
parivisati. Anthapindiko'pi Mahsubhaddan nmajetthadhitaran thapesi, Sbhikkhunan
veyyvaccan karonti dhammar Sunanti sotpann hutv patikulan agamsi. Tato
Cullasubhaddan thapesi, S'pi tatth'eva karonti sotpann hutv patikulan gat. Atha
Sumandevin nmakanitthadhitarar) thapesi, S pana Sakadgmiphalan patv
Rjapurisehitan glham bandhitv ghtatthnan nette s itthi tan tatha niyamnan disv
sajnitv kampamna haday muhuttenarao santikan gantvvanditv, "deva esona
coro gantuko, muccath'etan, dev'ti"'ha. Rjtss kathan asaddhahanto yajetan
mocetum'icchasitassagghanakan dhanan datv mucapehl'ti.
pg. 48
kumrik'va hutv tathrpena aphsukhena tur hrupacchedan katvpitaran

datthukm hutv pakkospesi. So ekasmin dnagge tassassanan sutv'va agantv- "Kin
amma Sumane'?"tiha. S'pinan ha- "Kin ttakinitthabhtik"ti.
11W T :
SELECTIONS FROM THE DHAMMAPADA
Na hiverena verni-sammanti'dha kudcanan
911
Vippalapasi, amma?
Averena casammanti-esa dhammo sanantano.
"Navippalapmi, kanitthabhtik"ti.
"Bhyasi, amm"ti
Yath agran
ducchannan
- Vutthi
samativijjhati
Eevan
abhvitan
cittan rgo
samativijjhati.
"Nabhymi, kanitthabhtik"ti.
Ettakan vatvy'eva pana sklamaksi
Yath'gran
succhannan
- Vutthi
nasamativijjhati
Evan
subhvitan
cittan - rgo
nasamativijjhati.
So Sotpanno'pi samno setthidhitariuppannasokan adhivsetup asakkonto Dhitu

sarirakiccan kretvrodanto Satthusantikan gantv"Kingahapati dukkhi dummano
assumukhorudamno upagato's"ti? Vutte "Dhit me bhante Sumandevi klakata" tiha.
Idha socati pecca socati-ppakriubhayattha socati

So socati so vihariati disv kamma-kilittha'mattano.
"Atha kasm socasi? Nanu sabbesan ekansikan marananti."

Idha modati pecca modati-katapuo ubhayattha modati
So modati so pamodati-disv kamma-visuddhi'mattano.
"Jnm'etan bhante. Evarp pana me hirottappasampann dhits maranakle satin

paccupatthpetun asakkonti vippalamn mat'time anappakan domanassan uppajjati" ti.
"Kin panatay kathitan mahsetthi?"
"Ahan tan bhante 'Amma Sumane'' timantesin. Athanan ha 'Kin tta
Idha tappati pecca tappati-papakriubhayattha tappati

P
ti-bhivot
tid
ti gato
to.
apar] me katan'tit
Katanti tappati
bnlyo tappati
duggatin
kanitthabhtik'ti.
Tato "vippalpasi amm'' ti 'Navippalapmi"tikanitthabhtik''
'Bhyasi amm'' ti''Nabhymi"tikanittabhtik''
ti. Ettakan vatvklamkasi" ti. ti.
Idha nandati p
pecca nandati - katapufio
ubhavattha
nandati
p
y
Puan me katan'tinandati-bhiyo nandati suggatin gato.

Atha nan Bhagav ha. "Nate mahsetthi dhit vippalapi" ti.
11
Appamdo
amatapadan - pamdo maccuno padan
A
ppamatt na miyanti-ye pamattyatha mat.
1 : L ~ O 11 4-4
Atha kasm evam'h?"
ti
-
Kanitthatty'eva. Dhit hite gahapati maggaphalehitaymahallik. Tvan hi Sotpanno.

Dhit panate Sakadgmini. S maggaphalehi mahallikatt evam'h"ti.
"Evan bhante!"
Appamdena maghav - devnan setthatan gato

Appamdan pasansanti-pamdo garahito Sad.
"Evanngahapati!"
"Idnikuhin nibbatt, bhante?"
Aciran vata'yan kayo - pathavin adhisessati

Chuddho apeta-vino-niratthan'vakalingaran.
Tusitabhavane gahapat'tivutte bhante mama dhit idh ntakanan antare nandamn,

vicaritv ito gantv'pinandanatthney'eva nibbatt."
Yath'pi bhamaro pupphan vannagandhar ahethayan

Paleti rasa'mdya evan game muni care.
Athanan satth"Amagahapati appamattnma gahatthvpabbajitv idhaloke ca

paraloke canandantiy'ev"tivatv iman gatham'ha.
--
1-
Na paresan vilomni-na paresan kat'katan

Attano'va avekkheyya-katani akatnica.
Idha nandati pecca nandati-katapurioubhayattha nandati

Puan me katantinandati-bhiyyo nandati Suggatin gato.
Yath'pi puppharasimha - kayira mlgune bahu

Evanjtena maccena-kattabban kusalar) bahun.
Madhu'va maati balo -yva ppan na paccati
Yada capaccatippan - atha balo dukkhan nigacchati.
Selo yatha ekaghano - vtena nasamirati
Evan ninda-pasanssu-nasamijantipandit.
pg. 49
Na attahetu na parassa hetu - na putta'micche na dhanan na ratthan

Naiccheyya adhammena samiddhi'mattano - sa Silav paav dhammiko siy.
Cakkhun samvaro sdhu - sdhu sotena sanvaro

Ghnena sanvaro sdhu - sdhujiwhya samvaro.
Yo sahassan sahassena-sangme manusejine

Ekan cajeyya attnar) save sangmaj'uttamo.
Kayena sanvaro sdhu - sdhu Vcya Samvaro

Manassanvaro sdhu - sdhu sabbatthasamvaro
Sabbattha Sanvuto bhikkhu - sabbadukkh pamuccati.
Sabbe tasanti dandassa sabbe bhyanti maccuno

Attnan upaman katv- nahaneyya naghtaye.
Dhammrmo dhammarato - dhammar anuvicintayan

Dhammar) anussaran bhikkhu - Saddhamm na parihyati.
Sabbe tasanti dandassa-sabbesanjivitan piyan

Attnar upamar) katva na haneyya na ghtaye.
Yassa kyena Vcya - manas n'atthi dukkatan

Sanvutan tihi thanehi - tam'ahan brmi brahmanan.
Dhamman care sucaritan - natan duccaritan care

Dhammacri Sukhan seti asmin loke paramhi ca.
VI
Kiccho manussa patilbho-kicchan macchnajivitan

Kicchan saddhammasavanan - kiccho buddhnan uppdo.
Mano pubbangamdhamma - mano setth manomay

Manasce padutthena-bhsativkaroti v
Tato nap dukkham'anveti-cakkam'va vahato padan.
Sabbappassa akaranan-kusalassa upasampad

Sacitta pariyodapanan -etan Buddhnassanan.
Mano pubbangamdhamm-manosetth manomay

Manasce pasannena-bhsativkaroti v
Tato nap Sukham'anveti - chy'va anapyini.
Yo ca Buddhafi ca dhamma ca sanghafi ca saranan gato

Cattri ariya-saccni - Samma'ppaya passati.
In prose form:
Dhamm mano pubbangam (honti), mano setth (honti), manomay (honti), (Yo) ce
padutthena manasbhsativkaroti v, tato dukkhan nan anveti cakkan vahato padan
Dukkhan dukkhasamuppdan - dukkhassa caatikkaman

Ariyacatthangikan maggar) - dukkhupasamagminan.
iVa.
Etan kho saranan kheman -etan sarana'muttaman

Etan sarana'mgamma - sabbadukkh pamuccati.
Dhamm mano pubbangam (honti), mano setth (honti), manomay (honti), (Yo) ce
psannena manasbhsativkaroti v, tato sukhan nan anvetianapyini chy iva.
Na c'hu na cabhavissati-nacetarahi vijjati

Ekantan nindito poso -ekantan V pasansito.
Na tena pandito hoti-yvatbahu bhsati
Khemi avero abhayo - pandito'ti pavuccati.
Natvat dhammadharo-yvatbahu bhsati
Yo ca appam'pi sutvna - dhammar kyena passati
Save dhammadharo hoti-yo dhamman na'ppamajjati.
Akatan dukkatan Seyyo-pacchtapati dukkatan
Kata casukatan Seyyo-yan katvnnutappati.
Sukhan yvajar silan -sukhsaddh patitthit
Sukho paya patilbho-ppnan akaranan sukhar).
Sabbadnan dhammadnanjinti-sabban rasan dhammarasanjinti
Sabban ratin dhammaratin jinti-tanhakkhayo sabba dukkhanjinti.
pg. 50
Appendix ii. Notes on the Meaning & Usage of Words
Mantvna considering, thinking.

Sutta-ppabuddho - risen from sleep.
[These notes clarify words appearing in the "Selections for Translation" that are not
Mtugm - women.
otherwise explained in the glossary or exercises; "Lesson I" refers to the first "selection",
i.e., words appearing in Buddheniy Vatthu, explained in order of appearance. For the
vocabulary used in the exercises and lessons througout the rest of the book, please
download the separate "Glossary" PDF from www.palipratyeka.org--E.M..]
NOTES TO LESSON II
Janapada - country
Nadi + tiran - river bank.
Gabbhini + itthi - pregnant woman.
Kammaja-vt-pains of childbirth.
Vijayitun-asakkonti - unable to give birth.
Pipsitt amhi I am thirsty.
NOTES TO LESSON I
Kira - An Indeclinable used in reference to a report by hearing. It seems, 'is said.

Nihita - pp. of ni + dh, bear. Deposited, laid aside, set apart
Klamakansu - Klar) + akansu - died. Sing. Klamaksi
Spateyyam - property, wealth, provisions.
- beauty of complexion.
Devacchar- celestial nymph.
Ratana +ttaya + mmik- devoted to the Triple Gem.
Pdaparikattan - state of wife.
Vibhavan - wealth.
Karunyanto pitying.
Laddha + asss having obtained consolation.

Katipaya - few
Paticca on account of.
hindanto - wandering.
Sandhin chinditv-making a break-broke into the house.
Pacchbhan -hands on the back.
Glham bandhitv-binding tightly.
Agantuko - guest, foreigner, visitor.
npesi - ordered.
ghtatthnan - place of execution.
Sajnitv- recognising.
Hadaya heart.
''
Pati + kulena - husband's clan.
Kevalan only.
Tato patthya - from that time, thence forth.
Nivsanganhi-took shelter.
Potakan - colt.
Patijagghi nourish, tend, look after.
Pua + karanassa - Dat. to one who is doing merit.
Vidhametv- having vanquished, having defeated.
Yannnhan - How, if I.
* Mlake - in the enclosure, yard.
Ugghosesi - shouted.
Marj + anuggaha - have compassion on me.
Sonna + mlhi- with garlands of gold.
* Nabhas-through the sky.
Mahinsu - revered.
Tato +ppabhuti - from that time.
Nagara + upavane - in the wood near the city.
Nibandhan - frequently.
Muhuttena in a moment.
Asaddhahanto - not believing.

Tassa-agghanakar) - its value.
NOTES TO LESSON III
Duggato - poor man.
Bhatiy-by wages.
Tuttha-hatthe-pleased and delighted.
Pamudite - rejoiced
Dakkhineyy-worthy of gifts.
Jinoras - the Sons of the Buddha.
vatthito settled.
Sansro - Existence.
Khalu indeclinable, indeed.
Kalyna-vimukka - opposed to good.
Kasirena - with difficulty.
Devassa+ anurupan suitable to the Deva (King).

Bhane - a term of address used by superiors to subordinates.
* Nilina hidden.
Gahana + Sajj - ready to seize.

Nivatti-stopped.
Panhiy- with the heel.
Saan + datv- giving a sign.
Vegan janetv- accelerating the speed.
Aksan ullanghi-rose to the sky.
Sandhretum to bear.
Parigalitv- having glided off, slipped.
Tiracchnagat- animals.
Kapano - poor.
Dino - miserable.
Anlhiyo destitute.
Sdhu + sammate - regarded as good.
Mandapan hall.
Aysena with trouble.
Pysan - milk porridge.
pg. 51
NOTES TO LESSON IV
Sanantano - ancient law Sanan + suffix tana.

Agran house.
Du + channan - ill- thatched.
Vutthi rain.
Samativijjhati-penetrates through -san + ati + vijjha.
Devasikan - adv. daily.

Dnaggar) - alms-hall.
Vutte - loc. of Vutta, from vada, to speak. When said, on being said.
Garahanti- from 'garaha' to condemn, despise.
Rucin-taste, desire, likes.
Anucchavkha-kiccni - anu + chavi-ka = according to one's skin, i.e., befitting, proper,
Pecca hereafter.
Ativiya- adj. thoroughly.

Jnanti-know, from h, to know, Jna is substituted for .
Tesu vicrentesu-loc. absolute. When they inquire.
Cittarupar) - lit. according to the mind, i.e., as they liked or according to one's heart's
Kamma - kilittha - defiled actions.

Modati rejoices muda.
Visuddhin purity.
Tappati- is tormented - tapa.
Miyanti-die - mi.
Maghav- a name given to Sakka, the king of the devas.
COntent.
Pasansanti-praise pasansa.
suitable. Kiccani, deeds, actions, duties.
Garahito is denounced, blamed - garaha + ta.
Parivisitun. - from pari + visa-to feed.

Upadhrenti-nom, feminine singular present participle of upa + dhara, to hold, take up.
Reflecting.
Thapesi - Aorist causal of th, to stand. Placed.
Veyyvaccan karonti - perform duties, render service.
Sotpann-sota, stream; panna, entered. Stream - Winner, the first stage of Sainthood.
Patikulan - husband's family.
Sakadgmiphalan Fruit of Ones Returner, the second stage of Sainthood.
Tathrpena aphsukhena - some such illness.
Adhisessati will lie adhi + s.
Chuddho - thrown away.

Apeta - vino - bereft of consciousness.
Ni + atthan - useless.
Kalingaran charred log.
Bhamaro bee.
Ahethayan without injuring.

Paleti-flies - pala.
tura ill.
Vilomni - defects.
Ahrpacchedan - lit. food cutting, i.e., starving.

Pakkospesi - Aorist causal of pa + kusa = caused to be called; summoned.
Vippalapasi - from vi + pat lapa, to speak. Speak confusedly, babble.
Klamaksi-lit. did the time i.e., died.
Uppannasokan - arisen grief. Uppanna is the p.p. of u + pada, to go.
Adhivsetum - inf. of adhi + vasa = to bear.
Asakkonto - pres, participle of sakha, to bear. Being unable.
Sarirakiccan-lit, bodily duties, i.e. funeral ceremonies, obsequies.
Kretv- Causal past participle of karu, to do.
Rodanto - pres, part. of ruda, to lament, wail.
Avekkheyya should reflect - ava + ikkha

Kayira - would make-kara.
Mlgune different garlands.
Maccena - by man.
Assumukho - assu, tears; mukha, face = tearful face.

Klakat-lit. time done i.e., dead.
Sa so, he.
Maati thinks mana.

Selo - rock.
Eka-ghano - one solid.

Vtena - by wind.
Samirati- is shaken -san + ira.
Samiddhir - prosperity.
Sangme - in the battle field.
Jeyya would conquer-ji.
Ekansikar) adv, certain.

Hirottappasampann- hiri = shame, modesty; ottappa=fear; sampann = endowed with.
Paccupatthpetum - inf. of pati + upa + th, to gather up.
Mat- p.p. of mara, to die.
Kathitan - p.p. of katha, to speak, said, uttered, spoken.
Mahallikatt abstract noun. Being old.
Nibbatt- p.p. of ni + vatu born.
Pecca - Ind. p.p. of pa + i, to go. Having gone.
Katapuo - the doer of good.
Gata - p.p. of gamu = gone.
Tasanti-tremble tasa.
Haneyya should kill-hana.

Ghtaye - should cause to kill-hana.
NOTES TO LESSON V
Verena - by anger.
Sammanti- are pacified - Samu.
pg. 52
NOTES TO LESSON VI
Dhamm-dhara, to hold or support. suffix mma. states or conditions.

Pubbangam-pubba + rj + gam = going before.
Manosetth-mana + settha. When words of the mano group are compounded with
another word, the final vowel is changed into 'o'.
Manomay- This is a Nominal Derivative (Taddihita) formed from mana and suffix
"maya' which means-made of.
Padutthena -pa + dusa, to defile, pollute. This is the Perfect Participle of 'padusa'. Here
the suffix 'ta' is changed into 'ttha'. Comp. dittha from disa, to see; nattha from nasa, to
perish; dattha from dansa, to sting; ittha from isu, to wish.
Bhsati-Present tense of bhsa, to speak.
Karoti - Present tense of kara, to do.
Anveti- anu + eti The present tense of 'i", to go. Here 'u' is changed into. 'v'.
Cakkan'va Cakkan 4 iva, This is a Sandhi formed by dropping the following vowel.
Vahato - The Genitive case of "vahanta', from "vaha', to carry.
Pasannena - The Perfect Participle of 'pa', + 'sada', to be Pleased. Here the suffix 'ta' is
changed into 'nna'. Comp."bhinna', from bhidi, to break, chinna from chidi, to cut;
channa from chada, to cover.
Anapayini - Na+ apyini. Here na is changed into 'an'. Apayini is formed from apa + aya,
to go.
pg. 53
A Glossary
for Narada Thera's Elementary Pali Course
Eisel Mazard, Xishuangbanna, People's Republic of China
>
33)
&@3
323
Aggi
o fire.
&Q
22:23
Anguli
$ finger.
de:
<>2) &
Aja
d goat.
Abbreviations and symbols
Ge:)
<>~ &-
Aj
# she-goat.
csg
'.
.'s
This is "Version Three" ("2008 edition"), created in October of 2007,
with innumerable corrections and improvements.
eC8-3
ge:
Masculine
@z$65.3
occ3-33
Feminine
adj. another
Aatara
&#x2
o8
SCod
o? co
2nge:268.5
11110.
~~)-->
&B
&
$222222so
O3)
Neuter
adj. a certain... [type of person]; a

given...[sort of thing
Q f
&
Atavi
&C.,
Attha
Orest.
63%)2O09
22g+22
ind.
Gocco / zeon
cocos / #622
particle
&C-39
Atthama
eighth.
adj.
Ceese: 5eq
322>escoes
Adjective
C-39C03
C#CC204
Atthadasa
ighteen.
eighteen
bone.
262.25 ccG.
C-C-C-C3
Past participle
&C3
&zog &
Atthi
.p.
p.p
Atikkamati
:'" transgresses; passes
Atigacchati
'm'
pro.
Pronoun
Indeclinable
- -
#555
Reminder: the order of the Pali alphabet
& Co - 3 c co e > * >222 e5 2S
op
2S)
Go
e5
8.) | CO
2. ZX.
&
C3
CJ
&
&
&
&
&
Sto
CO
&
&
Co
3-O
G.
z\ | CO
25
S)
co
&#3
C-
-- -
overcomes, surpasses
7
Atithi
d guest, stranger
& 26S
osc3es
o
Ativiya
ivy
di. very.
adj.
very
6
cocco'ss
Atisundara
very beautiful.
&so
Atta
&:
2322
22g2
Attha
o" soul, self.

d" matter, meaning, good.
&Jt5
323.29%
Adhigacchati
' attains; obtains;
&CSC-3
& Jeff
223-32-3
Adhititthati
(adhi + th) stands upon.
323sc3
Adhipati
d chief, master.
&Jeon
&Joe:S
**2222
Adhibhita
223.22-c3
Adhivasati
(adhi + vasa) dwells in.
< 3 C ~ 23 to e
&
&#39-43
'm
figuratively
9/o
- -
lit/fig. 38.32/dc-See:S 22332/*2:3: Literally/

o?
eight
es S. co o os cog
pg. 1
p.p. overcame, overpowered
Adhisita
q23
&33C
&Jeece:fi
d" things pertaining to the doctrine
adj. very cold.
Abhidhamma
&609.9
(the title of a section of the canon)

Adhisila
a higher morality.
Adhisessati
(adhi + s) will lie upon.
&#396.
&Jerez
&#32
Abhibhavati,
(Abhi/adhi + bhu) overcomes,
adhibhavati
conquers.
Abhibhu
d conqueror; adj. overpowering

adj. lucky, auspivious; (B great
festival (abhi + mangala, "festivities").
&z.
Anu
pre, like, after, along, under.
&za
Anugacchati
(anu + gamu) follows.

Abhimangala
Anunayaka
o" sub-chief.
&#392.2C
&zozoocco
Anupubban
in due course.
&#392.
Abhimukha
&znear).
facing towards.
o minister.
Anuraja
d" successor.
&Qeo
Amacca
&zoj)e
Pro. this, that, such.
Anuloma,
(#2
Amu
&zneCoe),
&zneGeoScoo
In accordance with, in natural order
anulomato
(lit., "With the hair").
& Co.
Amba
(B mango.
&zg.
Antima
adj. last.
&Sod
Ambara
garment; fig, the sky.
&ezoo,3ezo)
Antevsiko
d pupil.
& Stooz.
Amhkan
pro. our.
&z=zog
Annada
giver of food.
&#C3
Aya
iron.
ge
Apa
pre, from, away from.
&#e309.3
Ayomaya
made of iron.
Ge
Apagacchati
aside.
Ged
Apara
adj. other, western, subsequent.
Aparanha
o afternoon.
32) 2CJOQCJ
(apa + gamu) goes away or turns
Gnzo
32ce.
end to desire and rebirth in this life.

o
&ed 6%
GeoDG
&#e339C9-3
osces:
22e32
Apavda
G2) CSXX^Q\X-CJ
ApaSlya
&290%
Gozzog &
d abuse, blame.
32)C
Gee
32)C
Api
Apidhna
Gees):
323222
&#~~~6
453-46
&#392.6
&xzx,
G2).<>> CTO QC D
adj. little, few.
Appamda
d" vigilance, earnestness.
Abhikkamati
(abhi + kamu) goes forward.
Abhigacchati
(abhi + gamu) goes near to.
3233222
Abhiri
Avakkamati
(ava + kamu) enters; overwhelms
Avacarati
(ava + cara) moving in with, living
q9936
32cesco
dogozno
322e2:222
Avajnti
(ava + n) denies; despises.
&Cen/00
G2) CGCTOQ
Avabodha
d" understanding.
Avamaati
(ava + mana) looks down upon.
amonst; fig, conversant with.
& Cocq:6
Gogo
occesso
32cc 22:22
Avaharati
(ava + hara) takes away.
co
222-23
Asdhu
d the opposite of virtue; a bad man.
ASi
o" sword.
&
&32Ge2)
222222*222 Abhijnti
<>2) CO2) QCO
GB cover, lid.
o
QC
o liar.
G2).<>~OeoC
Alikavdi.
ind. and; although; even; and then
Appa
G2)CN-O-C c
from the hall.
c2c22:
S3
c3
&2002~
Arahanta
22 22$.
One who has penetrated illusion,

comprehended the truth, practiced
the discipline of the mind, and put an
(abhi + n) perceives.
# higher knowledge.
pg. 2
G2).<>J
o
coo-oooooooo Asikalaho
d" swordfight.
ASiti
eighty.
O-
O2
ASSa
o horse.*
ASS
# mare.
Ahan
pro. I.
Aha
day.
sele
$26
Qe20
&:
G2 CO
3:992
g:22s.
222222
o
Icchati
(isu) wishes, desires.
Itara
adj. different, the remaining.
ItO
ind. hence, ago, from here.
seg
23:
Idni
ind, now.
QJ
OOQ
o?
Idha
ind. here.
QS)
2)
o? as
Ima
this.
QC
ge
go-
IVa
ind, like, as (~ viya).
* Unrelated meanings share the same spelling, e.g., "shoulder" & the gen, singular of ayan.
}+
&p
G3/2)
~3
d the sky; the air or atmosphere;

Gozooe:
c2SOC-y-clo
d" sage.
ISl
Aksa
empty space, the void.

o
Good-fi
G2)^OeoC
Goone:Seefto
Agacchati
(a + gamu) comes.
<></DOC - C-Q-SoCo->
Agatasamano
d" monastery (bahubbihi compound).
Goojce
322ces
Acariya
o teacher.
&#946
3.222s,
325'es
Adara
d" affection, esteem, care.
Adya
p.p. having taken.
<>2)^OQ02)
Apana
shop, market.
GB as far as the rock (i.e., from the
rock, or to the rock).
&#9G-3
doe on
QC
Ul
Ukkhipati
(u + khipa) throws aloft.
Uggacchati
(u + gamu) rises.
C36.6%09:6
22:223
23:
22:223
CCC
Ucca
Ce/Szg:5
S$322
Ucchindati
annihilates.
C&p
Unha
adj. hot.
Cood
2:
22s,
Uttara
adj. higher, superior, northern.
Coo 026
23233
Uttarati
(u + tara) ascends.
C#2
330
Udaka
water.
C&CC
2 3C->
e233.5
Cooele
Ugganhti/-ati learns.
adj. high, noble.
(u + chidi) cuts off, destroys,
coenzo
3222s22
Apabbata
dog.
G2)^@
Ama
ind yes.
&#993
3229:
Ayu
age.
222s22
Arma
d temple, garden.
3.222s22.
Arogya
health.
3.222s22cc3
Aroceti
(a + ruca) informs, tells, announces.
&#99933)
22222232
Avuso
ind, friend, brother.
doeczn
3222s;
Asana
GB seat.
CC
Upa
pre, near, towards, next.
Gogods
22222s23
Aharati
(a + hara) brings.
Ce:
22:22-3
Upakaddhati
(upa + kaddha) drags down.
Gogood
322222s,
Ahra
o food.
Ce24.3%
2223:
Upakanna
into the ear; a whisper's range
Godog
Goedoor
Goedoes):5
o rise; growth; increase; income;
Ud
pg. 3
OWOl
y
interest (from money).
Co
Ce.
Cecele
-.
Seco
Upagangan
220g:
near a river.
T.
Upagacchati
(upa + gamu) goes near.
22g2222
Upatthahati,
Cares for, attends to, stands by,
upatthti
nurses (through illness).
CeCoo:5
Se3233
Se22cc3
Upadhvati
(upa + dhva) runs up to.
Cezoed.
22* o
Upanagaran
near a city, suburb.
Cedo
Uparaja
Ceece.<>9:5
Seece
C
Eco-c5223
Upasankamati
o viceroy.
(upa + San + kamu) approaches.
Ce000
222-23
Upaskh
# minor branch.
Jeo
CeC-3826.
CeC-30:6
QQ2
20%
Q32
Q03-0639C)
==
Cepzo
233:
Updna
Upsaka
o devotee (male).
Upsik
# devotee. (female).
ecce#5
232222
23-322
233%
Uppajati
Is produced, is (re-)born.
Co
Es.
Ura
GB shoulder.
Geo:32,
D-
&
2S)
S-
# essence.
o rice, cooked rice.

o advice.
o medicine.
# dispensary.
O-
2S)
C-
Ka
pro, who, which? (d ko, k, (+ kin)
2,
3222
Ka
# maiden, virgin.
2-&C-3
22:32
Kanittha
adj. youngest.
23.63
occ:3es
Kaniya
adj. younger.
2S)-2,320
22:
Kanha
black.
~~~~
02:223:
Kata
d" grateful person.
2S2)
OTC^@
Katama
pro. what, which?
2S25
2222s,
Katara
pro. what, which?
22g2.
Kattu
d" maker, doer; an author; the

subject of a sentence.
dependency, e.g., faith in the soul.

C&D632)
Oj
Sot
Odana
ES5's
Ovda
S232
Osadha
Sesses 22-2 Osadhasl
+
A relation of material dependency,
asymmetrically reciprocating, e.g.,
fire vs. fuel; fig, psychological
C.)
2>
2C-
Eka
one, certain, some.
2.04%
Co-co-
Ekdasa
eleven.
zozsozoog)
22g22222
Kattukma
wishing to do.
23)
deco
Eta
That, this (demonstrative).
25-3
222es
Kadariya
o miser.
CC
cos
Kad
When?
EVa
ind.just, quite, even, only.
26
QC
33
Evan
2S3
o23
Kapi
d" monkey.
&C.
ind thus.
2g22
2>Sesz
22.223
Kampati
(kampa) shakes, wavers.
ez)
Elaka
d goat.
zSSS)e
oge
Kammaja
's from actions, lit. "born of
250.4%
22sc.c
Karana
doing.
pg. 4
zoo &ce
2>3)
2390
Something to be done; a necessity

Karaniya
Kavi
KaSm
[Future passive participle]

o
d poet.
26.65830-2323-3-3
Kassaka
o farmer.
2>9325)
Kyika
bodily.
Q&#25
<2<ococoo??
Khaggavisnakappa d like a unicorn's horn, viz., solitary.
(adj/69/gerund of khajjati) edible;

<g
Khajja
foodstuff (tacitly: solid, chewable).
2).<55
<>COCO
Why?
2 SNCC832S)
kh
2)
Khanati
22-26
<&
o
<sc
2O062S)
Kraka
o doer.
262:
Kici
Something, anything at all (often

negative, viz., nothing whatsoever).
3:c-
<g
Kinti
Buys, purchases.
3)6
Kin
ind. why? what? Pray tell...
3e3
Kilati
2:06
20:5
(khana) digs.
Khanti
# patience.
Khdati
(khda) eats, chews.
Khippan
ind. quickly.
<<
Khira
9 milk.
2C,
23
Khud
# hunger
plays.
2%22
$302
Khuddaka
adj. small, minor; inferior; trifling.
Kujjhati
(kudha) gets angry.
SQQQ
2s22
Khetta
B field.
~~5
Kujara
d elephant.
2e20
Kuto
Whence? (From what place ...?)
2G
Kuddla
d"/ spade.
29-2206
Kumbhakra
d potter.
2S25026
/\
(4)
3.
Coco)
Gang
CO-
$ river.
23.
Kuhin
goele26
Where?
Q992
Gacchati
o
~e
2003
d" a dug-out pit, water tank or well; a
go.g3:00:5
cCoooJ
cavity of any kind.

# a hundred lakhs [= ten million];
go:S
Co-
Kupa
- -
Ganhti/ganhati understands.
# going; career; course; passing on
Koti
(gamu) goes.
takes hold of grasps, seizes; assumes,
Gati
top; summit; point; the end
to another existence; destiny;

behaviour.
2000
Kodha
d" anger.
goz-Qz>09
o222
Gantukma
wishing to go.
2002~
Kodhana
irritable.
Goz
S,
Gantha
o lit. bond, fetter; fig, a text.
Gos)2CO
O2SOT
Gamaka
d goer.
GoS)z-
22:
Gamana
(B going;
walk,to;
journey;
pursuit.
(adj),
leading
conducive
to.
occoo:5
occo:
Gahapati
d" householder.
Goos)
3.2
3.2c22
Gma
d" village.
Gmat
# collection of villages.
Goos)^0
pg. 5
Good-380
dees
Grayha
blame-worthy.
e)06&nces
2e2=22es
Corabhayan
GB fear of theft or thieves
&Gozo
22-2:
Gilna
d" sick person.
ce)0-35
Corayati
(cura) steals.
&# (3~~)
$23 (32-32
Giti
# a song (cf. gayati, p.p.gita)
co-off
2ccee-c3
2e22-23
coreti
(cura) steals.
Q4302~
Gunavantu
d" virtuous one.
Cop 6
QCros,
25cm.
Gona
o bull.
25G-2
d;
609&Q
Gotrabhu
Lit., a member
of the clan (PTS:
"lineage"),
fig, a bhikkhu.
gh
CJ
C2C
*g
Ghata
d pot, jar.
32-
es:
Ghana
adj.
QC)
ch
<C
Cha
Six.
&C.,
<g
Chattha
sixth.
e)
segg
Chatta
(B sunshade, canopy.
czq.
so
chanda,
d"/ Impulse, wish for; consent.
th: solid; dense; compact. (B a
club; a hammer.
36
ess.
Ghara
home, house.
S30325)
29-22s:
Ghosana
adj., noisy.
2.2
co2.
Cakkhu
eye.
O4%)
e?
Canda
adj. fierce, violent, passionate.
C2
ec:
Catu
four.
2.2%
ec222
Catuttha
ce
a2-2S)
e32
Janaka
o father.
a2-20
e222
Janat
# the multitude; mankind.
262-28
e:
Janani
$ mother.
&
&C.,
Jaya
o victory.
250-35
ecosc
Jyati
(jana) arises, is born.
2.5026
3:223
Jinti
2)2S
$cc:
Jivati
(ji) conquers.
(jiva) lives.
eC.
2eg
Jettha
eldest.
d conqueror.
elder
(adj);
to be
conquered
(optative
form
of jeti)
fourth.
Catuddasa,
24%. 24: eczgos, ego- c.'"
fourteen.
e:
2e23
Jetu
ecog:6
egg:#2-33 cattalisati
forty
ecc3.3
2e23
Jeyya
Cz
es
Canda
o moon.
c)326
esco
Carati
(cara) wanders.
6.
8s
Ciran
indec. for a long time.
Co.
CC-
Ceta
9 mind.
pg. 6
Z.
2x3
223:
Nti
o relative.
CCS)
Ecor.
Natu
o knower.
2685
2c2a2-
TeraSa
thirteen.
Q25)e
2c2cs
Tesan
d"/9., pro. their.
fi
5
k
25)
C>
Tanh
# craving.
22623
22:2
c2c%2s
Tatiya
third.
oq
c25
Tad
ind then.
2as
C^C)
Tapa
asceticism, control.
<>S)
COQ
Tama
GB darkness.
<><3200
case:
Tarati
q25.6%
223:
Dakkhina
south.
Q &J
29:
Danda
(+) stick.
q&
2:
Dandi
he who has a stick.
&
33-J)
DaSa
ten.
Dtu
d" Donor (giver).
Dna
(B Donation (alms, giving, gift).
62
522
3'
32)
seco-
Dyaka
d" supporter.
652
Draka
o child.
Drik
# girl.
Dru
wood, fire-wood.
Drumaya
wooden.
C:
26.6
&
(tara) crosses.
adj. young.
6525
"'
Ct
TaSSa
o/B, pro. his.
Cte-3
5 so53222
3's
3|aces
C^CJO
TaSS
# pro.her.
(.33
32s
DSa
d" a slave or servant.
2oz.
o2S202
Talka
a pond or pool.
o:
3.23
DSi
# a female slave or servant-maid.
<2<
'"
&C.90cco)
2g2232
25Y083
occo.5
Tsan
$ their.
zS
c3
Ti
three.
26.2%
c3cm.
Tina
grass.
26-2326
c32-c3
Tinsati
thirty.
2Scooz -
Tumhakan
d"/$/B (pro. plural) your.
23:0.
o:3203
oe
Tuyhan
d"/#/6B (pro. singular) your.
SzYe:
COce
Teja
heat, radiance; glory.
26.4%
223:
322
2^C&C
CO<>J
26)& 30
Taruna
ava
(p.p. of passati + dhamma) one who

Ditthadhammo has seen the truth, seeing the truth
(of this world)
Dinakara
o Sun.
33%
goes
3:22s.
35-3
Dibbati
(diva + ya) enjoys (disports, amuses).
3ces
Divasa
d"/t day.
$83)
52s2
DiS
# quarter, direction.
#23
3es
Digha
adj. long.
&&
Dij
(d"/69) light, lamp; an island or
3C
32-25
lpa
continent; fig, help, support.
pg. 7
Du
pre, bad, difficult.
QSS3
2#22
Dhammika
(adj) righteous; a righteous person.
Joe);6
22cc:
Dhvati
(dhva) runs.
C392~
33529,
3-2
3:223
Dhitimantu
d" courageous one.
Dhitu
# daughter.
Dhunati
(dhu) destroys; shakes off.
22*
222cc3
Dhenu
# cow.
Dhovati
(dhova) washes.
'.
c:5cc
333es
Dutiya
second.
CQ.9
338
Duddama
difficult to tame (du + dama - dameti).
CzYea)00
c32
eq:5
3<<2-22
Duranubodha
difficult of comprehension.
3e3e:
Duhitu
# daughter.
22c%
Deti
(d) gives.
Q & CCCC
2323.
Deyya
that which should be given, or is to

be given.
eq2
GC
DeVa
d god.
eq
eqee:6
223
# goddess.
256
$os.
Nagara
d city.
Devi
G2 c.) CO
DeSeti
(disa) preaches.
zozo
$22.
Nattu
d nephew.
0%
23.2s
DOSa
o hatred.
zoes)0
$222
Namo
ind. honour.
Q0%
gooo-
Dvdasa
25
$s.
Nara
o man.
twelve.
q)
3
#.
DVi
tWO.
2-62526
ecc3
Narapati
d" king.
2-3)
$o
NaVa
nine (9); new.
Dvikkhattun
twice.
2)S)
$ce
NaVama
ninth.
z-95
NaVuti
ninety.
200623)
2-3
$22332
Ngarika
urban.
zood
$222
Ntha
d protector, refuge.
209)
$22
Nma
name; the consciousness of

something, rather than the thing
J
Czno
ecozo
2006
(adj) deserving of a gift; (as noun:)
q}~~~~.
dh
Jzo
s:
Dhana
wealth.
QQQ
<3
Dhamma
o Law, Truth, Doctrine.
JS9006
22e2
Dhammacri
d righteous one.
JSS)20
@@CC^
Dhammat
# In accordance with the natural
23)
11
itself.
2-93
order (or the truth, etc.); a rule.
2-03)
Jee Jo
222s,
Dhammadhara
d" versed in the Dhamma.
2-0525)
QQQ006
2333
Dhammavdi
d speaker of the Truth.
2^252)Q26
QQQ639C)
222s22s2
Dhammasl
preaching hall.
2^2).<5.6
pg. 8
#23
#23
#2322
$22223
# scipc3
Nir
# woman.
NV
# ship, boat.
Nvika
d" navigator.
Nikkhamati
(ni + kamu) departs.
Nikhanati
(ni +khana) buries.
2^@3-26:6
2^@@
2^3)23
2^*e.g3:00
zgaz
$og23
#22
#ces
# 2222
# secc3
92
Paca
five.
ex4%
23
Pacadasa
fifteen.
accumulation.
ex-Jo
232
Pacadh
fivefold.
Nittanho
An arahant (Desireless One).
&:DQ
28
Pacama
fifth.
Nidahati
(ni + daha) lays aside.
cC
Pati
return; in revenge; up to, towards, at.
egg2222
3e3
ege2
Patikkamati
(pati + kamu) retreats.
Patipad
9. course, conduct, practice.
e32ss:
e322-22
Patilekhana
letter in reply.
Patiloman
backwards.
Nigacchati
(ni + gamu) departs, goes away.
Nigama
o a market town
Nicaya
ind. p.p. having left aside. (from
2500cc
$22es
Nidhya
eCz925
nidahati, to desposit or bury; cf.

nidhna, buried treasure)
2^602006
$22222s.
Nirdhra
eCeG
#223
2^3%
2^32626
#233-3
e
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$2sco
#es
#ecse:
22
2$o:
2^2)
28653
2^@600
zc
U
<2<>925
egged:
o
222:32:3:6
Nivarian
'"
(ni + sada) sits.
ecog
escoco
Pativadati
(pati + vada) answers.
Nica
mean, low.
eCeeeoo.
e323-223
Patisotan
against the stream.
NiraSa
sapless, tasteless.
ec39
ege
Pathama
first.
23.8%)
CCDC
Panita
(pa + neti, p.p.) having enacted/

executed a decree (~ paneti); adj.
Niroga
healthy.
Nila
adj. blue.
Niharati
(ni + hara) takes away, removes.
e.g3:32,
Pandita
d" wise man.
Netu
o leader.
&6&6683
Pannarasa
fifteen.
&6&6025,06
Pannkra
d Present (viz., a gift).
& 6&#6083
Pannsa
fifty.
23226
Patati
(pata) falls.
as
exalted, excellent; delicious.
Pakkamati
(pa + kamu) sets out, goes away.
efi (zoogleq)
Pati (noun)
o husband, lord.
eft (&occo)
Pati (particle)
pre, again, against, back, towards.
Pakkhipati
(pa + khipa) Places into, puts inside; to

inter. (fig.) to include in, to
efiegfi
Patideti
interpolate.
(pati + d) gives in return.
(paca) cooks.
23:56925
Patirja
the opposing king.
c:56.83.
Patirupan
sense of counterfeit).
, Coq
Pada, pda
CC-
Pacati
cele9852%).
eg22222
Pacchbhattan after meal.
Cs
Nisidati
223):6
ce):39
eCeCDS).
eogeo?
without food.
eCeGozo
Ind. against; in opposition to; in
Pacchima
Suitable, seeming (sometimes in the
west, (adj.) latest; hindmost; lowest.
ex:0
Paha
d" question
2:X,
22
Pa
# wisdom.
d"/ lit. foot; fig, the base of a tree;

a "foothill"; a word or poetic beat.
as 2
pg, 9
Pana
ind, but, however, further.
6/G
CoQ)
Pabala
very strong.
&O
Papa
evil.
acaja)^
ego:
Pabbata
d"/ rock.
&0&^2 S)
Papaka
adj. evil.
CCC
CCC
Paya
milk, water.
coczood
Papakri
o evil-doer.
ecc39:5
ee>~~3
(pa +y) goes forward (proceeds

Payti
coee jo
Ppunati
(pa + apa) arrives.
ahead).
cocoote)
Plibhs
# the pali-language.
32
Pitu
o father.
303
Pitha
GB chair, bench.
ecc39&zo
e2esce:
Payojana
use, need.
C6
ce.
Para
adj. other, different.
2262SS25
cagec:
Parakkamati
(para + kamu) strives.
Pard
ind. Descreasing, defeating;

exceeding, overcoming; reverse,
C60
ce:
32
aside.
Coo-3
eccees
Parajaya
defeat.
adj. yellow; (p.p. of pivati:) having

Pita
imbibed or soaked.
c3
d" m. decline, ruin (the root meaning

edococ)
escoe
Parabhava
s
#
is similar to "overcome"; parbhavati

can mean "go to ruin", or "to
surpass").
223
Pari
o
2262See:S
CC
coz\dots
&OQ25) 0
Puakri
d good-doer.
Putta
o" son.
Puttika
he who has sons.
(pari + khipa) encircles; surrounds;

Pariccheda
d limit, extent, chapter.
Pubba
adj. first, foremost, eastern.
s:
Paridahati
(pari + daha) puts on.
Pubbanha
o forenoon.
Paridhvati
(pari + dhva) runs about.
3 CJ c3
PaViSati
Pasattha
eczec:
<22:22-2
22cces
3.2c22
&
ind. in front of (in the presence of,

Purato
"before the...")
Parisuddha
complete purity.
(pa + visa) enters.

(p.p. of pasansati) praised;
commended; extolled. (Sometimes
equivalent to "praise-worthy" in
usage)
0.3039C)
merit, good.
<>
escod &
Pua
(+) flower.
s.
C
asks, questions.
Puppha
3.3%
Pucchati
[or] throws around.
2252003)25
223-26:6
c3
# joy.
Parikkhipati
e3ece:
e3e36
CC
pre, around, about, complete.
C~
Piti
Paharati
(pa + hara) strikes.
Pathasl
$' school.
PtarSa
d" morning meal.
PtO
ind. early in the morning.
Puratthima
eastern.
Pjeti
offers.
Pema
d" attachment, love.
Potthaka
book, canvas.
&
CC
90%
CN-
423-
Q9
ph
IT
5)
C-
bh
Phala
d"Fruit; (fig.) consequence, result.
ogooz-Q
2222s,
Bhagavantu
o The Blessed One (viz., the Buddha).
20.82%
223:
Bhagini
$' sister.
Phussa
A month (December-January) and its

corresponding
constellation.
Touching,
feeling
(~phusati). (As
ape26
coec:
Bhajati
e"
2025.5
cococ:
Bhanati
(bhana) proclaims; recites; tells.
80.8%)
co
$2
Bhanda
'" item, article or
2.8%)000623)
22:2535:
Bhandgrika
d treasurer; "store-house-keeper".
adj.) speckled.
Q)
(-)
a 2-392~
*#&#1
Bandhumantu
d" he who has relations.
gozso
22g2.
Bhattu
o husband.
o/C02-2
<<><$1
Balavantu
d powerful.
39S 2
222s,
Bhante
Reverend Sir (an irregular vocative).
~3-0)
ec222
Bahudh
in many ways.
&)C3
CCCJ
Bhaya
fear.
Q0
Sy-c\-
Bla
o young; fig, childish, ignorant,
26.5
223-32
Bhariy
$ wife.
&pc)
coc
Bhava
GB existence.
ape)2S
cocci
Bhavati
(bhu) becomes.
2002
cooo-
Bhtu
o brother.
250cc).5
cocasco-
Bhveti
e develops (lit. causes
906523-)
2222s;
Bhsana
speech.
4)030
co-o-o-
Bhs
# language.
Bhikkhu
d" mendicant, monk.
Bhikkhuni.
# A female Buddhist mendicant.
&z-z-
2322.
2322:
23#
Bhinna
p.p. broken.
8250
22e2
Bhujaga
o" snake.
22:5
Bhujati
(bhuji) eats, partakes.
coax#22.99
22.2%
c? $222222
Bhunjitukma
wishing to eat.
&Q
o:
Bh
to be.
foolish.
20Goo
Sy-c\sco-
Blata
# childhood.
20Cso
Sy-c\-o'-
Blatta
ignorance.
526
Bija
seed, germ; [fig.] element.
2&US
2%.
$235
Bujjhati
(budha) understands.
$3
Buddha
o The awakened one.
2@eq32
93.9003
*2222322
Se2e2
Buddhadesita
preached by the Buddha.
Brahmacari
d" A cellbate;
celibate; one
one leading
leading th
the
322
"proper" lifestyle of a shaman.
32.2%
pg. 11
material existence; all living

too
2232
Bhuta
Q0C0206
222222222
Malakra
003
QQCJ
MSa
d garland-maker.
d"/ one month (any month); a
beings;ghosts,
(p.p.) existing
as, having
been;
esp. ancestral
spirits
-
(viz., those who "have been").
2S
223
Bhumi
822
Mitta
mung bean; a measure of weight.

d"/B friend.
92
&s
Mukha
GB face, mouth.
92.6
@CC
U CO
Sz
# ground; plateau, level; zone, etc.
Mutti
$ freedom ("liberation' from desire,

etc.)
&#
Muni
d" sage.
es/20
QQO
Medh
# wisdom; adj. wise.
eSQ0523
22222*
Medhvini
# wise woman.
Medhvi
d" wise man.
111
QQQ
<g
Magga
d" road.
QQ625
ego:
Maggika
o traveller.
CC
89.
MacCu
o death.
QC-6
89.
Maccha
o fish.
Q&
<g
Majja
GB intoxicant.
C@
ego
QQOC
Q& Je.
<g's
Majjhima
adj. middle.
2)
82
ec
Maca
o bed.
Mani
d jewel.
9.4%
J.
CC02>99
escocoo<
C3C00C
- CCOQQ\-
3C924.
esco 233
In
Yathbalan
according to one's deeds.

as according to one's strength (in
accordance with ...).
23
Madhu
dhoney.
Qz-
2:
Mana
mind (esp. the will, aspiration, etc.).
Czoccesso
<<>22
ManuSSatta
manhood.
22:22es
Manomaya
mental.
QQ
@@
Mama
pro. my, mine.
cco-
se:
Mayhan
pro. my, mine.
Q64%
ce:
Marana
death.
Qa52Y
222s,
Mahanta
adj. big.
Qe2O3
@@CC CJ
Mahesi
# queen.
90C
2222's
Matula
o uncle.
exacoz
2222222#.
Matulani
# aunt.
Q02
22:
Mna
pride.
Yathavuddhan according to seniority.
ocood?
YathSatti
: I #4-x 7.
according to one's ability; as much as

one can do.
co
ezooece
decoeez5
accordance with actions, fig, as
Yathkammam
92
CC
CCC,
ess
Yad
ind. when.
CCCC
C-><>>
YaSa
glory.
C30
C-C
pro, who, which, that.
C309
e-22
Yagu
C30C2)
OY-eOT
Ycaka
d rice-gruel.
d" beggar.
C30
CJOC
YVa
much as, how much; to such an
ind. until, so long as; as far as; as

eXtent as.
e
pg. 12
300&C.
X^C&C
Yvajivan
As long as life lasts.
C3004:C.
e-22222
Yvadatthan
as one wishes.
C30GX5)
22-22
Yogga
suitable; fit to be bound (yoked); a

Contrivance.
<
625
<3233
Rakkhati
protects.
685
<e
Raja
dust.
6:529.3
<eccees
Rajatamaya
made of silver.
3C-3
<g
Rattha
country, kingdom, realm.
026
sc3
Rati
# attachment. (also: love)
Ratta
adj. red.
Gozo
2ces:
Lekhana
letter.
G02>
2c-/-O-
Loka
o world.
eGozo:32,
eGozz>
22-2222322 Lokahita
beneficial to the world.
22s20322
Lokika
worldly.
eGo &o
22s2a322
Lonika
salty (or alkaline)
Go
CY-CO
Lobha
d greed.
&
62Y
626
6C
22
8)
colour; appearance (esp. skin

&D&34%
egg
Vanna
colour); caste or clan; a letter;

quality.
22
Ratti
# night.
d" a chariot, or horse-dawn buggy;
ggy
Czso
22.
Wattu
o talker.
Ratha
pleasure (~ rata, p.p. ramati)
Co-
Vattha
GB cloth, raiment.
og
2
egg
coc:
Vadati
(vada) speaks.
CQ
Vadhu
<ce
6C206
ecco22e.
Rathakra
charioteer.
6985
sce
Rja
d" king.
09&2&
sc3:
Rajini
# queen.
6(25%)
22
Rukkha
o tree.
6(2):5
<$22
Rundhati
(rudhi) obstructs.
600
2<co
Roga
o disease.
Cze:S
ces
ego:
Cesz
ecc3
Vapati
SOWS.
C-3
CCC
Waya
age.
CC:
C CO->
VaSSa
d"/9 year, rain.
O)
ind, either, or.
CoC)
3.
<ee
VC
$ word.
hundred
thousand;aamark
mark;ina casting
target; a
stake
at gambling;
Cose):5
3.2ec3
Vceti
(vaca) reads, recites.
up accounts.
Co.65
ck:32
Vnija
o merchant
young wife.
|.
Ozo)003
w". daughter-in-law; a
Vana VSa
residence in the forest.
Vandati
(vanda) salutes.
(as a numeral or quantity) a

G2a)
<>02
Lakkha
Geoff
escoes
Labhati
(labha) Obtains, attains.
Co-39;5
desec3
Vyamati
strives, tries.
62.6
23223
Likhati
Writes.
C2See:S
8:32-3
Vikkhipati
SCatterS.
pg. 13
separated. (p.p. of vigacchati. gone

S
COco
Vigata
away, ceased; deprived of being

without.)
Vicarati
(vi + cara) wanders about.
Vicchindati
(vi + chidi) cuts off, interrupts,
A.
CJ
pre, with, together, self (cf. Greek

"sun-"~ English "syn-").
C3)626
832.6
| ..
3CG
Ceeeeee:S
C<>>
San
Co
CJ
838.66%-36
codific:c-sci: Sankilissati
838.52%
co
o
CJ3)C CO
C3c.:
C
CJC->
co
prevents.
c3
Vipassati
Sankhipati
(sag + kilisa) is defiled.

(sag + khipa) condenses.
(vi + passa) sees clearly.
esca:222
Sangha
Sanganhti,
Sanganhati
treats kindly, sympathizes with;

collects, compiles.
C3-O
22g
Sacca
a truth (or fact).
ecc3
2-3
Satthi
sixty.
325)2
occ3
Satan
hundred (100).
325:5)
22
Satta
seven; acursed
being, (p.p.
entity;
caught up (p.p.
sajati);
Sapati).
Ceos)
Vibhava
d" wealth, prosperity.
CQC
Vimala
stainless.
e3e3e3:00:5
92.
Vimukha
adj. averted, turns away from.
# emancipation ("liberation' from
926
Vimutti
o collection, The Order.
desire, etc.)
C-3
Viya
ind, like, as (~ iva).
Viloma
reVerSe.
o
Cees)
ViSama
uneVen.
23:26
222222
Sattati
seventy.
C332)0
Visikh
$' street.
escogee
2222222
Sattadasa
SeVenteen.
Visujjhati
(vi + Sudha) is purified.
32-QS)
2222*
Sattama
seventh.
Visoka
sorrowless.
C3:
22.
Satthu
o teacher.
Vihariati
perishes (despairs, suffers)

The form of the numeral twenty (20)
2-3
Sad
ind always.
C&O)
22g2
Saddh
# faith, devotion, confidence.
Visan
used in compound words.
gon)
CJC
Sabba
all.
C320%
$3:
Sabba
d"All Knowing One.
3%)etc.).
22g22-2,
Sabbaso,
83%)C)
<>> CoCC^
Sabbath
In every way.
3.94%
CJ QQCD
Samana
d" holy man, ascetic.
3900-23:5
23222g23
Samgacchati
CeCoe
Ce3e3.5
Cecco2.
Cocq:6
Ce3.
8326
33
24.
C&
ViSati
twenty.
Vihi
d" paddy.
Vuddha
adj. old.
Vejja
d" doctor, physician.

(vi + d 4 kara) expounds (also writ
"bykaroti")
Q)
Coozsed):6
22222 ecc3
Vykaroti
(say ' d' gamu) assembles (viz.,

convenes or attends a meeting).
ecce)#
232223
39.9%004.
223233
Sambuddha
o Fully Enlightened One.
C3992)
2-3's
Sammukha
face to face with.
Sameti
Samm-
pg. 14
meets together.
-
a lake; an arrow; a sound; a vowel;

36
Sara
320
o:#s
Sunakha
d dog.
3.99&zo
2322232
Subhvita
p.p. thoroughly practised.
3.22
2322
SuWe
ind. tomorrow.
2:3
Sda
o cook.
63C-3
22g
Settha
adj. excellent, chief.
G325)
<>> CTD
Seta
adj. white.
Q32^0
22:2
Send
# army.
30
CJC
SO
pro.he.
G302 S)
CY-O-
Soka
d" grief.
6302
22-23:
Sotu
d" hearer.
22s2S3
Sobbad
ind. everyday.
a kind of reed.
3.6%
Sarana
refuge.
3.25.6%
Samharati
(san 4 hara) collects.
C)30
Sahassan
thousand.
C)0C3
Sahya
o friend.
she.
3000
Skh
# The branch of a tree, etc. (lit./fig.)
630&
Sdu
(adj) sweet; pleasant.
392
Sdhu
(adj) good; virtuous; profitable.

(adv.), well; thoroughly. (ind.) yes;
alright
Sdhukan
ind, well.
econog,
C392~
e303
Smi
d husband, lord.
ecco2.339: 23-223:22- Sovannamaya
30-39088
Syamsa
d" evening meal, dinner.
30G0
Sl
$ hall.
33-30
Siy
would be.
336
Sira
head.
32
Sita
adj. cold, cool.
cool}
222
Hattha
o hand.
3C
Sila
morality, precept, virtue.
2023
Hatthi
d" elephant.
3C02.
Siladhanan
wealth of virtue.
202323
Hatthini
# she-elephant.
Su
pre, good, well, thoroughly, excess.
206.6
92%
c223:
czec:
Harati
(hara) carries.
Sukara
easy to do.
&Oce)
2) QC
Have
ind, indeed, certainly.
Sukhita
adj. happy, healthy.
38
c3
Hi
indec. indeed.
Sugati
# a good or happy state.
3e30
c322s2
Hiyo
ind, yesterday.
Sujana
d good man.
33.6%
Sunati
(su) hears.
CCon/G
Sudubbala
very weak.
ge:32.
Sudesita
well preached.
C30&
22-233-
U.
Solasa
25)
golden.
Sixteen.
CO
* [End Qu
pg. 15

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ANELEMENTARY PI COURSE

TO MY VENERABLE TEACHER PELENE SIRIVAJIRANA MHANYAKA THERA

a is pronounced like u in but

is pronounced like gn in signor

is pronounced like a in art

is pronounced like t in not

i is pronounced like i in pin

is pronounced like d in hid

is pronounced like i in machine

is pronounced like n in hint

u is pronounced like u in put

p is pronounced like p in lip

is pronounced like u in rule

b is pronounced like b in rib

e is pronounced like e in ten

m is pronounced like m in him

is pronounced like a in fate

y is pronounced likey in yard

o is pronounced like o in hot

r is pronounced like r in rat

is pronounced like o in note

l is pronounced likel in sell

k is pronounced like k in key

v is pronounced like v in vile

g is pronounced like g in get

s is pronounced likes in sit

is pronounced like ng in ring

his pronounced like h in hut

c is pronounced like ch in rich

is pronounced likel in felt

j is pronounced like jinjug

is pronounced like ng in sing

3rd person terminations

* This form is not frequently used.

A. Declension of Nouns ending in "a"

Tvan rathena gacchasi.

nar, naramha, narasm

temple, garden, park

pond, pool, lake

* Verbs implying motion take the Accusative.

You are coming with the dog.

* Use the Instrumental case.

takes, receives, seizes

departs, goes away

... Aruhati (ruha with )

* Plural: ganhanti. So are sanganhanti, ugganhanti, kinanti and Sunanti.

1. ambrukkhasm (abl. s.)

2. rukkhehi (abl. pl.)

... from trees

3. panehi (abl. pl.)

... from the markets

4. pan (abl. s.)

Ahan cariyasma Dhammar Sunami.

I receive a gift from the teacher.

I am descending from the mountain.

panan (acc. S.)

We hear the doctrine of the Buddha from the teacher.

We are coming out of the pond.

. . We fall from the mountain.

6. Acariynan (gen. pl.)

We treat the father's pupils with affection.

Paca, "to cook"

Disa, "to preach"