Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
INTRODUCTION:
1.1 Introduction
Generators are useful appliances that supply electrical power during a power outage
and prevent discontinuity of daily activities or disruption of business operations.
Generators are available in different electrical and physical configurations for use in
different applications. In the following sections, we will look at how a generator
functions, the main components of a generator, and how a generator operates as a
secondary source of electrical power in residential and industrial applications.
An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an
external source into electrical energy as the output.
1.3 Outline:
This system utilizes 12 bit analog to digital converter for measurement of phase
voltage of R phase, Y phase and B phase. It also monitors fuel level, engine
temperature and oil pressure via relevant switch. This system enables random check if
system is not energized for 12 hours i.e. if electricity board supply does not fail for
continuous 12 hours. Engine is switched ON to check its function. System enables 3
cranking attempts. If engine does not start with 3 attempts then alarm will be given
which will declare the failure of generator. If engine starts before this, 3 voltage levels
will be measured and engine will be kept ON for at least 10 min to ensure proper
lubrication of oil in cylinders as well as turbo charger if used with engine.
Temperature, diesel level and oil pressure can be monitored using temperature
switch; float switch and pressure switch respectively. Also R,Y B phase voltages are
measured. We require a signal conditioning block for each parameter. Output of this is
given to multiplexer, analog to digital converter and then microcontroller. We are
using ADuC 812 which is 8-channel 12 bit ADC flash microcontroller. We are also
using an alarm system and a LCD display. If in case any fault occurs then alarm will
start ringing. Also LCD will display the R, Y, B voltages and other parameters.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY:
Till now no automatic system had been used to check the working status and
parameters of generator. They use to start the generator when required and if in case it
did not work, they had to face problems. So it became very necessary to check the
working of generator from time to time. And doing the same procedure automatically
may prove much convenient. This setup proves useful in many industries. In mobile
towers automatic switching is used, i.e. when MSEB fails at that time generator is
switched on automatically. But no random check is available their. Thus if by chance
generator fails, due to any of its parameters not meeting the requirement, the mobile
towers stop working and for some time other mobile tower has to manage the
responsibility of handling the traffic of the failed mobile station. These may cause
hectic, which may be avoided only if the parameters are checked regularly.
Usually in military this concept of checking any mechanical or automobile
equipment is used. They make all their vehicles, planes, tanks etc go for a test ride
daily, just to check whether all the parts are in proper working condition.
In todays world some of the industries, hospitals, and mobile towers work for
24 hours continuously. And electricity plays a very major role in this. So it becomes
necessary to provide a continuous power supply to the industries, though MSEB may
or may not be available. A generator is used as optional supply. So whenever MSEB
goes off, the generator should automatically start. This will save time and manpower
as well. Also the generator is checked one in a day by running it for a specific period.
This helps to check whether the generator is in working condition. Thus due to both
time and manpower is saved and industry can work without any interrupt
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Display
Temperature
Pressure
Level
Communication
Interface
Mseb vtg
Gen vtg
Micro
RMS to
DC
convert
er
MUX
A to D
controller
convert
er
Relay driver
Bluetooth
module
Features of AD536A:
1. True rms to dc conversion
2. Laser trimmed high accuracy
3. Low power 1.2 mA quiescent current
3.1.1.3 Multiplexer:
1. The supply which is converted to dc is to be given to multiplexer.
2. We have used the ADG508A multiplexer so that pins of controller are saved, also
we can give more analog inputs in future if needed.
3. This mux has 8 inputs and selects its respective with the help of three control lines.
The control lines are given to the microcontroller. With the help software, we program
the controller in such a way that it continuously monitors the two inputs one after
other.
4. It has 5 V cmos and ttl logic compatible digital inputs
Features of ADG508A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
continuously, and if that voltage goes beyond a certain value, it immediately stops the
generator. Also if when MSEB returns back, it understands as the respective pin goes high
and immediately it stops the generator.
8. Also this controller is used for random checking purpose. After a random interval, the
controller will automatically perform random check
Features of 89C5RD2:
The basic architecture of AT89S52 consists of the following features:
Relay driver
1. The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are ideally
suited for interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS
or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage requirements of lamps, relays,
printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad range applications.
2. All devices feature opencollector outputs and free wheeling clamp diodes for
transient
suppression.
3. The ULN2803 is designed to be compatible with standard TTL families
Features of ULN 2803:
1. Output Voltage 50 V
2. Input Voltage 30 V
3. Collector Current Continuous IC 500 mA
4. Base Current Continuous IB 25 mA
5. Operating Ambient Temperature Range TA 0 to +70 C
6. Storage Temperature Range Tstg 55 to +150 C
7. Junction Temperature TJ 125 C
Relays
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism. Relays find applications where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A relay
will switch one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil in
one of three ways:
Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit
is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make" contact.
Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or "break"
contact.
Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normallyopen contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a Form
C contact or "transfer" contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact utilizes make
before break" functionality, then it is called a Form D contact.
The following designations are commonly encountered:
SPST Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is
ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO"
and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.
SPDT Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.
DPST Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two
SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has
six terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).
DPDT Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals.
Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight
terminals, including the coil.
The relays are driven by controller through driver IC. We have used SPST and SPDT
relays. The relays are used to indicate following
1] Cranking relay:
This relay indicates the process of starting the generator. When the mains will go
low, the controller will drive this relay to indicate the process of starting of the
generator.
2] Alarm relay:
This is used to inform the supervisor that some fault has occurred. The fault
maybe low oil pressure, sudden rise in temperature (above the threshold or predefined level), low fuel level, or wrong phase voltages. The alarm is used as a audible
indicator and only rings as programmed by the microcontroller. This alarm is driven
with help of ULN 2803. Basically a relay is used for driving the alarm. This relay is
operated through driver.
3.1.3.2 LCD:
1. Liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the
light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly.
2. LCDs therefore need a light source and are classified as "passive" displays. Some
types can use ambient light such as sunlight or room lighting. There are many types of
LCDs that are designed for both special and general uses. They can be optimized for
static text, detailed still images, or dynamic, fast-changing, video content.
3. LCDs are more energy efficient, and offer safer disposal, than CRTs. Its low
electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic
equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of
pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or
reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.
4. Here is used to display the current measuring parameter. All the status, either
working or non working is displayed on this LCD. This helps in keeping the track of
quantity of each required parameter and if any quantity is previously seen exceeding
its limit then essential steps can be taken.
5. The R/W pin is grounded permanently. Also the other control signals which are
essential for LCD are RS i.e. register select, which is used to specify whether the
given information to the LCD is data or command. And enable pin which is used for
writing the data in LCD. The remaining four data bits of LCD are grounded. Also the
other remaining pins of LCD are used to adjust contrast, brightness etc.
3. It does not require extra software for operation. No installation of driver and application
software.
4. It supports Win 98 / ME / 2000 / XP / XPx64
5. here we have used the Bluetooth module so that the status of the parameter and genset can
be transmitted on the computer.
Bluetooth Port
Bluetooth: 1 Port
Compliance: With Bluetooth v2.0+ EDR
Support Bluetooth Serial port profile (SPP)
Operate in 2.4 GHz 2.483 GHz ISM Band
Support Bluetooth Radio with Class 1 & 2 RF
Operating Distance: Up to 100 Meters
Power: 5V DC / 200mA, 80mA
Led Indications: SYS (Red), Pairing (Green)
Environment
Operating Temperature: 0to 60
Storage Temperature: -25 to 70
Dimensions: 65 * 30 * 12 mm (not including antenna)
Weight: 35 gm
Product description
DC-In Power Outlet
The SC10B Bluetooth to RS232 is powered by a single 5V DC 200 mA Power supply. Power
SC10B is given through the adapter. If the Power is properly supplied, the red color LED will
glow.
Antenna Connector
The connector for antenna is a standard Reverse SMA jack. Simply connect it to a 2.0dBi
dipole, 50 Ohms impedance and 2.4GHz frequency antenna. (The Antenna is changeable for
high gain Antenna)
Serial Port: RS-232
Connect the RS-232 port to the Serial device.
Set-up Button
This is to the left side of the SC10B. The purpose is to synchronize between SC10B device
and BT RS232 Config Tool software. After finishing the parameter setup of BT RS232
Config Tool software, when you click the icon of Connect in BT RS232 Config Tool
software, use any point tip to push this button You will see the icon of Connect turn into
Disconnect and this means successful activation of the device. The Read & Write Icons will
turn active & the version nos is displayed.
LED Indicators
Red Color LED: Power indicator
Green Color LED: Before synchronizing green LED will blink.
After synchronizing the Red & Green LED will be blink alternately
When setting up SC10B adapter for the first time, you have to install and
runBT1.exe / BT RS232 config tool in your computer. The utility CD is
enclosed in the device box. All the SC10B Bluetooth to RS-232 devices
must be configured first before you use it. The purpose of configuration is
to pair two SC10B devices for an exclusive connection between them, and
pairing is done by utilizing Bluetooth address and PIN code
Double click the icon of BT1 / BT RS232 Config Tool, the configuration
screen will be pop-up.
COM Port
Select COM port number, you have to avoid the port conflict with other
device in computer and use available port number.
Device Name
Select device name for identifying each one device. You can use the same
name or retype the new name.
Local Address
Local address will be automatically changed after finishing the parameter
configuration.
Peer Address
Peer address is for two or more devices to communicate in a same
network address.
PIN Code
PIN code is for the purpose of security consideration. Device uses this PIN
Code to identify during connection and communication.
Role
Role is for identifying a role of the device as a Master or Slave. In Master,
SC10B will play like a DTE mode - Data Terminal Equipment (such as a PC).
In Slave, SC10B will be play like a DCE - Data Communication Equipment
(such as a Modem).
Discoverable
Allowing (or not) SC10B to be detected by other Bluetooth devices.
Baud Rate
From 1200 bps to 115.2 kbps. Default is 9600
Handshake (DSR/DTR, RTS/CTS)
Default is Disable.
Stop Bit
Default is One Bit. Select from 1 or 2
Parity
Default is None. Choose from None, Odd, Even
Apply Connect
Apply Read
Read, means load all last saved parameters from the BT232 Config
Tool. The local address will be updated as the real device address.
Apply Write
1. In our project, Serial communication is being used to send the data between the
Bluetooth and the Car and Remote modules. For which RS 232 has been used along
with the DB9 male and female connectors.
2. RS 232 can be directly interfaced with the Microcontroller with same signal
timings as that of microcontroller. These parts are especially useful in battery-powered
systems, since their low-power shutdown mode reduces power dissipation to less than
5W.
4.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1.
parameters, i.e. temperature, pressure, level are given as input to the controller
directly to the pins P 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6.
2. The other two inputs that is the two voltages are first stepped down with the help
of transformers. Then through the input section they are then given to port P 3.6,
which is actually output from analog to digital converter. The other also CLK and CS
are connected to P 3.5 and P 3.7 respectively.
3. The LCD is also connected to the controller. The data lines of lcd are connected to
pin P 1.0 to P 1.7. Control signals RS RW and E of LCD are given to P 3.2, P 3.3 and
P 3.4. these lines are used to select register, select read or write mode and enable the
signal.
4. The relays at output are driven through ULN 2803. This driver IC is connected to
P 0.0 to P 0.3 of controller
5. Select lines of multiplexer are connected to P 2.0, P 2.1 and P 2.2 which helps the
multiplexer to select the input.
6. P 3.0 and P 3.1 are connected to TX and RX of MAX 232, which is used for serial
communication purpose
7.
Reset and oscillator circuitry is used for the controller. Pin number 9 is used as
reset whereas pin number 18 and 19 are used as oscillator circuit. Pin number 40 is
supplied with power supply of 5V and pin number 20 is grounded
1. Pin number 1, 2, 3, 4 of the relay driver ULN 2803 are connected to P 0.0 P 0.3
of microcontroller, which drives the four output relays.
2. The output of the relay driver is obtained from pin number 13, 14, 15, 16, which is
then given to each relay.
3. Power supply of 5V is given at pin number 17 and ground is connected to pin
number 9. Also the unused input pins 5, 6, 7, 8 are grounded
1. In our project, we are using serial communication for which we are using RS 232 for serial
port connection. Pin 14 is T1-Out which sends the signal from the IC to the DB9 connector pin
no. 2. Here, this pin acts as the transmitter pin, which transmits the signal to the other module.
Pin 13 is R1-In which receives the signal from the DB-9 connector pin no. 3. This pin then acts
as the receiver pin, which receives the signal from other module.
2. The Bluetooth module is connected to this DB-9 male connector. The pin no. 5 is connected
to the ground.
3. The pin no. 11 is T1-In which receives the signal from the controller, which is then
forwarded to the DB-9 male connector (Pin 2). The pin no. 12 is R1-Out which gives the signal
to the controller, which comes from the DB-9 male connector (Pin 3).
1. The controller and other ICs strictly require the power supply of 5V.
2. To get that voltage we have used a small circuit which consist of a regulator IC 7805, which
gives +5V at its output, which is then given to the controller and other IC.
1. It is used as input circuitry for the two input voltages. The voltages cannot be used directly
in the circuit.
2. They need to be stepped down and transform so that they can be used for further processing.
This is done with help of input circulatory
3. It consists of an input transformer and rms to dc converter section. Input transformer steps
down the voltage to 6 V so that it can be given to the rms to dc converter.
4. Input to the converter is given at pin number 4 through a pot. And output is taken from pin
number 8. Pin number 1 is connected to preset.
5. Pin number 2 is grounded, pin number 3 is supplied with positive supply and pin number 5
is supplied with negative supply. Supply given is +/-12 volts.
4.2.2 Multiplexer
1. The next step is to give these voltages to an analog multiplexer. Here we have used
DG 508 as analog multiplexer
2. It has 8 input lines and three control lines. The inputs are given to pin numbers 4
and 5 which are the input pins of the multiplexer.
3. Pin number 1, 16 and 15 (A0, A1, A2) are the select lines which are given to P 2.0, 2.1, 2.2
of controller.
4. Using these pins we select the input. The output of the multiplexer is obtained from pin
number 8.
5. Pin number 13 is given to +12 V and pin number 3 is given to -12 V
1. Power supply of +/- 12 V is used to give supply to RMS to DC converter and analog to
digital converter.
2. 7812 and 7912 are used as voltage regulator so that voltage stays constant at 12 V
5. METHODOLOGY:
The system works in two modes
As seen from the block diagram, the microcontroller has five inputs, four from
generator and one reference input from MSEB. The reference input is continuously
monitored by the controller, to check the status of mains supply. While remaining
other inputs are checked when generator is to be started
So for first objective the MSEB reference is continuously monitored by the
microcontroller. As soon as the mains supply fails, the respective pin of
microcontroller will go low, and microcontroller will understand that the power
supply has failed. A separate powers supply is provided to the microcontroller
circuitry so that if the mains supply fails, microcontroller should be in working
condition. That is why the controller works though the mains supply has failed. Now
the microcontroller has to start the generator. But before that it should check for the
initial parameters, like fuel level, which are very necessary for starting. Once the
initial check is complete, and all the parameters are found ok, then the microcontroller
can start the generator, or else it will display on LCD the parameter which is not
meeting the requirement and also indicate it through alarm.
For starting the generator, cranking procedure is required. Cranking is a mechanical
process which is required to start the generator. So microcontroller will make the
generator crank automatically, i.e. no manual help is required for this process. The
microcontroller will make total of three attempts to start the generator. If within three
cranking attempts generator starts, then it can be concluded that the generator is in
proper working condition. But if in three attempts (this number of attempts can be
changed as per user requirement through program) the generator does not start, again
it will indicate on LCD and through alarm. Now this can be considered as a serious
error because it has occurred even when all the parameter status are fine, indicating an
internal problem.
If within the three cranking attempts the generator starts, then again all the parameters
are checked continuously. This time the initial parameters like fuel level as well as the
parameters which have to be monitored after the generator starts like phase voltages,
engine temperature are monitored. This is done until and unless the generator is
working. Now again during the working condition if any parameter is exceeded above
or below its threshold level, it is indicated with both LCD and alarm. Also when the
generator starts, load is transferred from MSEB to generator. The load is transferred
only and only when the generator is in proper working condition, which ensures
safety of the appliance or load. The status or error is periodically sent to the supervisor
via Bluetooth on his computer
2] Suppose generator is providing supply to load, i.e. MSEB has failed and the
generator is on, and the time of random check also matches with the current time. At
that time if the microcontroller follows the regular process of random check, then it
has to first transfer the load, which may interrupt the supply to the appliance. So to
avoid this, if such clash occurs, the microcontroller will not transfer the load, instead
it will cancel the routine of random check for that day or it can be postponed as per
the user requirements.
6. SOFTWARE
6.1 FLOWCHART:
START
LCD
INITIALIZATOIN
5*7 MATRIX 16
CHARACTERS AND 2 LINES
(38H & 0EH)
W
CHEK PRESSURE SWITCH
OF GENERATOR
Y
IS
HIGH PRESSURE
ALARM
OPE
N? N
CHECK
TEMPERATURE
IS
OK
?
Y
OVER TEMPERATURE
ALARM
IS
OK
?
Y
CHECK MSEB POWER
SUPPLY
MAINS
SUPPY
AVAILA
BLEAVA
ILABLE?
Y
MSEB CONTACTOR ON
SET A VARIABLE Q=1
DISPAY VOLTAGES
Y
N
X
IS
OK?
N
IS
MAT
CH
.
?
Y
CHECK R, Y, B
VOLTAGES
CRANKING ATTAMPT 1 TO
START GENERATOR
IS
ON?
CRANKING ATTEMP 2 TO
START GENERATOR
IS
ON?
Y
Y
5 MIN STABILIZATION
DELAY
N
CRANKING ATTEMP 3 TO
START GENERATOR
Y
GENERATOR IS ON AND
MEASURE R, Y, B
VOLTAGES
IS
ON?
N
CRANKING FAILED
ALARM
B
GENERATOR FAIL ALARM
N
IS
OK?
GENERATOR STOP
Y
Y
GENERATORS RANDOM
WORKING TEST
IS
Q=1
N
MAINS CONTACTOR
SWITCHED OFF
GENERATOR CONTACTOR
SWITCHED ON
MEASURE R, Y, B PHASE
VOLTAGES & PRESSUR,
TEMPERATURE & FUEL
LEVEL.
GENERATOR FAIL ALARM
IS
OK?
GENERATOR CONTACTOR
OFF
ENGINE STOP
Y
CHECK STATUS OF MSEB
IS
ARRIVE
D?
Y
10 MIN DELAY FOR
SETTLING
CHECK
R, Y, B
PHASES
OF MSEB
IS OK?
Y
GENERATOR CONTACTOR
SWITCHED OFF
MSEB
2
SEC CONTACTOR
SETTLING DELAY
ON
FOR THE CONTACTOR
CRANKING ATTEMP 1 TO
START GENERATOR
IS
ON?
N
CRANKING ATTEMP 2 TO
START GENERATOR
Y
IS
ON
N
?
VE
D?ATTEMP 3 TO
CRANKING
IS
START GENERATOR
ON?
CRANKING FAILED
ALARM
Y
Y
7. PCB LAYOUT
Much modern electronic system would be virtually impossible to package without
incorporating printed circuit board. A printed circuit board popularly known as PCB, is a piece
of plastic insulating board, on one side of which a complete layout diagram of an electronic
circuit consisting of copper as conductive layer is printed by a special a photo generation
process. On the other side of PCB are mounted electronic components like capacitor, register,
inductor and ICs. The metal conducting part serves as conducting medium for the electronic
components that are assembled on the opposite side of board.
2.
Uniformity in production
3.
Low cost
4.
5.
6.
Easier to repair
7.
Greater reliability
8.
Easier testing
7.2DISADVANTAGE OF PCB:
1.
2.
3.
The layout of component have many constant as they must all be on one plane
4.
5.
6.
Limited interchangeability
PCBs are divided into many classes according to several orbitary-overlapping criteria.
Second is related to the number of layers of conductors and to the presence of plated through holes.
a)
b)
2.
a)
b)
3.
a)
Multilayer PCBs
Thin
b)
Thick
Third board classification is based on the insulating material.
Signal sided: This type of PCB has conductor on soldering side only. It is often produce simply by
screen printing pattern on the copper clad laminate and etching the excess copper.
Double sided: This PCBs have conductors on both sides of board. If the holes are non-plated there is no
opposite side.
Multilayer PCBs: These PCBs have at least three layer of conductor. Two of them are on outer surface
of the board while remaining are incorporated are insulating board.
Take proper scale of components and according to such a scale make component layout of
project circuit, on a paper. This layout is simple as well as small in size. The draw mirror image of PCB
layout.
Take copper claded board of required size and transfer mirror image layout on board. Drill
for the connection on proper track. Using the paints i.e. the mirror image drawn by mirror does the
painting. After sometime check whether the painting is in proper alignment with rack and if in case there
is any fault then corrects it. Take solution of FeCl3 in port and deep PCB in solution for some hours.
After some time remove PCB from solution we see that the copper is removed from copper clad board
except that copper, which is painted.
The following checklist uses the major area of concern in the process of PCB design:
a)
Optimum size and shape of bold should be ensured.
b)
The substrate should be selected properly by taking into consideration its cost,
mechanical properties and electrical properties.
c)
Layout of conductor pattern should be taken care of from cross talk, leakage,
shielding, nos. of jumpers required and their placement.
d)
Selection of conductor width, thickness and spacing should be done after
analyzing their placement.
e)
Proper protective coating should be selected.
f)
g)
h)
The size and shape of PCB is compromise among the many parameters.
The maximum size of board is determined by the available facility, like the wave shouldering station,
cleaning tank, component assembling unit etc. when the board size is big and many components have to
be mounted on it the probability of the failure of the board increases. Troubleshooting for large board
increases. Smaller PCBs uses more connector; more back panel wiring which can be problematic due to
bad contacts.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Some of the important technical consideration evolved in selecting coating materials is:
a. Effect of humidity and temperature on the insulation resistance of coating material.
b. Flexibility of the material.
c. Resistance to cracking during thermal shock.
d. Ease of application on the PCB and also the ease with which it can be removed while repairing the
PCB.
a.
Before mounting any components, examine PCB carefully for any cracks, beaks, or other
defects in conducting paths.
b.
Drill the holes in PCB according to requirements.
c.
Carefully cut the leads of components so that 3 mm of the end extends beyond the wires inside of
PCB.
d.
In case of semiconductor like transistor, diodes the length of the leads extending above the
components side of the PCB should be above 1 cm. This will not only serve as heat sink to each head at
which soldering will also be useful for measuring voltage across their leads.
e. Certain components like transformer and variable capacitor, which are meant for used with the
PCBs, are provided with pin type terminals, which can be simply inserted into the holes and soldered.
8.1 Assembly
Care has to be taken while soldering the component on the PCB. In a PCB the tracks are quite
closely spaced and probability of damaging them is more with inexperienced persons. This demands
him to have complete concentration. The risk of damaging the track is most while soldering them off.
Use of holder is certainly more advantageous for the soldering the ICs on the PCB. This way we need
not de-solder the ICs to replace in case of failure.
Also while assembling; care should be taken about the polarities whether they are important e.g.
electrolytic capacitors and rectifiers. The IC should be properly placed in the spacing and the pin no.
matching as shown in ckt. Dig.
8.2 Soldering:
For soldering, we have used an alloy which has a composition of 60%Tin and 40%Lead. In
soldering process, first of all we soldered the resistors, capacitors, transistors, LEDs, various links on the
board and then finally the microcontroller.
For soldering on the single side PCB we have used a 25W SOLDERON gun and also different
gun for SMD type soldering. The temperature of the gun is 250 degree Celsius. For the SMD type
soldering pads are used.
Care was taken so as to avoid dry solder and solder bubbles. We used a dissolver for desoldering.
9. PROBLEMS FACED
SOLUTION 2: We tried using latches, but then we faced limitations in accessing the address
and data simultaneously. So we replaced the RTC with one which was i2c based.
10.1 Advantages
10.2 Disadvantages
Create power disturbance between the time power supply goes off and until the generator is
started
11. REFERENCES:
6. FUTURE SCOPE:
7. CONCLUSION: