CHAPTER 1

DATA COLLECTING AND PROCESSING

This chapter presents practicum data processing which consists of data
recapitulation, test of between, multivariate test and the effect of combination with
error.

1.1 Data Recapitulation

Below are the recapitulations of data gathered from the practicum in Human
Error Simulation Room with several control variables which are temperature, light
intensity, and noise.
Table 1.1 Recapitulation Data of Male's Human Error Practicum
Grou
p

Name

Temperatur

Nois

Ligh

Erro

1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1

4
1
0
1
5
2
0
3
2
1
10
6
0
2
1
3
2
1
4
1
3
11

A3

Rifqi

B2

Dariant

Total of

Total

Characters

Characters

Typed
526
554
580
528
564
616
584
596
612
582
544
644
584
596
612
582
544
644
814
759
839
818

of Text
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194

Grou
p

Name

Temperatur

Nois

Ligh

Erro

2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2

2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2

4
0
1
8
3
604
3
1
7
6
7
1
5
1
382
11
8
21
8
7
34
8
5
7
7
3
239
354
11
9
5
8
99
5
5
1
3
4
8
4
1
3
1

B3

Aulio

B4

Nauval
1

Total of

Total

Characters

Characters

Typed
811
801
798
886
858
737
907
888
690
771
783
735
727
583
900
717
696
662
744
849
723
766
831
703
773
860
783
650
727
762
801
883
1131
1004
1086
1015
999
1124
1214
1120
1059
1048
1106

of Text
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106

Grou
p

Name

Temperatur

Nois

Ligh

Erro

2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2

3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

3
0
4
6
5
2
8
6
10
7
27
21
12
2
2
610
3
15
342
14
4
5
529
8
6
16
391
10
5
6
2
3
2
2
2
27
1
2
2
0
2
7
2

C1

Habieb

C3

Zulhafiz
h

Total of

Total

Characters

Characters

Typed
1095
1176
1036
1137
1117
1106
1161
667
700
735
716
796
811
774
779
807
713
770
849
690
717
743
748
752
659
598
674
643
539
611
698
590
629
627
602
650
649
615
572
632
596
690
673

of Text
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461

Source: Practicum 2015

Table 1.2 Recapitulation Data of Female's Human Error Practicum
Grou

Nam

Temperatur

Nois

Ligh

Erro

1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2

9
10
15
11
14
14
10
10
13
7
4
7
7
8
13
18
20
800
95
1
4
7
6
1
5
0
1
3
3
2
3
0
3
1
1
2
11
5

A6

Atika

C5

Gita

Q7

Sarah

Total of

Total

Characters

Characters of

Typed
840
1099
1109
1015
1055
1141
1224
1272
1158
1190
1106
1238
1140
1145
1234
1117
1106
1228
690
791
767
745
796
878
845
823
843
808
852
888
896
841
858
816
826
849
1579
1466

Text
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542

Grou

Nam

Temperatur

Nois

Ligh

Erro

1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2

3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

7
5
1
9
3
1
6
2
0
3
5
5
4
3
2
5
5
8
7
949
8
4
4
5
10
2
1
4
3
5
8
7
3
8

Q8

Tari

Total of

Total

Characters

Characters of

Typed
1362
1194
1106
1407
1477
1406
1426
1194
1106
1342
1559
1466
1417
1194
1106
1463
1140
1141
1076
1048
1087
1137
1160
1172
1163
1082
1106
1174
1184
1208
1188
1041
1106
1308

Text
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461
1646
1542
1495
1194
1106
1461

Source: Practicum 2015

Here is the data recapitulation of practicum for each treatment combination in
human error room.
Here are the descriptions for each treatment combination:

Temperature

: 18

=1

24 = 2
36 = 3

Intensity of light of Light : 10 lux

=1

175 lux = 2
600 lux = 3

Noise

: 0 dsb
85 dsb

=1
=2

Table 1.3 Practicum Data Recapitulation

Experiment
RIFQI

Temperatur

Nois

Intensity of

Light

Error Ratio

Performance

0.00760456

0.31956257

3
0.00180505

6
0.35927367

1
0.38795986

0
0.00189393

6
0.44221105

9
0.00886524

8
0.00324675

0.50994575
0.42162902

1
0.35479951

0
0.00503355

4
0.38651102

7
0.00326797

5
0.40936454

4
0.00171821

8
0.48743718

3
0.01838235

6
0.49186256

8
0.44079397

0.00931677
0

7
0.35479951
4

Experiment

DARIAN

Temperatur

Nois

Intensity of

Light

Error Ratio

Performance

0.00335570

0.38651102

5
0.00163398

5
0.40936454

7
0.00515463

8
0.48743718

9
0.00367647

6
0.49186256

1
0.00155279

8
0.44079397

5
0.01071428

7
0.51032806

6
0.00909918

8
0.71271076

1
0.01352569

9
0.01083743

0.74180602
0.85008375

8
0.01327014

2
0.95388788

2
0.01226993

4
0.78097193

9
0.00816993

7
0.74362089

5
0.00786163

9
0.82490272

5
0.01122625

2
0.00588235

0.77458194
0.99664991

3
0.00361663

7
0.00565428

1
0.84736481

1
0.00614035

9
0.69258809

2
0.74254215

0.0069869
0.01053484

3
0.82541806

Experiment

AULIO

Temperatur

Nois

Intensity of

Light

Error Ratio

Performance

6
0.01611459

0.93551088

3
0.01808318

3
0.65146579

1
0.84052019

8
0.00491400

2
0.49453219

5
0.00131752

9
0.49221789

3
0.00357568

9
0.56120401

5
0.01344743

3
0.68509212

3
0.00493218

7
0.73327305

2
0
0.00125313

6
0.54825462
0.48481166

3
0.00902934

5
0.00349650

0.57457847
0.57391304

3
0.61725293

0.81953867
0.00330760

1
0.82007233

7
0.00112612

3
0.60780287

6
0.01014492

5
0.41919805

8
0.00778210

1
0.00893997

0.5
0.52374581

4
0.00136054

9
0.61557788

4
0.00687757

9
0.65732368

Experiment

Temperatur

Nois

Intensity of

Light

NAUVAL

Error Ratio

Performance

9
0.00171526

9
0.39904175

6
0.42444444

2
0.54678007

4
0.01534170

3
0.46498054

2
0.01149425

5
0.46555183

3
0.03172205

9
0.55443886

4
0.01075268

1
0.67269439

8
0.00824499

4
0.04702627

0.58110883
0.43924665

9
0.01044386

9
0.49675745

4
0.00601684

8
0.55585284

7
0.00995732

3
0.58877721

6
0.00905562

9
0.69891500

7
0.00348837

9
0.58863791

2
0.30523627

9
0.47569866

1
0.54461538

5
0.01513067

0.42153048
0.48628762

4
0.01181102

5
0.63819095

4
0.00624219

5
0.72423146

7
0.00906002

5
0.60438056

Experiment

Temperatur

Nois

Intensity of

Light

HABIEB

ZULHAFIZ
H

10

Error Ratio

Performance

0.08753315

0.68712029

2
0.65110246

0.00498008
0.00460405

4
0.72642140

2
0.00098522

5
0.85008375

2
0.00300300

2
0.90325497

3
0.00355871

3
0.76933607

9
0.00658978

1
0.73754556

6
0.00357142

5
0.72632944

9
0.00094428

2
0.70836120

7
0.00286259

4
0.87772194

5
0.00090415

9
0.00273972

1
0.74948665

3
0.71445929

0
0.00386100

5
0.67185473

4
0.00527704

4
0.76053511

5
0.00447627

7
0.93551088

6
0.00180831

8
0.00689061

1
0.79466119

2
0.02675585

1
0.36330498

3
0.58011869

2
0.43709468

Experiment

ATIKA

Temperatur

Nois

Intensity of

Light

11

Error Ratio

Performance

2
0.43010033

0.0155521
0.00927643

4
0.45142378

8
0.00981996

0.55244123
0.47775496

0.00286533
0.00508474

2
0.35844471

4
0.40791180

0.00317965
0.00318979

3
0.41939799

3
0.00332225

3
0.50418760

9
0.04153846

5
0.58770343

2
0.00154083

2
0.00325203

0.44421629

3
0.00349650

0.37363305
0.37094682

2
0.42274247

0
0.00335570

5
0.49916247

5
0.01014492

9
0.62386980

8
0.00297176

1
0.46064339

8
0.13768115

5
0.41919805

9
0.00126422

6
0.51297016

3
0.00521512

9
0.51304347

Experiment

GITA

Temperatur

Nois

Intensity of

Light

Error Ratio

Performance

0.00939597

0.62395309

3
0.00753768

9
0.71971066

8
0.00113895

9
0.60095824

8
0.51336573

0.00591716

5
0.53372243

8
0.56387959

0.00118624
0.00371287

9
0.67671691

1
0.00352112

7
0.00225225

0.77034358
0.60780287

2
0.00334821

5
0.54434993

4
0
0.00349650

9
0.54539559
0.57391304

3
0.68341708

0.00122549
0.00121065

5
0.74683544

4
0.00235571

3
0.00696643

0.58110883
0.95929526

4
0.00341064

1
0.95071335

1
0.00513950

9
0.91103678

1
0.00418760

5
0.00090415

1
1

12

Experiment

SARAH

Temperatur

Nois

Intensity of

Light

13

Error Ratio

Performance

0.00639658

0.96303901

8
0.00203114

4
0.89732685

4
0.00071123

3
0.91180285

8
0.00420757

3
0.95384615

4
0.00167504

2
0
0.00223546

1
1
0.91854893

9
0.00320718

9
0.94714459

4
0.00341064

3
0.95071335

1
0.00282286

9
0.94782608

5
0.00251256

3
0.00180831

8
0.00341763

1
1.00136892

5
0.00438596

5
0.69258809

5
0.00701139

2
0.73994811

4
0.00650557

9
0.71973244

6
0.90553435

1
0.87772194

1
0.00735970

3
0.98282097

6
0.77823408

0.00351803
0.00344827

6
0.70473876

Experiment

Temperatur

Nois

Intensity of

Light

Error Ratio

Performance

0.00426621

0.76005188

2
0.00859845

1
0.77792642

2
0.00184842

1
0.90619765

9
0.00090415

9
0.00340715

1
0.80355920

5
0.00253378

6
0.71931956

4
0.00413907

3
0.78339818

3
0.00673400

4
0.79464882

7
0.00672430

9
0.87185929

4
0.00271247

7
0.00611620

1
0.89527720

Source: Practicum 2015

1.2 Test of Between
Here is the result of test of between by using SPSS Software based on the data
obtained from environmental factor practicum
Table 1.4 Test of Between Results
Dependent
Source

Variable

Corrected Model

Error Ratio
Performance

Intercept

Error Ratio
Performance

Temperature
Noise

Error Ratio

Type III Sum

of Squares

df

Mean Square

Sig.

107.050a

17

6.297

.796

.696

2.761b

17

.162

2.829

.000

2060.450

2060.450

260.470

.000

.939

.939

16.355

.000

23.033

11.517

1.456

.236

Performance

.144

.072

1.258

.287

Error Ratio

.006

.006

.001

.979

14

Dependent
Source
Intensity of Light
Temperature * Noise

Variable

.939

Error Ratio

7.600

Performance

.578

Error Ratio

8.544

Performance

.144

31.367

Noise * Intensity of Light Error Ratio

Performance
Error Ratio

Intensity of Light
Performance
Error Ratio
Performance
Error Ratio
Performance
Corrected Total

Mean Square
1

Performance

Total

df

.939

Light

Error

of Squares

Performance

Temperature * Intensity of Error Ratio

Temperature * Noise *

Type III Sum

Error Ratio
Performance

Sig.

16.355

.000

3.800

.480

.619

.289

5.032

.008

4.272

.540

.584

.072

1.258

.287

7.842

.991

.414

.189

.047

.823

.513

4.978

2.489

.315

.731

.578

.289

5.032

.008

31.522

7.881

.996

.411

.823

.513

.189

.047

1281.500

162

7.910
.057

9.300

162

3449.000

180

13.000

180

1388.550

179

12.061

179

Source: Practicum 2015

Here is the analysis for any combination:
Effect of error
1) Source : temperature
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H1 : 1 2 3
Significance level from the table is 0.236
Description :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect of temperature on error.
2) Source : noise
H0 : 1 = 2
H1 : 1 2

15

Significance level from the table is 0.979

Description :

1 = noise of 0 dsb
2 = noise of 85 dsb

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect of noise on error.
3) Source : intensity of light
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H1 : 1 2 3
Significance level from the table is 0.619
Description :

1 = intensity of 10 lux
2 = intensity of 175 lux
3 = intensity of 600 lux

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect of intensity of light on error.
4) Source : temperature*noise
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5
Significance level from the table is 0.584
Description :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36
4 = noise of 0 dsb
5 = noise of 85 dsb

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect of combination between temperature
and noise on error.
5) Source : temperature*intensity of light
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5 6
Significance level from the table is 0.414

16

Description :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36
4 = intensity of 10 lux
5 = intensity of 175 lux
6 = intensity of 600 lux

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect combination between temperature
and intensity of light on error.
6) Source : noise*intensity of light
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5
Significance level from the table is 0.731
Description :

1 = noise of 0 dsb
2 = noise of 85 dsb
3 = intensity of 10 lux
4 = intensity of 175 lux
5 = intensity of 600 lux

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect combination between noise and
intensity of light on error.
7) Source : temperature*noise*intensity of light
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Significance level from the table is 0.411
Description :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36
4 = noise of 0 dsb
5 = noise of 85 dsb

17

6 = intensity of 10 lux
7 = intensity of 175 lux
8 = intensity of 600 lux
Analysis result:
Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect combination between noise and
intensity of light on error.
Effect of performance
1) Source : temperature
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H1 : 1 2 3
Significance level from the table is 0.287
Description :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect of temperature on performance.
2) Source : noise
H0 : 1 = 2
H1 : 1 2
Significance level from the table is 0.0
Description :

1 = noise of 0 dsb
2 = noise of 85 dsb

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is below 0.05, thus reject H0.. Therefore it can
be concluded that there is an effect of noise on performance.
3) Source : intensity of light
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H1 : 1 2 3
Significance level from the table is 0.008

18

Description :

1 = intensity of 10 lux
2 = intensity of 175 lux
3 = intensity of 600 lux

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is below 0.05, thus reject H0.. Therefore it can
be concluded that there is an effect of intensity of light on performance.
4) Source : temperature*noise
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5
Significance level from the table is 0.287
Description :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36
4 = noise of 0 dsb
5 = noise of 85 dsb

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect of combination between temperature
and noise on performance.
5) Source : temperature*intensity of light
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5 6
Significance level from the table is 0.513
Description :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36
4 = intensity of 10 lux
5 = intensity of 175 lux
6 = intensity of 600 lux

Analysis result:

19

Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect combination between temperature
and intensity of light on performance.
6) Source : noise*intensity of light
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5
Significance level from the table is 0.008
Description :

1 = noise of 0 dsb
2 = noise of 85 dsb
3 = intensity of 10 lux
4 = intensity of 175 lux
5 = intensity of 600 lux

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is below 0.05, thus reject H0.. Therefore it can
be concluded that there is an effect combination between noise and intensity
of light on performance.
7) Source : temperature*noise*intensity of light
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Significance level from the table is 0.513
Description :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36
4 = noise of 0 dsb
5 = noise of 85 dsb
6 = intensity of 10 lux
7 = intensity of 175 lux
8 = intensity of 600 lux

Analysis result:
Because the significance level is above 0.05, thus do not reject H0.. Therefore
it can be concluded that there is no effect combination between noise and
intensity of light on performance.

20

1.3 Multivariate Test

Here is the result of multivariate test by using SPSS Software based on the
data obtained from environmental factor practicum.
Table 1.5 Multivariate Tests Results
Effect
Intercept

Temperature

Value

Hypothesis df

Error df

Sig.

Pillai's Trace

.630 1.371E2

2.000

161.000

.000

Wilks' Lambda

.370 1.371E2a

2.000

161.000

.000

Hotelling's Trace

1.704 1.371E2

2.000

161.000

.000

Roy's Largest Root

1.704 1.371E2a

2.000

161.000

.000

.033

1.350

4.000

324.000

.251

Wilks' Lambda

.967

1.348

4.000

322.000

.252

Hotelling's Trace

.034

1.347

4.000

320.000

.252

Roy's Largest Root

.030

2.453

2.000

162.000

.089

Pillai's Trace

.092

8.128a

2.000

161.000

.000

Wilks' Lambda

.908

8.128

2.000

161.000

.000

Hotelling's Trace

.101

8.128a

2.000

161.000

.000

Roy's Largest Root

.101

8.128

2.000

161.000

.000

Pillai's Trace

.064

2.669

4.000

324.000

.032

Wilks' Lambda

.936

2.692

4.000

322.000

.031

Hotelling's Trace

.068

2.715

4.000

320.000

.030

Roy's Largest Root

.066

5.330

2.000

162.000

.006

Pillai's Trace

.022

.897

4.000

324.000

.466

Wilks' Lambda

.978

.894

4.000

322.000

.468

Hotelling's Trace

.022

.892

4.000

320.000

.469

.020

1.619

2.000

162.000

.201

.044

.903

8.000

324.000

.514

Wilks' Lambda

.957

.898

8.000

322.000

.518

Hotelling's Trace

.045

.894

8.000

320.000

.522

.030

1.208

4.000

162.000

.309

.062

2.581

4.000

324.000

.037

Wilks' Lambda

.938

2.607a

4.000

322.000

.036

Hotelling's Trace

.066

2.633

4.000

320.000

.034

Roy's Largest Root

.066

5.329b

2.000

162.000

.006

Temperature * Noise *

Pillai's Trace

.044

.905

8.000

324.000

.512

Intensity of light

Wilks' Lambda

.957

.904a

8.000

322.000

.514

Hotelling's Trace

.045

.902

8.000

320.000

.515

.036

4.000

162.000

.211

Noise

Intensity of light

Temperature * Noise

Pillai's Trace

Roy's Largest Root

Temperature * Intensity of Pillai's Trace
light

Roy's Largest Root

Noise * Intensity of light Pillai's Trace

Roy's Largest Root

Source: Practicum 2015

21

1.478

Here is the analysis for each combination from the table above:
1) Source : temperature
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H1 : 1 2 3
note :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36

Based on the Multivariate Test in SPSS, a significant level on the source

temperature is :
Pillai's Trace

: 0.251

Wilks' Lambda

: 0.252

Hottelings Trace : 0.252

Roy's Largest Root: 0.089
Because the significance level from the table is above 0.05, thus do not reject
H0. Therefore it can be concluded that there is no effect of temperature with
error and performance.
2) Source : noise
H0 : 1 = 2
H1 : 1 2
note :

1 = noise of 0 dsb
2 = noise of 85 dsb

Based on the Multivariate Test in SPSS, a significant level on the source noise
is :
Pillai's Trace

: 0.0

Wilks' Lambda

: 0.0

Hottelings Trace : 0.0

Roy's Largest Root: 0.0
Because the significance level from the table is below 0.05, thus reject H0.
Therefore it can be concluded that there is an effect of noise with error and
performance.
3) Source : intensity of light

22

H0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H1 : 1 2 3
note :

1 = intensity of 10 lux
2 = intensity of 175 lux
3 = intensity of 600 lux

Based on the Multivariate Test in SPSS, a significant level on the source

intensity of light is :
Pillai's Trace

: 0.032

Wilks' Lambda

: 0.031

Hottelings Trace : 0.030

Roy's Largest Root: 0.006
Because the significance level from the table is below 0.05, thus reject H0.
Therefore it can be concluded that there is an effect of intensity of light with
error and performance.
4) Source : temperature*noise
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5
note :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36
4 = noise of 0 dsb
5 = noise of 85 dsb

Based on the Multivariate Test in SPSS, a significant level on the source of

combination between temperature and noise is :
Pillai's Trace

: 0.466

Wilks' Lambda

: 0.468

Hottelings Trace : 0.469

Roy's Largest Root: 0.201
Because the significance level from the table is above 0.05, thus do not reject
H0. Therefore it can be concluded that there is no effect of combination
between temperature and noise with error and performance.
5) Source : temperature*intensity of light

23

H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5 6
note :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36
4 = intensity of 10 lux
5 = intensity of 175 lux
6 = intensity of 600 lux

Based on the Multivariate Test in SPSS, a significant level on the source

combination of temperature and intensity of light is :
Pillai's Trace

: 0.514

Wilks' Lambda

: 0.518

Hottelings Trace : 0.522

Roy's Largest Root: 0.309
Because the significance level from the table is above 0.05, thus do not reject
H0. Therefore it can be concluded that there is no effect of temperature with
error and performance.
6) Source : noise*intensity of light
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5
note :

1 = noise of 0 dsb
2 = noise of 85 dsb
3 = intensity of 10 lux
4 = intensity of 175 lux
5 = intensity of 600 lux

Based on the Multivariate Test in SPSS, a significant level on the source of

combination between noise and intensity of light is :
Pillai's Trace

: 0.037

Wilks' Lambda

: 0.036

Hottelings Trace : 0.034

Roy's Largest Root: 0.006

24

Because the significance level from the table is below 0.05, thus reject H0.
Therefore it can be concluded that there is an effect of combination between
noise and intensity of light with error and performance.
7) Source : temperature*noise*intensity of light
H0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8
H1 : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
note :

1 = temperature of 18
2 = temperature of 24
3 = temperature of 36
4 = noise of 0 dsb
5 = noise of 85 dsb
6 = intensity of 10 lux
7 = intensity of 175 lux
8 = intensity of 600 lux

Based on the Multivariate Test in SPSS, a significant level on the source of

combination between temperature, noise and intensity of light is :
Pillai's Trace

: 0.512

Wilks' Lambda

: 0.514

Hottelings Trace : 0.515

Roy's Largest Root: 0.211
Because the significance level from the table is above 0.05, thus do not reject
H0. Therefore it can be concluded that there is no effect of combination
between temperature, noise and intensity of light with error and performance.

1.4 The Effect of Combinations to Error

This subchapter contains the combination of intensity of light and temperature
to error, intensity of light and noise to error, and temperature and noise to error.

25

Table 1.6 The Effect of Intensity of Light and Temperature to Error

Intensit

Intensit

y of

Temperature

y of

Temperature

(Celcius)

Light

(Celcius)

Light

(Celcius)

y of
Light
(Lux)

10

Averag
e

Intensit

Temperature

(Lux)

(Lux)

18

24

36

18

24

36

18

24

36

10

11

604

382

34

239

11

354

11

21

99

14

10

610

27

529

21

15

12

342

16

391

10

27

175

600

10

10

10

15

13

13

11

18

14

20

14

800

95

11

10

949

3
Averag

4
6.0

4
51.2

8
44.9

83.45

35.2

42.9

Averag
e

25.95

5.7

22.25

Source: Practicum 2015

Table 1.7 The Effect of Intensity of Light and Noise to Error

Intensity of
Light (Lux)
10

Noise
(dB)
0

Noise

Intensity of

85

0
0
4

Intensity of

(dB)

Light (Lux)

175

85

Light (Lux)
600

Noise (dB)
0

85

10

3
11

2
1

2
4

1
3

1
0

26

Noise

Intensity of
Light (Lux)

Average

Noise

Intensity of

(dB)
0

85
60

1
7

Intensity of

(dB)

Light (Lux)

85

382

21

34

239
99

Light (Lux)

Noise (dB)
0

85

11

354

11

27

10

21

12

3
52

15

610

342

14

16

391

10

27

11

10

15

14

10

10

13

18

20

13

800

95

11

3
94

10

3
32.

8
25.

8
42.2

75

29.2

6.3

Average

Average

Source: Practicum 2015

Table 1.8 The Effect of Temperature and Noise to Error

Temperature
(Celcius)
18

Noise (dB)
0

85

4
1

1
5

Temperature

Noise (dB)

(Celcius)
24

27

85

0
3

1
10

Temperature
(Celcius)
36

Noise (dB)
0

85

0
2

3
2

Temperature
(Celcius)

Average

Noise (dB)
0

85

Temperature

Noise (dB)
0

85

11

3
38

Temperature

Noise (dB)
0

85

604

21

34

239

11

354

11

99

27

14

529

10

21

15

12

610

342

16
39

27

10

(Celcius)

(Celcius)

11

10

18

10

14

10

20

15

14

13

13

800

95

11

949

4
38.9

10
25.5

4
35.

8
24.2

8
49.2

38

Average

Source: Practicum 2015

28

Average

(This page is intentionally left blank)

29

CHAPTER 3
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
In this chapter the material will be discussed are the analysis of biomechanics
and manual material handling.

2.1 Analysis of Errors Probability

In this practical work, the operator observed are Rifqi, Atika, Dariant, Aulio,
Nauval, and Tari. They were asked to type in a certain room, where the
environmental factor in the room were adjusted based on the variable that will be
tested. The environmental factors are temperature, noise, and intensity of light.
The practicant wanted to test whether these factors influence their work and cause
an error or not. Thus, based on the data shown in sub chapter 1.1, it is known that
each operators have different result. It shows that the operators have bigges and
smallest error in different condition.
Rifqi has biggest biggest error in the amount of 0.0184 when the temperature
is 24oC, noise of 85 dB, and 175 lux intensity of light. So, Rifqi could not perform
his best in those following condition. But he had no error in three conditions,
where the noise of those condition is 0 dB. It is an evidence that Rifqi is very
influenced with the noise. This is because noise can influence peoples
concentration while doing work. Too much noise causes the decreasing of Rifqis
concentration and he did not able to pay full attention to his typing activity.
While Atikas biggest error is 0.6515 when the temperature is 36 oC, noise of
85 dB, and 600 lux intensity of light. But, the data also shows that Atika has least
error when the temperature is 24oC, noise of 85 dB, and 175 lux intensity of light.
So, the noise is not a big influence to Atikas work. In the other word, she has
ability to maintain their concentration. Atika is not comfortable when the
temperature and the intensity of light are too high.
In the other hand, Dariants biggest error is quite high, which is 0.8195. This
shows that he could not work well when the temperature is 24 oC, noise of 85 dB,
and intensity of light is 10 lux. But, he had no error at temperature of 18 oC, noise

30

of 85 dB, and intensity of light is 600 lux. This shows that his work is not too
influenced by noise, but by the temperature and intensity of light of the room.
Dariant is seems uncomfortable with higher temperature and low intensity of
light. This is because low intensity of light will make peoples eyes feel fatigue
very fast, since their eyes will have maximum accomodation.
Aulios biggest error is when the temperature is 36oC, noise of 0 dB, and
intensity of light is 175 lux. This shows that combination of these condition cause
Aulio not to work properly. But, he has least error when the temperature is 24 oC,
noise of 85 dB, and 600 lux intensity of light.
Nauvals biggst error is when the temperature 18oC, noise of 0 dB, and 10 lux
intensity of light. But, he had zero error when the temperature is 36 oC, noise of 0
dB, and 10 lux intensity of light. The data shows that the noise and intensity of
light is not big influence to Nauvals work. But when these condition combine
with different temperature, it might be a big influence to Nauvals work. With the
same noise and intensity of light, Nauval work better at higher temperature.
Different from Nauval, Zulhafizh worked with biggest error at temperature
18oC, noise of 0 dB, and 175 lux intensity of light. Then, he worked without error
at 36oC, noise of 0 dB, and 600 lux intensity of light. Thus, Zulhafizhs work tend
not to be influenced by noise. Although the noise is same, but when it combines
with different temperature and intensity of light, it will influence Zulhafizhs
work. The data shows that he worked with least error at higher temperature and
intensityof light.
While Gitas biggest error is when the temperature 18 oC, noise of 0 dB, and
10 lux intensity of light, but she worked without mistake in two condition, which
when the temperature is 24oC and 36oC, but the noise and intensity of light is
same, which are 0 dB and 175 lux. So, Gita worked with no influence of noise,
since she could both work well and unwell although the noise is same, 0 dB.
Besides, she worked best at higher temperature and higher intensity of light. This
might be caused by her eyes that feels fatigue faster, so she could not concentrate
well in dim light.
Sarah is the operator that has least error. Her biggest error was only 0.00696,
it is when the temperature is 18oC, noise of 0 dB, and 10 lux intensity of light.

31

While she worked with no error at temperature of 24 oC, noise of 85 dB, and 175
lux intensity of light. So, different combination of evironmental factors will give
different impact on Sarahs work.
The last operator is Tari, who works with biggest error at temperature 18 oC,
noise of 85 dB, and 10 lux intensity of light. But, she worked well at temperature
24oC, noise of 85 dB, and 175 lux intensity of light. So, influence of noise on
Taris work is not too big. With the same noise but different temperature and
intensity of light, Tari can worked with very different result of error. She seems
not too comfortable with dim light and higher temperature.
As said in the first paragraph, each person can work with different result of
error in different environmental condition. The condition can give big influence to
their work. As an example, in several condition, some operator had a very high
error more than 0,5, such as Atika, Dariant, Aulio, and Tari. The number of error
is very high, probably caused by her mistake not to type a row so the software
detected the rest of the line as mistakes.
2.2 Analysis of Test of Between
Test of between is statistical test that is used to determine the relationship
between one variable with another variable. Based on the test result shown in sub
chapter 1.2, it concludes that combination of some environmental factors do not
give enough influence on the human error. This might be caused by the typing
activity that is not too hard to do and the operator are used to do it in their daily
life.
But, the test result shows that some environmental factors are affecting
operators work performance. Temperature is the only factor that does not affect
on the performance. This is because the operator has been accustomed to work on
different place with different temperature every day. They used to do activity in
class with Air Conditioner (AC) or even in the outside class with very high
temperature.
In the other hand, noise and intensity of light affected the operators
performance, as well as the combination of both condition. This is because in their
daily life, operator used to work in standard condition of noise and light intensity.

32

The noise in daily life is not as high as the noise set while doing the practical
work, so that the intensity of light. So, when they are forced to work in extreme
condition of noise and light, their work performance will be affected.
2.3 Analysis of Multivariate Test
Multivariate test is a statistical test that is used to test an unlimited
combination of elements and examine th relationship between variables at the
same time. Multivariate test is used to show a statistical test that the result can be
extrapolated and be applied to a wider redesign. Multivariate analysis is used to
test more than one variable. Based on the data processing, it is known that from
180 data, there is no effect of temperature with error and performance, no effect of
combination between temperature and noise with error and performance, and no
effect of combination between temperature, noise and intensity of light with error
and performance. Hands, there is an effect of noise with error and performance, an
effect of intensity of light with error and performance, and an effect of
combination between noise and intensity of light with error and performance.
The determination of whether there is or there is no effect from the factors to
the error and performance is the significance level. In this data processing, it is
fixed 0.05. Because of it uses lower tail distribution graph conducted in SPSS,
when the F falls below the significance level, it indicates that there is an effect of
the factor with error and performance. Otherwise, there is no effect.
Factors that seem to have big effect are noise and light intensity. Both of them
are affecting human error together with the performance. It means, the changing
of any voice surround the operator from the normal into the abnormal condition
(like when it gets into a noise that is not usual to hear or to adapt to) may affect
his/her performance and probable to resulting error.
The same case with light intensity. Light intensity has an effect on error and
performance. It means the operator is sensitive with the changing of lighting level.
It is normal because it is affecting the sight, moreover the practicum will be done
well if the operator can focus on the screen due to the suitable brightness and
lighting. The darker or the lighter the light, the higher the probability the human
error and performance will increase.

33

Different from noise and light intensity, temperature doesnt affect the error
and performance. At first it was assumed that temperature will be the most factor
who give effect to it. The temperature is 18 0C and quite cool, 20oC is normal and
24oc is quite warm. When doing the practicum, the operator seemed
uncomfortable with the room temperature at the moment. But the result, the error
and performance are not affected. It can be concluded that it is because human is
homoioterm. Homoioterm has stable temperature in its body, because there is a
receptor inside the brain that is used to set body temperature. Homoioterm can do
the activities in varietive level of temperature, because of its ability of easy to
adapt to environmental temperature. However, the endurance or the level of the
ability is influenced by ages, sex, energy/nutrition and other environmental factor.
The changing temperature doesnt bother the body too much, as the body can still
work with the job without compromising or being troubled with the temperature,
it is enough and okay. However, if the temperature is set too cold or too hot
(extreme temperature) it will obviously affect the work, even if statistical
calculationmultivariate testis a must needed.
The same case with the combination of temperature and noise, and
combination of temperature, noise, and light intensity to human error and
performance. They have no effect on it. Temperature actually does not have effect
on error and performance. When it is combined with noise and with noise together
with light intensity, they still have no effect. It is because the impact level of the
noise and light intensity is not too high. Hands, the no effect of the temperature
is dominant. It is resulting the not effected error and performance. Each of the
environmental factors observed can be detailly observed if they are one by one
compared.
2.4 Analysis of Influence of Combination with Error
Influence of factor combination with error can be seen by making
combination (each combination with 2 factors) due to or the value is filled with
the error. There is 3 combination in the data processing, combination of light
intensity with temperature, light intensity with noise, and temperature with noise.

34

From the first combination, it is known that in 10 lux ligh intensity, the lowest
error average is 35.2, which is 240C temperature and the highest is 83.45 in 18 0C.
In 175 lux, the lowest error average is 5.7 in 24 0C and the highest is 25.95 in
180C. In 600 lux, the lowest error average is 6.05 in 18 0C and the hihghest is
51.25 in 24oC. It can be seen the the most ideal combination of temperature with
light intensity is in 175 lux and 24oC because it has the lowest average of error.
The most uncomfortable work environment is on 18oC with 10 lux. The most ideal
temperature is 24 o C and the most ideal light intensity is 175 lux.
From the second combination, it is known that in 10 lux ligh intensity, the
lowest error average is 32.7 with no noise, and the highest is 75 in 85 dB noise. In
175 lux, the lowest error average is 6.3 in 0 dB noise and the highest is 29.2 in 85
dB noise. In 600 lux, the lowest error average is 25.9 in 0 noise and the highest is
42.27 in 85 dB noise. It can be seen the the best combination of noise with light
intensity is in 175 lux and 85 dB because it has the lowest average of error. The
most uncomfortable work environment is on 600 lux with 85 dB, it is because the
lighting is too light and the noise is quite high. The most ideal light intensity is
175 lux, and the most not-affecting noise is 0 dB compared to 85 dB noise.
From the third combination, it is known that in 180C temperature, the lowest
error average is 38 with no noise, and the highest is 38.97 in 85 dB noise. In 24 oC
temperature, the lowest error average is 25.53 in 0 dB noise and the highest is
35.9 in 85 dB noise. In 36oC temperature, the lowest error average is 24.27 in 0
noise and the highest is 49.23 in 85 dB noise. It can be seen that the best
combination of noise with temperature is in 24 oC and 85 dB because it has the
lowest average of error. The most uncomfortable work environment is on 36 oC
with 85 dB, it is because the temperature is too high with the quite high noise. The
most ideal temperature is in 24oC, and the most not-affecting noise is 0 dB
compared to 85 dB noise.
2.5 Analysis of Comparison between Environmental Factors and K3
Applications
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, K3 (Keselamatan dan
Kesehatan Kerja) is a condition of employment that is free from the threat of

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dangers that interfere with the activity resulting injury, illness, property damage,
and environmental interference. Unsafe conditions or harmful due to fatigue, the
kind of work does not fit, lack of knowledge, lack of experience, and mistakes in
nature and human. K3 behavior is influenced by several factors, including the
work environment factors that include physical, chemical, biological, ergonomics
and psychology. In this practicum, the operators are only influenced by physical
factors such as light, temperature, and noise. K3 is not just an obligation that must
be observed by workers, but it is also important to be hand in hand with the
system of work environment. In other words, K3 is not only as an obligation, but
it has become a necessity for every worker and for each form of work activities.
The temperature controlling are at 18, 24, 37 0C. The light are at 10, 175, 600
lux and noise rate at 0 dB and 85 dB. Appropriate temperature for works is
between 24-26 0C so it can be conclude that the operators can only work at the
optimum condition of 240C. If a worker operates at an inappropriate temperature,
there will some effect such as losing the body liquid, muscle spams, and the
appearance of red spots. The repetitive and long-term of this condition might
interfere the thermoregulatory of body. The light of working environment is also
an essential part of the system. Lighting is categorized good as long as it doesnt
dazzle, emitting heat, create contrast shadow, and not only pointing at one section.
While on the job distinguish small items need light at 100 lux, and the job of
distinguishing the goods rugged require 50 lux. The poor intensity of light affects
the eye fatigue, soreness around the eyes as well as dizziness, so that reduced
power and efficiency. If the poor lighting is not corrected, it could lead to
accidents.
In this practicum, the noise given is still in the normal range, which is 85 dB.
The noise of 85 dB is the normal threshold value of a noise. The actual working
noise of 85 dB is only recommended within eight hours of working time. If this is
ignored for a long time, it will cause some effects such as damage to the eardrum
and possible deafness. To prevent that, it can conduct inspections and maintain
machines regularly, operation of the device in accordance with the conditions
machine. These are created to prevent noise that occurs from machine. Workers of

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the company must be provided with tools such as earmuffs with the aim to reduce
noise of 15-30 dB.
2.6 Analysis of The Environmental Factor to Human Error
Environmental factors consist of several components; among them are noise,
work environment, ventilation, lighting, and vibration (Ratna, 2010). If
temperature is too high then it can bother the workers, so does the low
temperature. The second factor is intensity of light that affects the worker through
the use of human eye in grasping an object. Extreme light, too bright or too dark,
both are not good for humans eye. Third, workers concentration can be disturbed
by noise around them, which is certainly not healthy for their hearing ability. The
last but not least is vibration that can interfere with the work of human.
However, that is discussed in this module is that environmental factors such
as noise, light and temperature. Noise, light and temperature control variables in
the experiment become human error. Exposure based on the analysis of the effects
of temperature, light and noise to human error, the factors are not significant. This
is due to the noise factor, the highest intensity is 85 dB, the figures were still
included in the threshold value of noise can be tolerated by humans, so the
intensity of the noise by 85 dB has no effect on human labor. Based on the
regulation of Keputusan Menteri Tenaga Kerja No. 51 Tahun 1999 about Nilai
Ambang Batas Faktor Fisika di Tempat Kerja, noise of 85 dB is still in normal
range within 8 hours of works.
In addition, the intensity of light was still within the proper range. In this
practicum, the intensity of light used is 10 lux, 175 lux and 600 lux, and all of
them are categorized as WAJAR. In chamber room, the light of 10 lux is quite
dim, but that number has no effect on the operators because they do work on
computer which also produce light, unlike the case when the brightness of the
computer dimmed.
Temperature used in this lab are 18oC, 24 C and 36 C. If a worker works at
a temperature of 24 C, then a small error is generated because the temperature is
the optimum temperature. Worker who work at a temperature of 36 C mostly

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have the greatest degree of error because at this temperature workers will lose
body fluids so that distraction.

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CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter presents the conclusions obtained from environmental factor
practicum. It will also mention several suggestion related to the practicum in order
to make the next practicum better.
3.1 Conclusions
The following are the conclusion of environmental factor practicum:
1. The temperatures that are used in this practicum were 18 oC, 24oC, 36oC,
the intensity of light were 10 lux, 175 lux, and 600 lux, while the noise
were set at 0dB and 85 dB. Environmental factors needs to be adjusted
according to the operator/worker in order to avoid the error that may
happen during the work. The temperature, light, and noise must be
controlled. The temperature should not be too cold or too hot. The light in
the room/work station needs to be adjusted so it wont block the workers
sight. The room/work station should not be noisy, the noise round worker
could distract their concentration.
2. Environmental condition greatly affects a persons performance. In worst
case, unfavorable environmental condition could cause work incident. The
right temperature, light, and noise should be applied in work station to
achieve better performance.
3. Human error is greatly affected by the environmental factor. The unstable
condition of work station can also affect the K3 which lead to the safety of
the worker. The human error can be maintained by applying a standard K3.
3.2 Suggestions
Here are the suggestion for the next environmental factor practicum :
1. The practicants that waited outside the human error room should be quiet
so their voices wont disrupt the practicum.
2. The assistants should not enter the room or come out of the room when the
practicum is going on.
3. Each shift should contain the same number of people because sometimes
each shift contains two group and sometimes three groups.

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