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Fertilization, Blastocyst formation, Gastrulation and Organogenesi

The Embryology study developmental process from a single cell to a


baby in 9 months. This field includes investigations of the molecular,
cellular, and structural factors contributing to the formation of an
organism.
The length of pregnancy is considered to be 280 days, or 40 weeks
after the onset of the last normal menstrual period (LNMP) or, more
accurately, 266 days or 38 weeks after fertilization.

Teratology

Teratology is the study of the embryological origins and causes for


these birth defects was called.
Birth defects
Types of Abnormalities
a. Minor anomalies are structural abnormalities, such as microtia
(small ears), pigmented spots, and short palpebral fissures, are
not themselves detrimental to health but, in some cases, are
associated with major defects.
b. Major anomalies or malformations occur during formation of
structures, for example, during organogenesis. They may result
in complete or partial absence of a structure or in alterations of
its normal configuration.

Malformations
Disruptions result in morphological alterations of already formed
structures and are caused by destructive processes. Vascular accidents
leading to transverse limb defects and defects produced by amniotic
bands are examples of destructive factors that produce disruptions
Deformations result from mechanical forces that mold a part of the
fetus over a prolonged period. Clubfeet, for example, are caused by
compression in the amniotic cavity
Syndrome is a group of anomalies occurring together that have a
specific common cause.

Hereditary (Genetic) causes 15-18%


Environmental factors 7-10%
Multifactorial 25%
Unknown 50%

Embryonic Development
Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and
develops, until it develops into a fetus. It starts with the fertilization of
the ovum (or egg) by sperm. The fertilized ovum is referred to as
a zygote. The zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions with no significant
growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation,
leading to development of an embryo.

Fertilization (0 Day)
Fertilization
a. Fertilization, the process by which male and female gametes
fuse, occurs in the ampullary region of the uterine tube
b. Functions of fertilization
c. Transmission of genes
d. Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes reduced
during meiosis
e. Determination of the sex
f. Initiation of cleavage

Gonads
The gonads main function are generate the gamates and produce sex
hormones
The gonads acquire male or female morphological in the seventh
week of development.

Gonads appear initially as a pair of longitudinal ridges, the genital or


gonadal ridges.
Germ cells appear in the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development.
19. Gastrulation:
Epiblast cells
migrate through the
primitive streak.

Definitive (embryonic)
endoderm cells displace
the hypoblast.

Mesoderm spreads
between endoderm
and ectoderm.

A 3-week-old embryo showing the primordial germ cells in the


wall of
the yolk sac close to the attachment of the allantois
20. Indifferent gonad

Migrational path of the primordial germ cells along the wall of the hindgut
and the dorsal mesentery into the genital ridge

Transverse section through the lumbar region of a 6-week embryo


showing the indifferent gonad with the primitive sex cords.
Some of the primordial germ cells are surrounded by cells of
the primitive sex cords.

Shortly before and during arrival of primordial germ cells, the


epithelium of the genital ridge proliferates, and epithelial cells
penetrate the underlying mesenchyme
They form the primitive sex cords.
Meiosis
Two sequential cell divisions, producing number of chromosomes
and the DNA. End product: Gametes
Chromosome pairs may exchange chromosome segments (crossingover), altering genetic composition genetic diversity
In male a primary spermatocyte will produce four haploid spermatids
In females a primary oocyte will produce a haploid ovum and three
polar bodies

21. Meiosis I
Reductional division: reduction of chromosome number from 2n to 1n
and DNA from 4d to 2d
Prohpase I
Leptotene: Chromosomes appear. Sister chromatids attached
to each other by meiosis specific cohesion complexes
Zygotene: Close association of homologous chromosomes
forming synaptonemal complex
Pachytene: Crossing-over (transposition of DNA strands
between two different chromosomes)
Diplotene: Synaptonemal complex dissolves. Homologous
chromosomes begin to separate. Chiasmata: junction that
remains once separation starts. Indicative that crossing-over
occurred
Diakinesis: Condensation of homologous chromosomes.
Disappearance of nucleolus and nuclear envelope
22. Meiosis I

Pachytene. Notice the total pairing of chromosomes that leads to


crossing-over
23. Meiosis II
No S phase between meiosis I and meiosis II. No DNA replication.
Equatorial division: No change in the number of chromosomes
Separase (enzyme) breaks cohesion complexes between sister
chromatids, separating them in anaphase II
At the end when the gametes are formed = 1n and 1d
Cells are genetically unique, unlike mitosis where they are identical
Females are born with a limited number of primary oocytes
arrested in prophase of meiosis I (diplotene stage). After puberty
and before ovulation, the oocyte completes meiosis I and is
arrested in metaphase of meiosis II. If fertilization occurs,
meiosis II is completed. If not the oocyte degenerates.
Males are born with spermatogonia that will start to divide after
puberty. Some will undergo mitosis to produce more
spermatogonia while others will go through meiosis I and II to
produce spermatids.
24. Meiosis I and II

25.

26. Cortex of Ovary


Oocyte
Oocyte

Oocyte
27. Follicular development in cortex

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