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The Variogram
Deepak Devegowda
Geostatistical Analysis
Variography:
Geologic surfaces and features have
different scales and directions of
continuity.
A variogram is the metric which
describes the anisotropic behavior of a
regionalized variable.
What is Geostatistics?
A set of mathematical tools that uses:
Deterministic (best estimate) and
Stochastic techniques
Stochastic what
(flipping a coin)?
Spatial
Modeling
Data
Auditing
Structural
Model
HRGM
Stratigraphic
Model
Facies
Model
Petrophysical
Model
Variography
MIN=
3.1
P25=
6.2
P50=
8.4
P75=
11.5
MAX=
19.1
MEAN=
8.9
STD=
3.8
STD/MEAN= 0.43
Variography
( X i X (i h ) )
n
Variance
i 1
2n
Distance (LAG)
(h)
Minimum Curvature
Masked Method
Adaptive Fitting
Inverse Distance
Kriging
Others
Interpolation
The estimated value is a weighted linear sum of
values at sampled locations:
Zo(estimate) = iZi
Zi: value at locations i
Z0
i : weight at locations Zi
i = 1, unbiasedness condition
Z
Z
2
d p
where:
d p
and dap = power of the distance from Za, (control points) to Zo, (grid node)
Control points are weighted by distance
Closer points have more influence
10
What assumptions
are made when
using this Model?
Interpolation
Standard Methods
distance only
11
Geostatistical Methods
distance and direction
1
5
4
3
12
(h)
i 1
2n
The Variogram
The progression of slides shows the concept of developing lags and the associated cloud of
points (squared differences) for each lag interval. Further, pairs of points can be compared
directionally to produce directional variograms.
( X i X (i h ) )
n
13
(h)
i 1
2n
( X i X (i h ) )
n
Porosity %
First Lag
(h)
i 1
6
10
14
12
8
2
2
4
-42=16
-42=16
22=4
42=16
62=36
02=0
-22=4
92/7=13.1
Only divide by n pairs because the calculation is done in one direction only.
( X i X (i h ) )
n
(h)
i 1
n
Porosity %
80
6
10
14
12
8
2
2
4
70
60
50
(h)
40
30
20
10
1
Lag (h)
16
Cubic
Spherical
(h)
Variogram
Distance
Cov (h)
Covariance
Distance
Long Scale
Short Scale
Long Scale
Nugget Effect
Note: The Nugget acts as a low pass filter (removes short scale features) in kriging,
but adds short scale uncorrelated noise when performing simulation.
19
Illustrates the impact of an increasing Nugget effect using a Unique (all data)
Neighborhood. Regardless of the amount of nugget the data values at the wells
are always honored if the well locations reside on a grid node. The maps are the
average porosity.
No Nugget
25% Nugget
50% Nugget
75% Nugget
100% Nugget
21
Scales of Continuity
Directions of Continuity
22
Minimum direction
of Continuity
Maximum direction
of Continuity
23
24
25
Lag tolerance
Xi+h
Lag distance (h)
Angle
Angle
tolerance
Band
width
East
Xi
27
z
1 cell thick
28
Structure 1 (Red)
Structure 2 (Green)
Kriging Result
Simulation Result
Depending upon whether you will
perform kriging or simulation, the
images provide a visual image of the
result of applying a variogram model.
31
32
Santee
Warely Hill
Green Clay
33
Congaree
Ellenton
max
Santee
Variogram
34
Noise
35
Amplitude Horizon
36
Variogram Map
D2 = 300
D1 = 1500
Nugget = Noise
Variogram Map
Directional Variogram
Original
Noise
Filtered
38
Map Analysis
Factorial Kriging
39
Original
Trend
Trend
Long &
Short
Scale
40
Long
Scale
Short
Scale
70
69.0
60
60.0
60.0
50
(h)
40
40.7
30
20
13.1
10
Lag (h)
Applied Geostatistics
The Variogram
Deepak Devegowda