PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND ETHICS - QUESTIONNAIRES

Research and Statistics

Ideal class limit 12 to 15

Sources of research problems

Maximum class limit 20

a. recommendations from thesis

Minimum class limit 10

b. specialization f researcher

Scores are arranged on the horizontal axis

c. creative ideas of the researcher

Alternative Hypothesis
Affirmation of existing phenomenon
FACTORIAL DESIGN studies two or more independent variable at
the same time
Factor loading involves two different items on the same test
PARTICIPANT OBSERVER STUDIES living with the subjects
CASE STUDY - the study focuses on the past, present and future.
SINGLE GROUP DESIGN -One treatment with two or more levels
Parallel group design
Three or more variables in which control group is
manipulated and serves as basis for experimental group.
Probability vs Nonprobability sampling
a. good measure of how precise the estimates are
b. an objective way of evaluating the results of a survey
c. confidence level
External validity
Extent to which we can generalize the results to other
individuals
Frequency distribution

Skewed
Positive skewed tail is to positive direction more scores
on low end
Negative skewed tail is to negative direction more scores
on highend
Kurtosis
Leptokurtic pointed
Platykurtic flat
Mesokurtic - normal
Absolute value of test statistics falls WITHIN THE CRITICAL
REGION
Reject the NULL, Accept the ALTERNATIVE
If P value is higher than significance level, P-value = 2.05 < a = 1.71
at 0.05,
Accept the ALTERNATIVE
One tailed test
Relation in a single direction
Two tailed test
Relations in both directions
Chi square = H test

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND ETHICS - QUESTIONNAIRES

Psychometrician without examination

Principle III Principle of Integrity

Qualifications for board examination

a. honest and truthful communications

Filed three years after the creation for registration

b. avoiding incomplete disclosure of information

Submitted credentials to the board

c. avoiding conflicts of interest and declaring them

Had accumulated 2 years full time work experience

Psychologist without examination
Have the qualifications of a psychologist
Applicant files within three years after its creation
Have a doctoral degree in psychology ;Had accumulated 3
years of work in practice
Have a masters degree in psychology; had accumulated 5
years of practice
Principle I Principle of Respect for Dignity of Persons and People.

Principle IV Principle of Professional and Scientific Responsibilities

a. responsibility to increase scientific and professional
knowledge
b. use psychological knowledge for beneficial purposes
c. promotion of well-being of society and its members
Measurement - process of quantifying the amount or number of a
particular occurrence of event, situation, phenomenon,
object or person
Assessment process of synthesizing the results of measurement
with reference to some norms and standards

a. respect the worth and dignity of human beings

b. respect the diversity among people

c. respect for customs and beliefs of culture
-

d. free and informed consent as culturally defined and

relevant.
Principle II Principle of Competent Caring for the Well Being of
People
a. active concern for the well-being of individuals, families
and groups

Most useful when we are trying to understand

and evaluate personality and issues involve a
particular problem having to do with a specific
individual
Systematic evaluation of psychological,
biological and social factors in a person with a
possible psychological disorder

Evaluation process of judging the worth of any occurrence of

event, situation, phenomenon, object or person.
Types of tests

b. taking care to do no harm to individuals

A. achievement test measures what has been learned over

period of time

c. correcting or offsetting of harmful consequences of their

activities

b. Power test kind of tests in which items are arranged in

difficulty.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND ETHICS - QUESTIONNAIRES

c. Criterion referenced

Tests that lack measurement error are reliable

d. diagnostic test identifies the strength and weaknesses of

an individual

d. KAPPA STATISTICS method of assessment in interrater

e. POINT BISERIAL CORRELATION used when one
variable is Dichotomous

e. aptitude test predicts where the individual will likely

succeed.

f. CRONBACH COEFFICIENT ALPHA general formula for

computing internal consistency

f. Intelligence test measures potential to solve problem,

adapt to changing circumstances and profit from experience

g. STANDARD ERROR OF MEASUREMENT needs logic

and intuition to measure

mental age divided by chronological age times 100

g. Preference test vocational or non vocational interest\

also, raw score decreases directly as the reliability

increases

h. Psychological test are necessary to obtain samples of

behavior

h. SPEARMAN BROWN PROPHECY FORMULA to

predict the reliability

Reliability

reqs. Reliability of the current test; number of items

of the test

To improve reliability, increase the items; give to a

heterogenous group
Function of the variability of the scores
a. PARALLEL FORMS results of two tests constructed the
same way
tested through PEARSON R
b. INTERNAL CONSISTENCY consistency of results
across items within
1. KR 20 items are dichotomous and scored 1 or 0
2. Coefficient Alpha two halves and unequal
variances

History
Alfred Binet father of IQ testing
Francis Galton application of rating scale and free
association
Experimented regarding human sensory and motor
function
James Cattell coined mental tests
Lewis Terman introduced the computation of IQ
Charles Spearman two factor theory; factor analysis

3. Spearman Brown two halves and equal

variances
c. SPLIT HALF dividing the total items into groups and
correlating

Raymond cattell g, crystallized and fluid intelligence; 16 PF

Robert Sternberg three factor theory academic, practical
and relative

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND ETHICS - QUESTIONNAIRES

Wilhelm Wundt 1879 set up a laboratory in Leipzig
Germany
Bayley Scales measure intelligence of infants

Counterbalancing
Quasi experimental no manipulation
Acquiescence

Tests

Woodworth Personality data sheet first self-report

inventory introduced

True or false format tests in which tendency to respond

True

ITEM FORMAT

Ravens Progressive Matrix culture bias free

Category Format scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the

Culture Fair Intelligence Test culture bias free

highest.

Binet- Simon Scale 1905, first general intelligence test

SUBJECT MORTALITY

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule based on

Murrays theory and tests the persons need.

Refers to loss of subjects from the study

Debriefing

Use of ipsative scores comparing to self (forced

Opportunity given to the participants to know about the

nature, results and conclusion of the research

choice)
Sentence Completion projective

DOMAIN SAMPLING MODEL

Thematic Apperception test projective

Porteus Maze Test non verbal test of intelligence
California Psychological Inventory similar to MMPI but
assess normal

The greater the number of items, the higher the reliability.

ITEM RESPONSE THEORY
An approach in which items are adjusted from easy to
difficult

Strong Interest Inventory Watkins, Campbell and

McGregor found that it is the single most widely used career
interest test.

CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence up

to 5 years

States that sampling distribution of the mean would be

normal if the scores are large enough

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 8 to 12 years

CLASSICAL TEST SCORE THEORY repeated test scores can

produce different scores

Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale First to include

non-verbal

SPIRAL OMNIBUS FORMAT

Observed score = true score and measurement error

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND ETHICS - QUESTIONNAIRES

ANONYMITY refers to the clients identity

b. It has a low degree of manipulation

ITEM DISCRIMINALITY

c. It has a low imposition of units

When the correlation between an item in the test and the

total test score is low, then it must mean that the item is
measuring something different than the other items in the
test.

History treat to validity which refers to occurrence of events that

could alter the outcome of results.

Correlation between EACH item and total score of the test

ETHICAL ISSUES informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality

Ability of a test item to identify those who are higher from

those who are lower on the tested dimension

IDENTIFY A NEED first step in constructing a test

Items must be have medium endorsement frequencies to be

good items
ITEM DIFFICULTY no of students who got the test correct
0.11 = many low scores of the test got the item correct as
compared to high scores
FATIGUE EFFECTS performance declines as the experiment goes
on
PHENOMENOLOGY
a. It details live experience

STANDARDIZATION uniformity of procedure

SHOT GUN REPORT Vague, stereotyped and overinclusive

reports
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS blueprint of the structure of finished
test
INFORMATIONS
Old reason for referral, no single standard format
Relevant social and medical history
New information recommendations and test results
Identifying information