INTERNSHIP REPORT OF AVT KHYBER NEWS

Name: Masroor Ahmed

ID:

Bc040400087

Session:

Fall 2004

Date of Final Report

21/ 05/08 to 21/06/2008

Virtual University of Pakistan

Dep. of Mass communication

DEDICATITED TO

MY GREAT PARENTS, LOVING TEACHERS AND SINCARE FRIENDS WHO HELPED ME

REACH THIS LEVEL

ii

PREFACE

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Internship report is essential part of BS mass communication degree program. Internship

provides complete practical knowledge of the areas we passed through our course work. It
makes us aware of the practical and technical requirement in the field.

I am grateful to Almighty ALLAH, whose blessings have always been sources of

encouragement for me and who gave me the ability to complete this task. I wish our
heartiest thanks to my parents who encouraged me at every stage of life and
remembered me in their prayers. I can never turn down their efforts they put forward for
my bright and prosperous future. May ALLAH almighty rendered them with affection
and forgiveness in this life and afterward.

I am also thankful to Avt Khyber staff for giving allotting me internship in their
channel. This not only helped me in my gaining practical experience but also explored
my course work skills in such an esteemed environment.

I am also thankful Mr. Hassan Khan Head of current News and affairs .who helped me
when ever I ask him about anything. He has given me a lot of concentration in the
period of my internship. Mr.Ilyas, Mr. Mohammad Tahir khan, Mr.Arbab, Mr. Shabir,
Mr.Kismat, Mr .Rahim shah Mr. Saleem and Mr. Naeem Ullah also helped me and
supervised me on daily basis.

iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Avt Khyber news channel is a news channel and all its operations are based on providing
the audience with information, news, entertainment and educating them.
In this internship report I have describe about the working of the Avt Khyber news
channel in detail. This report highlights how a news channel works, how it is managed
and controlled.
The daily operations of the channel have been described as well, which ranges from
collection of news to disseminating of news or the final broadcast.
In simple a full summary of the whole process that how the news is made from where it
comes from and how it is collected and who collects it ,to whom it is forwarded ,where it
reaches ,how it is treated ,what are the essential components of news ,through what
process it passes in to its final shape and up to the final broadcast has been included in
this report.
I have divided my internship report in six segments as it is two months therefore I have to
spend a week or two so that I may grab all the process that takes place in the organization
with open mind.
In the report I have described about the different offices that look after the daily work and
operations of the news channel.
I have write-down about the different departments which are works throughout 24 hours
in different shifts mainly in shift of three to bring about news for the audience.
The way in which the channel works is also explained in the report, who supervises the
newsroom how the news is treated in news room, and how it is transmitted to the general
or desired public.
v

I got training in the Avt Khyber in different departments or section which helped me in
catching the overall process of the practical life work experience.
The report focus on areas where I did my internship, the different branches and different
areas of work assigned to me has been the main focus of the report. These different
departments range from news room to transmission. With marketing, finance and HR
working side by side to them.
The hierarchical chart of organization has also been embedded in the report which
clarifies about how the process of communication between the different levels of the
overall network of the channel goes on.
The working environment and the behavior of the personnel in the organized have also
been described in detail.
I came across some findings that are part of the internship report have stated my
recommendations for improvements and some changes that may be helpful for the
organization in having good communication in the organization.
Each and every thing that I have learnt and admired is in the report hope that this report
will clarify a normal person about what actually a news channel constitutes and how it
operates in the market.
I have put forward some recommendations for improvement for avt Khyber news
communication between organization members and its sections.

vi

PHOTOCOPY OF INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

vii

PHPTOCOPY OF EVALUATION CERTIFICATE

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

a. Title and Introduction of the Student.........i

b. Dedication.........ii
c. Acknowledgment..........iii
d. Executive Summary......iv
e. Photocopy of the internship certificate......v
f. Photocopy of the Evaluation Certificate.....viii
g. Table of contents.........ix
h. List of illustrations.......xi
1. Introduction of the sector........1
2. Overview of the organization.........4
2.1 Brief history... ...4
2.2 Organizational hierarchy chart..8
2.3 Nature of the organization ....9
6. 2.4 Competitors .....10
3. Organizational structure .....11
3.1 Main offices .............................................................11
3.2 Comments on the organizational structure ...14
4. Branches where I got training and did my internship ....15
4.1 News room ...15
4.2 Monitoring.....19
4.3 NLE ..21
4.4 News production23
4.5 News studio.......................30

ix

4.5 Transmission cell...31

4.6 Starting and ending dates of internship.....31

5. Assigned projects 31
5.1 Production of news.31
5.2 News writing .....31
5.3 Editing and sub editing...35
5.4 Reporting ........37
6. Observation and finings39
7. Conclusion and recommendation for improvement .41
8. Resources and sources used...44

xi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATION
1. INTEL SET map...6
2. Organization hierarchy chart..8
3. News room....16
4. Production room format....42

xii

1.

INTRODUCTION OF THE SECTOR

The media sector is a huge sector with diverse applications and workings. The media
sector is composed of various operations ranging from collection, composing, marketing,
and gathering, dissemination, financing, broadcasting, publishing of information, for the
betterment and educating, informing the public at large.
The media sector consists of various mediums through which all these operations are
carried out on instant basis. The broadcast media, the print media, radio, online and in
short traditional and nontraditional media. Media sector serves the greater interest of
public at large. The media sector is governing by large organization and groups with
professional expertise and skills. These skills and professionalism is then transferred in to
such high level of success that in terns establishes the public opinion.
The media sector can be defined as comprising the creation, modification, transfer and
distribution of media content for the purpose of mass consumption, where:

Media content comprises art, reports of facts, and expressions of ideas or

opinions in a form that allows these to be consumed independently (in time or in
place) from their creation.

Mass consumption requires that the creation, modification, transfer or

distribution is undertaken without knowledge of the specific identity of the people
to whom the content is to be made available.

The meaning of each of these definitions is best understood by identifying what they
exclude.
The media sector involves a process through which, first, the fruits of human creativity
are converted to media content and, second, this media content is distributed to, and
consumed by, an audience unconnected to its original creation. The essence of the media

sector is the separation between creation and distribution, reflecting the use of the term
"medium" to describe a means of communication.
Thus, a broadcast (whether live or not) or a recording of the performance or speech,
which can be consumed independently of the speech or performance itself, would be
media content. The speech script or musical score used by the performer is potentially
media content, as it is capable of mass consumption; but its creation or distribution only
forms part of the media sector where this is undertaken for the purpose of mass
consumption. Speech writing exclusively for the speaker's use, with no prospect of any
other distribution, is not a media activity.
The media sector concerns mass consumption
The requirement that media be for mass consumption excludes various social and
commercial exchanges where, to the extent that content is created, the audience, reader or
recipient is a specific individual or a "closed group". The supply of voice telephony
services allows the transmission of audio content from one person to another, but falls
outside the media sector due to the private nature of the communication. Similarly, in
consultancy industries, where firms take on commissions to provide bespoke advice to
clients, the consumer of any content created (such as written reports) is a specific party;
these services therefore lie outside the media sector (but this does not preclude
consultancy firms supplying media content as part of their business, e.g. marketing
publications).
For the purpose of defining the media sector, mass consumption is not simply a matter of
numbers. The actual audience or readership for some media content might be very small,
whilst forms of private communication might involve a large number of people (e.g. an email to a very large group of recipients) yet fall outside the media sector.
The supply of media content may be restricted and controlled in various ways, but this

remains within the media sector so long as the restriction is not based on the specific
identity of the people (or parties) to whom the content is to be made available. For
instance, access to media content may be restricted through pricing arrangements, by
geographic location, or because specific equipment is needed to consume the content.
Historically, the main industries within the media sector have been television and radio
broadcasting, the film and recorded music industries, and the printed press (e.g.
newspaper and book publishing). Connected to these areas is the advertising industry,
which cuts across all media channels. More recently, the Internet has provided a further
channel through which a range of media content from text to graphical and audiovisual
content can be distributed.
In parts of the media sector, the traditional distribution channels have involved the
transfer of content to a physical copy (e.g. through the printing of a newspaper or the
copying of a VHS video cassette) followed by a logistical process (e.g. delivery of
newspapers to households, supply through high street retail). In other parts of the sector,
content has been distributed through network infrastructure that was essentially devoted
to that purpose, such as terrestrial transmission networks for television and radio
broadcasting.
With convergence, and more specifically digitalization, the same (digital) content is often
distributed to consumers through a variety of distribution channels. These distribution
channels are not used exclusively by the media sector. For instance, a movie might be
transmitted through a digital cable network, or downloaded from the Internet; these same
networks are also used to provide services outside the media sector, such as voice
telephony services. Media sector as encompassing broad groups of supply chains that
map the original creation (or sourcing) of content to its final (mass) consumption,
involving various distribution networks and logistical arrangements.

2.

OVERVIEW OF ORGANIZATION

2.1

BRIEF HISTORY

The channel was launched in July 2004 with a very thorough home work done by the
AVT creative team. As the aim was not to roll out a run of the mill channel but a channel
with a slogan of Pride of the Proud, it became a record hit even during the test
transmission phase.

Fig 2.1
Due to this immense popularity, this channel moved on to regular transmission within a
record short period of time and on to 24 hours transmission within seven months of its
launch. The popularity of this Channel is not restricted to only the Pukhtuns of Pakistan
but also of Afghanistan, Middle East, Australia and the Far East where it has captured
viewers in more than 90% Pukhtuns households.
Within this short span of its history, AVT Khyber, with its main studios at Islamabad, has
opened its centers with studio facilities in Peshawar, Quetta, Karachi and Dubai. It has its
marketing offices located in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, Quetta and Dubai. It
has its news reporters located in all District Headquarters of NWFP, Pukhtuns Districts of
Baluchistan, Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad and entire Tribal Belt of NWFP including Wana
and South Waziristan. It has its Bureau Offices/Stingers in Kabul, Jalalabad, Kandahar,

Herat, Mazar Sharif and Dubai. To man these offices and centers, it has a work force of
over 200 young and educated male and female workers who are working day and night to
make it a success.
AVT Khyber has a very talented team of programmers who produce more than 90% of
the programs in-house. It is a complete family channel with over 60 fresh programs
including more than 30 hours of live shows produced every week ranging in duration
from 30 minutes to 2 hours. Only few entertainment dramas are outsourced to market
producers, which also is by design to encourage Pukhtuns artists in the private sector.
AVT Khyber also had the distinction of devising a system of feedback for improving its
contents and programs on a continuous basis. Through a scientifically planned system of
web sites and e-mails, we encourage our viewers to contact us on daily basis giving their
impressions and suggestions on fresh programs. In addition, we also take live calls from
viewers in which they are encouraged to critically analyze our contents, our methods of
presentations and styles of our various anchors/presenters. We hold daily de-briefing and
continuously incorporate changes in the light of such useful comments and suggestions.
This system has made the channel interactive as well as provided a sense of ownership to
our viewers. Our achievement is that our viewers now call AVT Khyber as Our
Channel and we refer to it as Your Channel.
AVT Khyber on can be tuned on:
INTELSAT-10

at

68.5E

(Formerly
Downlink
Polarity:

PANAMSAT-10)
Frequency:

3803
Horizontal

FEC:
Symbol

MHz

3/4
Rate:

5100
5

INTELSAT-10 (Map)

Fig 2.2

MISSION STATEMENT
To provide positive entertainment for the Pukhtuns while explaining their codes of
hospitality, honor and pride in the right perspective.

BACKGROUND
Pukhtuns are a unique nation mainly inhabiting the Western Frontier Regions of Pakistan,
Eastern and Central Afghanistan, the Gulf States and sporadically spread over the entire
globe from Central Asia to Europe, North America, Australia and Entire Asia. They are
hardworking, innovative and an extremely dynamic nation having a natural ability to
standout in any religious, ethnic or cultural group. Historically they have been extremely
proud of their identity and have always been admired for their love for independence and
adherence to their cultural values.

Over 50 million people around the globe speak Pashto. And yet it is the only language of
its size that, despite the emerging trend of local media, did not have a television channel
of its own. AVT Khyber filled that vacuum.

2.2

ORGANIZAION HIRARCHY CHART

Chairman Avt Groups

Chief executive (Avt

Khyber, Khyber news)
G.M Directors
AVCOM
G.M Progress

Current News and

Current Affairs
Production In charge

Chief Officer Operations

G.M Technical

G.M Planning
Director Admin

CM Marketing
Chief Cameraman DOP Audio
Engineer

Directors works
Shift In charge News

Assignment
Editor

In charge Current
Affairs

Monitoring

Bureau Chief

Anchor
s
News Production

SM Peshawar
SM Quetta
SM Karachi
SM Multan etc

Sr. Producer

Fig 2.3

NATURE OF ORGANIZATION
As the nature and environment of the Avt Khyber news channel is concern I found
it very pleasant and friendly. It is a private organization with policies and working
environment best suited for getting best performance and outcomes. Every part
and every one attached to the organization is hard working dedicated and
committed to his work and organization.
Everyone in the organization works in a friendly atmosphere where everyone feels
relax and there is boss and subordinate.
Every one shares his own in this channel that I found as the mean of success of
this channel.
The organization where I did my internship was headed by MR. Hasan khan Head
of current news and current affairs, a very renowned personality in the Pakistani
market of media. He is a very dedicated and hardworking person with open heart
to help out every person in the organization. He leads the team from front with the
candle of success. Due to his wide experience in the field of media he is able to
lead the channel and its individual in the form of a team. He motivates his team
members all the times, which makes the organization a place to work with
dedication and heart.
Everyone in the organization helps the other person in his/her daily work; they
often share their work with other to help him/she out. This is the cooperation,
which this organization has the most.
The flow of communication and information in the organization is downward as
well as upward through the same line horizontally.

In the upward communication the strategies are designed and sent to the level at
which the second line of management lies they then implement and distribute the
message to the lower level which then takes it in to consideration. There exists
individual who belong to different languages such as Pashto, Urdu, as well as
Afghani.
There are mixed workers female as well as males operating in different
department with good communication and friendly environment found female
workers doing their job with ease and satisfaction because they dont feel any
discrimination in the regard of being female, the environment is such that they
work happily and confidently as per my observation.

2.3

COMPITITORS

As Avt Khyber news is a regional Pashto language channel and its operation is limited to
Pashto and English understanding audiences therefore there is no such compete ting force
available for them in the media market within Pakistan but new Pashto channels are going
to be launched soon in Pakistan which will then create complex competition between
these media channels.
For the time being the channel is competing with other channels available in Pakistan this
is for the reason that the management want to provide full time information and current
affairs program on Avt Khyber news to have a competition edge in the market.
Although they are striving to get their hold on the market for providing good news and
current affairs information and programs.

10

3.

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

3.1 MAIN OFFICES

The main offices of Avt Khyber news are as follow
1) Head office:
Avt Khyber news with its head office in G-6/4 street no.16, house no.85, is responsible
for the over management and core work.
All the operations of Avt Khyber news is controlled in the head office, it is where the
head of Avt Khyber and Khyber news sits with its important personnel who helps him in
his planning and management.
Rules and regulations are framed in the head office and then they are followed by the
other bureaus or offices throughout Pakistan and out side country.
The head office comprises of a bureau as well which is responsible for the current affairs
and current news as well. the bureau chief is Mr. Gul Ayaz.
There is a production office as well where all the production record from of different
program is checked and processed by the person in charge.
The further offices that comes under the supervision of head office is divided into
different offices as given below
2) Human Resource office:
Human resource office is situated in I-9/2 Islamabad
3) News and current affairs office:

11

News and current affairs offices are situated in I-9/2 Islamabad how ever few of the
current affairs programs are recorded in the head office.
In this news and current affairs office the person controller is Mr. Hasan khan who
manage the over news and current departments. he supervises the production in charge of
news and current affairs as shown in hierarchy above.
Followed by the Production In charge news who plan out schedule for the different
current affairs programs with which he plans out daily duties for the anchors ,editors
,camera persons and producers.
4) Marketing and advertisement office
Marketing and advertisement is responsible for the over all advertisement purpose for Avt
Khyber news, advertisements are purchased and all the dealings related to money paid is
done in this office.
5) Senior Producers Office
This office is headed by Mr Arif Qazi who is supervises the overall work of producers. he
mostly deals the entertainment section.
6) IT office
The IT office is headed by a IT professional who manage the over all technical, computer
maintenance, network, server installation, manages Avt Khyber web site and looks after
the DSL connection.
7) Finance and account Office
Finance and account offices have the main work of paying the employees their salaries
with making forecast cost for new projects. This office keeps the daily record of how
12

much expenses have been carried out and how much profit will be expected from the
project under way.
8) Transmission office
In the transmission office the main work is to look at the transmission needs and
requirements and check or the daily work done in the transmission room or cell. if there is
some equipment needed in the cell ,the request is forward to the transmission officer who
then fulfill the request.
Production in charge
The name of the production in charge in Avt Khyber Afsfaq Ahmed.
Production in charge is in charge of all the activities taking place in the newsroom,
production room, NLE, Monitoring, news studio.
He assists the producers as well in his/her daily work. He plans out schedule for their
daily work. Production incharge is accountable and answerable to controller of news and
current affairs.
He also provides every facility with in these departments.

13

3.2

COMMENTS ON THE ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

The organizational structure of Avt Khyber is so based that I can see a smooth flow of
information and communication from top level management to lower level.
The organization is headed by chairman Avt group who supervises the whole Avt Khyber
news with his subordinates for his help such as chief executive and chief officer
operations. Then comes the GM technical, planning and AVCOM who do their respective
jobs as the name suggests. CM marketing is incharge of all the marketing work taking
place within and out side the organization.
Then the head of current news and current affairs who is incharge of production incharge
with assignment editor and subeditor working under his supervision. he is the head of
bureau chiefs as well.
Then the production incharge who looks after the shift incharge, assignment editor,
camerapersons, monitoring and anchors.
The organizational structure Where is did my internship is so that Mr. Hasan Khan head
of current news and current affairs leads the team with production incharge below him
whose work has been described above.
Then the assignment editor leads in the newsroom with deputy assignment editor.
The organizational structure is well balanced and as said information from higher level to
low level is communicated very smoothly in an effective way.

14

4.

PLAN OF MY INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

BRANCHES WHERE I DID INTERNSHIP

4.1 News room
In first part of my internship I spent about two weeks in the newsroom. The person who
supervised me in newsroom was Mr. Ilyas, Mrs. Rabia and Mr.Tahir khan. In news room I
collected information about how the process of collection and dissemination of news is
carried out. By the grace of Allah I was able to gain knowledge about every process that
is carried out in the newsroom. It is the place where all the news comes in from different
sources such as reporters, correspondents, online, fax, telephone etc The main
constituents of news room are

Network of computers connected to high speed internet connection.

Five to ten Televisions set for monitoring news.

A fax machine for getting news items from different bureaus, reporters and
correspondents.

Telephone facility for getting calls on fresh news from reporters.

A team of Anchors.

15

Fig 4.1

Assignment editor with deputy assignment editor for supporting his/her work governs the
newsroom. Assignment editor and sometimes deputy assignment editor assign the
reporters daily work on different beats. After covering the beats assigned they are sent to
the assignment desk where they are processed by the assignment editor and given final
shape. The news sent by the reporter is edited and correct because the reporter makes on
the spot necessary correction if it has something wrong.
After this process of correction and editing the news item is sent to the composer where
the news is composed on a computer system in a separate file where it gets saved. It is the
case with monitored news, in this process the news is collected from different television
channels where they provide fresh news of importance. The crew on the computer system
notes downs the news being displayed on the monitoring TV sets. They make news story
from them and send it to the assignment editor where he makes necessary correction or
edit it.
The crews working on the computer system are sub editors they themselves make the
news story from different sources that is free of errors and credible. The same news from
monitoring after final look is sent to the composition stage, where its gets composed and
16

saved. News items are also sent through Fax machine from different locations and
bureaus, the fax machine is active 24 hours a day. News items from reporters and
correspondents organizations etc are received on fax machine. The news story or item
received on fax machine is a full story with all the editing done.
The assignment editor checks such story and send it to the composition if it is of value
and importance. It is the case with news items received from telephone calls, but there is
some difference between news attains from telephone call and news attain from other
ways. The news story is on oral foam and the subeditor has to collect news from that
person either reporter or some other source and write it down on a page, afterwards he
corrects and makes the story readable for the audience, he gives it a final shape after
making it based on the rule of Inverted pyramid style of News. The news is composed
and saved as well.
After all this process taking place in newsroom a bundle of news items are collected. The
slug of these news items are obtained and sent to the deputy assignment editor where he
or she selects news based on importance and value.
The news items are then selected and a rundown list is prepared where the news items
are arranged in order of importance such as shown below

RUNDOWN---------------------------1.00PM----------------------------------APRIL,26,2008

17

HEADLINES----------------------20------------------------------------VO/VO/VO/VO
1. HAMID KARZAI
2. JUDGES COMMITTEE
3. BAHAUR PAK-AFGHAN BORDER
4. MANMOHAN SINGH
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAMID KARZAI
Afghan president asks us not to arrest..30....OC/VO
JUDGES COMMITTEE
Farooq H Niak says committee has finalized proposals
BAHAUR PAK-AFGHAN BORDER..30....OC/VO
Nasapass opened after successful talks of afghan army, political administration of
bajaur
MANMOHAN SINGH..30....OC/VO
Indian PM during Kashmir visit says next round of Pak India talks will be fruitful
HANGU SITUATION..30....OC/GFX
ASI, driver killed during police action against kidnappers
HEALTH MINISTER..30....OC/VO
Doctors dinner at Peshawar
PABBI ACCIDENT..90....OC/BEEPER
56 masons injured as their bus plunges into a ditch on GT road
TRANSPORT PROBLEMS..2:00....OC/PKG
Lehaz report
INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE..40....OC/VO
Criticism on obscene shows during the tournament

In the newsroom I came across a word being used for ticker news or flash news. Tickers
are the news that runs down at the bottom of screen displayed in text form.
These are commonly called as flash news.
They are in English as well in Pashto.
One of the software is used to run this ticker news called as PGS this is connected to a
network and then directly to the transmission room where it reaches after being added to

18

it and then refreshed.

From the transmission this news ticker or flash news runs directly.
Different sections are given on the softwares from where we may treat the news as
breaking, regional, business, international news, sports and weather etc
When we click on the check box either business or breaking news it is displayed as
business or breaking news with its own color.
4.2 MONITORING:
In the second stage of my internship program I spent one week in the monitoring
department or section. As the name suggest, it a place where news is constantly
monitored.
News from different sources is monitored and collected on different devices attach such
as TV sets with cable connection on which different foreign and national channels runs.
The news that is monitored and is important to be noted is captured on software, which
saves the footage directly on the computer system. After this VTR is some time used,
VTR is a device, which is called as video tape recorder, which is connected to a computer
system by the help of which news item of importance is recorded and catch in a DV.
The monitoring room or section consists of a network of few computers with softwares
installed for capturing news items. A computer system with FTP (File transfer protocol)
software to receive news footages or packages from different sources.
Different news organization or reporters etc sends their footages or coverings on this FTP
system. Mostly the footages captured are sent to the NLE section where they are edited
and made necessary changes so that the footage may look good to the audience.

19

Also In this section a crew of sub editors who edit the news footages or packages
collected in the monitoring section. In most cases reporters send their packages or
footages on DV, which requires some editing, and correction, which is also carried out, in
this section of monitoring by the sub editors.
The softwares used for editing purposes are:
Adobe Premiere
Adobe Photoshop
U lead.
3D Max. Etc
In this ministering section as I was told that we are registered with Reuters for getting
updated footages of fresh and new events taking place all around the world. Reuters is
paid on monthly basis some amount for providing this facility.
This is one of the biggest sources of getting footages. Footage gets download on the
system where the Reuters have provided them with a system composed of equipments,
and a computer system with its own software through which the file is downloaded and
saved in a file or folder.
These footages are then sent to the subeditor network share folder where the sub editor
for editing receives it, as the footage gets edited a Voice over is added on it. The person
who belongs to the reporting crew records the voice over. The Reuters footages also have
a pre made script in English language, which is then converted or translated in to Urdu,
Pashto as in AVT Khyber news case. Then we get the final shape of footage in shape of a
package for displaying it in the news.

20

This is all what I gone through in the monitoring section.

4.3 NLE (NON LINEAR EDITING)
This is the section that I covered in my third week of internship in Avt Khyber news.
NLE means non-linear editing. A non-linear editing system (NLE) is a video editing
(NLVE) or audio editing (NLAE) system, which can perform random access on the
source material.
Non-linear editing
Non-linear editing for film and television post production is a modern editing method
which involves being able to access any frame in a video clip with the same ease as any
other. This method is similar in concept to the "cut and paste" technique used in film
editing from the beginning. However, when working with film, it is a destructive process,
as the actual film negative must be cut. Non-linear, non-destructive methods began to
appear with the introduction of digital video technology.
Video and audio data are first captured to hard disks or other digital storage devices. The
data is either recorded directly to the storage device or is imported from another source.
Once imported they can be edited on a computer using any of a wide range of software.
In non-linear editing, the original source files are not lost or modified during editing.
Professional editing software records the decisions of the editor in an edit decision list
(EDL), which can be interchanged with other editing tools. Many generations and
variations of the original source files can exist without needing to store many different
copies, allowing for very flexible editing. It also makes it easy to change cuts and undo
previous decisions simply by editing the edit decision list (without having to have the
actual film data duplicated). Loss of quality is also avoided due to not having to
repeatedly re-encode the data when different effects are applied.

21

Compared to the linear method of tape-to-tape editing, non-linear editing offers the
flexibility of film editing, with random access and easy project organization. With the edit
decision lists, the editor can work on low-resolution copies of the video. This makes it
possible to edit both standard-definition broadcast quality and high definition broadcast
quality very quickly on normal PCs which do not have the power to do the full processing
of the huge full-quality high-resolution data in real-time.
The costs of editing systems have dropped such that non-linear editing tools are now
within the reach of home users. Some editing software can now be accessed free as web
applications, some, like Cinelerra (focused on the professional market), can be
downloaded free of charge, and some, like Microsoft's Windows Movie Maker or Apple
Computer's movie, come included with the appropriate operating system.
A computer for non-linear editing of video will usually have a video capture card to
capture analog video and/or a FireWire connection to capture digital video from a DV
camera, with its video editing software. Modern web based editing systems can take
video directly from a camera phone over a GPRS or 3G mobile connection, and editing
can take place through a web browser interface, so strictly speaking a computer for video
editing does not require any installed hardware or software beyond a web browser and an
internet connection.
Various editing tasks can then be performed on the imported video before it is exported to
another medium, or MPEG encoded for transfer to a DVD.

These equipments are most commonly used in NLE sections

Two VCRs (video tape machines), preferably with AV (audio and video) outputs. If you
don't

have

AV

outputs,

you

can

use

the

RF

(aerial)

outputs

instead.

Note: If you only have one VCR, you can use a camcorder as the second VCR.

22

At least one video monitor, but preferably two. Professional monitors are best but you
can use televisions if necessary.
Connecting cables.
The tapes(s) you wish to edit and a blank tape to edit onto (this will become the master
tape).
4.4

NEWS PRODUCTION

In the fourth week of my internship program I worked in the News production section.
This is one of the important sections in a news channel. Production room is the place
where all the news production takes place. This is a task, which must be done with care
and responsibility.
The main constituents of news production are:

A Producer

Assistant producer

An editor

A text writer also an editor

A technical engineer

Technician

Electrician

The equipments used in the production room are

An audio video consol

23

A switcher

VT system

VDT (video tape recorder)

Computer system

Three to four TV sets

The process of the news production starts when the composer prompts the news items.
One printed copy is given to the studio section to the anchor while the other copy is send
to the production room. The producer checks the news and rundown and asks the anchor
to come and sit in the news studio for the recording of news.
The producer takes the rundown and asks the anchor to read the news based on the
rundown in order so that it may be easy for the editor to grab the news items in quick time
on the software such as adobe premiere. The producer through a mike connected to the
anchor guide and tells him what to do and what not.
In the news production the recording starts when the producer calls the anchor on the
mike get ready, the anchor make himself ready after which the producer tell him standby
and then Cue, with this cue the anchor starts reading out news. The producer through a
device called as console adjusts the audio. Various devices are attached to the console
such as anchor mike headphone, telephone line for beeper or call in between news.
At the start of the news the first take is often a Master shot, in master shot the whole
studio is shown with background effects. This is done by the help of a switcher attach to
the computer system. Followed by the solo shot which is then followed through all the
recording of news. In this time the producer notes down the mistakes and makes

24

necessary announcements when require to the anchor. If the news read by the anchor goes
wrong the producer as a mistake records it and write it on the page as take.
If there occur a pause it is noted as a pause.
If there occurs repetition of word or sentences he also note it down and if the producers
thinks that the error is not that much harming he forgives re recording and corrects it in
the editing processs f he things that the mistake or the repetition is brutal he says that
anchor to correct the error in order to be error free during editing and to save time.
The producer told me that time and decision-making is very important thing you must be
following all the time. This is for the fact that at times we don have footage or such report
to be added in detail news we have to then thing what is the first available thing that we
can add to it may be a picture or some map that illustrate the story.
There is constant pressure on the producer in the newsroom because news is poured from
the newsroom and he gets record it in very concise time. In such situation the producer
has to be patient and cool minded to handle such deadlines and pressure. And it is the case
with other mistakes. In this way the news is recorded I the production room.
At times the producer asks the anchor to take a call from a reporter or correspondent on
issue or news item that need explanation. This is called as Beeper.
In the case of beeper a wire is plugged in the consol where the voice of the telephone or
beeper is adjusted.
Most important here I may say that the news recording takes place in three steps such as:

OPENING OF NEWS:

25

In the opening of news the anchor introduces him and welcomes the audience for
watching the news.
Headlines:
In the headline section the anchor read outs all the headlines that are written on three or
four pages.
Break in between news:
A break is taken announcing will meet in a while after a short break.
On camera news:
Then comes the on camera news, in this part of recording news audiences gets the anchor
visual expressions take are being displayed on camera ,the facial expression of anchor his
reading of news ,hand moments, in simple whatever the camera catches from the anchor
is been recorded by the sub editor in the production room. These are simply the short
headlines of the news item after which the details news are made.
Voice over:
In the voice over section of news production the detail of the news is recorded, here it is
not necessary to look at the moments or behavior or the anchor on camera, but the actual
thing is the voice and its fluency. It is because that the detail news is voiced over on
footage a map, a happenings, a picture etc
Closing of news:
In the closing of the news the anchor thanks the audiences by saying for thank you for
being with us for this bulletin, and for further news stay with us, keep watching Khyber
news.
26

TT or simply Title
I came across this word from sub editor when he told me that we use TT when we want to
display our channel id during the news broadcast. Its time duration ranges from 5 to 10
seconds.

The news is made based on two processes such as recorded news and live.
In the recorded segment of news the news is recorded as said above, but in the live
transmission of news the process is a little different the news anchor reads out the news
and it is sent to the transmission section from where its gets broadcast.
The news gets recorded on the VTR in a DV for office and record keeping purpose.
As all of the news gets record on the computer system, then comes the editing process
here we see two people working hands to hands the producer and the editor in the case of
recorded news.
The producer tells the editor how to arrange the news items in order of rundown the
producer can arrange the news based on his own perception of the news as well he can
arrange the news other then Rundown because if he things this news is more important
then he can tell the editor to add that one.
The producer tells the editor to add either a picture, and image, footage or package; map
may be general or simply a map, a report or such things, which illustrates the news items.
In the headlines mostly small footages or sometimes maps and pictures of event took
place are added, while in the main News the full detailed footages and packages with
beepers are inserted.

27

In the end the headlines are repeated in some news with the same headlines as earlier.
Beeper:
In the case of a beeper or telephone call live or recorded from a reporter or a politician or
any other person to whom the news story relates is added his/her picture ,with a telephone
set picture with news text at bottom and reporter or anchor picture as shown below.

TEXT THAT RELATE TO STORY THE REPORTER

DISPLAYED HERE

PICTURE IS
DICSPLAYED HERE
WHO GIVES THE
BEEPER OR ON CALL
GIVING DETAIL
A SMALLTELEPHONE
PICTURE, WITH
PLACE ISLAMABAD

ANCHOR ON CAMERA
HERE
OR
FOOTAGE

OF

PACKAGE

RUNS HERE

Interaction:
A term used as interaction in which a person other than reporter or anchor meets or
interview the concern person to whom the news item relates asks questions or gets his/her

28

interview is somewhat different in display from the beeper or telephone call as shown
below.

TEXT THAT RELATE TO STORY THE

DISPLAYED HERE

PLACE

FROM

WHERE

THE

INTERVWEE BELONG
OR EVENT RELATED
ANCHOR

OR

INTERWIEWER
PICTURE

HERE

FOLLOWED BY PLACE
THE

INTERVIEWEE

AS
ISLAMABAD ETC

PICTURE HERE

Some

times

as the Beeper gets old means that it is recorded two three hours earlier and a news anchor
joins the studio for news the beeper which is taken by the old anchor is changed in a way
that the questions asked by the previous anchor are removed and only the answers that are
given by the reporter or person is taken as beeper.
4.5 NEWS STUDIO:
The news studio is the place where all the news is recorded. This is the place where the

29

anchor sits on a chair with a table in front for having the props and gets on with the news
reading. The studio consists of the following components such as
Fill light
Cool light
Neck mike
Camera for recording the solo image of anchor
Another camera for taking the master shot at the start of the news.
Teleprompter
Coaxial wires
Plasma screen
A computer system

The news studio walls are covered such material so that the voice dont get intermingle
with other such voices outside. The walls and the adjacent areas are covered with black
coating to get a good amount of light on the camera.
The operation in the studio is simple as the anchor reads the news from the teleprompter
and its gets recorded in the production room by the help of a camera, the camera is
operated by the camera man the whole equipments in the studio are connected to
production room through coaxial wires.

4.5

TRANSIMISSION CELL

In the transmission cell the main work is to air the news or programs. There is a crew
compromising of technical personals and a transmission engineer who looks after the

30

whole transmission process. News and programs are saved either in a DV or shared ion a
network drive which makes them easy for the transmission cell to collect them and air
them though he system that is installed in the transmission room. The transmitter in this
room do all this work of transmitting the signals where it reaches the place where it is
collected and then again transmitted through cables line or satellite connection.
4.6
STARTING AND ENDING DATES OF INTERNSHIP
I started my internship report on 21may, 2008 up to 21july, 2008.
6.7
DEPARTMENT WHERE YOU GET TRANINIG
???????????????

5.

ASSIGNED PROJECTS

5.1 Production of news:

In the news production I worked in the night shift. I was allowed to record and produce
news after one week training in the production section.

I started working as a internee producer and worked well by the grace of Allah

I followed the same process as was followed by the senior producers.

I worked so well that I was asked to do the production of news in night shift with
full trust.

For the production I made a template for noting mistakes in the news.

As given below in the recommendation section.

5.2 News writing:

In the internship process I worked as writing news for the newsroom, the assignment
editor assigned this work to me. In this part of my internship program I got training in this

31

regard. After training from the senior personnel in the newsroom. By the grace of Allah
and hard work of the senior personal I was able to write news in the first attempt.
As I studied in my course work that news must be short, objective and based on the
inverted pyramid rule of writing, the same I was told here by the senior news writers. The
news story is based on three main parts including:
Slug
Lead or intro
Body
And ending
The news story on a page must be having a dateline as well byline written to specify who
actually wrote it.
In the news writing part of my internship I write Pashto news and English flash news
single line or in short form.
The samples of the work done in English and Pashto news are attached below.
NANGARHAR:
Police and US led coalition forces attacked militants planting a roadside bomb in eastern
Afghanistan, killing one insurgent but also two civilians.
Police fatally shot one suspect shortly before midnight Sunday and gave chase to the
others in khogyani district of nangarhat.
A helicopter from the US led coalition fired at militants, but also hit a house in a village,
killing a man and a young child.
Abdul mahmood, a senior provincial police official said one militant and two civilians
were dead in the incident. END

CONDILIZA RICE:

32

The US secretary of state, Condoleezza rice has termed the treats of afghan president
hamid karzai to pursue militants across the border into Pakistan as unwise.In an interview
in Washington, she called for cooperative efforts between the two countries against
militancy.
She reiterated support to the news Pakistan government and assured to continue to extend
cooperation to it.
The US secretary of state appreciated Pakistan role in the fight against terrorism.
Answering to media persons, she acknowledged that an independent judiciary is
important to democracy but said it is best that the issue of judiciary is worked out
between Pakistanis (cont)

ALJAZEERA:
A senior cameraperson of aljazeera television network has been released from
Guantanamo bae after six years.
He was arrested by the US led coalition forces from Afghanistan without any charge and
sent to local jail from where he was sent to Guantanamo bae.
I am very happy after my release: said Ullah
Al jazeera television network celebrates on the release of Ullah.
KOHAT:
In kohat, the Taliban and local cable operators have reached a deal under which the cable
operators would be allowed to run their business but would only air news programmes.
According to the deal, the cable operators will not be allowed to dun any channel other
than those only airing news programmes END

33

TIRAH:
Fighting continued between two rival groups in tirah valley of Khyber agency on the third
day today.
Seven more people have been killed and nine others injured in fresh clashes, which has
raised the death toll in these clashes to forty.
These clashes are continuing between the lashkar e Islam and ansarul Islam groups.
Both sides are using heavy weapons against each others. END
I also worked on the tickers or flash news system I worked with Mr. Tahir khan who is
also a employee of BBC, NNI, he really worked hard on me to get to the practical
knowledge about how to write news in the form of tickers.
I observed his work on daily basis and after some time he proposed me to write ticker in
his supervision, which I did well, some examples of the news tickers that I made during
my internship program are
1. Peshawar: 22 killed, 45 injured in a road accident.
2. Mardan: Bomb Blast kills 5 on the spot including ASI.
3. Mardan: blood is needed in hospitals.
4. Nawaz and Zardai to meet in raiwand for talks on restoration of judges.
5. Peshawar: An unidentified gunman kills 4 member of a family including 2 childrens.
6. Kurrum: Tori tribe releases 44 abducted FC personals
7. Kurrum; the release came immediately after talks with members of tori tribe.
8. Peshawar: Provincial Govt. releases Sufi Mohammad supreme head of TNSM.
9. Maulana Fazal Ullah has asked his followers to respect swat peace agreement with the
NWFP government.
10 .US- led coalition forces have killed 55 militants, including three top leaders, in the
eastern paktika province of Afghanistan.etc

34

5.3

EDITING AND SUBEDITING:

In the training part of internship I also worked to edit the news in the newsroom. News
was written down by the news writers and was send to me for correction purpose.
I checked the news on correctness, accuracy, spelling mistakes, and objectivity.
If there were some mistake in the tense form of the news such as some news were ended
in past tense, which I corrected and changed them in to present form.
Such cases were very less but few of them that I noted were corrected immediately.
Here I also got training in on the different softwares used for editing purposes I learnt
about Photoshop and adobe premiere. I have learnt all the things related to news editing in
this period of time. I learn how to grab Adv on the system, how to cut and add different
things on the footage. How to edit a picture, map etc.
How to split the audio and video content.
How to change the audio video format.
How to add voice over and many such other things that will help me in the future life in
any news channel.
All these I learnt and did as ii was told.
Mr. sajjad and Mr.Khalid editors Avt Khyber news with whom I learnt Photoshop, adobe
premiere editing softwares helped me a lot to know how to edit News.
I worked on a footage being downloaded in the monitoring room, which I was told to edit
and add voice over of the person. I grab the DV with the help of adobe premiere software
which then saved in to the software after which unlink the audio and video by left
clicking the mouse button on the footage.
The next stage was of cutting which I did with ctrl + k, with this the extra parts with in
the footages were cut and the footage was then Ripple deleted due to which the remaining

35

parts get attach.

I added the voice of the person who recorded the voice for this footage on to the video
.the most important thing was that I have to put add footage clip on to the words and
sentence the person or anchor is speaking, so that the video and audio matches. This was
very mind teasing task because it requires well judgment. After the addition of the voice
on the footage the file format was changed. I saved the file on the system and then take a
copy of it on the DV.

36

NEWS MONITORING:
In the further stage of training and internship programs I worked in the monitoring
section. In monitoring section I worked on the FTP system where different reporters from
different areas sent different footages. Different news channels also sent many times some
important news reports. I would look at the news coming in the FTP and save them in the
system. After which I would share on the network for editing or voice over purpose. The
files would then used in the news.

REPORTING:
In the reporting part of my internship Mr. Saleem who is working as a reporter in Avt
Khyber news with good field experience supervised me. He told me about how to report
in different situation. As most of the reporting was to be recorded and then edited and
forwarded to the news room and then production room for airing. I reported an event,
which took place at melody G6 Islamabad on 27th of June in which a group of protesters
were demanding the OIC summit to end the Firka wariat in the Muslim countries. We
covered the whole event and move with the protest. I note down the main demands of the
protesters on a page at least I came up a full-fledged story and on the other hand thee
whole cameraman recorded protest with me. I noted the sum of people gathered for the
protest with the demands and personalities who took part in the reporting process. Once
we covered the whole protest we came back from the site and edited the protest in the
NLE room as the text that I collected was changed in to a story type and then it was
voiced over on the footages that we captured on camera, unnecessary parts and acts were
removed and a perfect objective, complete, and correct story was made. It was then
transferred to the newsroom after acceptance it was sent to the production room from
where it was included in the news bulletin.

37

In this way I worked as a reporter in Avt Khyber news.

VOICE OVER AND VOICE OVER WRITING:

During my internship period I was told to write the voice over for particular news, which
I did and then I was told to voice over it in studio. For this I practiced few minutes and
then told the assignment editor and anchor I am ready for it. After getting in to the studio
I sit on the chair and attach a neck mike and headphone for getting and sending voice to
the production room. I was told to get ready as the producer announced standby I get
ready and then he said Cut with this I start reading the voice over text. I read it all in a
smooth way so that it may fit the news footage. My voice over gets recorded on the
editors system in to adobe premiere software after which it was added to news. This was 1
AM News.

38

5.

OBSERVATION AND FINDINGS:

As I entered Avt Khyber for the first time, which was my first day, I observed the
organization as a professional environment for working. I was welcomed by the members
of Avt Khyber news and they told me you wouldnt have any problem in Avt Khyber
News, enjoy your stay with us.
This really helped me in getting to the environment of the organization. As the time
passed I met with almost all the peoples working with in the organization I was also
welcome by them. I found each and every member of the organization friendly and
cooperative. When ever and what ever I asked from any one they briefed me very well
and make me understood on each and everything taking place in the organization.
From GM current news and current affairs to composer and PA I get full support and
appreciation, every one helped me out when ever I felt difficulty.
Avt Khyber News is an organsiation, the members of which are hard working and
professional in their field. They know about how to compete and be successful in the
boom of media competition. They work day and night for their audiences through out the
country and out side Pakistan. I observed that there is no boss and subordinate within the
organization. Every one share their work with other one and if any one feels difficulty or
have any good point or want the other person to write the news story for him if he is busy
in some other work he /she is fully welcomed. I felt the organization a perfect place to
learn and get knowledge about the media world in practical. I find out that the way the
sections and individual of the organization communicate is well balanced and is well
controlled.
This not only enables a smooth flow of information but also helps the communication

39

process very quick to take place between them. Every person in the organization is at
every time busy in doing his work. You wouldnt find any one spare. The environment is
relax and easy to fee with no pressure. Every one works in relax mood happily and
positively.

40

7.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FORIMPROVEMET

I had worked for two months in various departments of Avt Khyber news. By the grace of
Allah and hard work of my supervisor and other persons I have learnt a lot of things
related to the field of media. I am now able to make news items in Pashto, Urdu and
English, I am very thankful to the virtual university management and staff for giving me
such high quality education, which enables made me feel easy in practical environment.
Now as I have the practical experience of the media sector and its operations, so I can
apply for the relevant jobs without hesitation.
During the internship period I came across some recommendation which I think can and
will improve the overall performance of the employees with in the organization that is the
different sections of the organization shave to develop a fast mechanism of treating,
capturing and editing of news. I recommend every one to be on his toes because at times
Avt Khyber News got breaking news first but due to little wastage of time the other
channel would aired that news within a little span of time winning the perception of the
audiences for their organization.
During my internship period I recommend the production incharge to make a format for
the producers on which they will note down the order of the news, with Takes.
I told the production incharge that the format would help the producers to just click a tick
on correct OC and VO. He really appreciated my observations and told me that I have
approved this format and now we will follow this one to have less wastage of time in
writing the numbers and drawing lines

41

The format which I made for the Avt Khyber production room is given below
Time of News:
S/NO NEWS
1

Date of News:
OC

VO

TAKES
1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

42

10

11

Producer Name:..

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

NLE:

In conclusion I would like to say that Avt Khyber news is full fledged channel providing
its wide spread audience News, information and updates on current situation in form of
current affairs.
It is a prefect organization for a professional to work with in. I found it very brilliant
place to learn and get knowledge in a very short span of time, I dont say that I have learn
all the things and got all the knowledge but Avt Khyber News provided me with the plate
foam from where I may choose any career for my future.
I am very thankful to all the management and staff members of Avt Khyber news for
providing me with this facility of doing internship in their esteemed organization.

8.

RESOURCES AND SOURCES UDES

1. Www. Avt khyber.com

2. Google.com

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44