Entrepreneurship has traditionally been defined as the process of designing, launching and

running a new business, which typically begins as a small business, such as a startup company,
offering a product, process or service for sale or hire.[1] It has been defined as the "...capacity and
willingness to develop, organize, and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in
order to make a profit."[2] While definitions of entrepreneurship typically focus on the launching
and running of businesses, due to the high risks involved in launching a start-up, a significant
proportion of businesses have to close, due to a "...lack of funding, bad business decisions, an
economic crisis -- or a combination of all of these"[3] or due to lack of market demand. In the
2000s, the definition of "entrepreneurship" has been expanded to explain how and why some
individuals (or teams) identify opportunities, evaluate them as viable, and then decide to exploit
them, whereas others do not,[4] and, in turn, how entrepreneurs use these opportunities to develop
new products or services, launch new firms or even new industries and create wealth.[5]
Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as "a person who organizes and manages any
enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk".[6] Rather than
working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a small business and assumes all the risk and
reward of a given business venture, idea, or good or service offered for sale. The entrepreneur is
commonly seen as a business leader and innovator of new ideas and business processes."[7]
Entrepreneurs tend to be good at perceiving new business opportunities and they often exhibit
positive biases in their perception (i.e., a bias towards finding new possibilities and seeing unmet
market needs) and a pro-risk-taking attitude that makes them more likely to exploit the
opportunity.[8][9]"Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking."[2] While
entrepreneurship is often associated with new, small, for-profit start-ups, entrepreneurial
behavior can be seen in small-, medium- and large-sized firms, new and established firms and in
for-profit and not-for-profit organizations, including voluntary sector groups, charitable
organizations and government.[10] For example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship
has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian,
environmental or community goals.
An entrepreneur is typically in control of a commercial undertaking, directing the factors of
productionthe human, financial and material resourcesthat are required to exploit a business
opportunity. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise.
Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual (or team) identifies a business
opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. The
exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities may include actions such as developing a business
plan, hiring the human resources, acquiring financial and material resources, providing
leadership, and being responsible for the venture's success or failure.[11] Economist Joseph
Schumpeter (18831950) stated that the role of the entrepreneur in the economy is "creative
destruction"launching innovations that simultaneously destroy old industries while ushering in
new industries and approaches. For Schumpeter, the changes and "dynamic disequilibrium
brought on by the innovating entrepreneur ... [are] the norm of a healthy economy."[12]
Entrepreneurship typically operates within an entrepreneurship ecosystem which often includes
government programs and services that promote entrepreneurship and support entrepreneurs and
start-ups; non-governmental organizations such as small business associations and organizations
that offer advice and mentoring to entrepreneurs (e.g., through entrepreneurship centers or

websites); small business advocacy organizations that lobby the government for increased
support for entrepreneurship programs and more small business-friendly laws and regulations;
entrepreneurship resources and facilities (e.g., business incubators and seed accelerators);
entrepreneurship education and training programs offered by schools, colleges and universities;
and financing (e.g., bank loans, venture capital financing, angel investing, and government and
private foundation grants). The strongest entrepreneurship ecosystems are those found in top
entrepreneurship hubs such as Silicon Valley, New York City, Boston, Singapore and other such
locations where there are clusters of leading high-tech firms, top research universities, and
venture capitalists.[13] In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as
part of the disciplines of management or business administration.

Concept of Entrepreneurship:
The word entrepreneur is derived from the French verb enterprendre, which means to
undertake. This refers to those who undertake the risk of new enterprises. An enterprise is
created by an entrepreneur. The process of creation is called entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship is a process of actions of an entrepreneur who is a person always in search of
something new and exploits such ideas into gainful opportunities by accepting the risk and
uncertainty with the enterprise.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurship:
Entrepreneurship is characterized by the following features:
1. Economic and dynamic activity:
Entrepreneurship is an economic activity because it involves the creation and operation of an
enterprise with a view to creating value or wealth by ensuring optimum utilisation of scarce
resources. Since this value creation activity is performed continuously in the midst of uncertain
business environment, therefore, entrepreneurship is regarded as a dynamic force.
2. Related to innovation:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

Entrepreneurship involves a continuous search for new ideas. Entrepreneurship compels an

individual to continuously evaluate the existing modes of business operations so that more

efficient and effective systems can be evolved and adopted. In other words, entrepreneurship is a
continuous effort for synergy (optimization of performance) in organizations.
3. Profit potential:
Profit potential is the likely level of return or compensation to the entrepreneur for taking on the
risk of developing an idea into an actual business venture. Without profit potential, the efforts of
entrepreneurs would remain only an abstract and a theoretical leisure activity.
4. Risk bearing:
The essence of entrepreneurship is the willingness to assume risk arising out of the creation and
implementation of new ideas. New ideas are always tentative and their results may not be
instantaneous and positive.
An entrepreneur has to have patience to see his efforts bear fruit. In the intervening period (time
gap between the conception and implementation of an idea and its results), an entrepreneur has to
assume risk. If an entrepreneur does not have the willingness to assume risk, entrepreneurship
would never succeed.

Entrepreneurial Process:
Entrepreneurship is a process, a journey, not the destination; a means, not an end. All the
successful entrepreneurs like Bill Gates (Microsoft), Warren Buffet (Hathaway), Gordon Moore
(Intel) Steve Jobs (Apple Computers), Jack Welch (GE) GD Birla, Jamshedji Tata and others all
went through this process.
To establish and run an enterprise it is divided into three parts the entrepreneurial job, the
promotion, and the operation. Entrepreneurial job is restricted to two steps, i.e., generation of an
idea and preparation of feasibility report. In this article, we shall restrict ourselves to only these
two aspects of entrepreneurial process.

Figure 4.1: The Entrepreneurial Process

1. Idea Generation:
To generate an idea, the entrepreneurial process has to pass through three stages:
a. Germination:
This is like seeding process, not like planting seed. It is more like the natural seeding. Most
creative ideas can be linked to an individuals interest or curiosity about a specific problem or
area of study.
b. Preparation:
Once the seed of interest curiosity has taken the shape of a focused idea, creative people start a
search for answers to the problems. Inventors will go on for setting up laboratories; designers
will think of engineering new product ideas and marketers will study consumer buying habits.
c. Incubation:
This is a stage where the entrepreneurial process enters the subconscious intellectualization. The
sub-conscious mind joins the unrelated ideas so as to find a resolution.
2. Feasibility study:

Feasibility study is done to see if the idea can be commercially viable.

It passes through two steps:
a. Illumination:
After the generation of idea, this is the stage when the idea is thought of as a realistic creation.
The stage of idea blossoming is critical because ideas by themselves have no meaning.
b. Verification:
This is the last thing to verify the idea as realistic and useful for application. Verification is
concerned about practicality to implement an idea and explore its usefulness to the society and
the entrepreneur.

Importance of Entrepreneurship:
Entrepreneurship offers the following benefits:
Benefits of Entrepreneurship to an Organisation:
1. Development of managerial capabilities:
The biggest significance of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it helps in identifying and
developing managerial capabilities of entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur studies a problem,
identifies its alternatives, compares the alternatives in terms of cost and benefits implications,
and finally chooses the best alternative.
This exercise helps in sharpening the decision making skills of an entrepreneur. Besides, these
managerial capabilities are used by entrepreneurs in creating new technologies and products in
place of older technologies and products resulting in higher performance.
2. Creation of organisations:
Entrepreneurship results into creation of organisations when entrepreneurs assemble and
coordinate physical, human and financial resources and direct them towards achievement of
objectives through managerial skills.
3. Improving standards of living:
By creating productive organisations, entrepreneurship helps in making a wide variety of goods
and services available to the society which results into higher standards of living for the people.
Possession of luxury cars, computers, mobile phones, rapid growth of shopping malls, etc. are
pointers to the rising living standards of people, and all this is due to the efforts of entrepreneurs.

4. Means of economic development:

Entrepreneurship involves creation and use of innovative ideas, maximisation of output from
given resources, development of managerial skills, etc., and all these factors are so essential for
the economic development of a country.

Factors affecting Entrepreneurship:

Entrepreneurship is a complex phenomenon influenced by the interplay of a wide variety of
factors.
Some of the important factors are listed below:
1. Personality Factors:
Personal factors, becoming core competencies of entrepreneurs, include:
(a) Initiative (does things before being asked for)
(b) Proactive (identification and utilisation of opportunities)
(c) Perseverance (working against all odds to overcome obstacles and never complacent with
success)
(d) Problem-solver (conceives new ideas and achieves innovative solutions)
(e) Persuasion (to customers and financiers for patronisation of his business and develops &
maintains relationships)
(f) Self-confidence (takes and sticks to his decisions)
(g) Self-critical (learning from his mistakes and experiences of others)
(h) A Planner (collects information, prepares a plan, and monitors performance)
(i) Risk-taker (the basic quality).
2. Environmental factors:
These factors relate to the conditions in which an entrepreneur has to work. Environmental
factors such as political climate, legal system, economic and social conditions, market situations,
etc. contribute significantly towards the growth of entrepreneurship. For example, political
stability in a country is absolutely essential for smooth economic activity.
Frequent political protests, bandhs, strikes, etc. hinder economic activity and entrepreneurship.
Unfair trade practices, irrational monetary and fiscal policies, etc. are a roadblock to the growth

of entrepreneurship. Higher income levels of people, desire for new products and sophisticated
technology, need for faster means of transport and communication, etc. are the factors that
stimulate entrepreneurship.
Thus, it is a combination of both personal and environmental factors that influence
entrepreneurship and brings in desired results for the individual, the organisation and the society.

Types of Entrepreneurs:
Depending upon the level of willingness to create innovative ideas, there can be the
following types of entrepreneurs:
1. Innovative entrepreneurs:
These entrepreneurs have the ability to think newer, better and more economical ideas of
business organisation and management. They are the business leaders and contributors to the
economic development of a country.
Inventions like the introduction of a small car Nano by Ratan Tata, organised retailing by
Kishore Biyani, making mobile phones available to the common may by Anil Ambani are the
works of innovative entrepreneurs.
2. Imitating entrepreneurs:
These entrepreneurs are people who follow the path shown by innovative entrepreneurs. They
imitate innovative entrepreneurs because the environment in which they operate is such that it
does not permit them to have creative and innovative ideas on their own.
Such entrepreneurs are found in countries and situations marked with weak industrial and
institutional base which creates difficulties in initiating innovative ideas.
In our country also, a large number of such entrepreneurs are found in every field of business
activity and they fulfill their need for achievement by imitating the ideas introduced by
innovative entrepreneurs.
Development of small shopping complexes is the work of imitating entrepreneurs. All the small
car manufacturers now are the imitating entrepreneurs.
3. Fabian entrepreneurs:
The dictionary meaning of the term fabian is a person seeking victory by delay rather than by a
decisive battle. Fabian entrepreneurs are those individuals who do not show initiative in
visualising and implementing new ideas and innovations wait for some development which
would motivate them to initiate unless there is an imminent threat to their very existence.
4. Drone entrepreneurs:

The dictionary meaning of the term drone is a person who lives on the labor of others. Drone
entrepreneurs are those individuals who are satisfied with the existing mode and speed of
business activity and show no inclination in gaining market leadership. In other words, drone
entrepreneurs are die-hard conservatives and even ready to suffer the loss of business.
5. Social Entrepreneur:
Social entrepreneurs drive social innovation and transformation in various fields including
education, health, human rights, workers rights, environment and enterprise development.
They undertake poverty alleviation objectives with the zeal of an entrepreneur, business practices
and dare to overcome traditional practices and to innovate. Dr Mohammed Yunus of Bangladesh
who started Gramin Bank is a case of social entrepreneur.

Functions of an Entrepreneur:
The important functions performed by an entrepreneur are listed below:
1. Innovation:
An entrepreneur is basically an innovator who tries to develop new technology, products,
markets, etc. Innovation may involve doing new things or doing existing things differently. An
entrepreneur uses his creative faculties to do new things and exploit opportunities in the market.
He does not believe in status quo and is always in search of change.
2. Assumption of Risk:
An entrepreneur, by definition, is risk taker and not risk shirker. He is always prepared for
assuming losses that may arise on account of new ideas and projects undertaken by him. This
willingness to take risks allows an entrepreneur to take initiatives in doing new things and
marching ahead in his efforts.
3. Research:
An entrepreneur is a practical dreamer and does a lot of ground-work before taking a leap in his
ventures. In other words, an entrepreneur finalizes an idea only after considering a variety of
options, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses by applying analytical techniques, testing their
applicability, supplementing them with empirical findings, and then choosing the best alternative.
It is then that he applies his ideas in practice. The selection of an idea, thus, involves the
application of research methodology by an entrepreneur.
4. Development of Management Skills:
The work of an entrepreneur involves the use of managerial skills which he develops while
planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling and coordinating the activities of business.

His managerial skills get further strengthened when he engages himself in establishing
equilibrium between his organization and its environment.
However, when the size of business grows considerably, an entrepreneur can employ
professional managers for the effective management of business operations.
5. Overcoming Resistance to Change:
New innovations are generally opposed by people because it makes them change their existing
behavior patterns. An entrepreneur always first tries new ideas at his level.
It is only after the successful implementation of these ideas that an entrepreneur makes these
ideas available to others for their benefit. In this manner, an entrepreneur paves the way for the
acceptance of his ideas by others. This is a reflection of his will power, enthusiasm and energy
which helps him in overcoming the societys resistance to change.
6. Catalyst of Economic Development:
An entrepreneur plays an important role in accelerating the pace of economic development of a
country by discovering new uses of available resources and maximizing their utilization.
To better appreciate the concept of an entrepreneur, it is desirable to distinguish him from an
entrepreneur and promoter. Table 4.1 outlines the distinction between an entrepreneur and
entrepreneurs, and Table 4.2 portrays basic points of distinction between an entrepreneur and
promoter.
Table 4.1: Distinction between Entrepreneur and Intrapreneur:
Basis
Capacity
Status
Decisions
Reward

Entrepreneur
Owner Own
boss Takes own
decisions
Uncertain and
unlimited

Intrapreneur
An manager
Salaried employee
Executes decisions with
the concurrence of owner
Fixed rewards and
salary

Table 4.2: Distinction between Entrepreneur and Promoter:

Basis
Stage of
business
Owning
business
Nature of job
Example

Entrepreneur
Promoter
From conception to To bring a business
continuation Owns into existence May or
the enterprise
may not own Highly
Includes everything specialised
Any business
A consultant or a
chartered account and
offering services

Some Myths about Entrepreneurship:

Over the years, a few myths about entrepreneurship have developed. These are as under:
(i) Entrepreneurs, like leaders, are born, not made:
The fact does not hold true for the simple reason that entrepreneurship is a discipline comprising
of models, processes and case studies.
One can learn about entrepreneurship by studying the discipline.
(ii) Entrepreneurs are academic and socially misfits:
Dhirubai Ambani had no formal education. Bill Gates has been a School drop-out. Therefore, this
description does not apply to everyone. Education makes an entrepreneur a true entrepreneur. Mr
Anand Mahindra, Mr Kumar Mangalam Birla, for example, is educated entrepreneurs and that is
why they are heroes.
(iii) To be an entrepreneur, one needs money only:
Finance is the life-blood of an enterprise to survive and grow. But for a good idea whose time
has come, money is not a problem.
(iv) To be an entrepreneur, a great idea is the only ingredient:
A good or great idea shall remain an idea unless there is proper combination of all the resources
including management.
(v) One wants to be an entrepreneur as having no boss is great fun:
It is not only the boss who is demanding; even an entrepreneur faces demanding vendors,
investors, bankers and above all customers.
An entrepreneurs life will be much simpler, since he works for himself. The truth is working for
others are simpler than working for oneself. One thinks 24 hours a day to make his venture
successful and thus, there would be a punishing schedule.
Entrepreneurship

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ENTREPRENEURSHIP ROLE AND E-COMMERCE IN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT FOR

ACHIEVING THE MARKET CULINARY BUSINESS IN PEKANBARU PROVINCE RIAU
Tria Librina Putri1
Abstract: This research was conducted in Pekanbaru City Riau Province in 2014. Population and
sample in this research is the business person or entrepreneur in the field of culinary in
Pekanbaru City Riau province assigned 100 units culinary business. Sampling method of this
study using purposive sampling method. Analysis of the data used is descriptive and quantitative
analysis method Data analysis and hypothesis testing
inthisstudywereusingmultiplelinearregressionmodel.Wherethedependentvariableis
togainmarketshare,andtheindependentvariablesareentrepreneurshipande-commerce. The
coefficient of determination (R Square) was obtained for 0.766, it gives the sense that, whether
or not variations rose 76.6% market share of the independent variables are determined by factors
Entrepreneurship and E-commerce, while the remaining 23.4% is determined by factors other
than a model.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, E-Commerce, and Market Share.
INTRODUCTION
The more developed a country more and more people are educated, and many people are
unemployed, the greater the perceived importance of the entrepreneurial world. Development
would be more successful if it is supported by the entrepreneur (entrepreneur) who can create
jobs because the government is very limited capability. The government will not be able to work
on all aspects of development because it is very much in need of budget, personnel, and
supervision. Therefore, the entrepreneur is the potential for development, both in number and in
quality of entrepreneurship itself. Now we face the fact that the number of Indonesian
entrepreneurs are still few and their quality can not be said to be great, so the issue of
entrepreneurship development Indonesia is an urgent issue for successful development.
Business competition is very competitive as it is today forcing every business person should be
able to see the opportunities that exist in the market
1.Management Lecturer STIE YLPK Bangkinang, email: librinatria@gmail.com

4908 Tria Librina Putri

of uncertainty that causes every businessperson should be really creative and innovative in
providing products or services that they produce. For that much
neededentrepreneurialeconomicsthatattemptstobuildeconomiccapacityofthe community in the
field of entrepreneurship that aims to improve peoples lives through a wide range of new job
creation. An entrepreneur must have a strategy, which strategy it is how and techniques an
entrepreneur or entrepreneurs can look at the same business opportunities.
Entrepreneurs play a very important role in building the economy of a country. One of the most
obvious example is Singapore. Singapore is currently the poor in natural resources, but earn a per
capita income of US $ 57,238 per year, compared with Indonesia, which only has about US $
4380 per year (2012). This figure gives the message that the entrepreneur or entrepreneurial is a
noble profession whose role is to build a prosperous society and the state are very clear and
substantial, especially when we examine the progress achieved by other developed countries in
the world be it in Europe, America, Australia and Asia. The Government and people in these
countries have chosen self-employment as a primary profession that is very important and is
grown deliberately (intentionally).
Therefore the entrepreneur spirit must continue to be encouraged to help the economies of the
country. The role that can be provided by an entrepreneur in the economy of a country, among
others:
a.Combination of economic factors, namely entrepreneurs who can do combination of the
economic factors with good,
b.Providing market efficiency, namely entrepreneurs who can make efficiencies in the market
with the best, one way is to carry out the techniques and methods of production that is correct
and effective.
c.Accepting risk, namely entrepreneurs who dared to take the risk of doing any business activity.
d.Maximizing investor returns, the entrepreneur who seeks to create profits from any business
activity does. This advantage can be created by doing good production processes, products or
services that are good and can give satisfaction to the customere. Processing of market
information, the entrepreneur who has a lot of information so it is useful to take decisions related
to business activities that are being done. Today, the opportunity to run a more open area of
entrepreneurship, with the use of information technology (IT). Application of Information and
Communication Technology in Business World has experienced tremendous growth over the past
few decades. But unfortunately there are still a lot of retail businesses or even a company that is
not to apply information technology to be ready to compete in the future.

Entrepreneurship Role and E-Commerce in Business Environment 4909

In the business world the role of Information and Communication Technologies utilized for
perbisnisan electronically or known as E-Commerce (e-business) or electronic perbisnisan. E-

Commerce is perbisnisan using internet communication network. E-commerce is part of ebusiness, in which the scope of e-business more broadly, not just commercial but also
pengkolaborasian include business partners, customer service, etc. jobs. In addition to network
technology www, e-business also requires a database or database technology (databases), e-mail
or electronic mail (e-mail), and the form of non-computer technology as well as delivery
systems, and the means of payment for e This business.
E-business was first introduced in 1994 at the first banner-electronics used for purposes of
promotion and advertising on a web-page (website). According to Forrester Research,
perbisnisan electronically generated sales worth US $ 12.2 billion in 2003. The company is well
known in this field include: eBay, Yahoo,
Amazon.com, Google, and Paypal.
We can take the example of the application of e-commerce on retail companies, namely
Carrefour, Carrefour participate how to use the Internet to support their business activities.
Carrefour has a personal web containing about their company and also data or what products
they offer and the information such as discounts or promo the other, as it also Carrefour prepare
messages between services for its customers to access or shop online, Carrefour payment system
offered by e- commerce is almost the same as in general, ie using a credit card and securitymaintained and safe from criminal acts.
With e-commerce is very helpful in the business process and can also increase the effectiveness
and efficiency of the company and also for the customer because if you look from the side of
their customers do not bother to queue to make the payment because quite make purchases via
online would be more practical and shopping goods can be delivered to the customers home. In
addition, customers can also check the items they are looking for or to be purchased through the
web in order to find out if the goods are not available or when they wanted to do it manually in
the Carrefour shopping. Pekanbaru city is the capital and largest city in the province of Riau
Indonesia. This city is a city of trade and services, including as a city with a growth rate,
migration and urbanization are high. Pekanbaru has an international airport, the Airport Sultan
Syarif Kasim II and inter-city bus terminal and inter-provincial Bandar Raya Umbrella Sekaki, as
well as two ports in the Siak river, the beach and the River Pelita Duku.
Currently Pekanbaru is rapidly growing into a trading city multi-ethnic, diversity has become a
social capital in achieving a common interest to be used for the welfare of society. As a city that
promises to trade, then opportunities for every entrepreneur for a career in any endeavor they
pursue.Oneoftheeffortsthathave culinary business opportunities are growing quite rapidly in this
city.

4910 Tria Librina Putri

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. Definition Entrepreneurship
The term comes from the entrepreneur entrepreneurs (French) translated into English to mean
between taker or go-between. Entrepreneur term began to be used in English since 1878, and is
understood as a contractor acting as intermediary between capital and labor. Richard Cantillon in
1975 began to use this term in general. Cantillon is French Scottish economist, who popularized
the term entrepreneur in the Essai Sur La Nature Du Commerce en General. According to
Cantillonentrepreneursarethosewhopayacertainpriceforaspecificproduct,to be sold at a price
which is uncertain, while making decisions about achieving and utilizing resources, and accept
the risk of trying.
In the mid 20th century, there was a view of an entrepreneur as an innovator (the man who
discovered novelty / innovation). Following the views expressed by Schumpeter, an economist
who has been doing research on entrepreneurs and
entrepreneurship:Thefunctionoftheentrepreneuristotransformorrevolutionize
thepatternofproductionbywayofutilizinganewdiscovery(invention)or,more commonly, a
technological possibility for producing a commodity new, old or produce a commodity in a new
way, opening a supply source of new materials, or a new distribution method (remember the
distribution channels in marketing activities), or reorganize a new industry.
John J. Kao defines entrepreneurship or berkewirausahaan as follows:
Entrepreneurshipistheattempttocreatevaluethroughrecognitionofbusiness opportunity, the
management of risk-taking Appropriate to the opportunity, and through the communicative and
management skills to Mobilize human, financial, and Necessary material resources to bring a
project to Fruition . (Berkewirausahaan is an attempt to create value through the introduction of
a business opportunity, proper risk management decision, and through the communication and
management skills to mobilize people, money, and raw materials or other resources needed to
produce a project that carried out well).
Definition of entrepreneurship according Hisrich, et. al. in Saiman (2009, p. 42) as follows:
Entrepreneurship is the dynamic process of creating incremental wealth. The wealth is created
by individuals who assume the major risk in terms of equity, time, and / or carrier commitment
or provide value for some product or service. The product or service may or may not be new or
unique, but value must somehow be infused by the entrepreneur by receiving and locating the
Necessary skills and resources . (Berkewirausahaan is a dynamic process for the creation of
additional wealth. Wealth is created by individuals who are willing to take major

Entrepreneurship Role and E-Commerce in Business Environment 4911

risks with the terms of fairness, time and or career commitment or providing value for a wide
range of goods and services. Products and services are not or may be new or unique, but the
value is what also has to be pumped by businessmen with the acceptance and placement of skill

needs and resources. Hisrich fuller Opinion defines entrepreneurship by 3 (three) approach of
economists, psychologists and businessmen in a row are:
a. Autonomous approach, the entrepreneur is the person who brings the resources, manpower,
materials, and other assets in a combination that makes the value is higher than ever before, and
also a person who introduced the change, innovation / updates, and an order / order and The new
world order;
b.Approach psychologist, entrepreneur is really a typical driven by particular strength activities
to produce or achieve something, at trial, the improvement, or perhaps in authority seek another
way out; and
c.Approach a businessman, entreprenur is a businessman who emerged as a threat, aggressive
competitors, contrary to the other businesses fellow entrepreneur may be an ally / partner, a
source of a quote, a customer, or someone who creates wealth for others, also finds its way more
either to utilize resources, reduce waste, and generates new jobs for others who are happy to run
it. Definition of entrepreneurship according to Presidential Instruction No. 4 1995: Enterprise is
the spirit, attitude, behavior and ability to handle a business or activity that leads to the search
for, create, implement ways of working, new technologies and products to improve efficiency in
order to provide better service and or gain greater profits .
2. Characteristics and Nature of Entrepreneurship
Creative and innovative process is only done by people who have the creative and
innovativepersonality,thatis,peoplewhohaveasoul,attitudeandentrepreneurial behavior, with
characteristics:
a.Fullofconfidence,theindicatorisfullofconfidence,optimistic,committed,
b.Have initiative, the indicator is full of energy, deft in the act, and Off.
c.Has the achievement motive, the indicator consists of results orientation and insight into the
future.
d.Have leadership, the indicator is the dare to be different, trustworthy, and resilient in the act.
e.Dare to take risks with the full calculation.

4912 Tria Librina Putri

Table 1
Characteristics and Nature of Entrepreneurship
Characteristics
Character
Confident and optimistic Having strong self-confidence, independence of others,
and individualistic
Task-oriented and resultsNeedtoexcel,profit-oriented,havestrongencouragement,
energetic, determined and steadfast, determined hard
work and
Dare to take risks and likes a Being able to take a reasonable risk
challenge
Leadership
Spirited leadership, adaptable to other people, and is open
to suggestions and criticism
Originality
Innovative originality creative and flexible
Having a future
Oriented vision and perspective on the future
Source: Meredith dalam Suryana (2009, h. 24)
While Scarborough and Zimmerer proposed 8 (eight) characteristic of entrepreneurship as
follows:
a.Desire for responsibility, namely to have a sense of responsibility for businesses that do.
b.Preference for moderate risk, which prefers moderate risk, that is always to avoid the risk,
either too low or too high.

c.Confidence in their ability to success, ie have the confidence to obtain success.

d.Desire for immediate feedback, which always requires immediate feedback.
e.Highlevelofenergy,thathaspassionandhardworktofulfillhisdesirefor the sake of a better future.
f.Future orientation, which is oriented and has a perspective and insight to the future.
g.Skill at organizing, that have skills in organizing resources to create added value.
h.Value of achievement over money, which is more respectful of achievement than money.
Entrepreneur competencies that are characteristic of a successful entrepreneur in the following
table:

Entrepreneurship Role and E-Commerce in Business Environment 4913

Table 2
ProActive
1 Initiative
2 Assertive:

Do something before being asked or pressured state

Facing the problem directly with the other person. Ask
others to do what they have to do.

OrientedAchievement
3 See and act on
Capturespecificopportunitiesforstartinganewbusiness,
opportunities
seekingfinancialsupport,land,workspaceandguidance
4.Orientation efficiencyLook for and find ways to do things faster or with fewer
costs
5.Attention to work with The desire to produce or market a product or service with
high quality
high quality.
6.Systematic planning Outlines a great job into tasks or small goals. Anticipate
obstacles. Assessing alternatives.
7.Monitoring
Develop or use a procedure to ensure that the work can
be completed or in accordance with the specified quality
standards.
Commitment to others
8 Commitment to workMake personal sacrifices or extraordinary business to
complete the work. Roll up your sleeves and work together
karyaran in place to resolve pekerajaan employees.
9Realizing the importance of the basics of business relations
Take action to keep a close relationship with customers. Looking at personal relationships as a
business resource. Placing both long term services over short-term gain.
Sumber: Nugroho (2009 : h. 105)
METHODS
This research was conducted in Pekanbaru City Riau Province in 2014.
1. Types and Sources of Data
The type of data by source (Mantra, 2001: 47) there are two kinds, namely as follows:

a.Primary data is data obtained through field survey using the original method of data collection,
which is obtained directly from respondents through questionnaire tool.

4914 Tria Librina Putri

b.Secondary data is data obtained indirectly, in the form of data obtained from other sources that
have been processed first, and nothing to do with research that are complementary or supporting
the primary data.
2.Data Collection Techniques
a.Questionnaire, which is a way of collecting data by providing a list of questions to respondents
in the hope of giving a response to that question.
b.File research, namely data collection techniques performed by tracing the documents required
in research.
3. Population and Sample
Population and sample in this research is the business person or entrepreneur in the field of
culinary in Pekanbaru City Riau Province is set at 100 units culinary business. Sampling method
of this study using purposive sampling method.
4. DataAnalysis
In an analysis of data collected, the writer uses descriptive and quantitative analysis method, ie
by collecting data and then tabulated into a table and further described in a systematic, by linking
it to relevant theories that can be analyzed by using multiple regression analysis, (Sugiyono,
2005: 204). The steps in data analysis are as follows:
1. Analyze the data questionnaire
Data are collected and transformed into quantitative data using a Likert scale as follows:
1.If the selected answersA, then the weight is 5 (five).
2.If the chosen answer B, then the weight is 4 (four).
3.If the answer is chosen C, then the weight is 3 (three).
4.If the answer is chosen D, then the weight is 2 (two).
5.If the answer is chosen E, then the weight is 1 (one) a. Test Validity

Aims to determine the validity of test items or questions are valid in determining a variable.
Testing is done by comparing the correlation value of each item with the total score of each
variable (in accordance with the opinion of Singgih 2004).
Wherethecriteriaifthevalueofthecorrelationissignificant(=5%)thentheitem is declared valid, and
if the value of the correlation is not significant ( = 5%) said the item and declared invalid the
question fall

Entrepreneurship Role and E-Commerce in Business Environment 4915

b. Test Reliability
Is a test to measure whether the data is reliable or reliable and can be used in the processing of
the data in this study, using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. If the value of Cronbach alpha
coefficient> 0.60 then the data is otherwise unreliable or reliable.
c. Normality Test Data
Prior to statistical analysis, the normality of the data should be tested first. If the data is not
normal, then parametric statistics can not be used (Sugiyono, 2005: 239). Normality test data can
be seen from the graph PP Plot normal, if the point (data) still be around the normal line is called
the normal data and vice versa.
2. Hypothesis Testing
Data analysis tool used is multiple linear regression equation (Iqbal 2003: 74) as follows:
Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + e
To measure the relationship of each variable assisted through the computerized statistics program
16 Product Service Solution (SPSS) (Sofyan Yamin et al 2009).
Furthermore, to test the hypothesis, testing among others:
a. T test (t-test)
T test was to measure the influence of individual variables on the dependent variable. This can be
done by comparing the results of the t on the results of SPSS with t table. If t> t table at the level
of = 0.05, significant independent variable (significant) Ho is accepted and vice versa,
(Sugiyono, 2005: 184).
b. Test F

Independent variables simultaneously testing was conducted to determine whether the

independent variables jointly affect the dependent variable. For this test, F test by comparing
Fhitung with Ftabel, testing criteria as follows:
1.Fhitung Ftable means independent variables simultaneously - each real effect on the
dependent variable or H0 is rejected, and Hi accepted.
2.Fhitung <Ftable means independent variables did not significantly affect the dependent
variable or H0 is accepted and Hi rejected.
c.The correlation coefficient (r)
Conducted to measure how much influence the independent variables on the dependent variable.

4916 Tria Librina Putri

1.Whenr=0thenthereisnorelationshipbetweentheindependentvariables with the dependent
variable.
2.If r = -1 or close to it there is a strong negative correlation between the independent variables
with the dependent variable.
3.If r = +1 or close to it there is a strong relationship between the direction of the independent
variables with the dependent variable.
d. The coefficient of determination (R2)

Conducted to measure how percent (%) dependent variable can be explained by the independent
variables. The percentage for the test of determination (R2) is between 0 to 1 (Sugiyono, 2005:
185)
DISCUSSION
Tool data analysis and hypothesis testing in this study is using multiple linear regression model.
Where the dependent variable is to gain market share, and the independent variables are
entrepreneurship and e-commerce. Based on the results of data processing using multiple linear
regression model, with SPSS for Windows 16.0 was obtained output in Table 3 as follows:
Table 3
Value Regresi Linear Berganda
Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized Standardized
CoefficientsCoefficients
B

Sig.

Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant)
.724.986
Enterpreneurship.132.046
E-commerce
.494.045

.192
.733

.735 .464
2.865 .005
10.921.000

a. Dependent Variable: Pangsa Pasar

Source: Data Processed, 2014
Results in the table above can also be expressed in the following equation:
Y = a + b1 X1 + b2 X2
Y = 0,724 + 0,132 X1 + 0,494 X2

Entrepreneurship Role and E-Commerce in Business Environment 4917

Meaning of the numbers in the above equation is as follows:
a.Constant value (a) is a positive value (0.724); meaning that if the factors Entrepreneurship and
E-commerce is 0 (zero), then the market share is positive (0.724).
b.Entrepreneurship variable regression coefficient value (b1) is positive, ie
0.132; Entrepreneurship means that any increase in variable Rp. 1 will raise the market share of
Rp. 0.132 assuming other variables remain valuable.
c.Variable regression coefficient value E-commerce (b2) is positive, ie 0494; meaning that any
increase in the variable E-commerce Rp. 1 will raise the market share of Rp. 0494 assuming
other variables remain valuable. To prove the results of the study hypothesis test as follows:
a. Simultaneous Test (Test F)
To determine whether the independent variables jointly affect the dependent variable. F test was
used, and the data processing can be seen in table 4 as follows:

Table 4
ANOVAb
Model
1

Sum of Squaresdf Mean SquareF

Regression893.222
Residual 272.738

2 446.611
972.812

Total

99

1165.960

Sig.

158.838.000a

a.Predictors: (Constant), E-commerce, Enterpreneurship

b.Dependent Variable: Pangsa pasar
Source: Data Processed, 2014
From Table 4 above shows the results of the calculation, T Calculate the value
of158.838,0.000significance,DF1andDF2=2=97.TheresultsobtainedforFtable amounted to 3.090
(can be seen in the statistics book), it can be concluded that the
F count> F table (158.838 > 3.090) and significance <0.05 (0.000 <0.05). Thus the
hypothesisinthisstudymaybeacceptedatthe95%confidencelevelisthecorrect
decision.Withthewordthatthereissignificantinfluencesimultaneouslybetween the independent
variables on the dependent variable.
b. T test (t-test)
T test aims to see the influence of independent variables individually against the dependent
variable, in addition to the partial test can also be performed to

4918 Tria Librina Putri

determine how the contribution of independent variables in influencing the dependent variable.
Tabel 5
Hasil Uji t

Model

Sig.

1 (Constant)
.735
Enterpreneurship2.865 .005
E-commerce
10.921.000
Source: Data Processed, 2014
Based on the table. 5 obtained t count of variable significant Entrepreneurship
at2.865and0.005.Ifalphaisusedby5%oftheresultsobtainedfortTableof1.661 (can be seen in the
statistics book). Thus the value of t count> t table (2.865> 1.661) and signifikant value <0.05
(0.005 <0.05). Then there is a significant influence of the independent variables X1 is
Entrepreneurship for market share, increasing the value of the variable ENTERPRENEURSHIP
the value of market share will also increase.
E-commerce variable (X2), obtained t at 10.921 and signifikant 0,000. If alpha is used by 5%,
the results obtained for t Table of 1.661 (can be seen in the statistics book). Thus the value of t
count> t table (10.921> 1.661) and a significant value
<0.05(0.000<0.05).Thenthereisasignificantinfluenceoftheindependentvariable
X2 is E-commerce for market share.
c. The correlation coefficient (R) and the coefficient of determination (R2)
Furthermore, to see the relationship between the dependent variable with the independent
variable correlation coefficient can be used, from data processing result as in Table 6 as follows:
Table 6
Value Uji Koefisien Korelasi and Determinasi
Model Summaryb
ModelR
1

R SquareAdjusted R SquareStd.ErroroftheEstimateDurbin-Watson

.875a.766

.761

1.677

1.556

a. Predictors: (Constant), E-commerce, Enterpreneurship

Entrepreneurship Role and E-Commerce in Business Environment 4919

From Table 6 it can be seen the value of the correlation coefficient of 0.875, which means that
the dependent variable with the independent variables are very strong relationship that is equal to
0.875. While the coefficient of determination (R
Square) was obtained for 0.766, it gives the sense that, whether or not variations rose 76.6%
market share of the independent variables are determined by factors Entrepreneurship and Ecommerce, while the remaining 23.4% is determined by factors other than a model.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of research Role of Entrepreneurship and E-commerce in order to gain
market share culinary in Pekanbaru as follows:
1.Testing variables simultaneously Entrepreneurship and E-commerce influence on the culinary
market share in Pekanbaru.
2.Based on the partial test (Individual) variable Entrepreneurship and
E-commerce also affect the culinary market share in Pekanbaru.
3.Theclosenessoftherelationshipofindependentvariables(Entrepreneurship and E-commerce) to
variable market share is very close (0875), while the
contributionofindependentvariablesonthedependentvariableis76.60%.
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