Faculty of Engineering

Civil Engineering HK01

KA20703
FLUID MECHANICS
Dr Noor Sheena Herayani Harith
ROOM 22, LEVEL 2, BLOCK A,
TELEPHONE: 088-320000 EXT. 3595
EMAIL: drsheenafkj@gmail.com

RESEARCH: Earthquake Structural and Engineering Seismology

Academic Advisors
1) Dr Mohd Azizul bin Ladin
Room 23, Level 2, Block A
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Telephone: 088-320000 Ext. 3034
Email: azizul@ums.edu.my
Research: Highway, Traffic and Transportation Engineering
2) Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman
Room 66, Level 2, Block A
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Telephone: 088-320000 Ext. 3033
Email: ahmadnurfaidhi@ums.edu.my;
ahmadnurfaidhi@gmail.com
Research: Structural Analysis and Design
2

COURSE DETAILS

Course Name

: Fluid Mechanics

Lecturer

: Dr. Noor Sheena Herayani Harith

Credit Hour

:3

Prerequisite

: None

Corequisite

: KA 30903 Hydraulics

The class contact will include the following sessions:

Lecture Periods
Thursday (15/09/2016)
Monday (19/09 12/12/16)

1400 to 1600 (Makmal umum 1)

0800 to 1000 (Tutorial Room 24 & 25)

Tutorial Periods
Wednesday (21/09 14/12/16)

1400 to 1600 (Tutorial Room 24 & 25)

REFERENCES
a) Clayton T. Crowe, Donald F.
Elger, John A. Roberson (2005).
Engineering Fluid Mechanics,
8th edition. John Wiley & Sons.
b) Cimbala, J. M. & Cengel, Y. A.
(2014). Fluid Mechanics:
Fundamental and Application,
3rd edition in SI Unit. McGrawHill.
c) Potter, M. C., Wiggert, D. C. &
Ramadan, B. H. (2012).
Mechanics of Fluids, 4th edition.
Cengage Learning.
d) Sukumar Pati (2012) A text
book on Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machine. Tata
McGraw Hill Education Private
Limited.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course seek to introduce basic principles of fluid

mechanics and establish its relevance in civil
engineering, starting from introduction to fluid
properties and characteristics, static fluid, forces in
fluid, fluid kinematics, continuity equation and its
application, momentum equation and its application,
Bernoulli and energy equation and their application,
boundary layers and flow measurement. Finally,
students will able to analyses the fluid in pipelines.
5

COURSE OUTCOMES
CO

CO1

CO2

CO3

CO4

CO5

CO6

CO7

Course Outcomes
Ability to distinguish different types of fluids and
basic units, their properties and acquire
understanding on significance and development
of fluid mechanics
Ability to acquire basic understanding, theory
and application of principles of various fluid
properties fluid statics
Ability to acquire basic understanding, theory
and application of principles of measurement of
pressure
Ability to understand the knowledge, theory,
analyses and application of principles of
hydrostatic forces and fluid in motion
Ability to understand the knowledge, theory,
analyses and application of principles of
buoyancy
Ability to comprehend and apply the
fundamental flowing fluid and the forces
resulting from fluids flow
Ability to apply the energy equation to a real
systems with pumps, fluid motors and energy
losses from friction, valves and fitting

PO

Bloom Taxonomy

Assessment Method
& Tools

CP

CA

KP

PO1
(CN)

C1,C2

THA, TQ, FE

PO1
(CN)

C1,C2

THA, TQ, FE

PO1
(CN)

C2

THA, TQ, FE

PO1
(CN)

C2

THA, TQ, FE

PO1
(CN)

C2

THA, TQ, FE

PO1
(CN)

C3

THA, TQ, FE

PO1
(CN)

C3

THA, TQ, FE

PO: Program Outcomes (CN: Contributor, DV: Delivery), Bloom Taxonomy: C (Cognitive), P (Psycomotor), A (Affective), Assessment Method &
Tools: THA (Tutorial Homework Assignment), PBL (Project-Oriented Problem Based Learning), TQ (Test Quiz), FE (Final Exam), GP (Group
Project / Design), PTA (Peer Teamwork Assessment), LR (Lab Report), OSM (Observation/ Supervision/ Monitoring), PP (Presentation), CP6 :
Complex Problem, CA : Complex Activities, KP : Knowledge Profile

CN: contributor; DV: Delivery

COURSE OUTCOMES
PO1

Learning
Domain
1
2
3

Engineering Knowledge

COGNITIVE (C)
(Thinking Skill)
Remembering
Understanding
Applying

CP1

Apply knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
Attribute
Range of conflicting
requirements

CP2

Depth of analysis
required

CP3

Depth of knowledge
required

Attribute

Attribute

CA1

CA2

Complex Activities
Involve the use of diverse resources (and for
Range of
this purpose, resources include people,
Resources money, equipment, materials, information
and technologies).
Require resolution of significant problems
Level of
arising from interactions between wide
interaction ranging or conflicting technical,
engineering or other issues.

Complex Problem
Involve wide-ranging or conflicting
technical, engineering and other issues.
Have no obvious solution and require
abstract thinking, originality in analysis to
formulate suitable models.
Requires research-based knowledge much
of which is at, or informed by, the
forefront of the professional discipline and
which allows a fundamentals-based, first
principles analytical approach.

KP1

Natural
science

KP3

Engineering
fundamental

Knowledge Profile
A systematic, theory-based
understanding of the natural
sciences applicable to the
discipline (e.g. calculus-based
physics)
A systematic, theory-based
7
formulation of engineering
fundamentals required in the
engineering discipline

DELIVERY METHOD
The course content may be presented through a blend of
instructional methods including;
Lecture
Tutorial

Group Discussion
Independent Study
Test
Individual Assignment
Final Examination

UNIVERSITY COURSE SCHEDULE

COURSE SCHEDULE
Week
1

Date
15/09/16

Topic

Day
Thursday

Introduction of Fluid Mechanics and

Fluid Classification

19 & 26/09/16

Units of Measurement and Properties of

Fluids

03/10/16

Fluid Statics

10 & 17/10/16

Measurement of Pressure

31/10/16

Hydrostatic Forces on Surface

07/11/16

14/11/16

Buoyancy and Flotation

10

21/11/16

Pressure Variation in Flowing Fluid

11

28/11/16

Flow Measurements

05 - 12/12/16

Flow in pipelines, pipe flow analysis

2, 3
4

5, 6

12, 13

Monday

Fluid in Motion

10

Chapter Topic

Course

Tutorial & Group Independent

Study
Archimedes 2
Archimedes 1
Bernoulli 1
(21/09/16)
Bernoulli 2

ASSESSMENT
METHOD
Outcome
Discussion

Introduction of Fluid Mechanics

i. Fluid Classification
ii. Development of fluid mechanics
iii. Significance of fluid Mechanics
Units of Measurement & Properties of Fluid
i. Basic units
ii. Different type of units
iii. Rules & conventions in SI units
iv. Mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific
gravity, viscosity & surface tension
v. Pressure intensity inside a droplet, capillary rise & vapor
pressure
Fluid Statics
i. Fluid pressure at a point
ii. Variation of pressure in a fluid
iii. Pressure head
iv. Pascals Law
v. Atmospheric
vi. Absolute
vii. Gage & vacuum pressure
Measurement of Pressure
i. Simple manometers
ii. Piezometers
iii. U-tube manometers
iv. Measuring negative pressure by U-tube manometers
v. Single column manometers
vi. Differential manometers
vii. Mechanical gauge
Hydrostatic Forces on Surface
i. Total pressure on a horizontal plane surface
ii. Total pressure on a vertical plane surface
iii. Pressure diagram
iv. Practical application of total pressure and centre of
pressure on Dams

CO1

CO1

Bernoulli 1
(28/09/16)

Archimedes 1
Archimedes 2
Bernoulli 2

CO2

Archimedes 2
(05/10/16)

Archimedes 1
Bernoulli 1
Bernoulli 2

Test 1 (20%)
(19/10/16wednesday)

Assignment

Assignment 1
(10%)
(04/11/16Friday)

Archimedes 1
Archimedes 2
Bernoulli 1
Bernoulli 2

CO3

CO4

Test

Bernoulli 2
(02/11/16)

Archimedes 1
Archimedes 2
Bernoulli 1

11

Chapter

10

Topic

Tutorial &
Course
Independent
ASSESSMENT
METHOD
Group

Fluid in Motion
i. Velocity and flow
visualization
ii. Flow rate & acceleration
concept
iii. Control volume approach
Buoyancy and Floatation
i. Buoyant force and centre of
buoyancy
ii. Stability of submerged and
floating bodies
iii. Metacentric height for
floating bodies containing
liquid
Pressure variation in Flowing
Fluid
i. The concept and examples in
pressure variation
ii. Bernoulli equation and its
application
Flow Measurement
i. Instrument for the
measurement of velocity and
pressure
ii. Measurement of flow rate
Flow in pipelines, pipe flow
analysis

Outcome

CO4

CO5

Discussion

Archimedes 1
(09/11/16)

Archimedes 2
Bernoulli 1
Bernoulli 2

Bernoulli 1
(16/11/16)

Archimedes 1
Archimedes 2
Bernoulli 2

Archimedes 1
Archimedes 2
Bernoulli 1
Bernoulli 2

CO6

CO6

CO7

Study

Archimedes 2
(07/12/16)

Archimedes 1
Bernoulli 1
Bernoulli 2

Bernoulli 2
(14/12/16)

Archimedes 1
Archimedes 2
Bernoulli 1

Test

Assignment

Test 2 (10%)
30/11/16
(Wednesday)

Assignment 2
(10%)
(16/12/16Friday)

12

IMPORTANCE OF FLUID MECHANICS

Every civil/structural engineering graduate needs to

have a thorough understanding of fluids. This is more
obvious for civil engineers but is equally valid for
structural engineers: Drainage for developments;
Attenuation of surface water for city centre sites; Sea
and river (flood) defences; Water distribution /
sewerage (sanitation) networks; Hydraulic design of
water/sewage treatment works; Dams; Irrigation; Pumps
and Turbines; Water retaining structures. Flow of air in /
around buildings; Bridge piers in rivers; Ground-water
flow.
As these mostly involve water, we will mostly examine
fluid mechanics with this in mind.
13

FLUID MECHANICS DEFINITION

Fluid Mechanics

Branch of applied mechanics concerned with the statics

and dynamics of fluid
The analysis of fluid behavior is based on fundamental
laws of mechanics conservative of mass, momentum,
energy and laws of thermodynamics
Fluid
Mechanics

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Kinematics

Fluid
Dynamics

14

FLUID MECHANICS DEFINITION

FLUID STATICS:

It deals with fluid at rest.

FLUID KINEMATICS:
o

It deals with pure motion of fluids without any

reference to pressure or any such agents influencing
the motion.

FLUID DYNAMICS:
o

It deals with the motion of fluids as a consequence

of the pressure and such agent on the fluid
15

FLUID MECHANICS DEFINITION

Fluid Mechanics

There are three states of matter;

Solids, Liquids and Gases

Both Liquid and Gases are classified as fluids

Fluids do not resist a change in shape. Therefore fluids

assume the shape of the container they occupy.

Liquids may be considered to have a fixed volume and

therefore can have a free surface. Liquids are almost
incompressible.

Conversely, gases are easily compressed and will expand

to fill a container they occupy.
16

We will usually be interested in liquids, either at rest or in

motion.

CHAPTER 1
FLUID CLASSIFICATION

INTRODUCTION
A fluid is a substance which offers no resistance to shear
deformation and will continue to deform when subjected to
shear stress.

A fluid has no definite shape, and it takes the shape of the

container in which it is contained. A shearing force on a
fluid will change its shape
18

INTRODUCTION
From the point of view of fluid mechanics, all matter
consists of only two states, fluid and solid.
A solid can resist a shear stress by a static deformation; a
fluid cannot.
Any shear stress applied to a fluid, no matter how small,
will result in motion of that fluid.
A Fluid is a substance which deforms continuously, or
flows, when subjected to shearing forces.
19

LIQUID & GAS VERSUS SOLID

There are two aspects of fluid mechanics which make it different to
solid mechanics:
1. The nature of a fluid is much different to that of a solid
2. In fluids we usually deal with continuous streams of fluid without a
beginning or end. In solids we only consider individual elements.
Liquid & Gases
Deal with continuous streams of fluid
without begin or end

Solids
Consider individual elements in solids

Loosely spaced molecules

Densely spaced molecules

Intermolecular forces are smaller

Large intermolecular cohesive forces

Deforms continuously when acted on

by a shearing stress

Not deform continuously

20

INTRODUCTION & FLUID DEFINITION

A fluid at rest must be in a state of zero shear stress
which is known as the hydrostatic stress condition in
structural analysis
Two classes of fluids (a) Liquids and (b) Gases
Under compression all fluids diminish their volume, but
reduction in volume is so small in the case of liquids
compare to gas therefore
Liquid may be considered to be incompressible fluid and
gases are readily compressible
21

INTRODUCTION & FLUID DEFINITION

Liquid

Gases

Liquids are relatively incompressible Gases are readily compressible

Liquids have a high specific mass

Gases have a very low specific

mass

Liquids can have a free surface

Gases do not have a free surface

A given mass of liquid occupies a

They fill the container fully

definite volume of the container

regardless of their mass

22

PERFECT & ACTUAL FLUID

PERFECT FLUID OR IDEAL FLUID :

It is fluid in which only pressure forces exit whether

the fluid is at rest or in motion.

In the ideal fluid the internal forces on any internal

section are entirely normal to the section even when
fluid in motion. Since no tangential force exist, so it
is absolutely frictionless.

ACTUAL FLUID:
o

The pressure forces, shearing stress occur when the

fluid is in motion.
23

FLUID MECHANICS
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Blood Circulation

Cars, Boats, Aircrafts etc.

Wind turbine, Power plant, Industrial application

Piping and Plumbing

24

FLUID MECHANICS

25

FLUID MECHANICS

26