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=
+
=
1 2
2
For laminar flow
16
=
2 0.01 100 22
=
=
= 1.019
2
2 9.81 0.2
Solution 2:
2 0.42
=
=
= 0.1257 2
4
4
0.05
= =
= 0.398
0.1257
0.18
751.78
1
2 0.42
=
=
= 0.1257 2
4
4
3
= = 0.1257 2 = 0.2514
2 0.009 4 22
=
=
= 0.0183
2
2 9.81 0.4
Pressure drop
= 1 = 1000 9.81 0.0183 = 179.53 2
Power transmitted
= 1 = 1000 9.81 0.2514 0.0183 = 45.132
10
11
2
= 600
12
0
= 2 log10
+ 1.74
Where, f is the frictional factor, R0 is the pipe radius and k is the pipe average
roughness. Two reservoirs with a surface level difference of 20 m are to be
connected by a 1 m diameter pipe 6 km long. What will be the discharge when
a cast iron pipe of roughness k = 0.3 mm is used. What will be the percentage
increase in the discharge if the cast iron pipe is replaced by a steel pipe of
roughness k = 0.1 mm ? Neglect all local lossess.
13
1 2 = 8.75
Pressure head at 1
100000
9810
Pressure head at 2
50000
9810
= 10.2
= 5.1
2
14
Solution 4:
2
= 13.85 =
3.026 5
3
= 0.058
15
= 0.015
2
=
3.026 5
3
= 0. 823
16
= 0.012
2
=
3.026 5
3
= 0. 917
0.9170.823
100
0.823
= 11.42%
17
19
2
3 =
1
1
First two equations have some limitations in case of a
submerged pipe discharging into a large reservoir, in which case
2 vanished and 2 is infinite.
20
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 reservoir inlet
3 =
0
0.13
0.28
0.38
0.45
0.5
contracta.
21
0.0
0.586
0.1
0.624
0.2
0.632
0.4
0.659
0.6
0.712
0.8
0.813
1.0
1.0
22
1
2 2
2 2
= 3
=
1
= 0.444
2
2
2
Apply Bernoullis energy equation and get 2 = 5.381 /
23
10
2.5
0.2
2.2
Standard tee
1.8
Standard elbow
0.9
0.75
0.6
24
PIPE FLOW
Problem 7: A horizontal pipe line connected to a tank. Calculate the discharge.
Consider all losses, take f = 0.0065
11 m
d=50
d=100
L1=8m
L2=45m
25
PIPE FLOW
Solution 7: Lets estimate
Loss due to friction at 50 mm
1 2
=
21
l=8 m
2 2
=
21
l = 45 m
1 2 2
2
0.5 1 2
=
2
Applying Bernoulli's energy theorem to the free water surface in the tank and
the outlet of the pipe
2 2
11 =
+
2
26
PIPE FLOW
Problem 8: A 200 mm diameter pipe line coveys water up the pipe line at 0.04
m3/s. A and B are two points on this pipe line 500 m apart along the pipe line.
The point B being 25 m above A. if the pressure at B is 245 kPa, calculate what
pressure should maintained at A. take f = 0.006
25 m
A
27
PIPE FLOW
Solution 8: d = 0.02 m; Q = 0.04 m3/s; ZB ZA = 25
We known that =
2
=
2
2
+ +
= +
+
+
2
Taking = 0; = 25; = 245 ; = =
Determine = 538.8
28
29
30
1 2
1=
21
0.5 1 2
=
2
1 2
2 2
2=
22
2 2
2
31
1 2
=
21
1 2
=
21
l=10 m
4 2 2
=
21
l = 20 m
4 1 2
=
21
l = 10 m
1 2 2
2
2 2
2
2
32
Piping System
Pipe in Series
= 1 + 2 + 3 +
If minor losses neglected the liquid level difference in
two reservoirs
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
=
=
=
21
22
33
2
=
35
2
=
3.025 5
36
180
1
425000
3
1000
2
=
= 1.328
8 60 60
2
=
3.025 5
Calculate d from above equation
37
2
2
38
2
,
2
hf
2
2
=
+ + =
+ 0.5
+
=
1.5 +
2
2
2 2 2
Two pipes joined in series, allow flow to exit from reservoir. The
loss coefficient for the gate valve is zero since no free shear layer
and associated turbulence exit downstream from the valve.
41
Since reservoir free surface and the jet are in atmospheric pressure, So the equation
+ 1
1
1
1
2
+ 2
2
2
2
2
+ 0.5
1
2
+ 0.38
2
2
42
Solution 4:
Given, d= 0.75 m; l = 1250 m; v=1.20 m/s; f = 0.008
Loss of head
4 2
=
= 3.91
2
44
Solution 5:
Given, d= 0.15 m; l = 130 m; f = 0.005; = 1
Loss of head
2
=
3.025 5
= 0.02 3 /
45
Solution 6:
Given, l= 6000 m; f = 0.0075; = 12.5
Loss of head
180
1
425000
3
1000
2
=
= 1.328
8 60 60
2
=
3.025 5
= 1.16
46
0
= 2 log10
+ 1.74
Where, f is the frictional factor, R0 is the pipe radius and k is the pipe average
roughness. Two reservoirs with a surface level difference of 20 m are to be
connected by a 1 m diameter pipe 6 km long. What will be the discharge when
a cast iron pipe of roughness k = 0.3 mm is used. What will be the percentage
increase in the discharge if the cast iron pipe is replaced by a steel pipe of
roughness k = 0.1 mm ? Neglect all local lossess.
47
1 2 = 8.75
Pressure head at 1
100000
9810
Pressure head at 2
50000
9810
= 10.2
= 5.1
2
48
Solution 7:
2
= 13.85 =
3.026 5
3
= 0.058
49
= 0.015
2
=
3.026 5
3
= 0. 823
50
= 0.012
2
=
3.026 5
3
= 0. 917
0.9170.823
100
0.823
= 11.42%
51
52
4 1 2
1=
21
0.5 1 2
=
2
1 2
4 2 2
2=
22
2 2
2
53
4 1 2
=
21
4 1 2
=
21
l=10 m
4 2 2
=
21
l = 20 m
4 1 2
=
21
l = 10 m
1 2 2
2
2 2
2
2
54
11 m
d=50
d=100
L1=8m
L2=45m
55
4 1 2
=
21
4 2 2
=
21
l=8 m
l = 45 m
1 2 2
2
0.5 1 2
=
2
Applying Bernoulli's energy theorem to the free water surface in the tank and
the outlet of the pipe
2 2
11 =
+
2
56
25 m
A
57
4 2
=
2
2
+ +
= +
+
+
2
Taking = 0; = 25; = 245 ; = =
Determine = 538.8
58
PIPE FLOW
SYPHON:
Sometime it is necessary to provide a pipe line over an obstacle like a ridge
or a small hill and then to a lower level.
A part of the pipe line may be situated not only above the water above the
hydraulic gradient line but also above the water level of the supply reservoir.
This pipe line is called syphon. The pressure of water in the part of the pipe
line above the hydraulic gradient line will be less than atmospheric
pressure.
The highest point of the syphon called the summit , the pressure is minimum.
59
PIPE FLOW
APPLICATION OF SYPHON:
Transmission of water from one reservoir to another separated by a ridge.
To empty a tank not provided with any outlet
To take out water from a channel not provided with any outlet sluice
B
A
Ridge
60
PIPE FLOW
SYPHON:
Let A and C refer to the high and low reservoir water levels. The reservoirs
are connected by the syphon pipe which is take over the ridge B
The part of the pipe from the high reservoir to the summit is called the inlet
leg and the part of the pipe from the summit to the lower reservoir is called
outlet leg.
Applying Bernoulli's theorem to the points A and C
+ 0 + 0 = + 0 + 0 +
2
= =
2
Where l is the total length of the pipe.
61
PIPE FLOW
SYPHON:
Pressure head at summit B
It is very necessary that the absolute pressure head at the summit shall not fall
less than the separation pressure head Hsep corresponding to the condition of
separation at the summit
2 2
+ + 0 = + +
+
2 2
This relation decides the maximum height of the summit to avoid separation.
62
PIPE FLOW
Problem 11 Reservoirs A and B are connected by 300mm diameter 1000 m long
pipe. The difference of water level in the tanks is 15m. The pipe pass over a hill
at C. Find the length of the pipe from the reservoir A to C so that absolute
pressure heat at C is 2-5 m. The height of C above the water surface of the
upper reservoir A is 5 m. Find also the discharge. Take f = 0.0075. Neglect all
losses other than friction
C
A
l1
5m
l2
15 m
63
PIPE FLOW
Solution 11: Loss of head from A to B
= total loss of head in the pipe line = 15 m
Loss due to friction
2
=
3.0257 5
= 15
15 3.0257 0.30
2
=
0.0075 1000
= 0.1213
= = 1.716 /
151
1000
64
PIPE FLOW
Solution 11:Applying Bernoullis theorem to A and C
2
+ +
= + +
+
2
151
0 + 10.30 + 0 = 5 + 2.5 + 0.15 +
1000
1 = 176.67
Where Pais the atmospheric pressure = 10.3 m of water.
65
PIPE FLOW
PIPE IN SERIES :
The rate of discharge is same in all pipe . Ignoring secondary losses the
total loss of head is equal to the sum of the frictional loss in each pipe.
d2
d1
d3
l1 v1
l2 v2
l3 v3
= 1 + 2 + 3
66
PIPE FLOW
Equivalent pipe corresponding to a given set of pipes in series :
d2
d1
l1 v1
d3
l3 v3
l2 v2
= 1 + 2 + 3
1 2
=
3.0257 1
1
=
1
2 2
+
5
3.0257 2
2
+
5
2
3
+
5
3
3 2
+
5
3.0257 3
PIPE FLOW
Equivalent length of pipe with intermediate fitting :
Suppose a pipe of length l is provided with an intermediate fitting due to
which the loss of head
2
=
2
2
=
2
2
2
=
2
2
=
4
This length may be added to the actual length of pipe to determine the overall
loss of head
+ 1 + 2 + 3 +
=
2
2
68
PIPE FLOW
PIPE IN PARALLEL:
l1
1
Q1
v1
Q2
d1
v2
d2
l2
= 1 = 2 = 1 + 2
1 2
3.0257 1
2 2
=
3.0257 2
1 2 2 2
=
21
22
69
PIPE FLOW
Problem 12: Three pipes are connected in parallel conveying total
discharge of 4.5 m3/s. The length of the pipes are 1800m , 1500m,
1900m. The diameter of the pipe 1.25 m; 1 m and 1.4 m. take
f1=0.006; f2 = 0.005 and f3= 0.008.
PIPE FLOW
Problem 13: Two pipes of diameter d and 2d are connected in
parallel, join two reservoirs. The length and the coefficient of friction
of pipes are same . If the total discharge from one reservoir to the
other is 3m3/s. Determine the discharge in each pipe.
Problem 14: Two pipes A and B each 150 mm diameter branch from
a point C to a point D which is 6 m below C. Pipe A is 300 m long
and pipe B is 600 m long . Water is supplied at C under a head of 36
m. A short pipe 75 mm diameter is fitted at D. Find the delivery when
the pipe open at atmosphere. Take f = 0.01.
C
A
6m
B
D
71
PIPE FLOW
Solution 13: Let the discharge in the pipe of diameter d be Q1 and
the discharge in the pipe of diameter 2d is Q2
1 = 2
1 2
2 2
=
5
3.0257
3.0257 2
2 = 5.6571
But
1 + 2 = 3
3
1 = 0.451
2 = 2.549
72
PIPE FLOW
Solution 14: Let the velocity of pipe A and B are va and vb and v is
the velocity of water in 75 mm pipe
=
=
2
= 1.414 (1)
+ =
2
2
+ = 2
4
4
4
73
PIPE FLOW
Solution 14:
2
2
+ = 2
4
4
4
2 + 2 = 2
= = 0.15
+ = 0.25 2
From the equation 1 and 2
= 0.1036
= 0.1464
Considering any routes, say the route A
Energy head at C = Energy head at outlet +
74
PIPE FLOW
Solution 14:
Energy head at C = Energy head at outlet +
Total head at C = 30+6 = 36 m
2
36 =
+
2
2 2
=
+
2
2
0.1464
2
= 16.13 /
Discharge = = 0.0713
75
PIPE FLOW
Total loss of head
82 5 1
1
= 2
2
4
2
+
1
76
= + + 1 ()
+
= + 2 ()
+
= + 3 ()
78
= + + 1
= + + 2
+
= + 3
1 2 1 = 2 2 2 + 3 2 3
79
= 40
80
Total head at D
+
= = 1 = 45 6.77 = 38.23
But = 40
Since Ed > Zb water flow from B to D
2 2 2
= 1.77 =
3.0257 2
2 = 0.016
= 3 = 1 + 2 = 0.066
3 3 2
=
3.0257 3
= 5.69
HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION OF
POWER THROUGH PIPE
Power is transmitted through pipe means water under pressure
through a certain distance
Power transmission will be proportional
(i) the quantity of water passing through the pipe per second
(ii) The total head of the water available at the end of the pipe line.
V
l
Let H be the total energy head at inlet to the pipe. Let hf be the loss of
head due to friction. Let V be the velocity of flow of water.
83
HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION OF
POWER THROUGH PIPE
Total energy available at the outlet of the pipe
2
=
2
The efficiency of transmission is the ratio of the energy head between
inlet and outlet.
=
HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION OF
POWER THROUGH PIPE
For condition of maximum transmission of Power
2
3
=0=
4000
2
2
2
3
=0
4000
2
2
3
=0
2
3 = 0
=
3
The power transmitted is the maximum when the loss of head due to
friction is one third of the total head supplied.
85
=
()
2
86
= 0 ()
Flows in and out in the junction are taken as positive and negative
respectively. The equation (a) is written for pipe in the network and
equation (b) is used for every pipe junction. Pipe network problem
can be formulated so that the unknowns are either flow rates or
piezometric heads.
87
0 +
0 = 0 ()
=1
88
=1
N is the number of pipe joined at node 0. The iteration proceeds by
using the last approximation for in the right side of equation (e) to
calculate the newest approximation for 0 . Calculation terminate
when the values of h cease to change significantly at all nodes for
any two successive cycles in the iteration.
89
6
2
=
10
10
2
+ 5.74 0.9
3.7
And
5000 108
Or
1.325
=
2
+ 2.51
3.7
91
92
93
Reynolds number for each pipe are given by the following expression
= 8.38 106
Since 0 = 0, 1 = 100 , 2 = 80 3 = 0
1001 + 802
0 =
1 + 2 + 3
94
95
96