1.

DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPANY

The name of the company where I performed my summer
practice is TRK TRAKTR ve ZRAAT MAKNELER A.. which is located
in GAZ-ANKARA. TTF has 272,800 m 2 total area of which 82,519 m 2 is
closed.
At TTF, the number of people employed:
White collar135
Blue collar833
Contractual9
Total977
There are 67 engineers and most of them are mechanical
engineers due to the fact that tractor is a highly mechanised
production. Also 12 industrial engineers have considerable effect on
productivity and optimisation. The related numbers of engineers are
given below:
Mechanical Engineer36
Industrial Engineer12
Metallurgical Engineer7
Electronic Engineer1
Agricultural Engineer3
Computer Engineer1
Electric Engineer2
Plane Engineer2
Aeronautical Engineer1
Geophysics Engineer1

Chemical Engineer1
Total.67

TTF was established in 1954 with the name Minneapolis Moline

Trk Traktr ve Ziraat Makineleri in Ankara.
In 1963, a licence agreement was signed between Fiat and
Egemak which is one of the companies of KO group.
Egemak got the responsibility of marketing the tractors and
financing the production and importation.
In 1967, buying Tarm Kredi Kooperatifleris shares Egemak
became shareholder with 25%. In the same year the name of the
company was changed into Trk Traktr ve Ziraat Makineleri A..
In 1969, buying White Motor Companys shares Fiat became one
of the main shareholders with 25%.
Now the company is shared equally between TTF and New
Holland with 37.5% each. The remaining 25% is being planned to be
sold to people.
The working areas of the industrial engineers in the factory are
production planning, cost accounting, import-export, human resources
and quality planning.
Products of the firm are mainly sold to farmers and to the army.
The new organisation table is also available in Appendix D.

Products of TTF are composed of 9 main models:

TRK TRAKTR

46 SERES

56 SERES

55-46

65-46

55-56

60-56

65-46

70-46

70-56

70-56 DT

70-46 DT

GOLDEN GENERATION

54 C
JUNIOR

Its production
stopped

It has sufficiency
certificate but
not produced

54 C
SPECIAL

66 SERIES
70-66
80-66 DT

80-66

2. INTRODUCTION

Engineering always changes and refreshes itself as many kind of

science. Mechanical and Industrial Engineering are the most popular
engineerings and they have widely separated working fields. Studying
engineering

requires

both

theoretical

and

practical

knowledge.

Therefore our lectures and summer practice which is added our

education schedule, give this chance to get theoretical and practical
information at the same time.
Since I am a double major student in Industrial Engineering
Department I was examining the workshop environment both as a
Mechanical Engineer and as an Industrial Engineer candidate. This was
anyway what I was supposed to be but my summer practice was

mainly on ME300 workshop practice due to the new summer practice

program of the factory, which they apply on the mechanical
engineering students.
The main aim of the summer practice is to provide the second
year students with the means to apply and improve what has been
learnt, both theoretically and practically, in the Engineering Drawing
and Manufacturing Technologies courses. Also it gives students the
chance of recognising the work environment of engineers and the
psychological situation of the workers in the factory.

This engineering practice report includes information about my

summer practice in TTF. During this practice, I improved my theoretical
and practical knowledge on production techniques and skill of using
Engineering Drawing programs. I was enthusiastic about learning
something related to all production techniques used in the factory. So I
tried to understand the basic principles of the subject and according to
the aim of the course I tried to compare them with my knowledge from
school. In fact I had enough knowledge compare and utilize due to the
fact that I am a fourth year student in Mechanical Engineering
Department and a third year student in Industrial Engineering
Department.
In the next pages of my report I will try to give some information
about the company and the subject that I learned, also the technical
drawings of sample workpieces and the production techniques that I
have learned. In the conclusion part the experience that I gained
during my summer practice is available. Some figures and diagrams
are also available in the Appendix part.

3. REPORT
3.1. CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES.
3.1.1. CASTING
One of the earliest processes for forming metals. Any metal that
can be melted and poured can be cast. Basically casting processes
consist of these steps; firstly, the material is to be melted and then,
liquid material is poured into a cavity which is called mold. Finally,
waiting till the material solidifies.
In TTF almost all parts of the tractors are initially cast and heat
treated materials before processing. In the early times casting was
being applied in TTF but later all cast components started to be bought
from foreign and Turkish casting companies. And this process is not
used any more.

3.1.2. Chip Removal Process

Chip removal process is generally known as removing unwanted
material from a workpiece in the form of chips. In TTF cheap removal
processes are greatly applied. Drilling, reaming, honing, turning,
sawing, lapping, broaching, milling, planing and abrasive machining
are the chip removal processes which are currently being used.

3.1.2.1 Drilling
It is used for making holes or enlarging holes. The important
steps of the drilling process are; firstly the upper point of the drill forms
very small hall. As the drill goes through against the material, chips
start to form. Then chips are removed from the hole by means of
special shapes of drills. Because of friction between material and drill
temperature may get undesired values. Lubrication fluid can be used in
order to decrease the temperature.

3.1.2.2. Reaming
Reaming is the removal of small amount of material from the
surface of a hole for the purpose of bringing the hole to a more exact
size or improving the finish of an existing hole.

10

3.1.2.3. Turning
Turning is used for removing chips from cylindrical and conical
surfaces. Only workpiece rotates and cutting tool does the cutting
process. Cutting tool can go along three axes, so irregular surfaces can
be turned. Turning machine is generally called lathes. Besides turning,
lathes are capable of performing a variety of processes as given below.
a)Facing: Cutting tool must be fed towards only surface of the work
piece in order to get clean and flat surface. So the rough surface is
removed.
b)Cutting: If the tool is fed only towards the workpiece, that section of
workpiece is cut along the position of tool.
c)Drilling: Drilling on lathes is done with the drill that is in the
tailstock. Tailstock fed by hand against workpiece. Only workpiece
rotates and drill does not.
d)Boring: Lathe is used for enlarging a hole that is previously drilled.
This process is called boring.

3.1.2.4. Sawing
Sawing is a basic machining process in which chips are produced
by cutting the edges arranged in a narrow line. Each cutting edge
called tooth forms a chip as it passes through the workpiece. Sections
of considerable size can be reversed from the workpiece with the

11

removal of only a small amount of the material in the form of chips.

Sawing is done to cut the bar stock and to produce desired shapes.

3.1.2.5. Milling
In this process, multiple-tooth cutter is used so that cheap
removal rate is very high. Its job is mainly same with the shaping but
milling process is faster. Mostly the cutter rotates and workpiece is fed
to a cutter. At some milling machines, workpieces remains stationary
and cutter is fed to the workpiece. Milling process can be generated by
two different methods.
a) Up Milling: The cutter rotation is in the same direction with the
feed of the workpiece. Chip is very thin at the beginning and increases
in thickness, becoming a maximum at point where the cutter leaves
the workpiece. In up milling, chips are carried in the newly machined
surface so the surface finish is poorer than in down milling.
b) Down Milling: In down milling, maximum chip thickness occurs
close to the point where the cutter contacts the workpiece. The surface
quality of the workpiece is better than up milling because cutting
process is smoother.

3.1.2.6. Shaping:
It is used for generating flat surfaces. Cutting motion is always
straight line. Addition of these straight lines generates the flat surface.

12

In this process, high skilled workers are required and also this process
is very slow because cutting occurs during only the forward part of the
stroke. For these reasons, shaping processes have been replaced by
milling and broaching processes.

3.1.2.7 Broaching:
Broaching is a unique machining process in which chips are
removed by a number of successive teeth increasing in size, built on a
long tool named broach. Roughing, semifinishing and finishing teeth,
consequently the related processes are combined in a single tool. The
profile of the machined surface is the inverse of the profile of the
broach. The cutting action is performed in a fixed path, and with one
stroke of the broach the process is completed. Broaching is suitable for
mass production where the high production rate justifies the cost of the
expensive tool.
3.1.2.8. Abrasive Machining Process:
Abrasive machining is the basic process in which chips are
formed by very small cutting edges that are integral parts of abrasive
particles.
Grinding is the most common abrasive machining process.
Generally not suitable for bulk material removal but used for
dimensional accuracy and surface improvement by removing a small
amount of material from the workpiece surface.

13

Coated abrasives are use in finishing both metal and nonmetal

products. These are made by gluing abrasive grains onto a cloth or
paper backing. They are available in sheets, rolls, endless belts and
disk of various sizes. When the abrasive particles become dull, the
article must be replaced.
Honing uses fine abrasive stones to remove very small amounts
of metal. It used to size and finish bored holes, removing common
errors left by boring, or remove the tool marks (scratches) left by
grinding. In honing internal cylinders a small rotation is combined with
an oscillatory axial motion.
Superfinishing is a variation of honing which results in surfaces of
very uniform, repeatable smoothness. It is not a process of changing
dimensions, but only improves the surfacefinish.
Lapping is an abrasive surfacefinishing process wherein fine
abrasive particles are charged into a soft material called a lap. It is a
slow metal removing process, and is used only to remove scratche
marks left by grinding or honing, or to obtain very flat and smooth
surfaces.

3.1.3. Welding
In TTF the applied methods of arc welding are as follows:
3.1.3.1. Arc Metal Welding

14

The arc is struck with no additional shield gas supply, between

the consumable electrode fed from the coil and the work. The
electrode also acts as a filter. The metals being joined are melted at
the point where welding occurs. Heat is obtained by an arc between
the work and the electrode. Composition of the consumed materials
and weld quality depends on the skill of the operator.
3.1.3.2. Gas Metal Arc Welding
The process is similar, but the arc is now maintained between
the workpiece and wire electrode. The consumable wire electrode
provides the filter metal. An inert gas is supplied with sufficient flow to
form an invert shield around the arc and the molten pool of metal,
therefore shielding them from the atmosphere.
3.1.3.3. Oxyfuel Gas Cutting
All thermal cutting is done by oxyfuel gas cutting. The metal is
melted by means of the flame of the oxyfuel gas torch and then liquid
metal is expelled from the joint by the gas stream.
In TTF welding is not directly used in the production of the
tractors. It is used for making palettes, work holding devices,etc, or
for repairing any kind of broken material and device or template.

3.1.4. Tempering
Steel, which has been quenched directly into the martensitic
region, is too brittle for most purpose and must be softened. Moreover,

15

transformations of austenite to martensite outcome high stress.

Therefore tempering which solves the brittleness problem and gives
the material a full structure, is applied. Martensite is strong and hard
but relatively brittle. When the material is tempered, strength and
hardness decreases but the ductility and toughness increases.
In TTF most of the raw material come as cast, so heat treatment
is often applied before further processing.

3.2. OBSERVARION AND ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION

TECHNIQUES
3.2.1. Machine types
TTF has the widest range of all types of machines in Turkey. Even
it contains several machines which hasnt got any second in Turkey.
Now I will give the properties of some machines I selected from the
machine park of TTF.

Gleason 125GH Computer Controlled Gear Hobber

Maximum Workpiece Diameter
Standard
Optional
Maximum Diametral Pitch (Coarsest)
Maximum Hob Spindle Torque

16

125 mm
200 mm
3.2 module
280 Nm

Maximum Hob Setting Angle

Total Swivel Motion
Minimum Number of Teeth
Center Distance from Hob Spindle to Workspindle
Minimum
Maximum
Height - Workspindle to Center of Hob Spindle
Minimum
Maximum
Maximum Axial Hob Slide Travel
Maximum Radial Slide Travel
Distance Between Workspindle and Tailstock
Spindle Face
Minimum
Maximum
Workspindle Mounting Diameter
Workspindle Dimensions:
Pilot Diameter
Depth of Hole (at upper drawrod position)
Bolt Circle Diameter on Workspindle
Size of Tapped Holes on Workspindle
Hydraulic Chuck
Force Down
Force Up
Maximum Hob Diameter
Lengths up to
Hob Arbor Diameters
Hob Spindle Taper
Tangential Slide Travel (Hob Shift)
Hob Speed Range
Workspindle Speed
Maximum Vertical Travel of Carousel Cup
Maximum Part Weight for Carousel Loader
Maximum Rapid Traverse Rate Axial
Radial
Hob Drive Motor (FANUC Digital AC @ 6000 rpm)
8S
15S
Hydraulic Pump Motor
Hydraulic Pump Capacity

17

+/- 45
-180/+40=220
4
15 mm
180 mm
25
325
300
165

mm
mm
mm
mm

252 mm
473 mm
112 mm
#15 Taper
(2.615)
85.5 mm
90 mm
M8x1.25x15 mm
Dp
3900 kg @ 41.4
Bar
1115 kg @ 41.4
Bar
115 mm
215 mm
22, 27, 32, 40 mm
ISO #30
200 mm
150 1500 rpm
5 150 rpm
152 mm
7 kg
6000 mm/min
6000 mm/min
7.5 kW
15.0 kW
3kW@1000rpm/50
Hz
30 Liter/min

Height (Floor to Workspindle)

Height
Floor Space (LengthxWidthxHeight)
Floor Plan Version A
Floor Plan Version B
Net Weight
UTILITY REQUIREMENTS:
Electric Load:
NFPA 460 volt, 60 Hertz
IEC 380 volt, 50 Hertz
Compressed Air:
Volume
Pressure
FLUID RESERVOIR CAPACITIES:
Coolant:
Hydraulic:
Lubrication:

1016 mm
2300 mm
2704x1650x3117
mm
2578x1650x3117
mm
6,820 kg
58 Amps., 43 kW
74 Amps., 43 kW
10 m3/hr
4 Bars
320 L
110 L
6L

EMAG VSC 200

Working area
Chuck diameter
Swing diameter
X path
Z path
Load time
Main spindle
Spindle flange acc. to DIN 55026
Spindle bearing arrangement - front
Maximum speed
Main drive
Three-phase AC motor 40% duty cycle
Maximum power
Full power as of spindle speed
Moment 40% duty cycle
Maximum moment
Feed drive
Rapid traverse speed X
Rapid traverse speed Z
Feed force in X and Z
Ball screw in X and Z
18

500 mm
600 mm
630 mm
400 mm
12 sec
size 11
190 mm
2000 rev/min
44 kW
75 kW
300 rev/min
1390 Nm
2350 Nm
20 m/min
15 m/min
18 kN
50 mm

Radial type turret

Parallel shank seat DIN 69880
Shank
Electrical equipment
Operating voltage
Control voltage direct current
Control voltage alternating current
Frequency
Mass and weight
Length
Breadth
Height
Weight

8 fold
60 mm
400 V
24 V
230 V
50 Hz
3800 mm
1750 mm
4000 mm
13000 kg

KUKA Friction Welding Machine

Minimum welding area
Maximum welding area
Maximum upsetting force
Spindle speed
Carrier lift
Length of workpiece:

314 mm2
1150 mm2
300 kN
750-1500 rev/min
300 mm

spindle

320 mm, max

carrier

730 mm, max

Total length
Connected load, total
Voltage
Main fuse
Supply line cross section
Control voltage
Control voltage, hydraulic system
Cooling water consumption

1000 mm, max

approx. 65 kW
380/220 V, 50 Hz
160 A
4x50 mm2
220 V
24 V
approx. 5 L/min
@18C

Machine dimensions (including hydraulic unit and

electric switch cabinet):
Height
Length overall
Width overall
Height of spindle

approx.
approx.
approx.
approx.

19

2260
4100
1350
1055

mm
mm
mm
mm

Weight (without oil)

approx. 5000 kg

WERAG Endworking Machine

MEASUREMENTS
Length
Width
Height
Weight

5.70 m
2.40 m
2.60 m
9000 kg

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Control
Voltage
Frequency
Control Voltage
Total Connected Load
Nominal Current
Recommended Wire Size
Main Spindle Motor
Nominal Speed
Maximum Speed
KB - output
Feed Motor Z-axis
Continuous Torque
NC-usable Speed
Feed Motor X-axis
Continuous Torque
NC-usable Speed
Hydraulic Unit
Central Lubrication Unit
Coolant
Chip Conveyor
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
General Data
Top point
Machining Spindles left Unit
Machining Spindles right Unit
Range of Workpiece Length
Workpiece Diameter
Spindle Units
Spindle Diameter
Drive Output
Spindle Speed
Tool Adapter

SIEMENS
3*400 V
50 Hz
24 V AC
35 KVA
50 A
5*10 mm2
Three-Phase Motors
1460 rev/min
4000 rev/min
11 kW
SIEMENS
9.5 Nm
2500 rev/min
SIEMENS
2.7 Nm
2500 rev/min
3.00 kW
0.07 kW
1.70 kW
0.50 kW
1200 mm
2
2
100-800 mm
10-70 mm/one set of jaws
80 mm
11 kW
2000 rev/min
HSK 63 DIN 69893

20

Feed Units (Z-axis)

max. Travel per Unit
Rapid Traverse Rate
Feed Rate
Feed Units (X-Axis)
max. Travel per Unit
Rapid Traverse Rate
Feed Rate
Self Centering Clamping Units
Construction
Clamping Power
Max Clamping Jaw Path
Clamping Jaw Construction
Clamping Range
Clamping Jaw take-up
Clamping Jaw Surface

400 mm
10 m/min
0-10000 mm/min
300 mm
7.5 m/min
0-7500 mm/min
3-point-clamping
50 bar=20 kN
36/45 mm
1xprism/1xflat
10 70 mm
rigid
corrugated

GENERAL EQUIPMENT
Hydraulic System
Manufacturer
Drive Output
Oil Tank
Operating Pressure
Clamping Pressure max
Hydraulic Oil

Rexroth
3.0 kW
60 Liter
60 bar
60 bar
DIN 51502(-9)/HLP-ISO
VG68
27 cdm/min

Flow Quantity Q
Central Lubrication System
Manufacturer
Drive Output
Tank Capacity
Lubrication Pressure max
Continuous Flow Volume
Operating Viscosity
Lubricant Temperature Range
Ambient Temperature Range
Type of Lubricating Oil

Vogel
0.07 kW
3.0 Liter
35 bar
500 cm3
201000 mm3/s
0+80C
0+60C
DIN 51519/CGLP-ISO VG
68

Coolant Supply/Chip Conveyor

Manufacturer
Flow Volume Coolant
Flow Volume Coolant
Tank Capacity
Type of Fluid
Type of pump
Drive Output
Pneumatic System
Manufacturer
Operating Pressure

Ruez
160 L/min at 1,7 bar
30 L/min at 22 bar
240 L
Water soluble cutting oil
TB 303/220
1,7 kW
Festo
4 - 6 bar

21

Supply Pressure max

Air consumption

14 bar
40 L/cycle

MAZAK Machine Body Specification (Standard)

Feature
Item

Unit

Table lateral travelling stroke, X-axis

Spindle vertical travelling stroke, Yaxis
Spindle horizontal travelling stroke,
Z-axis
Distance from the center of spindle
to the top surface of the pallet
Distance from spindle end to the
center of pallet
Machine weight

mm/min
mm/min

H-400N
H500/40N
560
710
510

mm/min
mm

30-540

50-560

mm

100-610

150-660

kg

Machine drive motor

rpm
mm
kg

8,500
10 (rated
10 (rated
continuous
continuous
operation)/
operation)/
15 (rated
15(rated 30
30 min
min
operation)
operation)
ISO #40
50-10,000
400x400
500x500
400
500

mm/min
mm/min
mm/min
mm/min
mm/min
mm/min
mm
mm

30,000
1-8,000
30,000
1-8,000
30,000
1-8,000
150
95

mm

150

kg

12

HP

Shape of spindle end

Spindle speed, standard
Dimension of pallet configuration
Maximum weight to be loaded on the
pallet
Rapid feedrate, X-axis
Cutting feedrate, X-axis
Rapid feedrate, Y-axis
Cutting feedrate, Y-axis
Rapid feedrate, Z-axis
Cutting feedrate, Z-axis
Maximum tool diameter replaceable
Maximum diameter of tool
accommodated in the magazine
Maximum diameter of tool
accommodated in the magazine
(with adjacent pockets empty)
Maximum weight of tool which can
be changed (including shank and pull
stud)
Maximum length of tool which can

mm

22

510

320

350

be changed
Tool Icmaping force
Number of tools accommodated
Tool selection system

kg
pcs.

1,240
30
Random

PADOVA Grinding Unit

Rapid positioning traverse (standard)
Rapid positioning traverse (optional)
Manual traverse
Automatic plunge cut feed on diameter
Plunge cut feed rate
Wheelhead approach for variation of diameter

75 mm
120 mm
30 mm
1.8 mm
0-0.05 mm/sec
180 mm

(standard)
Wheelhead approach for variation of diameter

225 mm

(optional)
Maximum wheel diameter
Minimum wheel diameter
Wheel bore
Maximum wheel thickness (one wheel)
Maximum width of wheel set (the total of wheel
thicknesses shall not exceed 125 mm)
Spindle speed
Wheel motor power (standard)
Wheel motor power (optional)
Weight of unit without profile truing attachment
Weight of unit with profile truing attachment

760
600
305
125

225 mm
750/930 rpm
10 HP
1.5 HP
800 kg
1000 kg

X-RAY RADIOSCOPY UNIT

Brand: PHILIPS
Model: MU 41 F
X-ray Tubes: PHILIPS MG 225, PHILIPS MG 451
Tube characteristics: PHILIPS MG 225
PHILIPS MG 451

10 to 225 kV
20 to 450 kV

Current Intensity: Automatically adjusted between 0 to 15 mA

Control Unit: MGC 30

23

mm
mm
mm
mm

General Using Areas: To detect the casting defects in casting parts &
welding defects in welded parts.
Using Aim of TTF: Inspection of the casting defects in connecting rods
& crankshafts.
Operating Temperatures: 0C to 40C
All these machines are still working machines from different
teams of the factory. As I said before in the huge machine park of TTF
there are some very old fashioned (oldest was 1950 drilling machine)
and some last technological machines. But the grinding machine
(LANDIS)

was the most enthusiastic one for me. There are only two

of them in Turkey and both are in TTF. One has only one turning disk
whereas the other has two of them. The disks rotate in an extremely
high spindle and can remove up to 7 mm chip which is impossible with
an ordinary grinding machine. The abrasive particles on the disks are
CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride) which is the second hardest and expensive
material after diamond.

These machines are used for grinding the

cranks with a very special way of back and forward movement

obtained somehow by electromagnetic forces.

3.2.2. Technical Drawings of Sample Workpieces

Engineering drawing of all the parts are available at the appendix
A.
1.Workpiece:
The name of the first part is Disk Brake Inner Control Arm. Its
material is SAE 1040 steel.
The production procedure:

24

First the material is examined if it is suitable for further

production. If suitable then it is tempered and hardness test is applied.
After getting sandblasted it is send to the drilling machine. 26.3 mm
and 11 H11 holes are drilled. A M16x1.5 hole is drilled and the big
hole is broached. Then the part is washed and the extra water droplets
are washed away by pressurised air. Then the canal is bored to its
exact size and the chips are removed. Finally the part is again washed
and examined before being sent to assembly lines.

2.workpiece:
Production Procedure:
The forged part coming from side-industry named Position
Control Shaft is first inspected. Then it is normalised in the heat
treatment department and hardness is controlled before sandblasting
operation. After facing and center drilling the long part is turned, canal
is opened and threads are cut. The short side is turned and heat
treated for removing stresses after induction hardening. Again
hardness test is applied and the long part and the short part are
grinded to their exact dimension. The hole is milled to its exact
dimension. Finally the part is washed, air cleaned and sent to assembly
line after last inspection.

3.workpiece:

25

Production Procedure:
The name of the part forged from SAE 1040 is Gearbox reductor
control fork. As a first step it is tempered and sandblasted. After
17.3x36 mm hole is drilled and 18 mm is broached, the part is
washed and cleaned with air by two workers. Before further processing
the part is linearised. Then 8.3 mm is milled, vertices of the shoes are
rounded and the part is again washed. Since the shoes will be exposed
to high forces, they are induction hardened and heat treated. After
depth of induction is tested, 5.1 mm hole is drilled and chips are
removed before linearisation. Grinding to exact dimension, removal of
chips, washing and inspection for appropriateness are the last
processes on the part before getting assembled.

4.workpiece:
Production Procedure:
As the other parts Hydraulic Lifter Piston Arm Rod is first
inspected, tempered, passed through hardness tests and sandblasted.
Both ends of the part are face milled and pointed with center drill.
Then turned to its profile. After induction hardened, the part is heattreated and depth test is applied. The outer diameter is turned, an 11
mm hole is drilled and chips are removed. After examination the part is
coated with manganphosphate and inspected again.

26

5.workpiece:
Production Procedure:
The name of the last part I will go through is HK and GC Clutch
Separation Fork. It is first inspected according to its forged drawing.
Then it is tempered and sandblasted. After that 23.2 mm hole is
drilled and 24.052 mm is broached. The part is washed and air
cleaned by two workers. Then it is linearised and radial surfaces are
milled. After chips are removed M16x1.5 hole is threaded and 24.052
mm is broached again for the removal of chips. After linearisation and
inspection the part is coated with phosphate and the last inspection is
done.

27

3.3. COST ANALYSIS

There are 5 main components in the cost module of Oracle.
Material cost: It is the cost of raw material. Finished good, semifinished good, direct material and imported material.
Material Overhead: It is the cost of only the imported parts and
includes customs and freight charge for cargo. The price of the part is
multiplied by the coefficient which is calculated considering customs
and transport costs at the beginning of the year.
Resource: It is the cost of direct labor. It is calculated considering the
increases in the wages of the workers. All the machines have the same
labor cost value (TL/min).
Overhead: Energy, repair and cleaning expenses, indirect wages, social
expenses etc. are included in the general expenses. According to the
year 2000 standarts, all the machines have the same general expense
value.
Outside Processing: Some parts are processed outside of the factory
(Ex: Zinc coating). These are named as Outside Processing.

28

Two main items are defined in Oracle system.

BUY: The cost of the buy part is simply its buying cost. Only the
imported parts have the aforementioned customs and transportation
coefficient.
MAKE: They are the parts which are produced by the factory itself.
BOM (Bill of Material): Shows which parts and how much constitute
the make part.
Routing: Shows at which machines and how much the make item
processed.
Labor cost: As said before all the machines have the same unit labor
cost over minute.
GNG Coefficients: All the machines have GNG (General Expense)
coefficients which are calculated at the beginning of the year. It is
multiplied with Lead Time.
Now I will give the cost analysis of two sample parts.

3.3.1. Cost analysis of Gearbox Reductor Fork

Leve
l
-----0

Op

Item/

Description/

Se
q
----

Cost
Elem
-----------567871

20
20

Resource
Overhea
d

Sub-Elem
Dept
-----------------Gearbox
Red.
083-01 OG
Amrts
OG

Mak
e
Buy
-----Mak
e

ted
Yield/

Quantity

Item Unit C.
Res Unit
Co.
---------------5,104,702.
30
62,896.00

Basis

UOM

Rate or Am.

----------

-----AD

-----------------1

Dk
TL

0.3
114,976.00

Item
Res
units

29

Extended
C
-------------18,868.80
34,492.80

20
20
25
25
25
25
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
60
60
60
60
70
70
70
70
80
80
80
80
90
90
90

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

GNG

OG

Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

9,619.80

TL

64,426.00

19,327.80

Item

Dk
TL

0.3
114,976.00

TL

32,066.00

9,619.80

TL

64,426.00

19,327.80

Dk
TL

0.02
114,976.00

TL

32,066.00

480.99

TL

64,426.00

966.39

KSHAT- KS

Item

Dk

2.14

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

Amrts

KS

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

114,976.00

GNG

KS

TL

32,066.00

TL

64,426.00

KDHAT-
KD

Item

Dk

0.67

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

Amrts

KD

TL

114,976.00

76,574.02

GNG

KD

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

21,355.96

TL

64,426.00

42,907.72

KHHAT-
KH

Item

Dk

0.12

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

Amrts

KH

TL

114,976.00

13,797.12

GNG

KH

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

3,847.92

TL

64,426.00

7,731.12

KSHAT- KS

Item

Amrts

KS

Dk
TL

1.36
114,976.00

GNG

KS

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

85,727.25
156,712.2
9
43,705.96

TL

64,426.00

87,812.64

KSHAT- KS

Item

Dk

Overhea
d
Overhea

Amrts

KS

TL

114,976.00

GNG

KS

Res
units
Res

TL

32,066.00

GNG(d) OG
086-01 OG
Amrts
OG
GNG

OG

GNG(d) OG
089-01
Amrts

OE
OE

GNG

OE

GNG(d) OE

GNG(d) KS

GNG(d) KD

GNG(d) KH

GNG(d) KS

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

Item
Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

30

62,896.00

62,896.00

62,896.00

62,896.00

62,896.00

62,896.00

62,896.00

18,868.80
34,492.80

943.44
1,724.64

134,786.1
3
246,393.5
7
68,717.44
138,064.9
2
41,888.74

7,547.52

125,792.0
0
229,952.0
0
64,132.00

90
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
11
5
11
5
11
5
11
5
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
15
0
15
0
15
0
15
0
16
0
16
0
16
0
16
0
17
0
17
0
17
0
17
0
18
0
18

d
Overhea
d
Resource

GNG(d) KS

units
Res
units

TL

64,426.00

KSHAT- KS

Item

Dk

0.7

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

Amrts

KS

TL

114,976.00

80,713.15

GNG

KS

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

22,510.33

TL

64,426.00

45,227.05

KHHAT-
KH

Item

Dk

0.12

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

Amrts

KH

TL

114,976.00

13,797.12

GNG

KH

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

3,847.92

TL

64,426.00

7,731.12

081-01

OF

Item

Dk

0.41

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

Amrts

OF

TL

114,976.00

46,565.28

GNG

OF

TL

32,066.00

12,986.73

GNG(d)

OF

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

64,426.00

26,092.53

KSHAT- KS

Item

Dk

1.13

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

Amrts

KS

TL

114,976.00

GNG

KS

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

130,152.8
3
36,298.71

TL

64,426.00

72,930.23

KSHAT- KS

Item

Dk

0.5

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

Amrts

KS

TL

114,976.00

57,488.00

GNG

KS

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

16,033.00

TL

64,426.00

32,213.00

KSHAT- KS

Item

Dk

3.45

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

Amrts

KS

TL

114,976.00

GNG

KS

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

TL

64,426.00

KSHAT- KS

Item

Dk

1.88

Overhea

Amrts

Res

TL

114,976.00

GNG(d) KS

GNG(d) KH

GNG(d) KS

GNG(d) KS

GNG(d) KS

KS

31

62,896.00

62,896.00

62,896.00

62,896.00

62,896.00

62,896.00

62,896.00

128,852.0
0
44,152.99

7,547.52

25,472.88

71,198.27

31,448.00

216,865.4
1
396,437.2
5
110,563.5
7
222,140.8
5
117,930.0
0
215,580.0

0.1

0
18
0
18
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0

d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

20

GNG

units
Res
units
Res
units

KS

GNG(d) KS

TL

32,066.00

TL

64,426.00

0
60,123.75
120,798.7
5
34,592.80

KSHAT- KS

Item

Dk

0.55

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Resource

Amrts

KS

TL

114,976.00

63,236.80

GNG

KS

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

17,636.30

TL

64,426.00

35,434.30

KHHAT-
KH

Item

Dk

0.12

Overhea
d
Overhea
d
Overhea
d

Amrts

KH

TL

114,976.00

13,797.12

GNG

KH

Res
units
Res
units
Res
units

TL

32,066.00

3,847.92

TL

64,426.00

7,731.12

567871V
Material

Gearbox red.
Semi-product

AD

1
781,000.00

GNG(d) KS

GNG(d) KH
Buy

1
Item

62,896.00

62,896.00

7,547.52

781,000.00
781,000.0
0

3.3.2. Cost analysis of Position Control Shaft

Op

Item/

Description/

Mak

ted
Yield/

Leve

Se

Cost

Sub-Elem

e
Buy

Basis

l
-----0

q
----

Elem
-----------5122530

Dept
-----------------Position

-----Mak

----------

20

Resource

contr.
094-01

20

Overhea

OH
Amrts

20

d
Overhea

OH
GNG

Quantity

Item Unit C.

UOM

Rate or Am.

Res Unit

Extended C

-----AD

-----------------1

Co.
---------------3,664,923,

----------------

Item

Dk

0.25

32
62,896.00

Res

TL

114,976.00

28,744.00

TL

32,066.00

8,016.50

TL

64,426.00

16,106.50

Item

Dk

0.08

Res

TL

114,976.00

15,724.00

units

OH

Res
units

20

d
Overhea

GNG(d)

Res

d
Resource

OH
089-01

units

40
40

Overhea

OE
Amrts

OE

32

62,896.00

5,031.68
9,198.08

40

d
Overhea

GNG

OE

40

d
Overhea

GNG(d)

OE

50
50

d
Resource
Overhea

50

d
Overhea

50

d
Overhea

60
60

d
Resource
Overhea

60

d
Overhea

60

d
Overhea

70
70

d
Resource
Overhea

70

d
Overhea

units
Res

TL

32,066.00

2,565.28

TL

64,426.00

5,154.08

Dk
TL

0.48
114,976.00

TL

32,066.00

15,263.42

TL

64,426.00

30,666.78

Dk
TL

1.67
114,976.00

TL

32,066.00

53,421.96

TL

64,426.00

107,333.72

Dk
TL

1.8
114,976.00

TL

32,066.00

57,750.87

TL

64,426.00

116,031.23

Dk
TL

0.34
114,976.00

TL

32,066.00

10,966.57

TL

64,426.00

22,033.69

units
Res
units
KSHAT- KS

Item

Amrts

KS

Res

GNG

KS

62,896.00

29,938.50
54,728.58

units
Res
units

GNG(d) KS

Res
units

KSHAT- KS

Item

Amrts

KS

Res

GNG

KS

62,896.00

104,784.74
191,550.02

units
Res
units

GNG(d) KS

Res
units

KSHAT- KS

Item

Amrts

Res

KS

62,896.00

113,275.70
207,071.78

units

GNG

KS

Res
units

70

d
Overhea

90
90

d
Resource
Overhea

90

d
Overhea

GNG

OF

90

d
Overhea

GNG(d)

OF

12

d
Resource

KLHAT- KL

Item

Dk

2.73

0
12

Overhea

Amrts

Res

TL

114,976.00

313,539.55

0
12

d
Overhea

TL

32,066.00

87,443.98

TL

64,426.00

175,689.70

GNG(d) KS

Res
units

081-01
Amrts

OF
OF

Item
Res

62,896.00

21,510.43
39,321.79

units
Res
units
Res
units

KL

62,896.00

171,517.39

units

GNG

KL

Res
units

0
12

d
Overhea

GNG(d)

0
13

d
Resource

KLHAT- KL

Item

Dk

1.71

0
13

Overhea

Amrts

Res

TL

114,976.00

KL

Res
units

KL

33

62,896.00

107,803.74
197,068.86

0
13

d
Overhea

GNG

KL

0
13

d
Overhea

GNG(d)

KL

0
13

d
Resource

KSHAT- KS

5
13

Overhea

Amrts

5
13

d
Overhea

TL

32,066.00

54,961.12

TL

64,426.00

110,426.16

Item

Dk

1.15

Res

TL

114,976.00

132,567.33

TL

32,066.00

36,972.10

TL

64,426.00

74,283.18

units
Res
units

KS

62,896.00

72,519.09

units

GNG

Res

KS

units

5
13

d
Overhea

GNG(d) KS

5
14

d
Resource

KSHAT- KS

Item

Dk

1.11

0
14

Overhea

Amrts

KS

Res

TL

114,976.00

127,738.34

0
14

d
Overhea

GNG

KS

TL

32,066.00

35,625.33

0
14

d
Overhea

TL

64,426.00

71,577.29

Item

Dk

0.2

Res

TL

114,976.00

22,995.20

TL

32,066.00

6,413.20

TL

64,426.00

12,885.20

AD

TL

504,250.00

62,896.00

69,877.46

units
Res
units
Res

GNG(d) KS

units

d
Resource

0
15

Overhea

0
15

d
Overhea

GNG

0
15

d
Overhea

GNG(d) KG

20

Res
units

0
15

0
0.1

units
Res

KGHAT-

62,896.00

12,579.20

KG

Amrts

KG

units
Res

KG

units
Res
units

d
5122530

Position

V
Material

Contr.
Semi-product

Buy

1
Item

504,250.00
504,250.00
---------------3,664,923.3
2
=======
=

34

3.4. ANALYSIS OF MACRO ASPECTS

3.4.1 Major Items of input:
Major items of input are classified in 7 categories in TTF:
1. Direct Material: These are the semi-products coming from sideindustries and will be processed further.
2. Indirect Material: The material needed to process semi-products
further, like machine oil.
3. Office Stock: All the material including machines which can be
counted as office stock.
4. Buildings: Inputs for constructions in the factory.
5. Lunch Hall: Lunch Hall works independent from the factory. They
only make the food schedule approved by the material supply
manager.
6. Obligators: Cleaning and rubbish collection is done by obligation
firms and controlled by Material Supply Management.
7. Miscellaneous Material: The material needed for the personnel to
perform their jobs like clothes, office materials and spare parts for
machines.

35

Obligating firms get the contracts prepared by Material Supply

Management and make offers. As a policy it is said at the beginning
that the agreement will be abolished if any problem exists.

3.4.2 Major Facilities:

The major facilities of the firm are incoming material, finished
part warehouse, machine shop, assembly shop, sports centre, repair
units, tool production, closed customs, open customs and the lunch
hall which can be seen on the layout I give in the appendix E. Material
flow is usually like below;

Incoming Material Warehouse Machine Shop Assembly Shop

Finished Products Warehouse

3.4.3 Location:
The factory was at first constructed for producing air craft
engines but then it was turned into the current tractor factory. Since
Ankara is the capital of Turkey and located

at the middle of the

country it was reasonable to construct the factory here. Also

the

factory was next to the railway and the river and it already had the
machine park which could be used for the new tractor factory. Another

36

reason was that the AO land which belonged to the government could
be used without any finance.

3.5. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

3.5.1 Information System:
The information system is exclusively described in the schematic
representation in the appendix B.
Strategic level decisions like plant expansion and capital
expenditures are made by the General Manager. Also the approval of
Ko Holding is taken.
Tactical level implementation of plans like layout decisions are
made by upper management and the problems of personnel are being
solved by human resources department.
Operational level decisions are made by the team managers of
the four main team in the factory.
3.5.2 Computers:
In

different

departments

the

computers

have

different

capabilities but all are connected through a network system for best
communication. The computers in the workshop which are used by

37

workers have pentium processors with 40 MB Ram and 1.01 GB hard

disk capacity. They include Windows 95, Mc Afee Virus Scan V 4 0 3,
Microsoft Office 97 and Oracle Applications (win 95) as software
packages. The computers in the AR-GE department

are 6 SGI

workstation and 14 PCs which contain PRO/ENGINEER ADVANCED

DESIGN, IDEAS 2D MASTER SERES V.5 and ANSYS/STRUCTURAL CAESTRESS ANALYSIS PROGRAM.

3.6. AN OVERVIEW OF THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM

3.6.1 Flow of the crank in the crank production line:
Crank is the most important and high precision part of the
tractor. Its flow in the Crank Line is as below.
product stock
defected product stock
operation

crack
detection
unit

38

Parts are not only stored in the locations I show but they also
wait on the angled rails used for carrying from one machine to another.
3.6.2 Operation Types:
Since tractors are produced in large lots following an unchanging
repetitive process, we can say that TTF is a FLOW SHOP.
But there are many types of products which are produced
according to the demand so, we can also say that the production is
Batch Shop type.

3.6.3 Layout Types:

We can not say that there are specialised departments doing the
same kind of operations in TTF so, it is not process layout.
But we can say that the layout is PRODUCT LAYOUT because, it
has several assembly lines and also other parts of the tractor have
repeated type of operations in production lines.

39

3.6.4 Material Handling:

Since the layout of the production system is still not well
organised and the produced parts are mostly heavy, there is strong
need to material handling devices in the factory.
For small distances, cranes, rotating cylinders and angled
wooden rails are sufficient whereas forklifts, trailers, and hand cars are
used for long distances.
Here I will show the path of the engine from the beginning of the
assembly line to the test rooms called Bremze by means of jacks and
assembly line holding devices called Donkey between workers.

jack

Bremze rooms

donkey

washer

rotating
cylinders

3.6.5 Unit-Manufacturing cost:

crane

40

Explained in section 3.3 Cost Accounting.

3.6.6 Productivity:
Gross Capacity Gross Capacity Losses = Net Capacity
Net Capacity Total of Deviations = Actual Net Capacity
Productivity=1+Net Capacity Losses/Gross Net Capacity+Indirect
Labor H./Gross
Net Capacity
(Heat Treatment working hours are not included in the calculations)
Deviations mentioned above are; electricity cut off, machine
failure, tool

failure, machine preparation, waiting for the previous

operation, short of material, special method working, waiting for the

inspection result, rescue in workshop, quality chamber study, tool
preparation time, education, new personnel education, machine
cleaning, assembly balancing, machine change time, setting losses,
low voltage, slowness of the worker, working with defected tool or
palette, periodic control losses and other losses.
In appendix C I will give the New Hollands report on TTFs
productivity.

3.7. PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

41

3.7.1 Production Planning:

TTF produces different models of tractors having different sizes,
powers gears, etc. And all of the models are used in some different
works in Turkey and in the foreign countries. The demand for these
products is conducted to TTF mainly by New Holland Trakmak Traktr
ve Ziraat Makineleri Tic A.. which is the distributor of TTF.
Trakmak

conducts

the

demand

to

Production

Planning

Department by means of written papers and this department is

responsible to supply the needs any more. The data is entered into the
MRP (Manufacturing Resource Planning) option of the computer
program named ORACLE. Then a schedule is prepared for the workshop
which will optimally satisfy the demand without interrupting the
production speed.

3.7.2 Scarce in Production:

Every organisation has different types of scarce resources at
some stage of production due to the wrong production planning actions
or some other reason.
When I was making my research about the subject, the person
responsible from import-export activities strongly rejected the idea of
scarce resources in the production of TTF. Because, most of the parts
can be obtained from different producers in the world. But there are
still some exceptions like the agreement made by a producer in Italy

42

which states that TTF can not obtain that part from any other producer.
So the probability of scarce exists in case that producer has scarce
resources itself and can not supply the demand.
Anyway TTF has scarce in educated workers after economic
crisis. Because the educated workers drawn away find different jobs if
they can.

3.7.3 Inventory Control:

One of the major principles of the JIT (Just In Time) System is to
minimise the inventory as much as possible to decrease the stock
price, defects caused from waiting and wrong packing etc. TTF obeys
this rule by not ordering materials until decreasing below one days
production need (which surprised me much). Here I will give the daily
stock level of four items used in the assembly for one week.
18-24 July 2000
main chock
(120070/590410)

cast cover
(128127/508566
7)

right support
(132003/514404
0)

left support
(132004/5144039
)

used
256 59 197

used
73 59 14

used
18
19
20
21

48

59

(+196)
185 71 114
114 44 73*
73
63

used
-11 159 59 100
100

71 197 71 126

29(+116)
145 44 101
10 101 63 38

(+150)

126 44 82
82
30(+101)

43

14
-57(+178)
121 44 77
52 77 52 25

71

24

160 60 100

38

60 131

-22(+249)

60 25

71(+109)

-35(+110)

(* It was realised that the number is greater than it should be when the inventory was counted )

Minus signs do not mean that the inventory is less than needed today
but it implies that if not ordered the number of items will not be
sufficient yesterday. Because, at the beginning of a day materials are
shown as assembled although they are not.

INVENTORY LEVEL OF CAST COVERS

250

inventory

200
150
100
50
0
-50

16

18

20

22

day of the m onth

44

24

26

60

INVENTORY LEVEL OF LEFT SUPPORTS

150

inventory

100
50
0
14

16

18

20

22

24

26

-50
-100
day of the m onth

It can also be seen from the graph that inventory is controlled

over a critic value (one days need) daily.

3.8. QUALITY PLANNING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

Total Quality is the aim of TTF so firstly I want to describe it and
give the differences between Total Quality and Classic Quality.
Classic Quality: Setting up a certain method and perform the
production in that way always.
Total Quality: Satisfying the wants of the customers with competitive
prices with the provision that the company still makes profit.
CLASSIC QUALITY
TOTAL QUALITY
- Quality assurance with inspection
- Quality assurance by precaution
- Increasing cost with increasing - Decreasing cost with increasing
quality
- Optimum stock
- Production between specifications

quality
- Zero stock
- Production suitable for the goal

45

System

improvement

with -

maximum specialisation
Motivation
with
reward

System

improvement

with

cooperation
and - Motivation with honourisation

punishment
- Obtaining resources competitively

-Obtaining resources with mutual

- Maximum profit

reliance
- Optimum quality

In TTF Quality Control is done by the operators themselves by

means of mastars and visual inspection with naked eye. Mastars are
calibrated regularly. In the assembly line control cards are used for
assurance of correct assembly. After assembled all the produced
tractors are tested and a test card is filled in by the testing operator.
The parts having problem are repaired by the repairing team according
to the suggestions of the tester.
Trakmak gives its customers 1 year warranty for the tractors and
more than 1 year warranty for some parts of the engine.
Control cards are available in the appendix F.

3.9. OBSERVATIONS OF A PROFESSIONAL AT WORK

Although she isnt an engineer, Human Resources and Quality
Systems Specialist Yeim Erdoan was the most appealing person to
me due to her responsibilities and activities in the factory.
She

is

graduated

from

Hacettepe

University-Psychology

Department and has been working in TTF for 8 years.

She is responsible from the following items:
46

Quality Systems Management

-

Quality Assurance

Quality Systems

Human Resources
-

Communication

Education

Health

Security

Garage

Social Services (guesthouse and sports-centre)

She performs the selection and location of the employees, their

orientations, control of the social services, organisation of festivals and
meetings, organisation of summer practice programs. She is also the
psychological adviser in the company so she had the features of good
communication, patience and positivity. A typical workday is as follows:
The organisation and leaving of summer practice students are
done (8:30-9:30). The grades of them are given (9:30-12:00). The
objections on the lunch menus are listened. An interview with a new
employee is finished, approval is taken and the wage is determined
(13:30-14:30). Studies related with Oracle are done for an hour. The
suggestions coming from workshop were told to management. Wages
of July are turned into statistical data. A meeting about Oracle is done
(16:00-17:00).

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4. CONCLUSION
The most significant experience that is gained in this summer
practice is learning how to apply the theoretical knowledge into
practice. This is improved by observing and discussing the technical
processes, mostly concerning the manufacturing methods, with the
engineers and the workers. With this way, more practical and
theoretical knowledge is obtained. In addition, learning to prepare the
technical drawings used in manufacturing and learning to use them in
making engineering calculations is another part of this experience.

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Since I am a double major student I had to analyse the factory

both as a mechanical and industrial engineering student. But according
to the new summer practice program mechanical engineering students
stayed everyday in a different department of the workshop whereas
industrial engineering students could freely study at the department
they want. So I had to go to the factory for extra 3 days for gathering
information.
If I had another four weeks of time in the same firm, I would be
more eager to communicate with the industrial engineers about their
experience. Because when I graduate I want to study on productivity
improvement.
After doing my summer practice I took the Plant Design,
Integrated Manufacturing Systems and Quality and Metrology courses
as technical elective in the mechanical engineering department
because my interest on these subjects increased.
In TTF, there are lots of mechanical engineers and they are doing
not only their jobs but also doing industrial engineers duties whereas
industrial engineers study on different subjects. Because their number
is not enough. In my opinion the factory needs too much improvement
in most of the departments when I looked the industrial engineer point
of view.
TTF is a fast growing factory so that the need for the industrial
engineers is more than any other engineer. And top management is

49

aware of this fact but as a temporary solution they are filling this gap
with some experienced mechanical engineers.
As a result, this summer practice gave me some theoretical
knowledge, some experience, some skills that are directly applicable
and useful in my career in the future. I had the opportunity to observe
how the projects go on, the personnel relations among their superiors
and each other. So I can say that this summer practice has been very
useful in comparison with most of the lessons I have taken at school.

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APPENDICE
S

51