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Abstract
Resumen
Juan A. Belmonte is an astronomer working at the Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias, Spain, where he does research on exoplanets and
cultural astronomy. In the last decade he has been engaged in a large archaeoastronomical research project on the Mediterranean shores,
recently editing In Search of Cosmic Order: Selected Essays on Egyptian Archaeoastronomy. He is currently the president of SEAC (European
Society for Astronomy in Culture) and the secretary of Commission 41 History of Astronomy of the International Astronomical Union.
A. Csar Gonzlez-Garca is an astronomer at the Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias working on archaeoastronomy and the formation
of galaxies. He has a Ramn y Cajal (tenure track) position to work on archaeoastronomy. His main research fields range from megalithic
astronomy to cultural astronomy in classical cultures.
Dimiter Z. Kolev, Ph.D. in astrophysics, is an associate professor at the Institute of Astronomy in the National Astronomical Observatory of
the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. His fields of interest are astrospectroscopy, archaeo- and ethnoastronomy, and the history of science.
Vesselina P. Koleva, M.S. in astronomy from Sofia University, Bulgaria, is a researcher at the Institute of Astronomy in the National
Astronomical Observatory of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Fields of interest include history of astronomy and ethno- and archaeoastronomy.
Lyubomir V. Tsonev, Ph.D. in optics, is an associate professor in the Institute of Solid State Physics at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
His fields of interest are integrated optics, optical communication, diffraction gratings, liquid crystals, luminescence properties of solids,
and luminescence dating techniques in archaeology.
2009 by the University of Texas Press, P.O. Box 7819, Austin, TX 78713-7819
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archaeoastronomy
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figure 1. Left: area map showing the location of the measured dolmens (black dots). They are mostly located in mountain-
figure 2. Left: double dolmen with crepida (facade) at the Kirovska farm near Belevren, Strandzha Mountain. This is a
typical double dolmen; it still has the tumular structure intact. Right: dolmen Eshmedzhik II. This is a simple dolmen
with a dromos. This dolmen shares the tumular structure with a second one to the left of the image. Note the tumulus in
the background. (Pictures courtesy of A. C. Gonzlez-Garca.)
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archaeoastronomy
23
a ()
h ()
Tsera
215
5
1
Hambarche I
200 /2 10
II
183
11
III
215
12
Bakarlika
209
0
1
1
Gabara
157 /2 2 /2
3
Ashlamata 176 /4 2.3
Gogovo
124
6
1
1
Hambarcheto 166 /4 1 /2
1
Zhivak 148 /4 5
1
1
Kakachina
157 /4 6 /2
3
1
Chardak 224 /4 0 /2
3
St. Nedelia
223 /4 3/4
3
Zmeyovi kashti I 201 /4 2
II
209
2
1
Lagat I
211 /2 5
1
1
II
207 /4 4 /2
1
Kirovska farm
226 /4 1
1
Kapatsite I
208
1 /2
1
1
II
217 /2 1 /2
3
III
235 /4 1
1
IV
242
1 /2
1
Lozenskidol I
226 /4 4
1
1
Vlahov dol
200 /2 2 /2
1
Raykov Chukar I 216
0 /2
II
229
2
1
3
Saracheva 222 /2 1 /4
1
Kitkata I
201 /2 0
(Zmeynova II
207
9
Dupka) III
166
8
Hambardere I
199
8
II
198
8
III
197
8
IV
165
8
1
0
Zhelezino
89 /4
1
1
Plevun I
100 /2 0 /2
II
305
3
III
289
1
IV
276
0
V
269
0
VI
97
0
1
VII
117
1 /2
1
VIII
107
0 /2
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archaeoastronomy
Lat. ( ) ()
Dolmen
a ()
42 2
41 59
41 59
41 59
42 7
42 8
42 12
42 1
42 1
42 0
42 0
42 8
42 7
42 7
42 7
42 6
42 6
42 8
42 7
42 7
42 7
42 7
42 7
42 7
42 6
42 6
42 9
42 18
42 18
42 18
41 22
41 22
41 22
41 22
41 2 8
41 28
41 30
41 30
41 29
41 29
41 29
41 29
41 29
Ostar Kamak
Cherepovo I
Izvorovo
Cherepovo II
III
Byalata Treva I
II
Nachevi Cheiri I
II
Stoeva Krusha
Evdzhika I
II
Mangara
Kamik Tepe
Sakartzi
Kapakliya I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Golyam Dervent
Peshterite I
II
Trialchaka I
II
Belevren
KiryakStoynova I
II
Lozyata
Cherendakova I
II
III
Bitchki Bunar
Zvezdets
Pashadere
Karaokush
Dolno Yavalkovo
Lozenskidol II
III
Eshmedzhik I
II
1
01/2
177 /2
1
202 /2 01/2
1
1
285 /2
206
0
2061/4
0
2091/4
4
244
4
1
4
242 /2
3
245 /4
4
1643/4
21/2
1
181 /2
5
2961/2
1
1831/2
2
192
1
217
4
261
01/2
2621/2
0
2251/2
01/2
258
01/2
247
01/2
1
260 /4
01/2
1
196 /2
3
197
3
1961/4
3
1
220 /2
0
1
192
0 /2
3
212 /4
3
1901/2
3
198
3
176
1
186
2
1
31/2
126 /2
1
91
0 /2
3
4
216 /4
1
192 /2
15
2263/4
8
1
3
202 /2
199
2
1
5
151 /2
208
5
1
0
201 /4
2011/2
0
33.9
35.5
37.7
27.9
40.9
41.7
46
20.7
45.5
35.3
37.9
32
32.2
42.3
39.3
35.6
37.9
30.7
39.9
35.2
24.3
19.7
28.3
42.4
37.1
28.2
32.3
44.2
33.7
38.8
38.2
38.5
38.8
39.3
0.1
7.9
27.1
14.3
4
1.2
5.7
19.3
12.8
h ()
Lat. ( )
()
41 53
41 58
41 57
41 58
41 58
42 1
42 1
42 3
42 3
42 2
42 2
42 2
42 0
42 0
42 1
41 56
41 56
41 56
41 56
41 56
41 56
41 58
41 58
41 58
41 59
41 59
42 5
42 6
42 6
42 6
42 6
42 6
42 6
42 8
42 5
42 6
42 7
42 6
42 7
42 7
41 56
41 6
48.3
44.2
10.3
42.6
42.5
37.6
16.7
17.6
15.4
43.9
43.6
19.6
50.7
48.4
33.6
6.9
6.1
31.6
9.1
17.1
7.4
43
43.2
43.4
35
46.9
36.5
44.6
42.7
47.5
46
23.9
0.7
33.7
32.5
24.8
41.2
43.3
36.9
37.1
44.6
44.5
figure 4. Left: double dolmen from Plevun. This dolmen and those in the same area have a peculiar eastwest orientation. These dolmens have been dated much later than the rest of the dolmens in Bulgaria. Right: dolmen Kapakliya VII is
orientated to the Monastery Hills in the background. Dolmens in Bulgaria often present such a relation, although not so
clearly as in this case. (Pictures courtesy of D. Kolev and A. C. Gonzlez-Garca.)
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archaeoastronomy
a ()
h ()
Propada I
II
III
1671/2 91/2
1
1
130 /4 6 /2
1
1
115 /2
Lat. ( )
()
Tomb
a ()
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
-37.7
-24.0
-18.4
Propada IV
Bakarlika
Mishkova Niva
1331/2 31/2
1271/2
3
1943/4
4
h ()
Lat. ( )
()
41 59
42 7.7
41 57.5
-28.5
-25.1
-42.9
figure 6.
Left: the false-dome tomb at Mishkova Niva. Right: Roman time cists from the Propada necropolis. (Pictures
courtesy of A. C. Gonzlez-Garca.)
Volume XXII 2009
27
Discussion
The Thracian religion is commonly thought to
have had a solar-chthonic character (Fol 2004).
However, the evidence from tomb orientations
challenges this hypothesis. From the data presented
here, the sunrise/sunset hypothesis (Hoskin 2001)
could preliminarily be ruled out for most of the
monuments. The secondary peak at azimuth ~219
could still provide some marginal evidence for
lunar orientations.
Previous hypotheses based upon map measurements
lead to the conclusion that the orientations were
mainly to the south (Belmonte 2005; Dermenzhiev
2005). The actual orientation, although pointing
southward, is in general more consistent toward the
a ()
h ()
Lat. ( ')
()
Necropolis
a ()
h ()
Lat. ( ')
()
Propada
960
41 58.9
-4.8
Propada
119
41 58.9
-17
92
41 58.9
-1.2
138
11
41 58.9
-24.9
28
152
84
92
660
175
102
136
186
95
73
91
105
110
136
35
1
1
6
2
11
2
3
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archaeoastronomy
41 58.9
41 58.9
-34.3
3.8
41 58.9
-1.2
41 58.9
-41.8
41 58.9
-25.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
17.9
-8.2
-36.6
-3
13.2
41 58.9
-0.4
41 58.9
-12.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
-9.7
-24.6
114
152
97
980
86
860
88
101
196
196
156
40
300
43.9
119
5
10
4
3
2
3
9
12
8
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
-14
-31.9
-3.2
-3.9
3.6
4
2.2
41 58.9
-6
41 58.9
-37.3
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 58.9
41 57.4
41 57.4
-37.3
-32.1
40.4
47.4
-29.9
-21.3
29
figure 8. View of the sky toward the south with a typical landscape of the Strandzha Mountains area for the epoch of construction of the dolmens. The star Centauri has just risen, while the stars of the Southern Cross are setting on a hilltop
at the typical azimuth for the dolmens in the area. See the text for further details.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank the Forestry Services of the Strandzha Park, the Border Police, and the local administration as well as the inhabitants of the numerous
30
archaeoastronomy
Notes
References
Aramburu-Zabala, Javier
2005 La orientacin de las Taulas Menorquinas. Un
anlisis espacial. Electronic document, http://www.
arqueobalear.es/articulos/TAULAS.zip, accessed
June 2, 2009.
Belmonte, Juan Antonio
2005 On the Orientation of Megalithic Monuments of the
Eastern Mediterranean: New Perspectives. Cosmic
Catastrophes: Proceedings of the SEAC 2002 Conference, 914. Tartu.
Dermenzhiev, Nikolay
2005 Bulgarian Dolmens: BAS Publications. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of Archaeology,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
Eliade, Mircea, and Ioan P. Couliano
2007 Diccionario de las religiones. Translated by Isidro
Arias Prez. Paidos, Barcelona.
Fol, Alexander
1982 Thracian Monuments III: The Megaliths in Thrace
II. Pontic Thrace. Nauka i Izkustvo Press, Sofia.
2004 Orphica Magica I.
. . , Sofia.
Fol, Alexander, and Valeria Fol
2005 The Thracians. Tangra Tannakra, Sofia.
Fol, Valeria
2003 Rock-Cut Caves with Two Entrances, or the Model
of the Cosmos. Tracia 15:239250.
2005 La formacin de la cultura Tracia (1200500 a.C.).
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