ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

No one has yet developed a criterion that fully defines

abnormality other than the 4Ds
Personal Distress self assessment wherein worry comes in
Dysfunction from work and social interactions
Deviant from norms set by society; thus, can be cultural
Danger to others and self
MENTAL DISORDER prolonged problem that interferes with an individuals
ability to cope with society
CLASSIFICATION necessary first step in introducing order to any
discussion of the cause or treatment of abnormal behavior
DSM 4 TR
Axis I Clinical Disorders
Axis II Personality Disorders
Axis III General Medical Conditions
Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning individuals
overall psychological, social and occupational
PHOBIA Specific, Social, Agoraphobia
FREUD failure in the development of moral constraints in
superego
HIPPOCRATES believed in the existence of four bodily fluids or humors
Choleric individuals = hot tempered
Sanguine = happy or positive/ goal oriented and optimist
Melancholic = analytical and quiet
Phlegmatic = peaceful and relax
Bloodletting to balance the four fluids
Humoral theory of abnormality with Galen
EMIL KRAEPLIN classification of mental disorder
JOHN GREY belief that insanity where always physical and the insane
were only physically ill
PHILIPPE PINEL moral therapy in mental institutions and advocated the
humane treatment of patients. father of modern psychiatry
Dementia praecox or schizophrenia
DOROTHEA DIX made mental asylums and institutions
THOMAS SZAS society and labeling
EUGEN BLEUER introduced the term schizophrenia
STRESSORS demands that requires adjustment
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM fight or flight
GRIEF about 1 year; has worthlessness and self loathing and self-esteem
is preserved.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
FEAR and ANXIETY contain physiological and cognitive components.

Fear: Immediate
Anxiety: Future Oriented
PANIC ATTACK physiological manifestations and fear
Cued theres an event or thing attached that invokes fear
Uncued without consciousness, unexpected attacks
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS experience to traumatic event
Reexperiencing the event
Emotional numbing and detachment
Exaggerated startle response
SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER compared to phobia, SAD is more likely to
cause impairment in functioningfth
PHOBIAS
AGORA PHOBIA fear of leaving ones home or other
familiar places
General fear of having to be unsafe
Likelihood of having a particular phobia is heavily influenced
by gender
Escape might be difficult
Help might not be available
Always with fear and anxiety whenever leaving home
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER uncontrollable obsessions and
compulsions
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
Difficulty in concentrating
Sense of easily fatigued
Chronic muscle tension
Difficulty concentrating
Inability to control ones worry
Irritability
Worry without flashbacks and avoid negative affect
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
SEROTONIN low > Suicide, Depression
High > Narcolepsy
Present in antidepressant drugs
Involved in OCD
DOPAMINE high > Schizophrenia
Low > Parkinsons disease
NOREPINEPHRINE low > Depression
GABA low > anxiety
High > sleep eating
Fast acting neurotransmitter that inhibit a variety of emotions and
behavor

ACETYLCHOLINE alzheimers disease

DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
AUTISM suffers from intellect and social skills deficiency
Significant impact on social interactions and communications
Repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior
Restrictive patterns of behavior, interest and activity
Use of third person view in interpersonal talks
ASPERGERS social only
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY IQ of 35 = moderately
ADJUSTMENT DISODER dos not exceed six months
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVTY DISORDER
Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsive
ADHD can continue till adulthood
Onset should be done before age 12
Poor test performance related to frontal lobe activity
SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER one month and should not be limited
to first month of school; check the age of the child
OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER involves problems of emotional
dysregulation
Trisonomy 21 most common/ down syndrome
FRAGILE X SYNDROME X chromosome, fragility, ADHD
LESCH NYHAN SYNDROME Lpbiting, ID, cerebral palsy, injurious beh.
PHENYLKETONURIA learning disabilities and breakdownsfhu
CONDUCT DISORDER no guilt develops into antisocial PD
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS physical complaints with absence of
physical pathology
SOMATIZATION DISORDER/ BRIQUETS - From the word hysteria
(Hippocrates)
CONVERSION DISORDER -Physical manifestations with no physical or
neurological damage
ILLNESS ANXIETY/ HYPOCHONDRIASIS preoccupied with serious
disease from a light complaint.
BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER exaggerated physical flaw.
SOMATOFORM psychological stressors translating into physical symptoms
FACTITIOUS DISORDER/ MANCHAUSENS
THERAPY
PANIC CONTROL TREATMENT allows patient to develop alternative
attitudes toward the feared situation
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY involves the production of seizures
through electrical currents
COGNITIVE THERAPY most used in helping patients with OCD
Aaron Becks rid an individual of his or her internal negative
thought process

PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY analysis of clients past experiences and

suggestions for ways the client can overcome his or her problems that stem
from experiences
MORAL THERAPY reform therapy during the late 18th and 19th centuries
that was based on the belief that providing humane treatment in a relaxed
and decent environment could restore functioning.
CLIENT CENTERED encourages patient to take charge of the therapy.
Therapist is an active listener.
RATIONAL EMOTIVE Albert Ellis devised a therapy that can be very
confrontational. Facing the irrationality of the belief system.
GESTALT THERAPY involves dream analysis
SEASONAL THERAPY exposure to sunlight
BIOFEEDACK giving an individual immediate information about the degree
to which he or she can change anxiety-related responses and improving
control.
GRADUAL EXPOSURE for fear and step by step process in which you can
only progress when completely calm at the prior step. Combine with cognitive
techniques that focus on anxiety arousing irrational thoughts.
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION process where individuals were
gradually introduced to the objects they feared so that their fear could
extinguish.
AMNIOCENTESIS check for down syndromef
THEORIES
RECIPROCAL GENE ENVIRONMENT the behaviours are followed by the
inherited trait
DIATHESIS MODEL mental disorders develop when a biological
predisposition to the disorder is set off by stressful
circumstances
The smaller the diathesis, the greater the stress needs to be
to produce a disorder
Monozygotic twins raised together might not necessarily
have the same disorders due to stress difference
SUPERNATURAL THEORIES oldest writings including those of Platos and
Bible. Mental Disorder is rooted from the evil spirits.
SOCIAL CAUSATION MODEL view point that holds people from lower
socioeconomic groups are at greater risk of severe behavior
problems due to living in poverty subjects them to a greater
level of social stress.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTEGRATIVE the continual interaction of biological,
psychological and social influences and their effect on
behavior.
Monozygotic twins are no more likely to share disorder than
any other two people selected at random from the population

SPECIFIC PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY based on past experience

GENERALIZED BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY genetics play a big role
GENERALIZED PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY perception of the
world
OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY continues use of substance to avoid
unwanted withdrawal symptoms but becomes addicted to it due to
pleasurable effects.
MOOD DISORDERS
Mania is necessary; Depressive: Unipolar; Mood swings: Bipolar
BIPOLAR I Mania
BIPOLAR II Hypomania
DISRUPTIVE MOOD DISREGULATION DISORDER
Some children are previously diagnosed with bipolar
Onset must be before 10 years old
Diagnosis must not be made after 18 years old
MAJOR DEPRESSION 6 months;; Hyperphagia, hypersomnia, motor
agitation
When theres residual effect, treatment will require a longer
and more intense course to maintain normal mood state
Depressive individuals have greater right anterior act.
Biological: One short allele at the 5-HTT gene
According to PSYCHODYNAMIC Self focused attention is not exclusive to
depression and found in other anxiety related disorders.
CYCLOTHYMIA 2 years without meeting the criteria for bipolar I or II
DYSTHYMIA/ Persistent Depressive Disorder 2 years without meeting the
criteria for depression; interchanged with grief
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Originate in childhood and continue in adult years
Can remit over time but may be replaced by another personality
disorder
A disorder of the trait but not of state
*CLUSTER A ODD/ WEIRD may proceed to Schizophrenia
Paranoid PD extreme suspiciousness and mistrust of
others
- High levels of dopamine
Schizotypal PD
Schizoid PD blunted affect, lack of interest in social
relationships and withdrawal but no magical thinking.
*CLUSTER B DRAMA dissociation, denial, acting out
Antisocial Personality/ Psychopath disregard for rights of
others. Steals all the time. Harass people.
Deceitful, aggressive, irritable, irresponsible, and lackin
remorse

Highly intellectual, will not show hostility, genetically det.

Borderline PD problem long term relationships, irritability,
emotional control, and harmonious interpersonal relations
Accdng to Benjamin
Family chaos
Traumatic Environment
Family value that thwart autonomy, happiness etc
Narcissistic PD unrealistic sense of self importance,
preoccupied with fantasies of future success and craves
praise
Histrionic PD exercises great difficulty in delaying
gratification
Most likely due to unresolved Oedipus/ Electra Complex
*CLUSTER C ANXIOUS, FEARFUL
Avoidant PD
Obsessive Compulsive PD
Dependent PD
SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS an excess or distortion of normal behaviour
DELUSION faulty and disordered thought pattern
Thought insertion
Thought withdrawal
Thought broadcasting
HALLUCINATION perceptions
DISORGANIZED BEHAVIOUR
DISORGANIZED THINKING
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS - deficits in normal behavior
Prosopagnosia unable to recognize faces
Agnosia inability to recognize sensations and objects
Astereognosia inability to recognize objects by touch
*Schizoaffective Disorder mixed bag due to psychotic behavior with mood
disorder.
FACT: childhood onset schizophrenia tends to resemble poor-outcome adult
schizophrenia, with gradual onset and prominent negative
symptoms.
- Higher prevalence rate in MALE
- Genes are responsible for being vulnerable to
schizo
- Individuals with schizophrenia often lack insight
of their psychotic illness
COTARDS SYNDROME belief that a person is dead
HIGH EE CAN CAUSE RELAPSE OF THE DISORDER
Prealcoholic stage occasional

Prodomal stage 1 to 2 year period before serious symptoms appear but

less unusual ACUTE STAGE
Crucial stage
Chronic stage gradual and daily happening
Residual stage symptoms that reappear after the active phase of disorder
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Dissociative Identity Disorder formerly known as multiple personality
disorder
Dissociative FUGUE cannot remember identity and lives under other name
Fugue is related to flight or travel
A person may assume a new identity
May come home recalling most of what happened during the
state
Was a diagnostic criteria but now became a specifier
DEREALIZATION episode of distortion of reality
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE most common cause of dementia
Theres a small round beta- amyloid protein deposit
DELIRIUM TREMES physical condition consisting of autonomic nervous
system dysfunction, confusion and seizures
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS are seen as learned response involving the
behavior of psychologically distancing oneself from
disturbing emotions and memories SOCIOCOGNITIVE
FACTORS
Precipitating Factor immediate factors for symptoms
Predisposing factors remote
DRUGS
Amphetamines losing weight; appetite suppressant
Prescribed to people with narcolepsy and ADHD
Sensorium in mental status examination refers to general awareness of his
or her surroundings
Lithium used in bipolar disorder to stabilize mood
Benzodiazepines DEPRESSANTS - Sedate
STIMULANT active
HALLUCINOGEN Sensory
OPIATE sickness; anesthesia
Agonists - substances that effectively increase the activity of a
neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects
Antagonists substance that interferes or inhibits the physiological action of
another.
Tolerance and Withdrawal conditions that mark addiction
CONDITIONS
Chronic

Episodic
Regressive
Acute
Norms relative standards
Neurons are composed of cell body, dendrites, and axon
Clinical Assessment is the systematic evaluation and measurement of
psychological, biological and social factors in an individual
presenting with a possible psychological disorder.
Diagnosis process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting
the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder.
Echolalia repetition of heard words.
Echopraxia movements
Stupor no psychomotor movements
Waxy flexibility tend to hold a position
Coprolalia bad words
Verbal dyspraxia cannot utter the words due to muscle weakness
Folie a deux shared psychosis
PARAPHILIC DISORDERS sexual deviations that involve persistent
and recurrent patterns of sexual behavior and arousal,
lasting atleast six months in which unusual objects,
rituals are required for full sexual satisfaction.
Fetishistic a non sexual material has been placed as pleasurable
Frotteuristic rubbing of genitalia
Transvestic arousal coming from wearing the opposite sexs dress.
Voyeuristic peeping tom
Exhibitionist those who are aroused by exposure
Gender Dysphoria
DHAT syndrome cultural syndrome most common in young men of lower
SES having distress about loss of semen including fatigue,
weakness and depressive mood.
SEXUAL RELATION DISORDER main feature is lack of physical
response despite desire for opposite sex/ arousal
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
PREMATURE EJACULATION most common
WINE is a bad idea since it will impair arousal
EATING DISORDER AND SLEEPING DISORDERS
BULIMIA NERVOSA weight usually within 15% of normal
Binge eating and then feel guilty which would try to vomit
Better prognosis that ANOREXIA patients
Ashamed of both their eating issues and their lack of control
ANOREXIA NERVOSA vigorous physical exercise
Proud of their diets and their extraordinary control
INSOMIA must not be able to sleep atleast 72 hours.

HYPERSOMNOLENCE DISORDER excessive sleep

Parasomnia sleep walking
Dyssomnia sleep cycle disorder / call centers
Cataplexy narcolepsy with intense emotion
Brain
CEREBRAL CORTEX a loss of memory in anterograde form might be due
to damage here
Capacity to think, plan and reason
HIPPOCAMPUS memory, learning, and emotion
CEREBELLUM movement/ motor coordination
Occipital lobe eyesight
Temporal Lobe auditory and memory
Parietal lobe tactile sensations; sensory comprehension
Frontal lobe problem solving; rationalization
ANXIETY- RELATED IN THE BRAIN
AMYGDALA fight or flight
HYPOTHALAMUS scary things
PREFRONTAL CORTEX invokes what to do with anxiety; control
BRAIN TESTS
Magnetic resonance imaging structures and anatomical
CT scan structure
fMRI bloodflow and function reaction of brain to stimulus
PET theres an ink injected
Ethics
Consent
Must be above 18 years old
Mandated by court
Requested by parents

If patient allows it
Confidentiality can be broken when
Patient is threat to self or others and need to be hospitalized
Court orders
Labels are potential dangers since
Patient may lose self esteem
Family and friends may see the patient as the disorder
Health care workers may see the patient as the disorder
DAVID ROSENHANS study pseudopatients were admitted to a psychiatric
hospital based on one symptom.
PROGNOSIS information about the course of the disorder in other
individuals
PREVALENCE from the etiology of the disorder
INCIDENT a given period of time
EGOSYNTONIC within the lines of the ego
EGODYSTONIC outside the limits of the ego
PSYCHOSIS LOSS OF REALITY
TREPHINING ancient times in which process of drilling a hole in the skull
DSM 5
Includes only description of the necessary and sufficient conditions for
mental illness
Changed from multi axial system to non axial system which was from DSM 4TR (2000), DSM 4( 1994), DSM 3-TR( 1987), DSM 3 (1980),
DSM 2 (1968), DSM 1 (1952)
Prevalence and incidence are important to know the needed plan for
provision of adequate services
Selection of treatment approach is entirely determined by assumptions about
causality