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Permeability(electromagnetism)Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Permeability(electromagnetism)
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Inelectromagnetism,permeabilityisthemeasureoftheabilityofa
materialtosupporttheformationofamagneticfieldwithinitself.
Hence,itisthedegreeofmagnetizationthatamaterialobtainsin
responsetoanappliedmagneticfield.Magneticpermeabilityis
typicallyrepresentedbythe(italicized)Greekletter.Thetermwas
coinedinSeptember1885byOliverHeaviside.Thereciprocalof
magneticpermeabilityismagneticreluctivity.
InSIunits,permeabilityismeasuredinhenriespermeter(H/morHm
1),ornewtonsperamperesquared(NA2).Thepermeabilityconstant
(0),alsoknownasthemagneticconstantorthepermeabilityoffree
space,isameasureoftheamountofresistanceencounteredwhen
formingamagneticfieldinaclassicalvacuum.Themagneticconstant
hastheexact(defined)[1]value(0=4107Hm1

Simplifiedcomparisonof
permeabilitiesfor:ferromagnets(f),
paramagnets(p),freespace(0)and
diamagnets(d)

1.2566370614106Hm1orNA2).
Acloselyrelatedpropertyofmaterialsismagneticsusceptibility,whichisadimensionlessproportionality
factorthatindicatesthedegreeofmagnetizationofamaterialinresponsetoanappliedmagneticfield.

Contents
1 Explanation
2 Relativepermeabilityandmagneticsusceptibility
3 Diamagnetism
4 Paramagnetism
5 Gyromagnetism
6 Valuesforsomecommonmaterials
7 Complexpermeability
8 Seealso
9 Notes
10 References
11 Externallinks

Explanation
Inelectromagnetism,theauxiliarymagneticfieldHrepresentshowamagneticfieldBinfluencesthe
organizationofmagneticdipolesinagivenmedium,includingdipolemigrationandmagneticdipole
reorientation.Itsrelationtopermeabilityis

wherethepermeability,,isascalarifthemediumisisotropicorasecondranktensorforananisotropic
medium.
Ingeneral,permeabilityisnotaconstant,asitcanvarywiththepositioninthemedium,thefrequencyofthe
fieldapplied,humidity,temperature,andotherparameters.Inanonlinearmedium,thepermeabilitycandepend
onthestrengthofthemagneticfield.Permeabilityasafunctionoffrequencycantakeonrealorcomplex
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values.Inferromagneticmaterials,therelationshipbetweenBandHexhibitsbothnonlinearityandhysteresis:
BisnotasinglevaluedfunctionofH,[2]butdependsalsoonthehistoryofthematerial.Forthesematerialsitis
sometimesusefultoconsidertheincrementalpermeabilitydefinedas

Thisdefinitionisusefulinlocallinearizationsofnonlinearmaterialbehavior,forexampleinaNewton
Raphsoniterativesolutionschemethatcomputesthechangingsaturationofamagneticcircuit.
Permeabilityistheinductanceperunitlength.InSIunits,permeabilityismeasuredinhenriespermetre(Hm
1=J/(A2m)=NA2).TheauxiliarymagneticfieldHhasdimensionscurrentperunitlengthandismeasured
inunitsofamperespermetre(Am1).TheproductHthushasdimensionsinductancetimescurrentperunit
area(HA/m2).Butinductanceismagneticfluxperunitcurrent,sotheproducthasdimensionsmagneticflux
perunitarea.ThisisjustthemagneticfieldB,whichismeasuredinwebers(voltseconds)persquaremetre
(Vs/m2),orteslas(T).
BisrelatedtotheLorentzforceonamovingchargeq:

Thechargeqisgivenincoulombs(C),thevelocityvinmeterspersecond(m/s),sothattheforceFisin
newtons(N):

Hisrelatedtothemagneticdipoledensity.Amagneticdipoleisaclosedcirculationofelectriccurrent.The
dipolemomenthasdimensionscurrenttimesarea,unitsamperesquaremetre(Am2),andmagnitudeequalto
thecurrentaroundthelooptimestheareaoftheloop.[3]TheHfieldatadistancefromadipolehasmagnitude
proportionaltothedipolemomentdividedbydistancecubed,[4]whichhasdimensionscurrentperunitlength.

Relativepermeabilityandmagneticsusceptibility
Relativepermeability,sometimesdenotedbythesymbolr,istheratioofthepermeabilityofaspecific
mediumtothepermeabilityoffreespace0:

where0=4107NA2.Intermsofrelativepermeability,themagneticsusceptibilityis

Thenumbermisadimensionlessquantity,sometimescalledvolumetricorbulksusceptibility,todistinguishit
fromp(magneticmassorspecificsusceptibility)andM(molarormolarmasssusceptibility).

Diamagnetism
Diamagnetismisthepropertyofanobjectwhichcausesittocreateamagneticfieldinoppositionofan
externallyappliedmagneticfield,thuscausingarepulsiveeffect.Specifically,anexternalmagneticfieldalters
theorbitalvelocityofelectronsaroundtheirnuclei,thuschangingthemagneticdipolemomentinthedirection
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opposingtheexternalfield.Diamagnetsarematerialswithamagneticpermeabilitylessthan0(arelative
permeabilitylessthan1).
Consequently,diamagnetismisaformofmagnetismthatasubstanceexhibitsonlyinthepresenceofan
externallyappliedmagneticfield.Itisgenerallyaquiteweakeffectinmostmaterials,although
superconductorsexhibitastrongeffect.

Paramagnetism
Paramagnetismisaformofmagnetismwhichoccursonlyinthepresenceofanexternallyappliedmagnetic
field.Paramagneticmaterialsareattractedtomagneticfields,hencehavearelativemagneticpermeability
greaterthanone(or,equivalently,apositivemagneticsusceptibility).Themagneticmomentinducedbythe
appliedfieldislinearinthefieldstrengthandratherweak.Ittypicallyrequiresasensitiveanalyticalbalanceto
detecttheeffect.Unlikeferromagnets,paramagnetsdonotretainanymagnetizationintheabsenceofan
externallyappliedmagneticfield,becausethermalmotioncausesthespinstobecomerandomlyoriented
withoutit.Thusthetotalmagnetizationwilldroptozerowhentheappliedfieldisremoved.Eveninthe
presenceofthefieldthereisonlyasmallinducedmagnetizationbecauseonlyasmallfractionofthespinswill
beorientedbythefield.Thisfractionisproportionaltothefieldstrengthandthisexplainsthelinear
dependency.Theattractionexperiencedbyferromagnetsisnonlinearandmuchstronger,sothatitiseasily
observed,forinstance,inmagnetsonone'srefrigerator.

Gyromagnetism
Forgyromagneticmedia(seeFaradayrotation)themagneticpermeabilityresponsetoanalternating
electromagneticfieldinthemicrowavefrequencydomainistreatedasanondiagonaltensorexpressedby:[5]

Valuesforsomecommonmaterials
Thefollowingtableshouldbeusedwithcautionasthepermeabilityofferromagneticmaterialsvariesgreatly
withfieldstrength.Forexample,4%Sisteelhasaninitialrelativepermeability(atornear0T)of2,000anda
maximumof35,000[6]and,indeed,therelativepermeabilityofanymaterialatasufficientlyhighfieldstrength
trendstoward1.

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Magneticsusceptibilityandpermeabilitydataforselectedmaterials
Susceptibility
Relative
m
Permeability permeability
Magnetic Frequency
Medium
[H/m]
field
(max)
(volumetric
/0
SI)
Metglas2714A(annealed)

1.26 100

1 000 000[7]

Iron(99.95%pureFeannealed
inH)

2.5 101

200 000[8]

NANOPERM(http://www.ma
gnetec.de/en/nanopermrproduct
s/)

1.0 101

Mumetal

at0.5T

100kHz

80 000[9]

at0.5T

10kHz

2.5 102

20 000[10]

at0.002
T

Mumetal

6.3 102

50 000[11]

CobaltIron(highpermeability
stripmaterial)

2.3 102

18 000[12]

1.0 102

8000[10]

Iron(99.8%pure)

6.3 103

5000[8]

Electricalsteel

5.0 103

4000[10]

Ferriticstainlesssteel
(annealed)

1.26 103
2.26 103

10001800[13]

Martensiticstainlesssteel
(annealed)

9.42 104
1.19 103

750950[13]

Ferrite(manganesezinc)

>8.0 104

640(ormore)

100kHz~
1MHz

Ferrite(nickelzinc)

2.0 105
8.0 104

16640

100kHz~
1MHz

CarbonSteel

1.26 104

100[10]

at0.002
T

Nickel

1.26 104
7.54 104

100[10]600

at0.002
T

Martensiticstainlesssteel
(hardened)

5.0 105
1.2 104

4095[13]

Austeniticstainlesssteel

1.260 106
8.8 106

1.0037[13][14]

Neodymiummagnet

1.32 106

1.05[15]

Platinum

1.256 970 106

1.000 265

2.22 105[16] 1.256 665 106

1.000 022

Permalloy

Aluminum

8000

1.256 637 60 106 1.000 000 43[16]

Air

1.000 000 37
1.256 637 53 106 [17]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)

at0.002
T

[note1]

Wood

Concrete(dry)

at0.002
T

1[18]
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Vacuum

Susceptibility
m
Permeability
[H/m]
(volumetric
SI)
0
4107(0)

Relative
permeability
/0
1,exactly[19]

Hydrogen

2.2 109[16] 1.256 6371 106

1.000 0000

Medium

Teflon

1.2567 106[10]

1.0000

1.256 6368 106

0.999 999 76

Sapphire

2.1 107

Copper

6.4 106
or
1.256 629 106
6[16]
9.2 10

0.999 994

Water

8.0 106

1.256 627 106

0.999 992

Bismuth

1.66 104

1.256 43 106

0.999 834

Superconductors

Magnetic Frequency
field
(max)

Agoodmagneticcorematerialmusthavehighpermeability.[20]
Forpassivemagneticlevitationarelativepermeabilitybelow1is
needed(correspondingtoanegativesusceptibility).
Permeabilityvarieswithmagneticfield.Valuesshownaboveare
approximateandvalidonlyatthemagneticfieldsshown.Theyare
givenforazerofrequencyinpractice,thepermeabilityisgenerallya
functionofthefrequency.Whenfrequencyisconsidered,the
permeabilitycanbecomplex,correspondingtotheinphaseandoutof
phaseresponse.
Notethatthemagneticconstant0hasanexactvalueinSIunits(thatis,

Magnetisationcurveforferromagnets
(andferrimagnets)andcorresponding
permeability

thereisnouncertaintyinitsvalue)becausethedefinitionoftheampere
fixesitsvalueto4107H/mexactly.

Complexpermeability
Ausefultoolfordealingwithhighfrequencymagneticeffectsisthecomplexpermeability.Whileatlow
frequenciesinalinearmaterialthemagneticfieldandtheauxiliarymagneticfieldaresimplyproportionalto
eachotherthroughsomescalarpermeability,athighfrequenciesthesequantitieswillreacttoeachotherwith
somelagtime.[21]Thesefieldscanbewrittenasphasors,suchthat

where isthephasedelayof from .Understandingpermeabilityastheratioofthemagneticfluxdensityto

themagneticfield,theratioofthephasorscanbewrittenandsimplifiedas

sothatthepermeabilitybecomesacomplexnumber.ByEuler'sformula,thecomplexpermeabilitycanbe
translatedfrompolartorectangularform,

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Theratiooftheimaginarytotherealpartofthecomplexpermeabilityiscalledthelosstangent,

whichprovidesameasureofhowmuchpowerislostinamaterialversushowmuchisstored.

Seealso
Antiferromagnetism
Diamagnetism
Electromagnet
Ferromagnetism
Magneticreluctance
Paramagnetism
Permittivity
SIelectromagnetismunits

Notes
1.ThepermeabilityofAusteniticStainlessSteelstronglydependsonthehistoryofmechanicalstressappliedtoit,such
ascoldworking

References
1."TheNISTreferenceonfundamentalphysicalconstants".Physics.nist.gov.Retrieved20111108.
2.Jackson(1975),p.190
3.Jackson,JohnDavid(1975).ClassicalElectrodynamics(2nded.).NewYork:Wiley.ISBN047143132X.p.182
eqn.(5.57)
4.Jackson(1975)p.182eqn.(5.56)
5.Kales,M.L.(1953)."ModesinWaveGuidesContainingFerrites".JournalofAppliedPhysics.24(5):604601.
Bibcode:1953JAP....24..604K.doi:10.1063/1.1721335.
6.G.W.C.Kaye&T.H.Laby,TableofPhysicalandChemicalConstants,14thed,Longman
7." "MetglasMagneticAlloy2714A",''Metglas''".Metglas.com.Retrieved20111108.
8." "MagneticPropertiesofFerromagneticMaterials",''Iron''".C.RNaveGeorgiaStateUniversity.Retrieved
20131201.
9." "TypicalmaterialpropertiesofNANOPERM",''Magnetec''"(PDF).Retrieved20111108.
10." "RelativePermeability",''Hyperphysics''".Hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu.Retrieved20111108.
11."NickelAlloysStainlessSteels,NickelCopperAlloys,NickelChromiumAlloys,LowExpansionAlloys".Nickel
alloys.net.Retrieved20111108.
12." "SoftMagneticCobaltIronAlloys",''Vacuumschmeltze''"(PDF).www.vacuumschmeltze.com.Retrieved
20130803.
13.CarpenterTechnologyCorporation(2013)."MagneticPropertiesofStainlessSteels".CarpenterTechnology
Corporation.
14.BritishStainlessSteelAssociation(2000)."MagneticPropertiesofStainlessSteel"(PDF).StainlessSteelAdvisory
Service.
15.JuhaPyrhnenTapaniJokinenValriaHrabovcov(2009).DesignofRotatingElectricalMachines.JohnWileyand
Sons.p.232.ISBN0470695161.
16.RichardA.Clarke."Clarke,R.''Magneticpropertiesofmaterials'',surrey.ac.uk".Ee.surrey.ac.uk.Retrieved
20111108.
17.B.D.CullityandC.D.Graham(2008),IntroductiontoMagneticMaterials,2ndedition,568pp.,p.16
18.NDT.net."Determinationofdielectricpropertiesofinsituconcreteatradarfrequencies".Ndt.net.Retrieved
20111108.
19.bydefinition
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20.Dixon,LH(2001)."MagneticsDesign2MagneticCoreCharacteristics"(PDF).TexasInstruments.
21.M.Getzlaff,Fundamentalsofmagnetism,Berlin:SpringerVerlag,2008.

Externallinks
Electromagnetism(http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/0sn/ch11/ch11.html)achapterfroman
onlinetextbook
RelativePermeability(http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html)
SoilPermeabilityTest(http://www.denichsoiltest.com)
MagneticPropertiesofMaterials(http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/mu/)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Permeability_(electromagnetism)&oldid=740610193"
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