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Pipe and Cistern problems are similar to time and work problems. A pipe is used
to fill or empty the tank or cistern.
1. Inlet Pipe : A pipe used to fill the tank or cistern is known as Inlet Pipe.
2. Outlet Pipe : A pipe used to empty the tank or cistern is known as Outlet
Pipe.
4. Take inlet pipe efficiency positive sign and outlet pipe efficiency negative
sign.
5. A pipe fills Tank in " n " hours , B pipe fills Tank in " m " hours.
= time x efficiency = mn
Examples :
Ques 1.
Two taps A and B can fill a tank in 20 hours and 30 hours respectively. If both the
taps are opened together, the tank will be full in ?
Solution :
Time taken by " A" = 20 hours
Time taken by "B" = 30 hours
L.C.M of 20 and 30 = 60
A efficiency = 60/20= 3
B efficiency = 60/30 = 2
Work = 60
Ques 2.
To fill a cistern, pipes A, B and C take 20 minutes, 15 minute and 12 minutes
respectively. The time in minutes that the three pipes together will take to fill the
cistern is
Solution :
Time taken by " A" = 20 hours
Time taken by "B" = 15 hours
Time taken by "C" = 12 hours
Ques 3.
Two pipes can fill a tank in 10 hours and 12 hours resp. while third pipe empties
the full tank in 20 hours. If all the three pipes operate simultaneously, in how
much time the tank will be filled?
Solution :
Here " C " pipe is outlet pipe ,take it's efficiency in negative = (-3)
Ques 4.
A cistern can be filled in 9 hours but it takes 10 hours due to a leak in its bottom.
If the cistern is full, then the time that the leak will take to empty it is
Solution :
Time taken by A = 9 hours
=9
Ques 5.
A leak in the bottom of a tank can empty the full tank in 8 hours. An inlet pipe
fills water are the rate of 6 liters a minute. When the tank is full, the inlet is
opened and due to the leak, the tank is empty in 12 hours. How many litres does
the cistern hold ?
Solution :
Time taken by Leak = 8 hours
Time taken by Leak+Inlet = 12
L.C.M of 8 and 12 = 24
Leak Efficiency = 24/8= 3
-3+ Inlet = -2
Ques 6.
Two pipes fills a cistern in 15 hrs and 20 hrs respectively. The pipes are opened
simultaneously and it is observed that it took 26 min more to fill the cistern
because of leakage at the bottom. If the cistern is full, then in what time will the
leak empty it?
Solution :
A and B are inlet pipes , C is outlet pipe
26 minutes
Step 1. Take the LCM of a given Number and that LCM will be the total capacity
of cistern or
tank.Place the plus or minus sign for common understanding through picture.
plus sign means time taken to fill the cistern and minus sign means to empty
the cistern in a particular time.
Step 2. Add or Subtract According to a particular question
Step 3. The LCM from Step 1. will be the total work . Divide the total capacity
of cistern or tank with the outcome of Step 2.
EXAMPLES
#1.
Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 20 and 30 minutes respectively. If
both the pipes are used together, then how long will it take to fill the
tank ? (M.A.T 2003)
Step 1. Take the LCM of 20 and 30 which is 60. Sixty liter is the total capacity
of tank or cistern.
Step 2. Divide 60 by (each number) 20 and 30 ,you will get 3 and 2
respectively.
Step 3. Now add (3+2) which is 5.
Step 4. Now Divide Total capacity of tank or cistern ( 60/5) , you will get Total
time taken by them to fill the tank or cistern in a particular time which is in this
case is 12 minutes.
#2.
A cistern can be filled by a tap in 4 hours while it can be emptied by
another tap in 9 hours. If both the taps are opened simultaneously then
after how much time will the cistern get filled ? (Hotel management,
1997)
Step 1. Take the LCM of 4 and 9 which is 36. Thirty six liter is the total capacity
of tank or cistern.
Step 2. Divide 36 by (each number) 4 and 9 ,you will get 9 and 4
respectively.Here plus (+) sign means filling the tank or cistern and minus (-)
implies time taken by them to empty the tank.
Step 3. Now You see one is filling the tank and other empty it so subtract it
with each other.you will get (9-4) 5.
Step 4. Now Divide Total capacity of tank or cistern ( 30/5) , you will get Total
time taken by them to fill the tank or cistern in a particular time which is in this
case is 36/5 minutes.
#3.
Pipe A can fill a tank in 5 hours, pipe B in 10 hours and pipe C in 30
hours. If all the pipes are open, in how many hours will the tank be
filled ? (C.B.I, 1997)
Step 1. Take the LCM of 5,10 and 30 which is 30. Thirty liter is the total
capacity of tank or cistern.
Step 2. Divide 30 by (each number) 5,10 and 30 ,you will get 6,3 and 1
respectively.Here plus (+) sign means filling the tank or cistern and minus (-)
implies time taken by them to empty the tank.
Step 3. Now you see here each tank is filling the tank in a particular time, so
add each value (6+3+1) you will get 10.
Step 4. Now Divide Total capacity of tank or cistern ( 30/10) , you will get Total
time taken by them to fill the tank or cistern in a particular time which is in this
case is 3 hours.
#4.
Pipes A and b can fill a tank in 5 and 6 hours respectively. Pipe C can
empty it in 12 hours. If all the three pipes are opened together, then
the tank will be filled in ? (Bank P.O. 2002)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Ques 1.
Two pipes P and Q can fell a cistern in 24 min. and 36 min. respectively . Third
pipe R can empty it in 36 min. If all the three pipes are opened , find the taken
to fill the cistern.
(a) 1 hour
(b) 24 mins
(c) 36 mins
(d) 30 mins
Ques 2.
A tank has a leak which would empty it in 8 hours. A tap is turned on which
admit 6 liters a minute into the tank and it now emptied in 12 hours . How
many literes does the tank holds?
(a) 8260 ltr
(b) 8640 ltr
(c) 8560 ltr
(d) 8800 ltr
Ques 3.
When the waste pipe is closed , two taps can separately fill a cistern in 10 and
12 minutes respectively .when the waste pipe is opened they together fill it in
15 minutes . How long does it take waste pipe to empty the cistern , when the
taps are closed?
(a) 8 min. 34 sec.
Ques 4.
Two pipes can fill a tank in 10 minutes and 30 minutes respectively and a third
pipe can empty the full tank in 20 minutes . If all the three pipes are opened
simultaneously, the tank will be filled in:
(a) 12 minutes
(b) 10 minutes
(c) 8 minutes
(d) 6 minutes
Ques 5.
Two pipes can fill a cistern in 14 hours and 16 hours respectively . The pipes are
opened simultaneously and it is found that due to leakage in the bottom , 32
minutes extra are taken for the cistern to be filled up. When the cistern is full ,
in what time will the leak empty it ?
(a) 108 hours
(b) 112 hours
(c) 116 hours
(d) 120 hours
Ques 6.
A cistern can be filled by pipes A and B in 12 minutes and 10 minutes
respectively . The full tank can be emptied by a third pipe C in 8 minutes only
.If all the pipes be turned on at the same time,the cistern will be full in :
(a) 17 min
(b) 171/7 min.
(c) 17 2/7 min.
(d) 18 min.
Ques 7.
If two pipes function simultaneously , the reservoir will be filled in 12 hours.
One pipe fills the reservoir 10 hours faster than the other. How many hours
does it take the second pipe to fill the reservoir?
(a) 20 hours
(b) 25 hours
(c) 30 hours
(d) 40 hours
Ques 8.
A tank is filled in hours by three pipes A, B and C . The pipe C is twice as fast as
B and B is twice as fast as A. How much time will pipe A alone take to fill the
tank?
(a) 40 hours.
(b) 35 hours
(c) 30 hours
(d) 25 hours
Ques 9.
Three pipes P , Q and R can fill a tank in 6 hours , After working it at together
for 2 hours , R is closed and P and Q can fill the remaining part in 7 hours . How
much time will R take alone to fill the tank?
(a) 16 hours
(b) 14 hours
(c) 12 hours
(d) 10 hours
Ques 10.
Three taps P, Q and R can fill a tank in 12, 15 and 20 hours respectively . If P is
opened all the time and Q and R are opened for one hour each alternately , the
tank will be full in
(a) 5 hours
(b) 6 hours
(c) 6 2/3 hours
(d) 7 hours
solutions:
Ans 1.Since time taken to fill the cistern by Q = time taken to empty the
cistern by R so
the cistern will be filed by P in 24 min.
Ans 2. In I hour the part filled by the tap = 1/8 -1/12 = 1/24
Hence , the tap can fill the tank in 24 hours.
Therefore, capacity of the tank = 24 x 60 x 6 = 8640 litres.
Ans 3. The waste pipe can empty in 1 min .= 1/10 + 1/12 - 1/15 = 11/60 1/15 = 7/60
of the cistern.
Hence, the waste pipe can empty the cistern in 60/7 minutes , i.e., 8
minutes 34 sec.
Ans 4. 1n I minute the part filled by all the three pipes = 1/10 + 1/30 - 1/20 =
1/12
Hence , all the three pipes will fill the bank in 12 minutes.
Ans 5. In I hour the part filled by both the pipes = 1/14 + 1/16 = 15/112
Hence, both the pipes will fill the cistern in 112/15 min.
but due to leakage , the tank will be filled in 112/15 + 32/60 = 120/15 =
8 hours.
Since, in 1 hr. the part emptied by the leakage = 15/112 - 1/8 = 1/112
Therefore , leakage will empty the tank in 112 hours.
Ans 6. In 1 minute the part filled by the three pipes = 1/12 + 1/10 -1/8 =
7/120
Hence, all the three pipes will fill the cistern in 120/7 = 17 1/7 minutes.
Ans 7.Let ( x- 10) and x hrs be the time taken by two pipes to fill the
reservoir , then,
Ans 8.Let x,x/2 and x/4 hours be the time taken by pipes A, B and C
respectively to
fill the tank,then
1/x + 2/x + 4/x = 1/5 => 7/x = 1/5
x = 35 hours.
Hence , time taken by A is 35 hours to fill the tank.
Ans 9. In 2 hour the part filled by all the three pipes = 2 X 1/6 = 1/3
Remaining part = 1 - 1/3 = 2/3, which is filled by ( P + Q ) in 7 hours.
Hence , in 1 hour the part filled by ( P + Q ) = 2/ 3 x 7 = 2/21
Since , in 1 hour the part filled by R alone = 1/6 - 2/21= 1/14
Therefore, R alone will fill the bank in 14 hours.
TRICK
One simple technique is using days in denominator while solving questions. For
example, A can do a job in 3 days and B can do the same job in 6 days. In how
much time they can do the job together.
Solution - 1/3 + 1/6 = 1/2, hence 2 days is the answer.
Examiner can set the question in opposite way and can ask you how much time
A or B alone will take to complete the job. It is quite easy to calculate said
question by putting values in equation we arrived in above question.
You need to understand one simple concept - If A can do a job in 10 day then in
one day A can do 1/10th of job.
SHORTCUT
Best trick that I use in exams myself is by finding the efficiency of workers in
percent. If A can do a job in 2 days then he can do 50% in a day.
Number of days
required to complete the work
Efficiency in
Percent
1/n
100/n
1/1
100%
1/2
50%
1/3
33.33%
1/4
25%
1/5
20%
1/6
16.66%
1/7
14.28%
1/8
12.5%
1/9
11.11%
10
1/10
10%
11
1/11
9.09%
Solution - A's efficiency = 20%, B's efficiency = 10%. If they work together
they can do 30% of the job in a day. To complete the job they need 3.33 days.
Solution Method 1
Efficiency of filling pipe = 20 minutes = 1/3 hour = 300%
Efficiency of leakage = 60 minutes = 100%
You can solve every time and work question with this trick. In above examples I
wrote even simple calculations. While in exams you can do these calculations
mentally and save lots of time.
You can find more tricks like this in quantitative aptitude section.
Comment below in case of any query, I promise to reply within 24 hours.
Update 09 October 2013 - Question requested by Chitra Salin
Question - 4 men and 6 women working together can complete the work within
10 days. 3 men and 7 women working together will complete the same work
within 8 days. In how many days 10 women will complete this work ?
Solution - Let number of men =x, number of women = y
Problems
#1
Ram , Shyam and Mohan can do a piece of work in 12,15 and 20
days respectively, how long will they take to finish it together .
(LIC, ' 91)
Step 1. Take the LCM of 12,15 and 20 which is 60.60 is the total work
Step 2. Divide 60 by (each number)12,15 and 20 ,you will get 5,4 and 3
respectively.
Now you get Ram's work in one day is 5 or 1/5 .Shyam's one day work = 4 or
1/4 and so on.
Step 3. Now add Each Men's 1 day work (5+4+3) which 12. Now here 12 is
Ram , Shyam and Mohan together's 1 day work.
Step 4. Now Divide 1 day's work with Total work ( 60/12) , you will get Total
time taken by them to do the same work which is in this case is 5 days.
#2
A and B together can complete a piece of work in 4 days. If A alone can
complete the same work in 12 days, in how many days can B alone
complete that work ?
Step 1. Take the LCM of 4 and 12 which is 12.Twelve is the total work
Step 2. Divide 12 by (each number)4 and 12 ,you will get 3 and 1 respectively.
Now you get A and B's work in one day is 3 or 1/3 . A's one day work = 12 or
1/12 and so on.
Step 3. Now Subtract their work (3-1) you will get 2.
Step 4. A and B done the work in 4 days .Now by placing the value of A . you
will get the B's work which is 2 days.
Step 5. Divide Total work by B's one day work. like here 12/2 = 6
#3
A does a work in 10 days and B does the same work in 15 days. In how
many days they together will do the same work ?
(R.R.B. 2003)
Step 1. Take the LCM of 10 and 15 which is 30. Thirty is the total work
Step 2. Divide 30 by (each number)10 and 15 ,you will get 3 and 2
respectively.
Now you get A's work in one day work is 3 or 1/3 . B's one day work = 2 or
1/2 .
Step 3. Now add Each Men's 1 day work (3+2) which 5. Now here 5 is A and B
together's 1 day work.
Step 4. Now Divide 1 day's work with Total work ( 30/5) , you will get Total
time taken by them to do the same work together which is in this case is 6
days.
#4
A,B and C can complete a piece of work in 24,6 and 12 days
respectively, working together, they will complete the same work in ?
(C.B.I. 2003)
FORMULAE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Speed = Distance/Time
Time = Distance/Speed
Distance = Speed Time
If the speed of a body is changed in the ratio a : b, then the ratio of
the time taken changes in the ratio b : a.
5. m km/hr = [m 5/18] m/sec.
6. m metres/sec = [m 18/5] km/hr.
I recommend you to watch the following concept video before solving the
questions.
Question 1.
Express a speed of 18 km/hr in metres per second.
THEOREM
If a certain distance is covered at m km/hr and the same distance is covered at n
km/hr then the average speed during the whole journey is 2mn/(m+n) km/hr.
Question 3.
Rakesh covers a certain distance by car driving at 70 km/hr and he returns to the
starting point riding on a scooter at 55 km/hr. Find his average speed for the
whole journey.
Question 4.
Raju covers distance between his house and office on scooter. Having an average
speed of 30 km/hr, he is late by 10 min. However, with a speed of 40 km/hr, he
reaches his office 5 min earlier. Find the distance between his house and office.
Question 5.
A man walking with a speed of 5 km/hr reaches his target 5 minutes late. If he
walks at a speed at a speed of 6 km/hr, he reaches on time. Find the distance of
his target from his house.
Question 6.
A boy goes to school at a speed of 3 km/hr and returns to the village at a of 2
km/hr. if he takes 5 hrs in all, what is the distance between the village and the
school?
1.
How many minutes Raman will take to cover a distance of 400 meters if he runs
at a speed of 20 km/hr ?
A.
2 mins
C.
1 mins
E.
1.5 mins
B.
2.5 mins
D.
None of these
A.
15 km
C.
20 km
B.
22 km
D.
25 km
3.
Speed of a train is 20 meters per second. It can cross a pole in 10 seconds.
What is the length of train ?
A.
150 m
C.
200 m
B.
250 m
D.
300 m
Answer : [C]
Explanation :
Lenght of train = 20 10 = 200 meters
4.
Ram walks at a speed of 12 km/h. Today the day was very hot so walked at
of his average speed. He arrived his school 10 minutes late. Find the usual time
he takes to cover distance between his school and home ?
A.
40 mins
C.
50 mins
B.
45 mins
D.
60 mins
A.
72 mins
C.
76 mins
B.
78 mins
D.
None of these
6.
In a 100 m race A runs at a speed of 1.66 m/s. If A gives a start of 4m to B and
still beats him by 12 seconds. What is the speed of B ?
A.
1 m/s
C.
1.25 m/s
B.
1.33 m/s
D.
Rs 1.5 m/s
7.
In a kilometer race, A beats B by 100 meters. B beats C by 100 meters. By how
much meters does A beat C in the same race ?
A.
200 meters
C.
190 meters
B.
180 meters
D.
210 meters
Note:
In the first n counting numbers, there are n/2 odd and n/2 even numbers provided n, the
number of numbers, is even. If n, the number of numbers, is odd, then there are 1/2(n + 1)
odd numbers and 1/ 2 (n 1) even numbers.
For example: from 1 to 50, there are 50/2= 25 odd numbers and 50/2 =
25 even numbers. And from 1 to 51, there are (51+1 )/2 = 26 odd numbers
and(51-1 )/2= 25 even numbers.
The difference between the squares of two consecutive numbers is always an odd numbers.
The difference between the square of two consecutive numbers is the sum of the two
consecutive numbers.
Solved examples:
Ques 1. What is the total of all the even numbers from 1 to
400?
Ques 2. What is the total of all the odd numbers from 1 to 180?
Ques 3. Find the sum of all the odd numbers from 20 to 101.
Solved examples:
Ques 4. What is the number in the unit place in (729) 59?
Solution: When 729 is multiplied twice, the number in the unit place is 1. In other
words, if 729 is multiplied an even number of times, the number in the unit place
will be 1. Thus, the number in the unit place in (729) 58 is 1.
So, (729)59 = (728)58 X (729) = (.1) X(729) = 9 in the unit place.
Note: When you solve this type of questions (for odd numbers) try to get the last
digit 1, as has been done in the above example.
Ques 5. Find the number in the unit place in (98) 40 , (98)42 , (98)43.
Solution:
So,
(98)4 = (.6)
(98)4n =(6)
Note: When there is an even number in the unit place of base, try to
get 6 in the unit place, as has been done in the example.
Rule no. 1.
For Odd Numbers
When there is an odd digit in the unit place (except 5), multiply the number by
itself until you get 1 in the unit place.
(1) n = (1)
(.3)4n = (..1)
(...7)4n
= (..1)
Where n = 1, 2, 3,.
Rule no.2
When there is an even digit in the unit place of the given number, then after any
times of its multiplication, it will have the same digit in the unit place i.e.
(1) n = (1)
(.5)n = (..5)
(...6)n =(..6)
Ques 6. What is the numbers in the unit place when 781, 325, 497 and
243 are multiplied together?
Solution: Multiply all the numbers in the unit place
i.e., 1 X 5 X 7 X 3; the result is a number in which 5 is in the unit place.
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If you want to test whether any number is a prime number or not take an integer
larger than the approximate square root of that number.
Let it be x. Test the divisible of the given number by every a prime number less
than x. If it is not divisible by any of them, then it is prime number; otherwise it
is a composite number (other than prime).
Clearly, 349 is not divisible by any of them. Therefore, 349 is a prime number.
Prime number less than 30 is 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29. 881 is not
divisible by any of the above numbers, so it is a prime number.
RULE OF SIMPLIFICATION
(i) In simplification an expression, first of all vinculum or bar must be removed.
For example: we know that
(ii) After removing the bar, the brackets are removed, strictly in the order (), {},
[].
(iii) After removing brackets, we must follow following order of operations :- (a)
of (b) division (c) multiplication (d) addition (e) subtraction.
Rule 2
The fraction whose numerator after cross multiplication gives the greater
value is greater.
SIMPLIFICATION
Simplification is one of the most important part of Quantitative Aptitude section
of any competitive exam. Today I am sharing all the techniques to solve
Simplification questions quickly.
Rules of Simplification
V Vinculum
B Remove Brackets - in the order ( ) , { }, [ ]
O Of
D Division
M Multiplication
A Addition
S Subtraction
Number System
HCF & LCM
Square & Cube
Fractions & Decimals
Surds & Indices
Number System
Classification
Divisibility Test
Division& Remainder Rules
Sum Rules
Classification
Types
Description
Natural
all counting numbers ( 1,2,3,4,5....)
Numbers:
Whole
natural number + zero( 0,1,2,3,4,5...)
Numbers:
Integers:
Even &
Odd
Numbers
:
Divisibility
Number
IF A Number
s
Examples
Divisibl
e by 2
End with
0,2,4,6,8 are
divisible by 2
Divisibl
e by 3
Sum of its
digits is
divisible by 3
Divisibl
e by 4
Divisibl
e by 5
Ends with 0 or
5
Divisibl
e by 6
Divides by
Both 2 & 3
Divisibl
e by 8
Last 3 digit
divide by 8
Divisibl
e by 10
End with 0
Divisibl
e by 11
[Sum of its
digit in
odd placesSum of its
digits
in even
places]= 0 or
multiple of 11
Example:
On dividing a certain number by 342, we get 47 as remainder. If the
same number is divided by 18, what will be the remainder ?
Number = 342k + 47
( 18 19k ) + ( 18 2 ) + 11
18 ( 19k + 2 ) +11.
Remainder = 11
Sum Rules
(1+2+3+.........+n) = 1/2 n(n+1)
(12+22+32+.........+n2) = 1/6 n (n+1) (2n+1)
(13+23+33+.........+n3) = 1/4 n2 (n+1)2
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ....are said to be in A.P. in which first term = a and
common difference = d.
Let the nth term be tn and last term = l, then
a) nth term = a + ( n - 1 ) d
b) Sum of n terms = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]
c) Sum of n terms = n/2 (a+l) where l is the last term
Methods
On Basis
H.C.F. or G.C.M
Division
Method
L.C.M.
Write each numbers into a
product
of prime factors. Then,
L.C.M is
the product of highest
powers of
all the factors.
Examples:
Find the L.C.M. of 72, 108
and 2100.
72=2332,108=3322,
2100=225237.
L.C.M.=2333527=37800
Let we have set of numbers.
First of all find the number
which divide at least two of
the number in a given set of
number.remainder and
not divisible numbers
will carry forward as it is.
Repeat the process till
at least two number is
not divisible by any number
H.C.F. &
L.C.M. of
Fractions
Product of
H.C.F. &
L.C.M.
Decimal
numbers
H.C.F. =
H.C.F. of Numerator
/ L.C.M. of Denominators
L.C.M. =
L.C.M. of Numerator
/H.C.F. of
Denominators
last digit is 1, 4, 9, 6, 5
Non-Perfect Square
last digit is 2, 3, 7, 8
Explanation
# Series/Addition/Subtraction
Solution:
(1)
Sol : Option (c)
8*(12345) - 88 = 98672
(2)
Sol: Option (b)
9(1234) = 11106
4(4321) = 17284
=1.7284
=11106+1.7284=11107.7284
(3)
Sol: Option (a)
(a3 + b3)=(a+b) (a2-ab+b2)
a = 2.3, b = 3.3;
(a)3 = 12.167, (b)3 = 35.937 (a3+b3)=48.104
(4)
(ii) When they are moving in the same direction, the relative speed is the difference
of their speeds.
(iii) When a train passes a platform, it should travel the length equal to the sum of
the lengths of trains & platform both.
Solution: In passing the post the train must travel its own length.
Now,
36 km/hr
36 5/18
10 m/sc.
direction,
Solution: This question is to be solved like the above examples 3 and 4, the only
difference being that the length of the man is zero.
6. Two trains are moving in the same direction at 50 km/hr and 30 km/hr. The
faster train crosses a man in the slower train in 18 seconds. Find the length of
the faster train.
SIMPLE INTEREST
INTEREST
It is money paid by borrower for using the lender's money for a specified period of
time.
Denoted by I.
PRINCIPAL
The original sum borrowed. Denoted by P.
TIME
Time period for which the money is borrowed. Denoted by n
RATE OF INTEREST
Rate at which interest is calculated on the original sum. Denoted by r.
AMOUNT
Sum of Principal plus Interest. Denoted by A.
SIMPLE INTEREST
The interest calculated every year on original principal, i.e. the sum at the
beginning of first year. Denoted by SI.
SI = Pnr
A=P+SI
COMPOUND INTEREST
The interest is added to the principal at the end of each period to arrive at the new
principal for the next period.
OR
The amount at the end of year will become principal for the next year and so on.
Let P be principal borrowed at the beginning of period 1.
Amount at end of period n=1 is
A= P (1+r/100)
Then,
New Principal at the beginning of period 2 will be A i.e. P (1+r/100) = P*R where
R=(1+r/100).
Amou
nt at
the
end
of the
year
Princip
al at
the
beginn
ing of
the
year
Inter
est
for
the
year
Inter
est
till
the
end
of the
year
Amou
nt at
the
end
of the
year
Year
Princip
al at
beginn
ing of
year
100
10
10
110
100
10
10
110
100
10
20
120
110
11
21
121
100
10
30
130
121
12.1
33.1
133.1
Examples
#1
Find the simple interest, If
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
# Solution
1.
42010 800
2.
25 = 10
3.
6232 = 72
4.
525=50
5.
42=8
6.
73/3=24
7.
37.50
#2
Find the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
# Solution:
1.
2.
3.
4.
T = 5 yr.
5.
120
#3
1.
A sum of money lent out at simple interest amounts to Rs. 720 after 2
years and to Rs. 1020 after a further period of 5 years. Find the sum and
the rate %.
2. Adam borrowed some money at the rate of 6% p.a. for the first two
years, at the rate of 9% p.a. for the next three years, and at the rate of
14% p.a. for the period beyond five years. If he pays a total interest of Rs.
11,400 at the end of nine years , how much money did he borrow ?(Bank
P.O 1999)
3. A person borrows Rs. 5000 for 2 years at 4% p.a. simple interest. He
immediately lends it to another person at 61/4% p.a. for 2 years. Find his
gain in the transaction per year.(S.S.C.2000)
4. A certain sum of money amounts to Rs. 1008 in 2 years and to Rs. 1164
in 31/2 years.Find the sum and the rate of interest?
5.
The simple interest on a certain sum of money for 21/2 years at 12%
per annum is Rs. 40 less than the simple interest on the same sum for 31/2
years at 10% per annum. Find the sum.
Practice Set For Simple Interest
# Solution
1.
2.
12000
3.
112.50
4.
5.
different schemes A and B at the simple interest rate of 14% p.a. and
11% p.a. respectively. If the total amount of simple interest earned in 2
years be Rs. 3508, what was the amount invested in Scheme B?
a) Rs. 6400
b) Rs. 6500
d) Rs. 7500
e) None of these
c) Rs. 7200
Q2. How much time will it take for an amount of Rs. 450 to yield Rs. 81
b) 4 years
c) 4.5 years
e) None of these
Q3. A sum of Rs. 12,500 amounts to Rs. 15,500 in 4 years at the rate of
b) 4%
c) 5%
e) None of these
b) 10.25%
e) None of these
c) 10.5%
Q5. Aastha lent Rs. 5000 to Bahubali for 2 years and Rs. 3000 to Chinky
for 4 years on simple interest at the same rate of interest and received
Rs. 2200 in all from both of them as interest. The rate of interest per
annum is:
a) 5%
b) 7%
d) 10%
e) None of these
c) 7 1/8%
Q6. Aman took loan from a bank at the rate of 12% p.a. simple interest.
After 3 years he had to pay Rs. 5400 interest only for the period. The
principal amount borrowed by him was:
a) Rs. 2000
b) Rs. 10,000
d) Rs. 20,000
e) None of these
c) Rs. 15,000
Q7. What will be the ratio of simple interest earned by certain amount
at the same rate of interest for 6 years and that for 9 years?
a) 1 : 3
b) 1 : 4
d) Data inadequate
e) None of these
c) 2 : 3
Q8. Akshay borrows Rs. 5000 for 2 years at 4% p.a. simple interest. He
b) Rs. 125
d) Rs. 150
d) Rs. 167.50
c) Rs. 150
Q9. On a sum of money, the simple interest for 2 years is Rs.660, while
the compound interest is Rs.696.30, the rate of interest being the same
in both the cases. The rate of interest is :
a) 10%
d) Data inadequate
b) 10.5%
c) 12%
e) None of these
different schemes A and B at the simple interest rate of 14% p.a. and
11% p.a. respectively. If the total amount of simple interest earned in 2
years be Rs.3508, what was the amount invested in Scheme B?
a) Rs.6400
b) Rs.6500
d) Rs.7500
e) None of these
c) Rs.7200
Q11. What should be the least number of years in which the simple
b) 3
d) 5
e) None of these
c) 4
first yields an interest of 9% p.a. and the second, 11% p.a. If the total
interest at the end of one year is [9(3/4)]%, then the amount invested
in each share was :
these
a) Rs.52,500, Rs.47,500
b) Rs.62,500, Rs.37,500
c) Rs.72,500, Rs.27,500
d) Rs.82,500, Rs.17.500
e) None of
% per annum exceeds the simple interest on the same sum for 8
moinths at [12 (1 / 2)]% per annum by Rs.32.50, then the sum (in
Rs.) is :
a) Rs.3000
b) Rs.3060
d) Rs.3250
e) None of these
c) Rs.3120
a) 6 years 3 months
months
d) 9 years 6 months
b) 7 years 9 months
c) 8 years 3
e) None of these
Rambo took a loan of Rs. 1200 with simple interest for as many
years as the rate of interest. If he paid Rs. 432 as interest at the end of
the loan period, what was the rate of interest?
Q15.
a) 3.6
b) 6
d) Data inadequate
c) 18
e) None of these
Solutions
1. Option A
Let the sum invested in scheme A be Rs. x and that in scheme B be Rs.
(13900 x)
Then,
[x
14 2 / 100
] [{(13,900 -
x) 11 2 } / 100
] = 3508
6x = 45000
x = 7500
So, sum invested in Scheme B = Rs. (13900 7500) = Rs.6400
2. Option B
Time =
3. Option D
4. Option B
[100 10 1
/ 100 2
[105 10 1
/ 100 2
] = Rs.5
] = Rs.5.25
5. Option D
[ 500 R 2
/ 100
] + [300 R 4
/ 100
] = 2200
[2200
/ 220
] = 10
6. Option C
Principal = Rs.
[ 100 5400
/ 12 3
] = Rs.15000
7. Option C
8. Option A
Gain in 2 years = Rs.
[(5000 25 / 4 2 / 100
) (5000 4 2 / 100 )
[225
/2
] = Rs.112.50
9. Option E
Difference in C.I. and S.I. for 2 years Rs. (696.30 660) = Rs.36.30
S.I. for one year = Rs.330
10. Option A
Let the sum invested in Scheme A be Rs. x and that in Scheme B be Rs.
(13900 x)
Then,
[x 14 2
/ 100
] + [(13,900 - x) 11 2
/ 100
] = Rs.3508
11. Option B
S.I. = Rs.
520 / 3 T
12. Option B
Let the sum invested at 9% be Rs. x and that invested at 11% be Rs.
(100000 x)
[x 9 1
39 / 4 1 / 100 ]
Then,
/ 100
13. Option C
= 32.50
75x / 8 25x / 3 = 3250
[x 15 / 2
5 / 4 1 / 100
] [x 25 / 2
14. Option B
[ 100 2x / x
15. Option B
[1200 R
R / 100
] = 432
12 r = 432
2
R = 36
2
R=6
# COMPOUND INTEREST
Trick :
Calculating Compound Interest for 3 Years
# Formulas
Case 2. When rate % is no equal every year and interest is compounded yearly
Basic formula :
P [1+ r/100] [1+ r/100] ...upto 't' times
But as rate % is not same every year, so
A = P [1+ r1/100]t1 [1+ r2/100]t2 .... and so on
Where R1 = Rate% p.a. for t1 years. and R2 = Rate % p.a. for t2 years.
Case 3 When interest is compounded yearly but time is in fraction
T = 53/4 years
A= (whole part) (fraction part of time )
A = P [1+ r/100]5 [1+ /4/100]
3r
CI - SI = P [ (R/1003 +3 (R/100)2]
# Examples
#1
If the compound interest on a certain sum for two years at 10% p.a. is Rs
2,100 the simple interest on it at the same rate for two years will
be. ( RRB, 2009)
The compound interest on a sum for 2 years is Rs. 832 and the simple
interest on the same sum for the same period is Rs. 800. The difference
between the compound and simple interest for 3 years will be.
The difference in C.I and S.I for 2 years on a sum of money is Rs. 160.If
the S.I for 2 years be Rs. 2880, the rate of percent is .
Practice Set For Compound Interest
# Solution
1. 2000
2. 98.56
3. 04
4.
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
Let Principal = Rs. P, Time = t yrs and Rate = r % per annum
Ques 1.
In what time will Rs 390625 amount to Rs 456976 at 4% compound interest?
Ques 2.
A sum of money placed at compound interest doubles itself in 4 yrs. In how many
years will it amount to eight times itself ?
Solution :Quicker Approach:
X becomes 2x in 4 yrs.
Ques 3.
Find the least number of complete years in which a sum of money at 20% CI will
be more than doubled.
Ques 4.
A sum of money at compound interest amounts to thrice itself in three years. In
how many years will it be 9 times itself?
Solution: Using the above conclusion, we say that the sum will be (2) 2 times in 2
x 4 = 8 years.
TO FIND RATE
Ques 5.
At what rate per cent compound interest does a sum of money become nine-fold
in 2 years?
Solution :-
Ques 6.
At what rate percentage (compound interest) will a sum of money become eight
times in three years ?
Ques 7.
At what rate per cent compounded yearly will be Rs. 80,000 amount to Rs
88,200 in 2 years?
Solution: A little reflection will show that the difference between the simple and
compound interests for 2 yrs is the interest on the first years interest.
CI SI = Rs 40.8 Rs 40 = Rs 0.80
FOR EXAMPLE :
If an article is sold at gain of 27%, then by using first formula , you can find
that S.P. is 127% of C.P.
Similarly, If an article is sold at loss of 18%, then by using second formula , you
can find that S.P. is 82% of C.P.
6) If a person sells two commodities at same prices. On one he gains x% and
loses x% on another, then as a whole he will be in loss and the loss percentage
will be equal to:
(Common gain or loss percentage)^2 = x^2
100
10
Note: Here is an example to find gain in case of dishonesty.
Problem 1: A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price but he
uses a weigh 960 grams for 1 kg. How too calculate gain percentage?
Solution: Gain percentage =
Error
True value - Error
TO FIND THE GAIN OR LOSS PER CENT :The profit or loss is generally reckoned as so much per cent on the cost.
Ques - A man buys a toy for Rs 25 and sells it for Rs 30. Find his gain per cent.
Solution: % gain = Gain/CP x 100 = 5/25 x 100 = 20 %
Ques - A boy buys a pen for Rs 25 and sells it for Rs. 20. Find his loss per cent.
Solution: % Loss = Loss/CP x 100 = 5/25 x 100
Ques - If a man purchase 11 oranges for Rs. 10 and sells 10 oranges for
Rs 11. How much profit or loss does he make?
Solution: Suppose that the person bought 11 x 10 = 110 oranges.
CP of 110 oranges = 10/11 x 110 = Rs 100
Purchases
11 oranges for Rs 10
Sells
10 oranges for Rs 11
Ques - A man purchases 8 pens for Rs 9 and sells 9 pens for rupees 8. How
much profit or loss does he make?
Solution: quicker method:
Purchases
8 pens for Rs 9
Sells
9 pens for Rs 8
Ques - A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price, but he uses
a weight of 960 gm for the kg weight. Find his gain per cent.
Solution: Suppose goods cost the dealer Re 1 per kg. He sells for Rs 1 what
cost him Rs. 0.96.
AVERAGE
An average, or more accurately an arithmetic mean is, in crude terms, the sum
of n different data divided by n.
For example, if a batsman scores 35, 45 and 37 runs in first, second and third
innings respectively, then his average runs in 3 innings is equal to (35+45+37)/3 =
39 runs.
Therefore, the two mostly used formulas are:
Ques 1.
The average age of 30 boys of a class is equal to 14 yrs. When the age of the
class teacher is included the average becomes 15 yrs. Find the age of the
class teacher.
Direct formula:
Age of new entrant = New average + No. of old members increase in average
= 15 + 30 (15 14) = 45 yrs.
Ques 2.
The average weight of 4 men is increased by 3 kg when one of them who
weighs 120 kg is replaced by another man. What is the weight of the new
man?
Solution: Quicker approach: If the average is increased by 3 kg, then the sum of
weighs increases by 3 4 = 12 kg.
And this increase in weight is due to the extra weight included due to the inclusion
of new person.
Weight of new person = 120 + 12 = 132 kg.
Direct formula:
Weight of new person = weight of removed person + No. of persons increase in
average = 120 + 12 3 = 132 kg.
Ques 3.
The average of marks obtained by 120 candidates in a certain examination is
35. If the average marks of passed candidates is 39 and that of the failed
candidates is 15, what is the number of candidates who passed the
examination?
Ques 4.
The average of 11 results is 50. If the average of first six results is 49 and
that of last six is 52, find the sixth result.
Ques 5.
The average age of 8 persons in a committee is increased by 2 years when
two men aged 35 yrs and 45 yrs are substituted by two women. Find the
average age of these two women.
Ques 6.
The average age of a family of 6 members is 22 years. If the age of the
youngest member be 7 yrs, then what was the average of the family at the
birth of the youngest member?
Ques 7.
A man bought 13 shirts of Rs 50 each, 15 pants of Rs 60 each and 12 pairs of
shoes at Rs 65 a pair. Find the average value of each article.
Ques 8.
The average score of a cricketer in two matches is 27 and in three other
matches is 32. Then find the average score in all the five matches.
Ques 9.
The average of 11 results is 30, that of the first five is 25 and that of the last
five 28. Find the value of the 6th number.
Ques 10.
In a class, there are 20 boys whose average age is decreased by 2 months,
when one boy aged 18 yrs is replaced by a new boy. Find the age of the new
boy.
Ques 11.
A batsman in his 17th innings makes a score of 85, and thereby increases his
average by 3. What is his average after 17 innings?
Ques 12.
A cricketer has completed 10 innings and his average is 21.5 runs. How many
runs must he make in his next innings so as to raise his average to 24?
1. Ratio
When two numbers are represented in the form of another; this is done by
expressing one number as a fraction of another.
Thus, we have a:b; where a is the antecedent, and b is the consequent (a
little general knowledge doesn't hurt even in math!)
Thus when we write 4:16,
it can be re-written as 2:8 and further simplifying it can be said to be 1:4.
Which actually means, the number 4 is 4 times to get the figure 16.
And all of you know, that 1:4 can also be written as .
2. Ratios to percentages:
This 1/4 ratio can be denoted as a percentage too! Its 25% How?
Well, 1/4 x 100 = 25% [1/4th is also known as one quarter, that is one part out
of 4 parts.]
2/4 = 1/2 =50%
3/4 = 75%
and, 4/4 = 100%
3. Ratios to Degrees:
Supposing, we have A:B:C:D, being four farmers, who have contributed Rs.
25,000,
Rs. 75,000, Rs. 65,000 and Rs. 35,000 respectively.
Using all their contributions, they have purchased a land, which surprisingly is
circular! (Cmon Math need not be boring!)
They decided that they would all receive a part of the circular land based on
their contribution; how will they divide the circular land? So one of them who
had completed his class 12, suggested they divide the land on a pie chart
model!
Total contribution = Rs. 2,00,000 (25000+75000+65000+35000)
Ratio of contribution = 25000:75000:65000:35000
= 25:75:65:35 (always cancel off the 000s first!)
= 5:15:13:7 (this is our last stage, where no more
common factors
5. Proportions
Proportions is where two ratios are compared and equated.
Where a:b is a ratio and c:d is another ratio, and if they are equal,
then, they can be re-written as a:b :: c:d. { the :: sign means equal to}
Therefore,
a:b = c:d
6. Properties of proportions
(i) a:b = c:d
can be written as a/b = c/d
which implies, axd = bxc, or, ad = bc
There can be a ratio between Rs. 20 and Rs. 30, but there can be no ratio between
Rs.20 and 30 mangoes.
The ratio 2 to 3 is written as 2 : 3 or 2/3. 2 and 3 are called the terms of the ratio. 2
is the first term and 3 is the second term.
The first term of a ratio is called the antecedent and the second the consequent.
COMPOUND RATIO
Ques 1.
Find the ratio compounded of the four ratios:
4 : 3, 9 : 13, 26 : 5 and 2 :15
INVERSE RATIO
1.
2.
If the antecedent = the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of equality,
such as 3 : 3.
3.
If the antecedent > the antecedent, the ratio is called the ratio of greater
inequality, as 4 : 3.
4.
If the antecedent < the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of less
inequality, as 3 : 4.
Ques 2.
Divide 1458 into two parts such that one may be to the other as 2 : 7.
Ques 3.
Find three numbers in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3, so that the sum of their squares is
equal to 504.
Solution:
Ques 4.
The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio between the first number and second
number be 2 : 3 and that between the second and third be 5 : 8, then find the
second number.
Ques 5.
The ratio of the money with Rita and sita is 7 : 15 and that with Sita and Kavita is
7 : 16. If Rita has Rs. 490, how much money does Kavita have ?
PROPORTION
Consider the two ratios:
1st ratio
6 : 18
2nd ratio
8 : 24
Since 6 is one-third of 18, and 8 is one-third 24, the two ratios are equal. The
equality of ratio is called proportion.
Or,
6 : 18 = 8 : 24
3/4 = 9/12
Three quantities of the same kind are said to be in continued proportion when the
ratio of the first to the second is equal to the ratio of the second to the third.
The second quantity is called mean proportion between the first and third; and the
third quantity is called the third proportional to the first and second.
Ques 6.
Find the fourth proportional to the numbers 6, 8 and 15.
Solution:
X = (8 15 )/6 = 20
PERCENTAGE
Technique 2
You already know that the 00s in 600 and 00s in 100 get cancelled, then why
waste time writing down the entire figure?
Simply multiply 40 x 6 = 240!
Technique 3
Also, 40% can be written as 0.4 or simply .4 how?
40/100 is 0.4!
So you can multiply 600 with 0.4 and put the decimal point to get 240!
When I say multiply with 0.4, you should actually multiply with 4, (i.e. 600 x 4),
which
Technique 4
In DI
Where the total number of students is given as 1950, and you are asked to find
the total of Computer and Bio students, what do you do?
You add up their respective percentages and then find the total figure.
28 + 26 = 54%
54/100 * 1950 = 1053 (Im showing the complete calculations, but you are to
always use the shortcuts!)
If they ask the difference between the number of students in Chemistry and
Commercethen 21 15 = 6% and 1950 x 6% =117 students.
If they ask the difference between the number of students studying computer
and commerce and chemistry and arts
We add up the % figures of computer and commerce = 43%,
and of chemistry and arts which is = 31%, and then get their difference = 4331= 12 %,
thus, 12% of 1950 = 234 students.
Please Note: This method can only work when only percentages are given;
where ratios are also given the method of calculation will be different. Well
discuss that when doing Ratios chapter.
Technique 5
Price of commodity! Bank POs favorite question!
The short cut in these questions is the formulae which is printed in every
quantitative aptitude book!
Suppose if the Price of Oranges increases by 5%, then the reduction required in
the consumption so as to maintain the original expenditure will be = 5/(100+5)
x 100 =
4.76%. Here, reduction can only be calculated in % form as absolute figure is
not given, i.e., number of oranges is not given. [ formula is R/(100+R) * 100]
Similarly, if the price of oranges decreases by 5%, then the % increase in the
consumption so as to maintain the original expenditure = 5/(100-95) x 100 =
5.26% [formula is R/(100+R) *100)
If you are having a problem remembering the formula, then do it this way
the
numerator will always be the percentage number, in our case 5.
If the price is increasing by 5%, then in the denominator we add 5 to 100, i.e.,
105.
If the price is decreasing by 5%, then in the denominator we subtract 5 from
100, i.e., 95.
Technique 6
% and Population! Another one of the PO googlies!
Here, just remember one thingpopulation increase is exactly the same as
compound
Technique 7
The above mentioned formulae and concepts hold true for depreciation sums as
well. Depreciation means, the decrease in an assets value due to wear and tear
or usage.
When you purchase a mobile, Nokia Lumia or Samsung Galaxy, and suppose it
costs you Rs.15,000 today. You use it for a year, and then you want to sell it,
how much will you ask for? Rs.15000? How much will you get? Rs.15000?
Surely not!
Why not? The value goes down from 15000, but why?
Because you and the buyer both know that once any asset has been used, it
most probably will have some defects (scratched screen, weak battery, and
phone getting way too warm).
So, why will you pay the same amount for a defective piece, which you pay for
the new phone! But what is the value of the old phone? How to get the proper
value of the old phone?
This is where the concept and formula of depreciation (which is similar to the
population formulae) come to help!
ercentage is a fraction whose denominator is always 100. x percentage is
represented by x%.
To express x% as a fraction :
We know
x% = x/100
Thus 10% = 10/100 (means 10 parts out of 100 parts)
= 1/10 (means 1 part out of 10 parts)
Result on Population :
Let the population of a town be P now and suppose increases the rate of R% per
annum, then :
1.
2.
Result on Depreciation :
Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose depreciates at the rate of R%
per annum Then :
1. Value of the machine after n Years
= P ( 1- R/100 )n
2. Value of the machine n years ago
=
/( 1- R/100 )n
Some Observation
#1
If 20% candidate failed in an exam then observations are
#2
If a number is increased by 25% then observations are
#3
Remember that Base in the given sentence (Question) is always 100%
Eg. Income of Ram is increased by 20%
In this sentence
Remember it :
1 = 100%
1/2 = 50%
1/3 = 33 1/3%
1/4 = 25%
1/5 = 20%
1/6 = 162/3%
1/7 = 142/7%
1/8 = 121/2%
1/9 = 111/3%
1/10 = 10%
1/11 = 91/11%
1/10 = 81/3%
1/13% = 79/13%
25% = 1/4
6.25% = 1/16
125% = 5/4
150% = 3/2
200% = 2
350% = 7/2
Examples
#1
Q. If the difference between 62% of a number and 3/5th of that number is 36.
what is the number ?
Sol:
Let the number be x.
Then x 62% - x 3/5 = 36
x 62% -x V 60% = 36 (60% = 3/5)
x 2% = 36
x 2/100 =36
x=
36 100
/2 = 1800
#2
Q. 40% of Ram's income Rs. 1200 Then Find
1. 75% of Ram's income ?
2. 1/4 part of Ram's income ?
3. 1/3 part of Ram's income ?
Sol :
(1)
40% = 1200 Rs.
75% = 1200/40 75 = 2250 Rs.
(2)
40% of income = Rs. 1200
Then 1/4 part (i.e. 25% ) of Ram's
income = 1200/40 25
= Rs. 750/- Ans
(3)
40% of Ram's income
= Rs. 1200
i.e. 2/5 part of Ram's income
= Rs. 1200
Then total income of Ram
= Rs. 1200 5/2
1/3 part of Ram's income
= Rs. 1200 5/2 1/3
= Rs. 1000 Ans.
Trick :
1200
/2/5 1/3
1200
/2 5/3 = 1000
Question 1.
Salary of A is 75% of Bs salary. Salary of A is increased by 40% but salary of B is
increased by only 10%. Whose salary is more and by what percent?
Solution:
Question 2.
The price of a commodity increases by 25% and therefore a house wife reduces
the quantity purchased by certain percentage in order to maintain expenditure.
By what percentage should she reduce the quantity purchased ?
Price 1/Quantity
Which means if you reduce the price , the quantity will increase and vice-versa, so
our formula would be :
Question 3.
The price of a commodity increases by 25%. Find out the reduction in quantity
such that the expenditure is allowed to increase by 20%?
Question 4.
The price of a commodity increases by 20% and expenditure is allowed to
increase by 15%. What changes would occur in the quantity ?
Question 5.
The price of an apple reduce by 10% and thus enables a person to buy 10 more
apples for Rs. 50. Find out :
1.
New price
2.
Old Price
3.
New Quantity
4.
Old Quantity
Solution:
Rs.50
= m apples
Now
Now in Rs. 50, 90+10=100 apples could be bought. which clearly shows that the
price has dropped
The price reduces by 10 % that means he could save 10% of what he has in his
pocket.
He could buy the apples in Rs 45 and can save Rs 5, but instead of saving, he is
buying 10 apples for Rs 5
Rs. 5 = 10 apples
AGE
Problems based on Ages is a very popular question in Clerical Exams; it
can come in either Reasoning or in Quantitative Aptitude. But it will come.
I know some people leave this one out because its way too confusing to em
well, let us try to see how to not get confused.
The important thing in any kind of Age Problem, is to decide which age
present or past or future to be taken as x!
Example 1
Raman's age after 15 years will be 5 times his age 5 years back. What is his
present age ?
Solution - Let's assume right now it is year 2000
Example 2
Rahul was 4 times old as his son 8 years back and he will be 2 times old as his
son after 8 years. Calculate Rahul and his son's age.
Ques 1.
The age of the father 3 years ago was 7 times the age of his son. At present the
fathers age is five times that of his son. What are the present ages of the father
and son?
Ques 2.
At present the age of the father is five times that age of his son.Three years
hence, the fathers age would be four times that of his son. Find the present
ages of the father and son.
Ques 3.
Three years earlier the father was 7 times as old as his son. Three years hence
the fathers age would be four times that of his son. What are the present ages
of the father and son?
Or, 7x 21 = 5x 3
Or, 2x = 18
Therefore, sons age = 9 yrs. Fathers age = 45 years.
3 yrs hence
Quicker Method:
Ques 4.
10 yrs ago, Sitas mother was 4 times older than her daughter. After 10 yrs, the
mother will be twice older than the daughter. What is the present age of Sita?
Ques 5.
One years ago the ratio between Samirs age and Ashoks age was 4 : 3. One
year hence the ratio of their ages will be 5 : 4. What is the sum of their present
ages in yrs.
PERMUTATION
COMBINATION
Implies Arrangement
Implies Selection
nPn = n!
nCn = 1
nP0 = 1
nC0 = 1
Permutation :
It means arrangement where order of thing is considered.
Combination :
# Methods
Sum Rule
Product Rule
# Case
Simple
Vowel comes together
Vowel not comes together
Examples
#1
Arrange the word " MANISH " in following way:
a) In how many ways the word " MANISH " can be arrange .
b) Arrange the word " MANISH " if vowels come together.
c) Arrange the word " MANISH " if vowel not comes together.
a)
Sol:
MANISH
Total no. of words = 6
Find 6! ( Factorial = ! )
6! = 654321
6! = 720
Check whether there is any repeating words are there in " MANISH"
because there is no repeating words are there that's why no further action is
required.
Hence Answer is 720.
b)
Sol:
word = " MANISH "
Step 1. Count total no. of consonant and add 1 with it.Here, total no. of
consonant = 4,now just add 1 with it .so it became (4+1=5) 5.
Now let this outcome as factorial ( like 5!)
Step 2. Count total no of vowels which is here 2.
Now let this outcome as factorial ( like 2!)
Step 3. Multiply the result from Step 1 & 2. which would be like this 5! 2! =
120 2 = 240.
Step 4. Check for the repeating words. Now there is no repeating words are
there that's why no further action is required.
[Note : But what would you did if there were any repeating digit.To understand
this.We Let word "CONDITION". Now here in this word, the repeating words are
"O,N,I" then we multiply 2! upto three times (because no. of words repeating
=3) and divide it with the outcome of Step 3. ]
240 is the correct answer for the word " MANISH ".
c)
Sol:
Step 1. First of all , you need to find the total no. of possible ways in which a
word can arrange without considering vowels. or Just like Sol: (a).
Step 2. Now find the total no. of possible ways of arranging a word if vowels
come together .Just like Sol: (b)
Step 3. Subtract the outcome of Step 2 from Step 1.just like ( Sol (a) - Sol (b).
#2
In how many ways word " SUCCESS" can be arranged ?
Sol:
Total no of words = 7
Repeating words = C,S
No of times repeating = (C= 2 times & S = 3 times)
Hence 7!/3!2! = 420
Example : How many three-digit numbers can be formed by using the digits in
452145, if repetition is not allowed?
Sol:
Total no. of digit (n) = 6
No. of digit to be taken at a time = 3 ( required for 3 digit number).
Since repetition is not allowed, so, for making each 3- digit number, the digits
chosen will be different.
hence n=6 , r=3
number of 3 -digit number formed = npr = 6p3
= 6!/(6-3)!
Example: In a birthday party, Ram has 7 friends to invite.In how many ways
can he send invitation cards to them if he has 4 servants to carry the cards and
to deliver the same.
Sol:
Arrangement in a Row
Let two groups .One group has n members or persons & second has m
members or persons such that n m who are sit in a row in a way that no two
people or person of the same sex sits together.
No. of such sitting arrangement can be found out as :L
Example : In how many ways can 6 boys & 4 girls will sit if no two people of
the same sex are allowed to sit together .
Sol: There are two ways
(1) B G B G....so on (2) G B G B...so on.
Circular Arrangement
a) Considering Clockwise & Anti-Clockwise different
No. of possible arrangement of 'n' different things arranged around a circle is
(n-1)!
b) Considered Not Different
No. of circular permutation of n different things = 1/2 (n-1)!
Example
No. of possible ways in which 6 peoples can be arranged in a circular table .
Sol:
= (6-1)!
= 5!
Because there is no end point in circular arrangement so no of available space is
reduced by 1.
COMBINATION
Selection of r out of n different things
Example:
In how many ways can a cricket team of eleven player be selected out of a
batch of 15 players ?
Sol:
Required no. of ways =
15
= 15141312/4321
= 1365
Example :
In How many ways, Ram can select one or more of the 5 color balls from a box?
Sol:
Required no. of selection = 25 - 1 = 31
PROBABILITY
1. What is probability?
Probability is the chance of the happening or non-happening of event; denoted
by P.
One coin what are the possible out comes? Two, as there can be a Head or a
Tail.
Therefore, our sample space (S) = 2 = total number of possible
outcomes(either head or tail).
Say, Veeru wanted Heads how many heads is possible in one coin?
One. Thus 1 is our Event (E)!
4. Hold on now! If the chances of Veerus death is 0.5; what could be the
chance of Jai being the one dying?
Again, =0.5!
probability!]
6. AND n OR:
First off AND is multiplying.
OR is for addition.
If a question is worded like this if the probability of A hitting the target is 1/3
and B hitting the target is , what is the probability of A and B, both, hitting
the target if a shot is taken by both.
which means, P(A) AND P(B) = P(A and B hitting the target); P(A) x P(B)
P(A) x P(B) = 1/6.
Now, if the question was worded - if the probability of A hitting the target is 1/3
and B hitting the target is , what is the probability of A or B hitting the
target?
which means, P(A) OR P(B) = P(A or B hitting the target); P(A) + P(B)
P(A) + P(B) = 5/6.
One Coin
Two Coins
Three Coins
Sample
Space (S)
=
2x2=4
2x2x2=8
For Dice
One Dice
Two Die
Three Die
(S) =
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 6 x 6 = 216
and so on
One Pack of
Cards/ Deck =
Total number of
cards
(S)
13 x 4 = 52
4 x 4 = 16
and so on
13
8. Concept of Odds:
Sometimes probability is viewed in terms of odds for or odds against an
event.
Odds in favour of an event = P(E)/P(E')
Odds against an event,
or,
Odds in favour of the non-event = P(E')/P(E)
fairly simple, right? All you got to do is calculate the P(E) and the P(E'); then
use the above formulae, if and only if the word odds is in the question!
Otherwise we calculate the normal probabilities as asked in the question.
VENN DIAGRAM
Question - One card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. Each card is equally
likely to be drawn. Find the probability that card drawn is either black or queen.
In this question we are going to use a simple formula
P(AB) = A B AB
In a deck of cards there are 26 black cards and 4 queens. But 2 black cards are
queen. These cards are part of grey and brown circles in above diagram. As pink
region is added twice, we need to deduct it once.
So the solution is 26 + 4 - 2 = 28
Probability (AB) = 28/52 = 7/13
INDEPENDENT EVENTS
In case you need to find probability of happening of two independent events we
use multiplication theorem.
P(AB) = P(A) * P(B)
Lets understand this theorem with help of an example
Solution 1
What is the maximum value of x ?
Consider equation 30 - x, it states that maximum value of x = 30
In case x>30, for example 32 then 30 - x will be negative and number of
students can't be negative. So answer is 30.
Solution 2
What is the minimum value of x ?
consider x-20 is possible as negative value of students is not possible. It is
possible to deduct 20 from x.
So minimum value of x = 20
Solution 3 and 4
For 3rd and 4th questions we will add everything :25 + x + x - 15 + x - 20 + 45 - x + 35 - x + 30 - x + x =
= 100 + x
Here we add maximum and minimum value of x
so answer is 120 and 130 respectively.
Today I am going to share basic concepts for Dice problems from Probability.
Types
Cards
Balls
Coins
Dice
(6, 1) = 6+1=7
.
..
And so on
(6, 6) = 6+6=12 (Maximum)
Now if two dices are rolled together
Minimum sum =2
Maximum sum = 12
Now if the question says
Solution: Total out comes = 6*6=36 (because two dices are thrown so the total
outcome will be 36)
The required probability = Favorable outcomes /Total outcomes = 3/36=1/12
(1,
1,
1)
1+1+1=3
Now as you can see that it is a time consuming method, let us find a quick
method to find the probability.
Now we will construct the triangle which would help us to find the
probability if three dices are rolled together.
Sum 11 = probability 27
Sum 14 = probability 15
Sum 11 = probability 27
and
sum 9 = probability 25
If 3 dices are rolled at the same time. What is the probability of all 3
dice showing even face values?
Solution: Even faces means 2, 4, 6
And
And
Solution: In this question we need atleast one woman in the set of chosen two
people okay.
This is how we could do it 1st is a woman and 2nd a man
OR
st
1 a man and 2nd a woman
OR
st
1 is a woman and 2nd is also a woman. (We
need atleast one woman! No ceiling on the max!)
So our possible events are these above three and any of the three can
happen.
All three possibilities of combination will not happen together only one can
happen and so the OR becomes important to note!
P(E) = (5/13 x 8/12) + (8/13 x 5/12) + (5/13 x 4/12) = 25/39
Our answer is 25/39.
Note: The denominator in the second fractions is always 12. Why? Simply
because the first fractions [5/13, 8/13, 5/13] means choosing 1 out of them
and since one is being chosen itll leave 12 [13-1]!
Okay, now you solve
Question 3
Out of 40 consecutive integers, two are chosen at random. Find the probability
that their sum is odd.
Ans.: 20/39
Question 4
From a bag containing 8 green and 5 red balls, three are drawn one after the
other. Find the probability of all three balls being green if
(a) the balls drawn are replaced before the next ball is picked
(b) the balls drawn are not replaced
Ans.: (a) 8/13 x 8/13 x 8/13
(b) 8/13 x 7/12 x 6/11
Question 5
In rolling two dices, find the probability that,
(i)there is at least one 6;
(ii)the sum is 5.
Ans: (i)11/36
(ii)1/9
Question 6
In a horse race there were 18 horses numbered 1-18. The probability that horse
1 would win is 1/6, that 2 would win is 1/10 and that 3 would win is 1/8.
Assuming that a tie is impossible, find the chance that one of the three will win.
[This is a great question I hope you can do it!]
Ans: 47/120
Question 7
If among the executives who have subscribed to the Time magazine, an
executive is picked at random. What is the probability that he has also
subscribed to the Economist?
Ans: 3/8
Question 8
From a pack of 52 playing cards, three cards are drawn at random. Find the
probability of drawing a king, a queen and jack. {Card question are always a
must!}
Ans: 6/5525
Question 9
A group of investigators took a fair sample of 1972 children from the general
population and found that there are 1000 boys and 972 girls. If the
investigators claim that their research is so accurate that the sex of a newborn
child can be predicted based on the ratio of the sample of the population, then
what is the expectation in terms of the probability that a newborn child will be a
girl?
Ans: 243/493
Question 10
Find a probability that a leap year chosen at random will have 53 Sundays.
[Hint: How many complete weeks in a normal year? 52! That means we have
accounted for 52 x 7 = 364 days. A Normal year has 365 days and Leap year
has 366 days.
Since, 52 weeks are a certainty we know 52 Sundays will 100% occur! So we
need to find the probability of either the 365th and 366th days being a Sunday!]
Ans: 2/7
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b) 3/20
c)
2/5
d)
e)
None
of
these
Q2. In a class, 30% of the students offered English, 20% offered Hindi
and 10% offered
both. If a student is selected at random, what is the probability
that he has offered
English or Hindi?
a)
2/5
b)
3/4
c)
3/5
d) 3/10
e) None of these
Q3. A bag contains 6 white and 4 red balls. Three balls are drawn at
random. What is the
probability that one ball is red and the other two are white?
a)
1/2
b)
1/12
c)
3/10
d) 7/12
e) None of these
Q4. Two cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards. The probability that
either both are red
or both are kings, is:
a) 7/13
63/221
d) 55/221
b) 3/26
e) None of these
c)
Q5. The probability that a card drawn from a pack of 52 cards will be
a diamond or a king
is :
a) 2/13
b) 4/13
c)
1/13
d) 1/52
Answers
Solution 1
e) None of these
(Option A)
Solution 2
(Option A)
P (E or H) = P (E U H)
= P (E) + P (H) - P (E H)
= (3 / 10) + (1 / 5) - (1 / 10) = 4 / 10 = 2 / 5
Solution 3
(Option A)
(E H) = 10 /
Solution 4
(Option D)
= 325 / 1326
1326
P (E1 E2) = 1 / 1326
P (both red or both kings) = P (E1 U E2 )
= 6/
= 330 / 1326
= 55 / 221
Solution 5
(Option B)
Here, n(S) = 52
There are 13 cards of diamond (including one king) and there are 3 more
kings.
Let E = event of getting a diamond or a king.
Then, n(E) = (13 + 3) = 16
P (E) = 16 / 52 = 4 / 13
MULTIPLICATION
While doing multiplication of a two digit number with another two digit number,
we take at least 6 steps. Try yourself. Multiply 62 with 32.
STEP 1
First step is same as conventional method, here we multiply 2 with 2.
STEP 2
This is an interesting step. Now multiply last digit first value and first digit of
second value and vice-versa. Then we add outcomes. But we need the last
number that is 8 here.
STEP 3
This is the last step, in this step we do multiplication ten's digit of both value
and add the remainder from previous calculation. That's it, we completed the
calculation in 3 steps instead of six steps.
We can use this method for multiplication of three or even four digit numbers
but time management is really important in IBPS exam and other recruitment
exams so for longer calculations, estimation is the best trick. I will post an
article about how to do long calculations using estimation and result is 95%
accurate which is enough to arrive at answer.
Update 06-09-2013
As two of the readers namely Rahul and Ansh have requested me to use this
technique in longer calculations multiplications. I am updating this article.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
In case you find any difficulty to understand the above multiplication method
then ask your question in the comments. I will try to answer every query
asap. ASWER IS D
Problem
A class of consists of 60 boys and 50 girls. Average weight of boys is 60 kgs and
of girls is 40 kgs. Calculate average weight of the class.
Solution
You can solve this question either by traditional weighted average method or
you can simplify the calculations by using alligation.
60-x/x-50 = 2/3
X = 56
By solving this question by alligation by taking individual averages above, as in
this case 60 kg and 40 kg is individual averages(dont know what you meant by
this, correct it yourself). Take smaller average on the left hand side and bigger
average on the right hand side. This is just a rule of thumb to avoid mistakes
and make things easier. We always take weighted average in the middle. Then
by deducting individual average from weighted average and vice versa we arrive
at ratios at which these components were used.
Problem 2
Theres almost always a question on mixtures in a number of competitive
exams. Here's an example.
In what ratio should water be mixed with wine worth Rs. 60 per litre so that the
seller earns a profit of 25% after selling the mixture for Rs. 50 per litre.
Solution
Problem 3
A man travels part of his journey by bicycle at 20 Km/h and remaining distance
by car at speed of 70 Km/h covering the entire journey at an average speed of
50 Km/h. What is the ratio of distance covered by bicycle and car?
Solution.
Solving this problem by alligation is a matter of just a few seconds, heres how.
As you can see in the picture, weighted average speed is 50 km/h so we keep it
in the middle. Average speed of bicycle and car is taken as in visual
components. We take average speed of bicycle on the left side and average
speed of car on the right side (rule of thumb). By solving this simple alligation
we find that ratio of time the man takes to complete the journey by bicycle and
car is 2:3. But here we need to find the ratio of distance covered, so 2*20= 40
and for car 3*70=210
Ratio of mixture and fresh water is 2:3. If there was 40 litres of mixture already
available in the tank, we need add 40 3/2 = 60 litres
h.c.f. of numerator
l.c.m. of denominator
l.c.m. of numerator
h.c.f. of denominator
5) If d is the h.c.f. of two positive integer a and b, then there exist unique
integer m and n, such that
d = am + bn
6) If p is prime and a,b are any integer then P ,This implies
ab
P or P
a
3) Largest number which divides x,y,z to leave same remainder a,b,c = h.c.f. of
x-a, y-b, z-c.
4) Least number which when divided by x,y,z and leaves a remainder R in each
case = ( l.c.m. of x,y,z) + R
Most of the candidates try to solve data sufficiency questions by guess work. As
every question carries same marks, questions in this part also deserve some
time. Instead of guess work use a simple strategy as give below and avoid
guessing the answer.
Question 3. Is x divisible by 28 ?
Statement I : x is divisible by 20
Statement II : x is divisible by 84
Answer. Using statement I - x is divisible by 4 and 5
Using statement II - x is divisible by 3,4, and 7.
By using both statements we can conclude that x is divisible by 28 ( 4*7), hence
answer is C.
Question 4. P,Q,R,S and T are five friends. Their mean age is 18. What is the
age of R ?
Never try to reach final answer as it is not asked. You need to find
whether the information provided is enough to solve the given problem
or not.
Never make any assumption. Use only universal rules { eg. a + b =
a + b - (a U b) }
Try to solve questions by using above strategies
Solve question step by step. First try to find answer using first
statement then second and finally with both. Then mark the answer
Even if you find answer with only one statement, then try to find
answer with remaining statement as sometimes there is an option that
answer can be find with both statements separately.
Move on quickly and mark answer can't be found in case you are
unable to reach any conclusion with information provided.