Smith (Rara Arithmetica) (1908)

KARA ARITHMETICA
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RARA ARITHMETICA
OLA CATALOGVE OF THE ARITHMKTICS
WRITTEN BEFORE THE YEAR MDCT WEFH A
DESCRIPTION OF THOSE IN THE LIBRARY OF
GEORGE ARTHVR PLIMPTON OF NEW YORK
BY DAVID EVGENE SMITH OF TEACHERS
COLLEGE COLVMBIA VNIVERSITY
GINN AND COMPANY PVBLISHERS

BOSTON AND LONDON MDCCCCVIII
COPYRIGHT,
1908,
BY DAVID EUGENE SMITH
ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL
GE)VEH^
GINN & COMPANY
PRO-
PRIETORS
U.S.A.
BOSTON
QAio I
Ai^S'ss
VIRO
DOCTISSIMO ILLVSTRISSIMO
GEORGIO ARTVRO PLIMPTON
ARTIVM MAGISTRO
LIBRORVM VETVSTIORVM AMATORI
AVCTORVM AMICO SOCIO ERVDITORVM
LITTERARVM
FAVTORI FOTORI
195104
PREFACE
One
of
of the first
and most important questions
mathematical history
is
for the student
that relatin^^ to the available sources of
In the fields of higher mathematics scholars have
information.
been more or
less successful in
and
them
in listing
bringing together these sources,
in bibliographies
which primitive mathematics
first
but in that humbler
found
root, only a
few
field in
biblio-
philes have sought to preserve the original material, and no one
has seriously attempted to catalogue
it.
Libri,
it
is
true,
brought
Rara Arithmetica, but he was
together two large libraries of
neither a true book-lover nor a true scholar, for he gathered his
them dispersed, his commercial spirit

random what should have been kept intact for the
scholars. Prince Boncompagni, the most learned of all
treasures purposely to see

scattering at
use of
collectors
this
in
ignore his offer to

at his
death
of Kloss
it
and
domain, lived to see an unappreciative city
make
his magnificent library
De Morgan. The
books which has been made

ton.
permanent, and
was scattered abroad, as had been the

in recent years
is
that of Mr. Plimp-
libraries of arithmetics printed before the
Of the
the seventeenth century his
is
if
another so large
De Morgan was
opening of
the largest that has ever been
brought together, not excepting Boncompagni's, and

be doubted
lesser ones
third great collection of early text-
will
it
may
able to examine, in the British
Museum and
where, less than a hundred arithmetics written before

including
all
editions
else-
1601,
but Mr. Plimpton has more than three
hundred, a number somewhat
compagni.
well
again be collected by one man.
in
excess of that reached by Bon-
Indeed there are few arithmetics of much importance
that are not found, in one edition or another, in his librarv.
KARA ARITHMETICA
The
writers of these early printed books, not
of the centuries
themselves
all
under consideration, were by no means obscure
Among them was Boethius, whom Gibbon called " the last
Romans whom Cato or Tully could have acknowledged
men.
of the
for their
countryman."
and Capella, who
In the
list
are the
at least represented
names
of Cassiodorus
what there was of culture
and Isidorus, the learned Bishop of Seville. There

names of Archimedes, who deemed it a worthy labor
to improve the number system of the Greeks
of Euclid, whose
contributions were by no means confined to geometry of Nicomain their day,
are also the
chus and lamblichus, who represent the declining Hellenic

tion,
and of
Psellus,
names
too, are the
Bradwardin,
land
all
who was
of the
whom
of
a witness of
its final
decay.
civiliza-
There,
Venerable Bede, of Sacrobosco, and of

testify to the culture of mediaeval
of that great Renaissance compiler, Paciuolo
Eng-
of Tartaglia
and Cardan, who helped to make the modern algebra, and of such
scholars as Ramus, Melanchthon, and Bishop Tonstall. Worthy
as such a
of
may
list
be,
Widman, Kobel,
it is
rendered none the less so by the names
Borghi, Riese, and
meticians though they were, for few
Gemma
who
Frisius,
mere
arith-
read their works can
fail
to recognize that they powerfully influenced education, not only

in their
own time but
for generations after they
had passed away.
In view of the fact that the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

constituted the formative period in the history of printed arithmetics,
in
have
felt it
a not unpleasant duty to catalogue the volumes
Mr. Plimpton's library that belong to
including such later editions as
it
may
this period
contain,
and subject,
to give a brief
statement of their contents, and to supplement this work by a
ography
subject.
is
impossible
It is
is
list
60 1 That a complete biblievident to any one who considers the
of other arithmetics published before
a simple matter to consult the few
lists
of early
mathematical works, and to trace the names thus secured through

such catalogues as those of the British
Museum and
the Biblio-
theque nationale (unfortunately only just begun), and through

bibliographies like those of Gra'esse and
Hain and Coppinger.
It
PREFACE
is
xi
an easy matter to examine the masterly work of Riccardi,

list of Murhard, the catalogues of Libri, and
also
the less accurate
numerous other works

impossible to read
all
ably arranged only by authors.

will necessarily
will
But
of a similar nature.
is
it
manifestly
of the published catalogues, almost invari-
many
Therefore
remain undiscovered, and
it is
extant books
probable that some
Such
always elude the eye of the special bibliographer.
is
the work that has been done in preparing this volume, and such
is
There
the feeling of insufficiency of achievement that remains.
is,
however, a satisfaction in knowing that the bibliography
based
in large
measure upon an examination
of the books
is
them-
and that the secondary sources are of

Over five hundred and fifty different
selves in various libraries,
recognized
authority.
works are mentioned,

twelve hundred books
or,
about four hundred and
Of
arithmetics
all
including the various editions, nearly
in all.
Of the
five
hundred and
fifty are, strictly
known
to
fifty
books,
speaking, arithmetics.
have been printed
in the sixteenth
century, and to have been important enough to have two or

editions,
Mr. Plimpton's library lacks
less
more
Of
than twenty-five.
those which were published but once, some are
known only by
name, while the rest are mostly abachetti or Rechenbuchmere primers of a few pages and of no importance.
leins
'
'
'
It
'
must
also be borne in
mind
that
it
was
inevitable that cer-
tain arithmetics of the sixteenth century should have perished
Their
utterly, leaving not even a record of their existence.
very commonness often caused their destruction, a law of which
the unique surviving copy of more than seventy thousand New
England Primers of the Franklin-Hall press is a lonely witness
in our country.
It
is
inevitable
that there should be errors in such a
Titles have been included
when mentioned
in
list.
even one standard
bibliography, although they cannot be found in others,
it
being
one person to verify every item. It is

hoped, however, that a foundation has been laid upon which
practically impossible for
others
may
build, eliminating or otherwise as the case
may
be.
RARA ARITHMETICA
xii
Of other works
in this field, Httle
Arithmetical Books
is
need be
said.
one of our best
still
De Morgan's
single
sources,
although sixty years have elapsed since it first appeared. De

Morgan, however, mentions altogether about one hundred and
twenty editions of works originally appearing before 1601, against

nearly twelve hundred listed here. Unger and Tropffke are
both scholarly writers, but their bibliographies are almost exclusively
German.
Sterner was less of a student, and his
respondently less valuable.
list is
cor-
Historians like Cantor and Zeuthen
have given this particular period only nominal attention, save as

few great arithmeticians, ignoring those contributions which
to a
set forth the real
works
work
of such writers
of the people's schools.
The
titles of
the
have not been given, since any reader of a
bibliography like this will
know
the more general histories.
Mr. Plimpton's library has also a number of valuable manuscripts
on arithmetic.
Since these are not available for students
generally, although of great value in themselves, they have been
placed after the printed works instead of being inserted in chronostudy of our numeral system has justified the
logical sequence.
inclusion of books which,
if
printed,
would hardly have
place.
Manuscripts written before the forms of numerals were fixed are

often valuable in tracing their development, even though the
books themselves are not arithmetical. Only those have been

catalogued which bear with some directness upon arithmetic, and
which were written before the year 1601, although numerous

many respects as valuable, and including several inter-
others, in
esting works on the calendar, the sphere, and astrology, are in
the library.
One difficulty attendant upon a labor of this kind is to determine what printed books to include. The number might easily
have been increased by listing, as De Morgan occasionally did,
Peletier's algebra for

works that are not at all arithmetical
example. It has been thought better to draw the line in general more closely than he did, and to depart from genuine arithmetics only in the case of the works that discuss at least some
PREFACE
xiii
No
questions relating to the science or art of numbers.
made
has been
add to the supplementary
to
are not purely arithmetical, such
measures, although those that are
as
in
lists
treatises
effort
books that
on the ancient
Mr. Plimpton's
library,
and
are of value in the study of the history of arithmetic, have been

included.
The arrangement
is
chronological by
first editions,
allows for alphabetical and geographical reference.
nature of the work
is
but the Index
Although the
usually discussed very briefly, an examina-
tion of the Index will
show
that a fairly complete history of
a
Renaissance arithmetic has been included in the work
tory which I hope to present in other form in the future.
his-
The
uncertainty in the use of such symbols as 4 and 8" has led to
the measuring of the page and text.

the binder's work, and the text
this plan
is
The page
varies
owing
to
not uniform page for page, but
seems the most satisfactory one for giving the size of

The centimeter has been taken as a unit of measure,
English and American readers of a work like this will
the book.
since
all
be familiar with
most others.
it,
unknown to
number of lines to a page,
the same book. The statement
is to be understood to mean that
while our popular units would be
These measures,
like the
of course vary considerably in
There were no other editions

have found no others that were printed before 1601. The
illustrations have, in general, been selected with a view to bibliographical needs, although many have a marked historical interest.
'
In copying the
titles it
has been the intention to follow the
original as closely as possible, without attempting to imitate particular
forms of type or to use capitals except as
initials.
In the
cases of misspelled words, omitted capitals, and peculiar punctuation,
the errors have been copied as faithfully as possible.
the same time mistakes must have been
although
it is
made
At
in transcribing,
hoped that they are not of a serious nature.
DAVID EUGENE SMITH
LIST OF PLATES
PAGE
Plate
Plate
I.
From
II.
Plate
III.
Plate
IV.
manuscript of hof.thhis,
ing figu rate numbers
a
From the marcakita

A. Geometry
c.
1294, showFrontispiece
82
i-hilosoimhca
B. Arithmetic-
122
Title page of lax
From the campanus manuscript of euclid,

c.
1260
Plate V, From
manuscript of euclid,
Plate VI. From
433
manuscript of boethius,
Plate VII. From
c.
1294
c.
....
1300
VIII.
Plate
IX.
From
440
manuscript of giovanni da firenze,

446
1422
Plate
436
manuscript of sacrobosco,
From an anonymous manuscript,
c.
c.
1442
1460
450
462
ABBREVIATIONS
c, circa, about
cm,, centimeters
ed. pr., edito priuceps,
f.,
fol., 4, 8,
1.,
11.,
.,
folio, quarto,
s. 1.,
octavo,
same place
page, pages
page of a
leaf
sine anno, without date of publication
sine loco, without place of publication
s. 1. a.,
v.,
recto, the first
s. a.,
edition
line, lines
p., pp.,
r.,
ibidem, the
ib.,
first
folio, folios
ff.,
without place or date of publication
verso, the second page of a leaf
//, the
end
of a line of print
PART
PRINTED BOOKS
I
PRINTED BOOKS
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'
Ed.
Treviso, 1478.
1478.
pr.
Incommincia vna practica molto bona
et
vtilc//a
ciafchaduno chi vuole vxare lartc dcla niercha-/Alantia.
mata vulgarmcnte
'A
Colophon.
See
larte
dc labbacho.'
Triuifo
di
.io.
(F.
i,
Deceb:^
See
r.
:
l^lg.
.1478.'
chiai.)
(V. 62,
r.
Fig-. 4.)
Description.
14.6x20.5 cm., the
4,
text being 7.3
12.8
unnumb., 32 11. Treviso, 1478.

Editions. There was no other edition.
cm.
So
62
ff.
far as
known
this
is
the
first
practical arithmetic to api)ear in
Saxony's Tractatus (p. 9) and the Ars Numerandi

earlier, and the Etymologies of Isidorus (p. 8), are not,
print, for Albert of

(p. 23),
strictly
even
if
speaking, of this class.
The author
of the
book
is
unknown, but from the oi)ening
lines
it
seems that he was a teacher of arithmetic in Treviso. The i)rinter is

also unknown, although it was probably one Manzolo, or Manzolino.
The history of the work has been carefully studied by Boncompagni,
his results appearing in the Atti dell'' Accademia Poiiiificia de' Nuoin
Lincei, vol. 16. This particular copy was in the Pinelli collection, and
was sold on February 6, 1790, to a Mr. Wodhull. It afterward found
its way into the library of Brayton Ives, Esq., of New York, and at the
was acquired by Mr. Plimpton.

commercial in character, the fundamental processes
being taken up in the common order, and these being followed by the
sale of that library
The work
rule of three.
is
curious feature not at
all
common
in early
arithmetics
practical applications are chiefly included under

the rule of three and partnership. There is also a brief treatment of the
calendar, for Church puri)Oses. The book is lacking in applications
is
to
the rule of two.
The
exchange, and probably on this account it did not appeal to the

class sufficiently to warrant a second edition.
merchant
RARA ARITHMETICA
In considering these early works
it
is
necessary to understand the
four types of arithmetics which the Renaissance inherited from the
Middle Ages. These types are as follows

I.
The theoretical books. These works were based
:
chiefly
upon
3fncomminda vna p?acti moltobona et utiles

a nafcbaduno cfci ruole t5>;are lai te tdc la nu rcta*
tlamiachiamat a vulsjamif iite lartc xx labbacho*
Rfâto ptu e'piu
rolte t)a alcTrunf
50U3ni ami molco cilecaflimi :

quaU pjctendeuano a xomx t;oltr
fare la mercbadantia:cbc per \oro
amojc me piaceffe affadigarmc t>
pHOc}36e tjargli in fcrtito qualcbe fnndaiTifto
cerca larte xx anrmetricawrbianiata uulgarmente
1
iabbacbo.Unde
caaditfad
gondola
ptilitacj
non
'oel
m tuto:in parte tanic
fanffjre
ai
Ote
cetute lecofetqucftapjflctica e nrccffaria . êr

intrarnel^pofitomio:prmio fapi lccto?e-^be qn/
xo fa 9I pjopofito noftrotrflutntro c tna molntu*
dine congregata oiicro nifcmbJada tsa moltc rni^
tade.etal menora xo vnitadeôme e.z. el quale
c lo pjimo e menoje nunierotcbe fe mjona.ia v*
la qiicle Of m cofa fi xim.
Hitffde e quella cofa :
rna.Segodano fapucb* fe truoua numcn xt tre
fnanicre.^1 pjinio fe cbiama numerofimphce.lal
tro numcro aroculo .
41 teno fe cbwma npmcr
51c
G^
msegno mio:bO
quelle core:cbe ra la p:ima o:!i8ine

bano babuto pioducnnf to:per rarone e
nuniero fono fta formade..e coli come fo/
tiotbano -oa fir cognofaidr-pero nc la cognmone
run cbi p:cttndi;no a qella;rc
loJO.aeio cbe I020 virntofi cefideru rale frutto n

ceuere poflfeano.^n nome xh oio adoncba : tosLo
per pjicipio mio el citto tx algojifmo coft ricedo.
t
9^
w conftretto per atnoi u I020: rt
picola mtelligenna
deliberato fe
9^
,[
PRINTKI) BOOKS
such
men
Jordanus
2.
as
Hraawarclin
(p.
6,),
Albert of
Saxony
(p.
9).
and
(p. 62).
a(ôris,ns
77^^
(a/iônsm,).
These were practical
nio^fj -oe
mtmai che fono aTtri

aoglio perocTê
qiiali kffaro
fcacbierotli
per
molnphcare
flf
o tuotmettenda !i epempli fot folaniente m

come po2ai vedere qui focto
O2
togti
arithn^-tics,
Itiidi
fbima*
14.
w fareropiedictofcacbiero.joe.^
w per U quatro modi comr
fifl.9 ^ 4.e nota

qai^fotto.
farlo
ir^4
^'4i
i 9
ri/io/
Tpôlzis
5 i' ^ 6
/I
xl/-''/ 9
|o/!oX
9IZ9JX5 /4l<
%
^-9|\5|\4(
oX|oXlo\|i
xXioVliXN
ecwmu
Fig. 2.
various forms
From the treviso arithmetic, showing
OF MULTIPLICATION
RARA ARITHMETICA
360011
3^96-79 5 3 3 565ooo
5^54539^2662540
6^X3i7Xo5t6^4$2^$i60|
I
^yij-titxpjJ^jorjj^j^tjyt/f 1^10003x0
fi^X99^gr0ifoî p pop p pi 31 16 ^
fi^Xp9'^PJ^S pop
Jft e compita dnat: t vi nuto lo impJonnfro50c
p}r):ionun5onado(i.XbrfelirK 146 1 6 cii5e
fa5i 5 g
'
valiffc
duct90 3
_ji^
gup
it
9
M3453i%
4îo^64
o o*e 5 t^leranno ducana 3 o g . 6*

quad fcno rn quarto ê rno oucdto]BicIx qlie
c]:^ Iirej o
It
ra5one e qnefle ftano feguramente bene*
ûifando te.cbe qnando bauerai â fare qaalcbe

raj:one x>a impojtantia :e cfcc tu wibin : non po2ai
pjuouare piu fcgurametctcbe polc^re la toa rapo^
ne.al inodo cbe bai t?illo nc le trr rapoe piedim',
Unde per quelle e pe r k altre racone pjeditte : fe
i|uale fono in taco nuinero qumd^pettii puo i\mn
Fig. 3.
From the treviso arithmetic, showing multipication

AND the galley FORM OF DIVISION
IJOOKS
PRINTI-:!)
written to supply the malheniatic
knowledge necessary for business

computations, and using the Hindu-Arabic numerals. These numerals
were known in India, without the zero, as early as the third century
K. c.
They were gradually i>erfected, and by the time they reac hed
Bagdad from India, in the eighth century a. d., they included the zero.
An arithmetic employing these numerals was written about 800 a. d.
by an Arab scholar, Mohammed ibn Musa, known by the name of al;il
Khowarazmi (from his birthplace, Khwarazm), and from the Latinized

his name came the word a/iôrism.
3. The abacus arithmetics. 1 hese were also commercial books
but
form of
since they used the
Roman
numerals, which were not suited to com-
putation, the actual calculations were carried

ou.(K..torte.(in.
on by means of calculi (Latin, pebbles) {^v/rv/.v
(French for things thrown or cast, from the
Latin jacere, to throw), or counters, from
which English form we have expressions like
cast an account.' The table on which the
calculi were cast is still called a counter in our
shops, but, like the sand tables used for computing, it was in early times called an abacus.
Just at the opening of the Renaissance the contest was still waging between the algorists and
xb.!uouî.a^Nn<j:,.(ridK..the abacists. These arithmetics are not found,
however, in Italy, because the merchants of
u^^'^Bi)^^Q-^7f.
that country abandoned the use of the counters
Yh- a
I ast
pacf of
long before this was done in other countries.
-j.^^.
iKp^viso arith,
'
In Germany the arithmetics frequently have
^n.TIC
in their titles the expression *auff der Linien
(Riese, p. 138, 1522), or mit der ziffer unnd niit den

pfenningen (Rudolff, p. 151, 1526),' auff der Linien' referring to
the lines on which the counters (' zal pfenningen ') were cast, and the
Feder referring to the pen with which a figure (' zifTer ') was written.
und Federn
'
'
zal
'
'
'
The computi. The computus or compotus w-as a treatise upon

the Church calendar, containing such simple directions as were tiecessary for computing the dates of Easter and the other movable feasts.
The chapter on the calendar, of which there is still some trace in our
4.
arithmetics, originated in the comjxitus.
The Treviso
(See Anianus, p. 31, 1488.)
good example of an algorism. Fig. 3

shows that multiplication was performed as it is to-day (but see Fig. 2),
and that division was ])erformed by the galley method, so called because
the work resembled in form an ancient galley with its sails set.
arithmetic
is
'
'
KARA ARITHMETICA
ISIDORUS OF SEVILLE.
Ed.
Venice, 1483.
1472.
pr.
Born, probably at or near Cartagena, c. 560 or 570 died at Seville, April 4,

636. One of the most learned men of his time. Bishop of Seville, and writer
on theology, philosophy, and the general learning of the Middle Ages.
;
'Cincipit epiftola Ifidori iunioris hifpalenfis epi-//fcopi
Title.
ad Braulionem cefar auguftanu epifcopu.'
With
Ifidori
this is
'
:
hifpalenfis
incomutabilis
fit
Colophon.
CCap.
(F.
I.'
10 1,
i,
following the
r.,
CFinit
'
sijmo bono // fancti Ifidori hyfpaleniis
Fol., 19.8
105.)
liber tertius
ejji
vltim^ de
Impreffus // Venetijs
(F. 28,
r.)
numb.
i2gfi.
4 unnumb.
133
ff.,
Venice, 1483.
Augsburg, 1472;
Editions.
ib.,
f.
cm., printed in double columns,
X 27.7
each being G.y X 23 cm.

11.
first
de Langenceii.// C.M.cccc.lxxxiij.C,'
lofiein
Description.
58
r.)
v.)
Colophon of the second part.
per Petru
i,
chrifti
<LFinit liber etymologiarum // Clfidori hifpalenfis
'
(F.
epifcopi.'
(F.
nomine incipit Hber primus fancti //

epifcopi de fumo bono.// Qd deus fumus 2
Cin
1485
(.'');
two editions
1476-78
ib.,
1493,
s.
a.
1.
fol.;
Venice, 1483 (here described);
Basel, 1577 (mentioned below).
(Strasburg, 1470
and one
.?),
s.
1.
a.
Also
(Cologne,
?).
This book of etymologies written by Isidorus, Bishop of Seville in the

seventh century, is the standard authority upon the state of learning in
Spain in that period. The subject of arithmetic is treated in book 3,

'Cincipit liber tertius //CDe vocabulo arithmetice
beginning (f. 15)
// difcipline CCap. I.' The work consists entirely of the mediaeval
:
theory.
The treatment
pages on the calendar.

called the
subject.
first
It
is
very brief (5
'
printed arithmetic, since
it
is
followed by a few
1472, this cannot be

touches so briefly upon the
in
Ed. pr. 1472.
Isidori // Hispalensis
viginti/ex antiquitate eruti.//

(F.
and
has therefore been placed after the Treviso arithmetic.
ISIDORUS OF SEVILLE.
Title.
ff.)
Although appearing
Basel, 1577.
// Episcopi // Originum libri

Basileae,//per Petrum Pernam.'
I, r.)
Description.
P'ol.,
20.5
31 cm., printed in double columns,
each being 8.2 X 24.4 cm., 60

Basel, 1577.
11.
With an
edition of Capella.
PRINTIÎ) 1U)()KS
ALBERT OF SAXON V.
]>oin
\ieniui
r.
1330.
ill
1365,
wrote several
Title.
'
Colophon.
and was
scientific
9
Venice
1478.
(?), c.
1478.
University of Paris, was Rector at

of Halherstadt from 1366 to 1390.
lie
the
in
l>isii(>i)
works.
(F.
incipit felicitcr.'
'
r.)
i,
Explitiunt pportiones matîflri //'alberti de faxonia.'
r.)
Description.
Fol.,
19.7
being 5.6 X 16.7 cm.

c.
lectured
pr. c.
Eccelletiffimi magistri albcrti de // faxonia Iractalus
pportionum
(F. 9,
He
Ed.
X
IT.
cm., in double columns, each
28.1
unnumb., 39
S.
11.
1.
a.
(Venice
.^
1478).
Editions.
1482 (12
S.
1.
a.
ib.,
ff.);
(Venice
c.
.^
1484 (12
1478, here described);
ff.);
ib.,
Venice, M.cccc.xxxlvii for 1487 (10
s.
ff.);
Padua,
a.,
but before
ib.,
1494 (10
1487;
ff.)
ib.
1496 (but no copies extant })

Bologna (with another work), 1502; ib., 1506 (commentary by
An epitome by Padre Isidore Isolani
Vittori); Paris, s. a.
(with another work), 1496;
ib.,
Milanese was published
Pavia in 15 13, and again in 1522.
in
Prince Boncompagni, in an elaborate discussion of the various

editions {Bulletino, IV, 498), mentions this rare first edition, of
which he knew but one other copy, that in the Biblioteca

Ambrosiana at Milan. He was of the opinion that it was
printed in Venice, in a type used before
Although the date
is
uncertain, this Tractatus
1480.
may
contest with the
Treviso arithmetic (p. 3) and the Ars Numerandi (p. 23) the honor of
being the first printed work devoted wholly to some phase of arithmetic.
It treats of ratios according to the cumbersome method of Boethius as
followed during the Middle Ages.
It is
purely theoretical and repre-
sents the university treatment of scientific arithmetic in that period.
Other
7c>orl's
0/14/2-/480. The mathematical
ing this period was very considerable.
activity in Italy dur-
From 1472
to
1480 there were
38 mathematical works printed in the country. In the next decade

there were 62 and in the next 100, with 13 of uncertain date between
1472 and 1500, making a total of 213 appearing in a period of less
than thirty years.
Before the Treviso book there were printed at least three works which
touched
briefly
upon arithmetic.
These were (i)
'
De
re militari libri
KARA ARITHMETICA
lo
by Robertus Valturius of Rimini, printed at Verona, 1472, fob, in

the second book of wliich the author treats de arithmetica & militari
geometria' subsequent editions ib., 1483 (two editions this year); Paris,
1483 (with title changed); ib., 1534, fob ib., 1555 (French translation);
(2) 'Speculum Majus,' by Vincent de Beauvais (Vincentius Bellovacensis),
the greatest mediaeval encyclopaedia, printed at Strasburg by Mentelin,
i469(?)-i473, 10 vols., fol. The second part of this work contains one
book (no. 16) on mathematics, in which is given a brief treatment of
algorism (see p. 5), probably the first wTitten in France (c. 1250),
although M. Henry asserted that a MS. of c. 1275, which he edited,
was entitled to that distinction. Incomplete editions were also pubXII,'
'
Venice in 1484, 1493-4, 1591. The early editions of Priscian,

nominibus numerorum,' are mentioned under the publications of 1565.
(3) The Etvmologies of Isidorus, Augsburg, 1472
hshed
'
De
at
figuris et
(p. 8).
In 1480 an anonymous work was issued from the Caxton press in

London, entitled The Mirrour of the World or Thymage of the same.'
And after of Arsmetrike and whereof it
Chap. I o of this work began
proceedeth,' and this was probably the first English printed matter upon
the subject. There was a second edition, London, 1506, and a third
(See also Boethius, p. 25, and Faber, p.
s. 1. a. (London, 1527 ?), fol.
62.) About 1480 there was published at Padua a folio work by Richard
'
'
Suiseth (Suicetus, Swincetus, Swinshead, Suineshevedus, the
first
name
Roger or Raymund), entitled 'Opus aureum calculationum per

Johanem de Cipro emendatum et explicit.', with subsequent editions at
"Pavia in i488(?), 1497, 1498, fob, at Venice in 1505, 1520, and at
Salamanca in 1520. I have seen an edition of this work, s. a., assigned
to c. 1477. For Nicolaus Cusa, see p. 42.
possibly
GIORGIO CHIARINI.
A
Title.
Qvesto
'
ze de paesi.'
Colophon.
//te
di
Ed.
Florence, 1481.
1481.
pr.
Florentine arithmetician of the fifteenth century.
pesi
(F.
e ellibro
che //tracta
See Fig.
i, r.
di
mercatantie //et vsan-
5.)
'Finite ellibro di tvcti // ichostvmi
misvre
&
vsanze //
di lectere di
cambi
cambi mone
:
&
ter// mini
decte lectere che//nepaesi sicostvmaet in //diverse terre.
Per
me France //fco
Adi
di
Dicembre
di
Dino
di
lacopo Kartolaio Fiore//tino
MCCCCLXXXI.
almusiftero di Fuligno.
'
(F.
102,
r.)
In Firenze Apreffo //
PRINTKI) HOOKS
8,
Dcscriptio)t.
3
blank
ff.
24
+6
3.2
Florence, 14S
11.
The undated
shown
that
While
X 21.2 cni., ihc text bciiij;- 7.1 x 14. iin.

-f c)r) mimh. (Roman mimcials) = 105 It.,
1
Florence, 148
Editions.
8.
unnuml).
it
edition
was printed
1,
8" (here described);
was not the
first
s. a.
(1498),
Coppinêr has
in 1498.
an arithmetic, it is the first printed

book to give the customs relating to exchange in use among the Florentine merchants at the close of the fifteenth century. It is the source from
which several later writers drew their material, and is ]jarticularlv \aluthis
is
not, strictly speaking,
QVESTO EELLIBRO
CHE
TRACT A DI MERCATANTie
ETVSANZEDE PASSU
Fig. 5.
Title of chiarini's work
able in showing the nature of the practical jjroblems of the time.
edition are extremely rare, but the
of this
first
known
for Paciuolo to appropriate
(juestion as to
EUCLID.
its
some
work was
of the contents.
authorship.
Ed.
pr.
1482.
Ba.sel,
Alexandria c. 300 b.c. He was the author of the

the basis of most of the textbooks on geometry.
Flourished
Copies
enough
There is a
well
at
'
1562.
Elements,'
Title.
Die Sechs Erftc Bucher // Euclidis/ // Vom anfang
oder grund //der Geometrj.// In welchen der rechte grund/nitt
'
allain
der
Geometrj // (verfteh
alles
kunftlichen/gwifen/ vnd
vortailigen ge-//brauchs des Zirckels/ Linials oder Richtfcheittes
vnd//andrer werckzeiige/
fo zu allerlaj
fonder auch der fiirnemftcn ftuck
abmeffen dicnftlich) //
\nd vortail//der Rechcn-
khunft/furgcfchriben vnd // dargethon
ift.//
Aufs Griechifcher
fprach in die Teiitfch gebracht/aigene-//tlich erklart/

verftentlichen
Auch
Exempeln/grund-//lichcn Figuren/vnd
mit
allerlaj
den nutz fiirangen ftellen-//den Anhangen geziert/ Derniaffen

vormals //in Teiitfcher fprach nie gefehcn //worden.// Alles zu
lieb
vnd gebrauch den Kimftliebeiulen Teiitfchen/fo fvch der
KARA ARITHMETICA
12
Geo-//metrj vnd Rechenkunit anmaflen/ mit vilfaltiger mlihe

vnd arbait//zum trewlichften erarnet/vnd in Truckh ge-//geben/
Durch // Wilhelm Holtzman/genant Xylander/ //von Aiigfpurg.
//Getruckt zu
Colophon.
'
(P.
Bafel.'
Joanns Sporini koften/im
des//Winmonats.'
(P.
jar
Kiindig/ zu Bafel/ in //
i562.//auff den dreyfzigften tag
199.)
20 X 31.3 cm., the text being 12.5 X 25.7

14 pp. unnumb. + 185 numb. + i blank = 200 pp., 39-52 11.
Description.
cm.
i.)
Vollendet durch Jacob
Basel,
1562.
Editions.
in this
The
editions of Euclid have not been considered
work except
This
arithmetic.
library
Fol.,
in so far
the
is
contains the
first
first
in the
they relate
edition.
particularly to
The Plimpton
edition of Euclid (Venice, 1482), but
since this has no arithmetical
been included
as
German
work except Book
has not
it
Several manuscripts of Euclid are,
list.
however, included in the second part of this bibliography because of their value in tracing the changes in the forms of the
numerals.
mentioned because the editor has thought
II some arithmetical work. In particular
he gives three forms of multiplication, first from left to right, then in the
usual way, and finally for special cases in which the short processes are
involved. He also considers the division of numbers in given ratios,
the extraction of roots, and a few other semi-algebraic calculations.
Euclid's Elements contain much work upon the Greek theory of
numbers, besides what appears in Book V, and several books wêre published in the sixteenth century, embodying this material. These are
This edition of Euclid
it
necessary to add to
'
is
Book
'
mentioned later.
Otherworks of 1482.
In 1482 appeared the
Numerandi
first
German
arithmetic,
was written by Ulrich

Wagner, a Niirnberg Rechenmeister, and was printed by Heinrich Petzensteiner at Bamberg. Only nine small pieces of parchment proof sheets
1482
remain. They contain the following colophon: 'Anno diii
kri6. lunij p. Henr. peczensteiner Babenberge finit Ulrich wagner
Ludus Arithmomachire,' by John SherRechemeister zu Niirnberg.'
wood (Shirewode), was published at Rome in the same year. (See also
p. 63, and on Albert of Saxony see p. 9, c. 1478.)
if
we except
the 'Ars
'
(p. 23).
It
'
PRINTED BOOKS
PROSDOCIMO DE BELDAMANDI,
Ed.
pr.
13
and LIVKRIUS.
1483.
Padua, 1483.
Prosuocimo dk Hei.damandi was born
at I'adua
i370-t38o, and died

in 1428. He was educated at the University of Tadiia, and also taught there.
He wrote on arithmetic, music, and astronomy.
JuHANNES DE LlVERius (LiVERlls, LiNERiis) was a Sicilian writer on
astronomy who flourished c. 1300- 1350.
Title.
perutilis
'
Profdocimi
de
beldamandis
c.
algo-//i'ifmi
tractatus
ncceffarius // foeliciter incipit. qui de generibus cal-//
culationum fpecic preteri.t nullaj.q

-"gnit65 fuerat.'
Colophon.
(F.
i,
Algorifmus.
'
falte
// neceffaria ad
h"*
art^
Profdocimi de beldamadis // vna
cum
See Fig.
r.
6.)
minuciis. Johanis de liueriis. hie //felicite'finit Impreff'> padue.
Anno
.1.4.8.3
//die
Description.
27
ff.
numb., 32
Editions.
8 (see p.
zz. februarii.'
4, 15
14.7 cm.
(here described); Venice,
fol.
Boncompagni could
of the first edition,
9X
Padua, 1483.
11.
Padua, 1483,
15).
(F. 21, v.)
20.8 cm., the text being
and seven
1540,
learn of only three copies
of the second.
This rare work was written for the Latin schools, and is a good
exainple, the first to appear in print, of the non-commercial algorisms
of the fifteenth century. It follows Bohectius (Boethius) in defining
'
'
number and
in considering unity as not itself a
number, as is seen in
Prosdocimo then treats of the fundamental operations with integers, including mediation (division by 2,
which the author places before duplation or multiplication by 2), progressions, and the roots. The treatment of fractions is left to Liverius
Incipit Algorismvs de mi-//nutijs tarn \'ulgaribus quam phyficis magi//flri loannis de Liuerijs Siculi.' The vulgar minutes were the common fractions, and the physical were the sexagesimal fractions.
Towards the end of the Algorismus de integris in the 1540 edition,
the date of composition appears
per Profdocimum de Beldamandis de Padua anno domini .1410. die .10. lunij compilata fiifficiant.'
(F. D 5, V.) The work of Prosdocimo contains the first reference that
I have seen to a slate.
Indigebat etiam calculator semper alitjuo lapide,
vel sibi conformi super quo scribere atque faciliter delere posset figuras
the facsimile of the
page.
first
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
cum
from
quibus operabatur in calculo suo.'

this statement, that
figures in the galley
form
computers of
(See Fig. 6.)

his
It is
probable,
time actually erased the
of division (see the Treviso arithmetic, p. 3),
RARA ARITHMETICA
14
3p)rofdodmi dc beldamaridie algo^

nl'mi iractdtae pcruiilio x ncccffdnua
focUcitcr inctpicqui
dcgencnbue cal^
colaaoimni fpcde p:etcn.t nnlla^q

iiccdfaria
falic
od b^ art? ^gnuoj fiicral
Tlncm w% plnnlnw librw aIgo:ifmf nuaipa

numcroe ogandi fane uaru e:
tJ0.rao0 circa
atqj ctoiofoe.g licet bom c;rtcTcf,atq3 vcri

crattfi faflidiofi:iu ^pt ipajj rcgulojj mnl''
litodmctu
eap dclcaioce^tu ctia ^ptcr
ipap opcratfono^jbafoeerv^Xbonc fucrint nd nc.it rat t tii
am ifti modi incm fanidioft: q; It in abq? calculo aflroloico enci
oti0yx^\<uhto7C opato^ foam a caplremctpere oponcban da
to q? crro: fuae adbuc fatis ^jpiqans cjiftcrcf. t boc jppi ftgu
rao in faa opatoe ddeta03nd^cbat ctta calcnlato: femp auq^
lapide ud fibi ::>fo:muruj^ qno fcnbere atq^ fadlitcr ddere pct[^
figui ad cu gbuf opabat in calcnio fuo. iLt 9a bee eta fane fa; 1
diofa atq^ latjonofa mibi uifa funtrd^fpofni hbeU6 edere in quo
cia ilia abicercn^:qai etia algonfmne due liber dc nomerie de^
noiari poterit.Sciao tn q^ in boc libdlo poncf nointcdo nift ca
q ad calculu necdfana rontoUa q in aliid Itbrie pracoce anfme
trice tagunT.ad calcnlii nonecdfaria ^jpf b:enit3rejdiinucndo.
CrdoiA ergo Iibd!u0 ifle dc nnmene traaare bj:a difiiiiitone ^^^ A"^^
nueri ipm icboarc odo.CTlijmeros ergo ^"^ ^ncltde.7?.fuc
^^^liUf.
iêomctrie. t f* 35obcctiij
feo+it*s
pf fne anfmetcc fie ditTfuiuTiiie

ra0. ell maftitDdo floe qoatitae difaeta ex nn ranboe îuktk c
tx ttnftattboe oggregattj^t d: nmfae illadrq? unaqneqj rcecJt- Vtm^mÂ

<if una. lp)CT blc g* diffinitSj nuert b:cpofc0,quo? unifas no
e naem0, IiQ Ht pncipiu naeri^dato q? nuer^ et :a vocari poUit 15
go? fnmcn'nae^X^) cico qno rcaliqua nuerarc pofTumtig* et

fiiolargo? occqw^ niicr^ in ^cdTa bniufi libdii. in q? itik vnitaf
Fig. 6.
Hindus had done on their sand or dust abacus, instead of cancelthem in the manner explained in the early printed arithmetics.
The best discussion of the lives and works of Beldamandi and Liverius
in the Boncompagni BiiUetino, vol. XII.
as the
ing
is
First page ok prosdoclmo de beldamandi
PRINTED BOOKS
15
Other works of 14SJ. \';illuriiis (j). 10). In this year the second
(rerman arithmetic was jirinted at Bamberg, only one (inc omjjlete) copy
being known. It was possibly written by Ulrich Wagner (p. 12), and,
like the 1482 work, it was printed by Petzensteiner, as appears from
In zale Xpi .1483. kl .17. des Meyen Rechthe following colo]jhon
nung//in mancherley weys in lâbenberg durch henr^ // jietzenfteiner
'
'
begriffen
volendel.'
PROSDOCIMO DE BELDAMANDI,
Ed.
See
p.
and LIVKRIUS.
Venice, 1540.
1483.
pr.
13.
Algorismvs dc In//tet;ris Magistri Prosdoci-//mi

Tith-.
Debeldamandis Pataui iimul cu algorifmo dc do-//minutijs feii
'
fractionibus magiftri loanis de Liuerij //
tium,
&// medicine
ficuli.
me
erroribus comiflis a fcri-//ptoribus, a
Rcinlegratus ab
Federico Delphino
ar-
mathematicarum difci//plinaru
doctore,
in
celeberrimo gymnafio Pata//uino publico profefforc, additis ali//
quibus verbis, in aliquibus locis,// pro maiori claritate.

tiis
impreffioni ad infta-//tiam
meoR
maxime de-//îderan-//tium. //
//
fcholariii //
Venetijs.
Et da-//
nunc algorifmu
M. D.
XXXX.'
i,r.)
(F.
Colophon.
'
menfis Aprilis.'
Description.
12.5 cm.
44
copy has 8
See
Anno domini
.M. D.
XXXX. //tlie
octauo
(F. 52, v.)

8, 9.6
ff.
ff.
Antonium de Vulpinis de
Venetijs per loannem
Ca-//ftrogiufredo.
14.5 cm., the ])rinted part being
unnumb., 30
11.
more, the sheet
Venice, 1540.
appearing
7.
(This particular
in duplicate.)
p. 13.
RAPHAEL FRANCISCUS.
Ed.
pr.
S.
1484.
Raffaelk Francesco. A
1.
a.
(F"lorence,
c.
1516).
Florentine philosopher of the latter part of
the fifteenth century.

Title.
'Verificatio
motu non
(F.
I,
r.
rece-//clens
See Fig.
7.)
Vniversalis
a
comuni
// regulas Ariftotelis de
Mathema-//tico:p doctrina.'
in
RARA ARITHMETICA
i6
4, 13
Description.
8
ff.
unnumb., 41-42
Editions.
S.
1.
(Florence, B. Zucchetta,
a.
1484, 8; this edition,
Pisa,
9 x 16.7 cm.
text being
X 19.9 cm., the
11.
s.
15 16).
c.
(Florence,
a.
1.
c.
1516).
This is a brief treatment of proportion, hardly worthy of ranking

an arithmetic. The applications relate to problems of Aristotle.
as
VERIFICATIO VNIVERSALIS IN
regulas Aridorelis de
mom noti rece^
dens a comuni Mathema"

tico3doclrina^
Fig.
Title of the verificatio of franciscus
7.
PIETRO BORGHI.
A
PlERO BoRGl.
Title.
'
Ed.
Qui comenza
Venice, 1484.
1484.
pr.
Venetian arithmetician
died after 1494.
nobel opera de // arithmethica ne la

compi-
la
qual fe tracta // tute coffe amercantia pertinente // facta

(F. 2, numbered i,
lata p Piero borgi // da veniefia.'
See
r.
Fig. 8 for the first folio.)
Colophon.
'Nela
de venetia a 9orni .2.//augufto
inclita cita
.1484. fu impofto fine ala pre-//fente opera.' (F.

Description.
2
ff.
unnumb.
4, 14.3
18, v.)
19.3 cm., the text being 8.4
116 numb.
118
ff.,
37-38
X 13.4 cm.
Venice, 1484.
11.
ib., s. a., which

Editions. Venice, 1484, 4 (here described)
Riccardi thought might be earlier than 1484, since Ratdolt, the
;
books
printer, published
4 (see p. 19)
ib.,
1509,4;
ib.,
1534, 4 (see
ib.,
in
Venice as early as 1476;
ib.,
1488,
1501, 4;
ib.,
1505;
1491, 4 (see
ib.,
1
p.
4 (see p. 20);
5 17,
21);
(see p. 22); ib., 1551
p. 20);
ib.,
ib.,
ib.,
ib.,
1540, 4 (see
1560
ib.,
1528, 4 (see
p. 21); ib.,
1561, 4
ib.,
21);
p.
1550, 4
1567
ib.,
was at one time thought on the testimony of Maittaire

that there was an edition of 1482, but it has been shown by sev1577.
eral
It
bibhographers that the
This
is
the very rare
first
first
edition
is
that of 1484.
edition of Borghi's treatise, the second
commercial arithmetic printed in Italy and long thought to be the

Xhis particular copy belonged to Cotmt Paolo Vimercati-Sozzi.
first.
PRINTin) BOOKS
The
p.
text of the
19), except for
first
edition
is
17
closely followed in that of 14S8 (see
the index, 'Tauola de
capitoli
li
;Dtegnudi
qfla
opa' (f. 118, r.). This does not appear in the second edition, at least
in Mr. Plimpton's copy. The letters S H S U which ajjpear twice are
thought to stand for J H S U, Jesus, possibly changed on account of
some conjectured pronunciation. They appear the second time on
f. 118, v., in connection with a set of verses beginning as follows
:
'S
Quanto latua memoria

vaglia
ct alto in<jegno
huitlimetica hai iiioftrato
lie
nel prefente
volume compilato
petro borgo date veneto degno.'
In the verses appears the

'
Ma
name
of the printer
limprelTor de augufta Krrardo experto
ftampatore
mediocre laude
di lopera prefente
degno
This
folio, as
non
di
already stated, does not appear
certo.'
in the
Plimpton copy of
the 1488 edition, and since the later printer was not the same
it
prob-
ably never appeared after 1484.
more elaborate than the Treviso arithmetic, and had

on education. More than any other book it set
a standard for the arithmetics of the succeeding century, and none of
the early textbooks deserves more careful study. Borghi first treats of
notation (see Fig. 9), carrying his numbers as high as numero de million de million de miUion,' and making no mention whatever of the
Roman numerals. In the same spirit he eliminates all of the mediaeval
This work
is
far greater influence
'
theory of numbers, asserting that he does this because he is preparing a

VA nota che fono // niieri de
practical book for the use of merchants.
'
maniere fi cho-//me dichiara Boetio in el fuo //de arithmetiche Ma

volen-//do hora tratar de quelle chof//fe che folo amerchadati apertien
pero tratado folo de quelli//che ale choffe merchadatefche fono necef(F. numb, i v.)
iarij io laffero ogni // altra maniera de numeri.'
piui
The sequence
treated.
('
is
CChe
now
coffa
peculiar, for multiplication

fia
the table, arranged in the
numb.
is
the
first
operation
comes
column form, unlike the Boethian type of
moltiplichar,'
f.
arithmetic, which preferred the square array.
7, r.)
First
In addition to the prod-
ucts through '9 uia 10 fa 90,' the products of 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 36,
by 2 ... 10, are given, these having been necessary on account of the
monetary tables
of the time.
The author then
gives the
method
of
RARA ARITHMETICA
i8
checking by casting out y's and 9's. (' CDela pruoua del .7.', Dela
pruoua del .9.', f. numb. 8.) Then follows multiplication per colonna
CDel multiplicar p
(i. e., by reference to the columns of the table,
cholona,' f. numb. 9, r.), with its checks by 7 and 9, and per crocetta
'
'
'
'
(our
'
cross multiplication,'
13, v.),
^.
'
CDel
multiplicar per chroxeta,'
common methods
showing that these were the
...
sion
is
f.
numb.
in Venice.
Divi-
then explained by the gal-
Cbi aitematcmaticbeba piacere

bCtCfl50n&icmC5aclp:imOSradO
Buanticbc ci quelle tenti el vado
00(1 lo p:erentc opera vedere
^^^^^ ^^^
Perqudtaluipotracertofapcre
known
SeerrozfamnclCQlculonotadO
'a
gcrqucftadTcrpOtracerflflCadO
paciuolo and Calandri (pp. 54

x
^
î^
not bemg mentioned.
^^^ ^y),
Ufo2mdrcomDttmo manure
. ^^ /<
i^
V?
ô,
^ cnmo
I- ^r
^^^^^
r.),
^^^^^'^
subtraction,
beginning
3-')'
îon,
^f
num-
fractions
(also
with multiplication),
. ,u
^ ^^'^^
in mukiplication),
denominate
common
bers,
'""^^
First page of the first ediTioN OF BORGHi's ARITHMETIC
FiG. 8.
addition (although
was used
this
prrqucftavederantuttliicrroji
0ap2an fer lerafon i>etutte gente

Perleflgurecbe Ton qni'oepcntC
n
p
"^"^^b-
method of giving,
and described by
ârai'nfarÔ.>r:'grat?f<<Cl!rt'^de
^-
our present method, then
danda,'
^^^^
^dCiquatcrmfoilavCritadC
feanariacqu.neranoesrandiboi.o2i
5"lapatriaebefuoei
nartir
die partir
as the
amercbadanritnoftavtilitade
^âro la prcfenre opera cafatozi
fe
P'"'^^"^'
/.
t^
^^
ji
^^ '"^^g^^^ ^^^
partnership, barter, alhga-
and
three
false position.
had
been
The
rule
developed
many centuries earlier by Orienwas one of the inheritances from the Arabs, and
was not improbably learned by the Venetian traders through their contact with the East. Partnership was to the fifteenth what the corporation
is to the twentieth century, and it is only very recently that " partnership involving time" was thought to be a necessary subject of study.
Barter, a subject until fifty years ago common in American textbooks,
was necessary at a time when currency was not so plentiful as now.
Alligation was a practical topic in connection with the coinage of
money in the days when minting was not the monopoly of great centralized governments. The rule of false position was an Oriental device
which we have now replaced by the equation it was found in schoolbooks in various countries until the second half of the nineteenth century. The problems are generally practical for the time, and they reveal
some interesting facts concerning business customs at the close of the
tal
arithmeticians.
It
fifteenth century.
Of/ier
works 0/1484. Albert
de Beauvais,
p. 10.
of Saxony, p. 9, c.
1478; Vincent
PRINTIH) HOOKS
PIETRO BORGHI
See
Vogli
'
el
Chi de arte malematiche ha piacerc // Che
_^..::-=s
So^M
E^M|
l|||ge^l |
"
^^^
itjilli'ofitm
fi
teiifôn di
vado//
di quelle tenli el
prefente opera vedere // Per
la
'llKwa
B^^^'K
1!
Venice, 148S.
1484.
primo grado // Auanti che
CJComo
fil
19
p. 16.
TttU.
certeza
Ktl. pr.
quefta
lui
certo
])()lra
fo:mflno miUon
million flclod?a fc bi'c foi wor per Mtc figure

"<1"^^'> "^^^^ 'oooooo .pcrtbc hfcpcima
f^S"^^ tic cIlMOfio Dcnitara ocimara;:cpcrcbe
tnillcmiara .fanovnotmllion:ctcfrcijdoii)<iucl
1000609
luogo lafikjura cbcr/pKuijca vuo pcro bene

cditovnonMlicn.â.fqucftpmodo. 1 100000
lOOOOi
ufna'vnonjili'of) ccctjto miliaijpcrcbeoltrad
hOQO tccentcmr& oc mura'.rouo lahijura cbc ripzc
cccnto nn'(ia.3K)a.fti
qocflo modo. 1 s loooo.oina vrjoinihoncccijtoc dicjccmilia
ocrchcoUuclmilionccmto fm'Iia :m luogo ocic oejcciieoc^
luiarfono lafi'sura cbc rip:e]ccnt9 vno-.A cbc benccdi'to viio
jcctitavfjoficbcbciiccditovno tnt'Kton
ttiidoneccntocdicircttiilia.Z&aiiiqtKdoinodo. I 1 1 looo.Dt'
riavnmiiioti cento cvndocciiu'lfa per cbc oltraclmilion cento
edicicc mili&'in luogo be nuincn'oemfarfonolafigura cbc rip

wnta vno:ft cbc bene cdi to vii tnilion caj to c vndcice milia.â
in<iucftomodo. 1 1 1 1 loo.biria vnmi'Iion cento evndeceint^
Hi e ccntorpcrcbc oltra elnitlion cento e vndcirc milia: in luogo
0000
000
09
Occffimplicccentenarfono lafiguracbe ri'pzaenta vnoifube

bciic cditovnmilion cento c vndcice nnlia c ccuto.â inqucfto
tnoô. I i 1 1 1 lo.einavnnnljon, cento c vndcrcnnlla cento
dic]cc:pcrcbc oltra clmilion caitocvndcicc milio e cento
luogo belefimpUceocrene-.fono lafigoracbe n'pzejcentavno.

:âinciucftomodo. 1 1 1 i.biriavnnu lion cento evndc
(uogo ocle fiinplicc
re mi'Iiacentoc vndcre.pcr cbe ancbe
vnita Xotto lafigura cbcr/pêrenta vno.ficbe bene cditovn'
fnilioncentoe vndcjtemilta cento c vndejce.ctcbori p:occdcdo
perfina.<?^99^^<?.poncndo fcinpjc a ifuoliiogiquefc figure
1
rcpzcjccntante quelinunicri oucrooerenc occncenara .cbe
9^9^09^
fi'
nominaetcetcra.cqucftobafta cercba loamfliftranicntoocl

mimerar.bencbeininfini'tumfipoJin p:cceder.mo cbontvna
jcncral figura mi'fojcero oicbiarirquantopotcfTeacbadcr.cc
fgranoqucflo fottopoftd
Fig. 9.
From
bok(;hi's arithmetic,
fapere // Se error fara nel
potra certificado //
calculo
formar conti
chadanti molta vtilitade // Fara
Dara
la
1488 kuition
notado // Per quefta cffer

tutto maniere/'/A mer-
di
prefente opera e afatori //
gran facilitade // Per quefta vederan tutti li

errori // Ede iquaterni foi la veritade // Danari acquifterano e
in far conti
KARA ARITHMETICA
20
grandi honori//In
la patria e
de fuori // Sapran far
rafon de
le
gente//Per le figure che fon qui depente.' (F. i, r.)

Qui comeza la nobel opera de // arithmeticha ne laqual
tutte
'
tracta//tute coffe amercantia pertinen-//te facta
fe
compilata
per Piero//borgi da Veniefia.' (F. 2, r.)

Stampito in Veniexia per zouane de Hall' 1488.'
Colophon.
'
(F. 95, V.)
95
44
ff.,
This
16.
p.
text
is
the third edition, and
practically verbatim with that of the
is
PIETRO BORGHI.
See
Title.
14.9
nearly
is
Proctor mentions three books from the
first.
press of the printer, John Leoviller, of Hall (Halle
The
Venice, 1488.
11.
See
Editions.
as rare as the
cm., the text being 12.4
X 20.7
4, 14.8
Description.
cm.
Ed.
first
1).
edition (p. 16).
Venice, 1491.
pr. 1484.
p. 16.
The
page is the same as that of 1488, except for

which precede the former.
title
SHSU
the letters
'Nela inclita citade venetia a zorni .22.//ottubero

fine ala pre//fente opera.// Libro dabacho.'
Colophon.
.1491. u impofto
(F. 100, V.)
Description.
cm.
100
See
p.
ff.
4,
15.4
6.
This
is
Title.

11.
16.8
Venice, 149 1.
the fourth edition.
PIETRO BORGHI.
See
unnumb., 40-43
Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1517.
1484.
p. 16.
This
is
substantially the
same
as that
of the
1484
edition already described.
CStampata in Venetia per lacomo pentio da

Colophon.
Lecho ad infta//tia de Marchio Seffa & Piero di Rauani
compagni //anno dfii .15 17. adi .25. de zugno.' (F. 100, v.)
Description. 8, 15.5 X 21.6 cm., the text being 13.3 X 17 cm.
'
ff.
blank
See p. 16.
100 numb.
102
ff.,
41
11.
Venice, 15 17
PRINTED HOOKS
PIETRO BORGHI.
See
p.
pr.
Venice, 1528.
1484.
16.
This
Title.
Ed.
21
substantially the
is
same
as
thai of
the
1484
Colophon.
Mapheo
'
CStampato
.XVIII. Del mefe

Description.
cm.
in
Venetia per Fracefco liindoni,
Nel anno
// Pafyni compagni.
100
ff.
di Zenaro.'
8,
15.1
numb., 41
(F.
&
M.D. XXVIII. // Adi
100, v.)
20.5 cm., the
te.xt
being 13.4X 17.1
Venice, 1528.
11.
See p. 16.
PIETRO BORGHI.
See
This
Title.
Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1534.
1484.
p. 16.
substantially the
is
same
as
that of the
1484
Colophon.
Mapheo
.25.
'
Del mefe
Description.
cm.
CStampato
in
Vinegia per Fracefco Bindoni,
// Pafini compagni.
100
ff.
See p. 16.
di Settembre.'
8,
The
100, v.)
te.xt
being 13.5 x 17.1
Venice, 1534.
11.
various editions changed but
PIETRO BORGHI.
See
(F.
15.4X 20.9 cm., the
numb., 41
&
Nel anno .M.D. XXXIIII.// Adi
Ed.
pr.
little.
Venice, 1540.
1484.
p. 16.
Pietro Borgo // Libro de Abacho.// Chi d'arte MatheTitle.

matice ha piacere//Che tengon di certezza il primo grado //
Auanti che di quelle tenti il vado//Vogli la prefente opera
'
vedere.// Per quefta
lui
potra certo fapere // Se error fara nel
calculo notado // Per quefta effer potra certificado //
la
formar
merchadanti molta utilitade // Fara

prefente opera e a fattori // Dara in far conti gran felicitade
conti di tutte maniere.//
// Per quefta uederan tutti gli errori // E delli quaterni fuoi la

ueritade // Danari acquiftaranno, e grandi honori.// In la patria e
di fuori //
Sapran
far le raggion de tutte gente // Per le figure che
fon qui depente.//
Auenga che alquanto
jier
me
fu
promeffo
affai
RARA ARITHMETICA
22
fufficientemente // alia promeffa fatisfaceffe, niente dimancho
per fatisfar
alle pre-//giere di
qualch'uno, e maffime di alcuni
Impreffori, iquali era-//no per ftampar la prefente Opera, ho
qualche gentilezza oltra quello che
uoluto alquanto ampliar
la di
prima pmiffe, benche //
di quello
minima
di
parte, pero
quello che
quello che
cli
che
fe potria dir,
//chi uoleffe metter pur
la
quefto
fia
vna
centifmia parte
potria // poner, el faria molto piu la gionta di

infi.
Et pero pro nunc mi paffo
fi
tutta I'opera //
fia
con alcune cofette aggionte nel // ligar de metalli, lequal principiano a carte .JJ. & anchora in fin//de I'opera con dieci cafi
&
affai piaceuoli
che dice.
.70.
non
&c.
leggiadri comincian//do a carte .98. da quello
Le vno che compra

fe le
mente
a fuo
modo
Et
f uffmo
per ifcufato.'
(F.
tre
pezze//de panno per ducati
quelli, iquali
di
fatisfatte,
prego
me//hanno pregato
quelli // me habbino
i, r.)
Stampato in Venetia per Bernardino de Bindoni.//

Ne I'anno .M.D.XL. Del mefe di Ottober.' (F. 100, v.)
Colophon.
'
Description.
ff.
4, 15.5
unnumb.
98 numb.
100
ff.,
39-40
11.
17 cm.
Venice, 1540.
See p. 16. This is the eleventh edition. The title is considerably

extended and some changes are made in the text, chiefly in the way of
added matter.
PIETRO BORGHI.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
The
title
page
is
substantially identical with that of
the 1540 edition already described.
Domini M. D.
Colophon.
'
CStampato
in
Pafmi. Nell
Anno .MDL.//Adi
Nouembrio.'
Description.
cm.
See
100
ff.
p. 16.
bears the date,
It
'Anno
L.'
&//Mapheo
di
Venice, 1550.
1484.
p. 16.
Vinegia per Francefco

.21.
Bindoni,
Del mefe
(F. 100, v.)

4,
15.6
numb., 41
This
is
x 20.9 cm., the

11.
text being 12.9
17.9
Venice, 1550.
the twelfth edition, and at least five subsequent
editions appeared in the sixteenth century.
PRINTED HOOKS
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
Ed.
1485. S.
j^r. c.
Ars numerandi.
'
a.
1.
23
(Cologne
as follows
1485).
quo docet'//luculet' quo ordiant'
variatur c>ponut'//et abinuicem deriuatur dictones

r.
c.
Incipit copendiofus tractatul^' quin
//tupliciu dclonu numealiu in
(F. 2,
?,
nume//
rales.'
see Fig. 10.) Without abbreviations this would appear

:
compendiosus tractatulus quintuplicium
Incipit
'
tionum numeralium
componuntur
tur variantur
dic-
quo docetur luculenter quomodo ordinan-
in
et
ab invicem derivantur dictioncs
numerales.'
Description.
unnumb.
ff.
Editions.
book
is
4,
(i
14
X 20.6 cm., the
blank), 35
S.
11.
There was no other
The
uncertain.
1.
a.
text being 10.8
(Cologne
.?,
The
edition.
c.
15.2 cm.
1470- 148 5).
date of this rare
style of type has led to the assertion
was printed in Mainz by Fust and Schoeffer, about 1470.

is not mentioned by Hain, nor is any copy known in
the French libraries. Coppinger believes that it was printed
in Cologne by Ulrich Zell in 1485, and in this he is followed by
that
it
The book
Zell's biographer, Merlo.

this date
The
British
Museum
and printer, but questions each.
water-marks
this
in
which are described
copy with those

in
catalogue gives
comparison of the
of the fifteenth century
standard treatises
Primipia Tjpograp/iica, London, 1858,
(e. g.,
Sotheby, E. L.,
vol. Ill) fails to
throw
upon the date. Riccardi attributes it to Zell, c. 147 1,

who had been an apprentice of Guttenberg, but had left Mainz
any
light
at the
sacking of the city
in 1462.
not strictly speaking an arithmetic, but a treatise on

grammatical usage as applied to numbers. A considerable portion of
The book
the text
is
is
occupied with the distinction between ordinals and cardinals,
and the methods of using them.

Other works 0/1485-1487. Albert of Saxony, 1487, p. 9 c. 1478.
In 1485 there was published at Bologna, edited by Pietro Almadiano of
Viterbo, a quarto work by Nicolo de Orbelli (Nicolaus Orbellis) entitled
'Compendium considerationis matematice quo ad aritmeticam et geome;
triam sunt necessaria.'
which appeared
on arithmetic.
in
Orbilli's
1494,
4,
'Cursus librorum philosophic naturalis,'

at Basel in 1503, 4, contained 2 pp.
and
See Isidorus, p. 8, 1483.
RARA ARITHMETICA
24
Ard nummnbi *
Inapit copenbiodis tmdatul^qmn
m quo tocc^
luculct' quo <t)iaii^vatiatur oponii^
ttabmuicQm t)6riuitur bidonca numc
tupitdu t)aonu numcaltu
Jfôttu numcnod mtpJttSttu qbat>icu
turcarbmatcffqfcop5tdics*qtat)iftrt
butiuc fiuc &i4>tific*qfcBcwt>talc6a qta

muldpticatiuc (tuc atûbtalcff '(Ht itota
t)n
^ numcti t>iucc(t0 toidJiortib? figiicaf a cjc
varia fi^nt>i manccic cotrabut mtr fc bintia ct

t)iu(ttsi(^ ut patcb^ tPcbisaut^dorrib^poi
t>m$ cf>t)i(t)U'*<t ptio t carbTalifcsq t>tcutur
io cai:t)talc9 cp ficut oOiu -^tif ^ca carbmc-ct
tnnittf <ij ita baonc* aUc ndaUff -f tutwt a ?^
)>ttcatar cca iOas 'Vel Dicuf cattmalcs q(t pn
cipalc^ ' cf tfconce ahc nualc? ab ifh^ bnt oii
^ncVcl t)icu^ qft ptidpaU^ cp pticipafe fig^nt
nii;
t)upHccff flit t)c5cs cardma
<t fcicdu
icffjqt>a'(^c5crct3C ct qucda abftf^ tDc cocrctC
aut cjaromaUbscp ts ipis atic tKtiuan^Pimio c
t)tf
que t>c6ncs dcpcodutnumcmdo '^nue
t>uo^tt3'qtattuc'qncp- (cjC'fcpte* o Ao'ttouc
fcece'VntKd't>uotd'titd'qt4attuattcd qtttsd
fc&ed'f (cfdcd * a nuti^ ft^rtcd p >> tcccfcp tc*
non tebj mfrcrpoi l:cc itu<*io ct it fint feuc tjcocf
txoOx> tKnoucm* Vi 0tnti * vi gwtxun?" vi gi
tit>uoafi<:urqj at>tn0mta(uo m<?do-''2ûgm
(Ttuaw^ma
niimctalcs
car&maU0
ûptidaftf
<:art>matia'
J^
eonarta
tioianuatia
fie
numcta*
ta'tugmtaun^'trigmtatouo' a fie (uo mode t

aljjs^cTXuadtagmta (TluTquagmta'Sc^tragrta
Scptuagmtti'CD<*ogmta::fl7ona0rtnta.crcntu
fie (iio mo ufqj t)U(XtoS'
û(iti'tC'ta'buctiun?'t>ucvCidito a*^ vltu?
ecntuun?'c5tuduo a
Fig.
FlKSl"
PACE OK THE ANONYMOUS ARS NUMERANDI
PRINTKI) HOOKS
25
ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVKRINUS HOKTIIIUS.

Ed.
Roman
Title.
at
Rome
480; died
'
Arithmetica
'
tliere
boetij.'
(F.
October
25, 524.
eximia iduftria
Jrtcipiunt&iiolibiiOc Îritbmctt/
ca anitij manili; fcumiii boetij vi/
clarKfimi x illivftnlTimi c jc cofulis
bene re//uifa ac
Erhardu
ratdolt
mira im-//primedi arte

fere Vila
fie ciiais
abfoliita partib' nui. a fciintui
quoqj ar
abiumenta befiberet. Ili injffi
macbnm.
gianSis Jnarmojcftatuis-alms ej:/

abenb c molis laboz efl.-atia fomta
bf imaginis ratio mceeiutoe artifi'
bnsitarcctcoffu
ciap:ccipuc inter
faciunt cftimant
fiUqui&ooftabit
fis
nccabboc alius
:
bcniuolc
tia coplecteret accepni.'Df c ip fc co
fi&erans atttiU non tgnaiia opiim
:
po&eraquibusa&faamis
ftracriUQ eft; oi
nibil in
baben&i (Ttis mean
toii'ifotcrtia perquificilliinea
opero
elaboiata tejrtrinis -.miiTtiplieeiii
maKnapjcttant.Tlonelbemquo/
que bellop vilitur inftrumctisrDic
fpKuia fa gittiseracuit-illi valibus
tbo:a]c nigragemit incube.^ltta'i/
us XT Ubivmbon is tegmina,ppn) la
boeCotbi infigenbaniercatur.tarn
mulrf arttbus rs yjn pglicit 21(1
.
noltri labons abfoUitio logc
manuj fupzeinoopcriiinpoiicG:in
quo nibil be becerncntiii neeelTc eft
fimi iubicio copzobent . ai&ea igit

vctam magni labozis cffectus niu?
tanm cjcpeact ejtramc: nee in aurea

îrc publicas nifi &oct? fcntctic a
IlipiUatione mtat.3In quo nibil mi
rilvi&eri &cbet:cii iJ)
opus qd fapic
inuentaperfequit: non auaozis

a'ieno inciibit arbitrio.Suis gp/
pc inftrumenris res ratioitis ejrpcn
J)imr:cii iubiciitm cogit fubtrc piu^
tic
f5
t>cntis.Seb buic munufculo.no ea

ê^n que ceteris imminent artibua
mwnimcntacoftxtuo .Tlequc enim

Fic
cilioee'curriteucntuj.lCucmfolus
labo;arcc6feiifu.Quahbeteniboc
iubiciii multis artibus piobef ejrcul
til vno tame cumulat ejraminc.Hp
periare igitur licet quantu nobis in
boc ftubto longis tractua oci;'s la^

boz a&ieccTit.2ln rcrufubtilium fit
gas exercitaic mentis velocitas co^
pbenbat.vipieiunc inacies ozatio
nis ab ea que fimt ealigannbus vn
pebita femenri/s ejrpebienba fuffici
at.Oua in re mibi alieni quoquc
jafa tiy/'n^nf
ab fa'
^lut:a&t^mtunlbllvllillsciica fi'
biviao:anim'calc3tafiibiccit:fc0
ca qii? ZT ga'carii opiilenria littera

re in rotnanc ojationis tbâunttn
(upta couejcirK' .^ta cni md quocg
opcris mibi ratio coftabit :ft que cc
fapientif Soctrinis elicniifapicntiP
Z\-~ .
maiubus tabulc o5
cos gfofcmagni
iiicitnSiiis
aM'aa
All oM-^'t
manus politi operis nito: ejcpe>
ctat. ^tpiciitrc
milTcTabTonun.ccrerufhca ob'fer/
uaiionebecCTptf :coTomfuc mcrea
libcralius affcrrct iniiciuii ncc
ab iUo vnqi qd
cis
fo-//
qua nup
niillius iifotgafuictaim'iert fcic'cia
tiu
TlOanîsaccipi
enMfquemiineri
ftdeli
viri
nijra pfiSi;s:vt 116 ccterap
o:înari):patricv :a& patriciiitnfim
qd
He was
i,r.)
Finit arithmetica Boetij
emendata Im//preffa per
lertiffimi
ri
c.
senator, a philosopher, and the last of the great Latin writers.
Colophon.
ftudio
Augsburg, 1488.
pr. 1488.
BoETlus. Horn
iii
bio; lucra qucruut. JCuin turtrarii

quepCTiti(Timus littera?: pon'is gr
icozationiscjrpertibus quantusbc
nobis tubicare aubeaut: fo!a taiitii
pnunciationep:efcriberc..atn6 al^
First page ok the 1488 roetihus
,/
"^ nutuiof
.
-/
X^llMK*
26
PRINTia) BOOKS
nuc // augufte
venctijs
27
.M.cccc. Ixxxviij. Men-//iis maij die vigelima.'

4, 15.1
Description.
Anno
noniinalirfimus.//
excellct
{V. 48,
diii
Fig. 14.)
r.
20.8 cm., printed in double columns,
blank =48 ff.,

5.1 X 14.7 cm.
47 ff. unnuml). +
Augsburg, 1488.
Editions. Augsburg, 1488, 4 (here described)
Cologne,
1489; Leipzig, 1490; Venice, 'Opera,' 1491-92 (see p. 28);
each being
40
11.
Paris, 1496, 4
fol.
1497),
c.
1500)
s.
151
4;
1,
Muris
'
a.
(the
ib.,
Compendium,'
Paris,
1521
1528,
fol.;
ib.,
10 (see
15 14, fol.;
ib.,
(see p.
Paris,
1546, 'Opera,'
fol.
8,
ib.
^^
(the
1522,
De
fol.;
differentiis
Basel, 1536, 8; Basel,

F'ûrATE NUMBERS,
,^8 boethils
F'- 13-
and Paris, 1549; Basel,

'CO
T
c u
r
8
J. Scheubelium,
^.
T
1553, 'ajectis exphc. per
,
15 15
ib.,
'
...
/\/\^k^
30), fol.; ib.,
p.
Vienna,
fol.;
31),
'
Muds,
of
1503 (seep. 29)
Tannstetter's works)
in
1530,
topicis Hbri quatuor
1499 (bearing also the date
ib.,
Compendium
Paris, 1501, fol.
1507, 4;
ib.,
Venice, 1497
1.
Paris, 1553; Basel, 1570; Venice, 1570, 'Opera,'
There are undoubtedly various other editions of the ArithEpitome by Faber Stapulensis, these works often
fol.
metic, or the
being bound with such treatises as the Arithmetic of Jordanus
Murhard
Nemorarius
by other bibliographers.
Rogg
160) and
(I,
edition of Faber's 'Compendium,'
s.
(See Hain,
468
I,
1059; Graesse, Tresor, I, 464; Riccardi,

pagni, Bullctino, XII, 148.)
The
text
practically
is
that
137) mention an
(p.
1480, but
1.,
I,
it
is
not given
Brunet,
i,
followed by
J\Ian., I,
159; Boncom-
Friedlein in
standard edition of the 'Opera' of Boethius (Leipzig,
except as to numerals.
Here, as in the later manuscripts, the
Arabic characters have replaced the

text.
The
Roman
of
the original
(See Fig. 12.)

arithmetic of Boethius was based
Nicomachus
the
his
1867).
(fl.
'ApiOfjirfTiKi),
c.
as
upon the Greek work
and related only

distinguishetl from the
100
a.d.),
to the theory of
of
numbers,
])ractical calculations, the
RARA ARITHMETICA
28
and from the later algorismus (p. 5). Boethius gave an elaboand devoted much attention to figurate numbers, such
as the triangular, square, pentagonal, and cubic. (See Fig. 1 3.) The work
was the standard in the Church schools throughout the Middle Ages.
Aoyto-TtKT/,
rate theory of ratios
Tîopoiiionaluae anoonica.
)i!opomonalaaogeomcm<fl.
matOiifcB fmino)!.
5erqiiainTf4po;non<:s.
8 fupcraf .Qiiatuo!
rinnf:euoOcnari) Krcia pe c
f init ariibmcricaBocri) bcncr^

ulfa ac toeli (bibio emenSata 3Jm
pirtTa per
rbarûra[6oltv^ri fo-
leTtifTimiepmifl tûftnaT
fniqbm ccionariue a &iioicnano

prtoniiriBmc6iunimpUcee. 144-
mira im'
pamebiane:quanu^venenje nuc
V~^
i li
erceUa nominatilfunua.
annoOra.fD.cca.lmriij.iOciv
augiift^
ri8;naij &ievtgefima.
fut.Qftfifcwtrcmirorcs mltipUcct:
fMfcjct- ii.faaci'iquonumCTO
144-BupUiecft. "^nacnic
a b c a c
muli>ifl:efTCTon ^fonantia, Bej:
&.9.|.8.a.
io
omiicsquaiani.
cnrcmoii meWoycB mttiptoltioea
coporari re^ût
11
klciaalxaippowoncileb ^rapcncc
r7mpbonia.^ûo6edm^)oa^ fcna/
ri^^Sêrari6llpliaJponionc: ftS
6f apafon rrmpbonia camint.Doo

*o t.îpK oira (e nKbii conRScraa
cpôumnWgmmulico
bio)u
lamine lonoe vocal .qiij oinj mua/

comronoiumcnfiira coinunis eft,
Omnui cnl eft fonue iflt parmffim'
Un6e noni eft q6 ftiaecffcron zb\
oibnantiarii [onos biifcretia
Sefgtcrda
Scfgtenia
pocSoita
fciaiefUTOn
Isiaicirero
pû
cft:ncul inter fctquiicrcia z fcfqual^
ceiajtpouiDiufolacepocdous &if
'I
êfaiptôia fob/
Fig. 14.
Last two pages of the 1488 boethius
BOETHIUS.
Ed.
pr. of
See
See Fig.
7>VA'.
Colophon.
Gregorium
fis
Venice, 1491-92.
the Arithmetic, 1488.
p. 25.
Martij.'
'
15.
Impreffis venetijs
fratres.
Anno
(F. 352,
per Joanne de
Forli-//uio et
falutis .M//(;ccc.lxxxxj. die xxvj,
men-
r.)
On f. 256 (220 as numbered in the book), at the end of the

Venetijs Impreffum Boetij opus p
Geometry is the following
:
Joane5
'
Gre//goriii de gregorijs fratres
pductu //accuratiffimeq5 emedatu

// 1492. die .18. Augufti.
Venetiarum principe
Rem
felici
exitu ad fine vfq5
Anno humane
reftaurationis.
Auguftino Barbadico Sereniffi//mo

pu. tenete.'
FoL, 21.7 x 32 cm., printed in double columns,

each being 6.6 x 24. i cm. 3 ff. unnumb. + 345 numb. + i blank
Description.
349
ff.,
66-70
11.
Venice, 1491-92 (see the colophons).
PRINTr:i)
Editions.
This
HOOKS
29
the i-ditio princcps oi the works of Hoclhius.
is
For other editions see
p. 27.
10{c runt opera octil:qu{iit boc,voIuminc cotitfticntur.

7fntx>rpbyritgrjoscnaCJicto2inotTannatam ^dinoprtma.
llJ^nJljrniillWna JOoctioiprotra.ifUtani cduio feconda
^n cafbcgonaa arlftotclia {ditto vna.
inlllbJumanftottlie-ocintcrprttanoiiccdmoprtma.
fn ?ur.dcm iib:uni t>cintcrprftanoiic{dmorccunda.
f^c f iuilloiilbus libCT vnue.
c w:finitionibuolibcr vnua.
adcatbcsoncoerrlioprmoomtroducno
xCotmnciitariojuminXopicaCiccroiiiaUWlfcj:.
c tmcrciitiio ifoplcialibn iiuatnjor.

#Dc frllofiifiiio catlxsorico libn cuo.
^)c Mtof;iriiio bipoibctico librt tiuo>
ctnnitafclibripuo
cbcbdoniadibiit'lllbcrvnufl:
evniiatc 1 viiolibcr vniw.
Conn-a cutbicbcii;! TRcftortum Dc tmboa naturto: 1 vna pcrfotu

(brtftilibcivima.
Z>e3ritbnicrtcaad Ipatritiam (tmmacbnmblnl cooScilliurialibnqaintB.

,^c -comctrialibn odo.
25c pbiiofopbif confolanonc llbrl quintp.
ipcrcboiariumtirclpUiM liber vnue.
491-92 BOETHIUS
BOETHIUS.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr. of
Paris, 1503.
the Arithmetic, 1488.
p. 25.
'In hoc
Hbro contenta.// Epitome/ compcndiofaq.^
in-
troductio in libros // Arithmeticos diui Seuerini Boetij: adiecto

fa-//miUari commentario dilucidata.// Praxis numerandi certis
quibufdam
regulis //conftricta.// Introductio
in
Geometriam
KARA ARITHMETICA
30
breuiufculis an-//notationibus explanata. fex libris diftincta.//

et earu circuftan-//tiis.// Sc'dus
Primus de magnitudinibus
cofequetibus/ cotiguis/
&
de
c6tinuis.//Tertius de punctis.//Quar-
tus de lineis.//Quintus de fuperficiebus.//Sextus de corporibus.
// Liber de quadratura circuli.// Liber de cubicatione fphere.

// Perfpectiua introductio.// Infuper Aftronomicon.' (F. i, r.)
Abfolutum in almo Parhifiorum ftudio/ //Anno

numero definuit omnia// 1503.' {F. 48, r.)
Colophon.
qui
diii
On
'
84,
f.
V.
the following:
is
fexti /etvltimi libri finis.// Editi
'
Geometrici introductorij://
anno domini //millefimo quin-
//getefimo pri//mo vicefi-//ma quin//ta no-//uem//bris.'

:
on
f.
Ill,
the following:
v.,
'
// hopilius et Henricus ftephanus // ea in arte

pari-//fiorum ftudio
cm.
54
48
11.
ff.
20x26.8
8,
numb,
Chri//fti
Celorum
Die vice//nmafepti-//ma
coditoris.// 1503.
Description.
Anno
And
Id opus imprefferut Volphgangus
Iu-//nij.'
cm., the text being
in the arithmetical part,
Almo
focii in
totiufqj // nature
113 in
15.6X 22.3
blank),
all (i
Paris, 1503.
The editions of Boethius differ more or less in the combinations of

works which they contain. See p. 27. This is the first edition of the
Jacobus Faber Stapulensis and Jodocus CHchtoveus Epitome.'
'
BOETHIUS.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr. of the
Arithmetic, 1488.
Paris, 15 10.
p. 25.
This
is
substantially identical with that of the
1503
Colophon.
'
CAbfolutum
in
almo Parifiorum ftudio/ // Anno

Et emiffum ex offi-
domini qui numero definiuit //omnia 1503.

//cina Henrici
1
ftephani
Anno
// Christi faluatoris //
10 de-//cima quinta//die Mar-/Aij.'

Description.
cm.
48
ff.
Fol., 19.5
numb., 46-56
X
11.
omnium
(F. xlviii, r.)
X 25.6
Paris, 15 10.
This is one of the editions containing the commentary of Jodocus

CHchtoveus on the 'Epitome' of Boethius by Jacobus Faber Stapulensis.
(Seep. 27.)
PRINTED BOOKS
BOETIIIUS.
See
Title.
libris
Ed.
31
the ArithmcUc, 1488.
pr. of
Paris, 1521.
p. 25.
'
Divi Scvcri-//ni lôetii Arilhmctica,// dvobvs discrcta
adie-/A"to commentario, mysticam nvme-//r')runi
a|)])lica-
tionem pcrftrini^cnle, declarata.//
(Woodcut with
of
initials
the
Voenundatur
printer: S.D.C.).
apud Simonem Coli-Z/nsevm,
Decretorum.'
fchoke
regione
(F. i,r.)
Colophon.
'
ExcLidebat Simon
MDXXI
^
^ .,.
Cohnseus, ranliis, Anno
.
,.
1521
Quinto//Idus
being
x 28.2
13.9x26
136 numb.
FoL, 19.9
Description.
cm., the
text
cm.
unnumb.
ff.
140
ff.,
This
is
40-52
the
(F. 139, \ .)
lulias.'
first
Paris,
11.
52
1.
edition of Boethius
with the commentary of Girardus

Ruffus
'
CCiirardi
Rvfifi,
arithmeticse Boetii libros,

tarivs.'
in
duos
commen-
commentary
(F, 5,r.) This
greatly exceeds the text in extent,
and
as to ponderosity
typography, however,
ANIANUS
AND
Ed.
1488.
pr.
it
little to be desired.
As a piece of
one of the best editions of Boethius.
leaves
this is
JOHANNES SACROBOSCO.
Strasburg, 1488.
Anianus was a fifteenth-century astronomer and poet, of Strasburg.

Johannes de Sacrobosco (Sacrobusto, Sacrobuschus, Hoi.vwood,
HoLYBUSH, HoLYWALDE, HoLYFAX, HALIFAX) was bom at IIalifa.\ (Holy,
wood), Yorkshire
lectured at Paris.
died at Paris in 1244 or 1256.
He
He
studied at O.vford and
wrote on astronomy and algorism.
Title.
Copotus manua//lis magri aniani. // mctricus cfi
;ometo//Et algorifmus.' (F. i, r. Fig. 17.) F. 45 begins,
'
'
Incipit textus algorifmi.'
RARA ARITHMETICA
32
Colophon.
mini .i488
'
Impreffum Argn. per Johamem
Description.
cm.
53
decembris.'
.is. kail.'
4,
pryli.//
Anno
do-
r.)
X 19.5 cm., the text being 8.8 x 14.4

imnumb. = 55 ff., 31-34 11. Strasburg,
13.9
numb.
ff.
(F. 44,
1488.
The
Editions.
follows
1490
.'),
editions of Sacrobosco's Algorisvins were as
s. 1. a. (Venice .\
Strasburg, 1488, 4 (here described)
4 Venice, 1501 (see p. 35); Paris (edited by Clich;
toveus), 1498;
ib.,
1503;
ib.,
15 10;
Vienna, 15 17;
Cracow,
CXopomsmamta
ta!0mifittas
Title, first edition of .anianus
Fig. 17.
1504,
35);
1509,
1521, and
1522; Paris,
The
Antwerp, 1582.
editions of
1522; Venice, 1523
(p.
Anianus were as follows
Lyons, 1489 ib., 1490,

4
Rome, 1493, 4
ib., 1 49 1, 4
ib., 1492 (two editions), 4
;
1494, 4;
33);
Paris,
s.
1.
a.
(Basel,
ib.,
Paris,
c.
1.
ib.,
a. (Paris.?,
1500), 4;
1502, 8;
1508;
s.
Rouen,
1495, 4, see
a. (1502), 8;
c.
s.
Lyons, 1504 (see
151 1;
ib.,
15 15;
ib.,
p.
35);
ib.,
15 19,
4;
Lyons, 1540,4; p-rankfort, 1549;

1568; Antwerp, s. a. (c. 1558); ib.,
There are probably others s. 1. a., and some appear
1529;
ib.,
1530,4;
Wittenberg, 1550;
1559.
1498, 4;
ib.,
501, 4;
1509, 4;
ib.,
Paris,
p.
ib.,
PRINTED HOOKS
under the name
pagni
The
knew only
the
Munich
C(^py.
part of this rare book
first
and the second
Of
of Sacrobosco.
is
33
Honcom-
this first edition
XII, 126
{/htilctino,
n.)
the Coinpoiiis Manitalis of Anianus,
the A/goris/ni/s of Sacrobosco, described later.
is
It is
book on mathematics printed in Strasburg (but see

p. 10), and it is the first edition of each of the two treatises mentioned,
and the first printed work on the computus, the arithmetic of the
Church calendar. In the work of Anianus appears for the first time
in print the original of the rhyme beginning
probably the
'
first
Thirty days hath SeptLMiiber,'
which is said to have been first published in the

1590 edition of Grafton's Chronicles. It also appeared in an arithmetic published anonymously in 1596. The Latin form of Anianus is
the English version of
as follows
'Junius aprils feptember et ipfe nouember

Dant triginta dies rebcjuis fuuadditur vnus,
De quorum numero februarius excipiatur." (F.
8.)
It is found in various forms in other computi, manuscript and printed.

Anianus also gives for the first time in print the astronomical formula
Sunt Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libraque, Scorpio,
Arcitenens, Caper, Amphora, Pices,' which appeared in the works of
Bede under the title Verfus Prifciani, de Astronomia,' as Hinc Aries,
Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpius, Arcitenens, Capricornus, & Vrna, Qui tenet & Pifcis.' (1563 edn., vol, I, 517.)
*
'
ANIANUS.
See
Title.
IT.
S.
Copotus cum //commento.'
'
vna cum
qj in fine
Description.
39
1488.
pr.
(Paris
a.
1.
1495).
c.
.?,
p. 31.
infcribitur
fuis locis
Ed.
'
unnumb.
Editions.
figuris et
See
published about
blank
p. 32.
(F.
= 40 ff.,
35
11.
S.
1.
Compotus
cpii
tam
neceffariis
libri pofitis.// Incipit feliciter.'
4, 13.1
'Liber
ma/ //nibus
a.
(Paris
i,
in
r.)
X 13.1cm.
.?,c.
I495)-
This rare and interesting edition was
1495, possibly
by
Mich,
le
Noir
at
Paris,
no date or place of publication given. It is

one of the best examples of the mediceval computus that
although there
appeared
in
is
print.
Unlike the
first
edition
(jx
31,
14SS)
it
RARA ARITHMETICA
34
contains a
and fingers
number
of illustrations
showing the use
hand
of the
in assisting in calendar reckoning, the title of
'
Com-
Zfberoof ompoms {nfcribtajrrvnaciimfistiris etma/

fine Ubii pofiito.
mbiis nccclfem^ tarn in (m lods ^ in
5iiapftfeUotcr
r^^^
^jcoztaeftiuftollbnjlmmajftaver
nmo pnt
ba poffcnt OiipUdtcr confideran .
Old oe oeo q dl lujc va^. loeo Dicebat oauid*
-"
'
'^^
..y
latotiacjliuJlo.ietoeillaluce oiat 5<^b3.(.

jrat lu]c vera ^ iTlumiat omne borain^ vcnie/
te frtbuitc
mimdii. Sccudo pomi oe fdentia,
Ct tfidi Itlt (liWiT focttte rcddete luddi.qwa fadt bomme fde/
comcndanone fcie ouo bjc
tern eflc loddu.'jii qUibus verbis ad

tangif fd^tiealritudo pzcaofa p boc
ufter tangiimr.primo e;n
boc cp oidt oi/
quodoidtlujc. Scdjndo largimdo gloziofa per
ratioe.aiKtoncate 5ftdoi<
ra ell.lSnmu pzobarar audoiiratc et
oicmris/âSSae;! fens indcfidens Jjoti'tane via.fai fal/
5 c ^ e?^ fTâ>'
nc
uaton0co^tfo.Ba:{5enc.illudc,^vaUdi ap:edofamquod MY--/;:''^'^
(/
c inoalido i imperftcto fadt validum i pfecrutn.foctia e boiuf
modi.ergo zc. imioz dt mamitlta. minoz occlaramr p pbin rer/
cfo oe aia He oiccnte: Hia in pndpio foe creatt'onis e taiv^ tabu
fderiis z virturt/
la rafa in qua niba oepicta elt.oepmsibilie
bus.*l>zinwm2?pb3|aaao2it3tc boeniiratoe in pzologoariC ^_
mcmcefec?enSa"e coy. que vera funt z t'mcmutabilio eiTeim'e no 2riraq5 compbenfione vcritaris.Barioe ficnllud eH tanop (md
bonii quod babet largirion^ glonofam fcia e bmoi . ergozc.ma,

<02 dl vera.mtnoz ^bamr poilfinitione fcicne q talis c.Sciadt 3
(Jda babitus aic ronalie no innatus fed accifims oim buanair re
'
rnmKndagamjc z totius bumane vite gubcmam']c/cv' r<ia fit ba/

bitos pt5.qz fcia ell aliquod ejcillens in aia.fed omne illud quod
cit in ala aut c bitiis aut potetia aut palTio. tbcc teilat arilto.
tn fcciuJo eibicott.q' fcia no fit paTio pt5 qz palTiones funt in vo
no
luniate fcia no c bmoi.ergo zc .cp
fit
potetia pt5.q: ql;b5
po/
ten -ia fit a natura. flcit irafcibiliG.x cocjpifabilis.t (ic rdinqui

wr no fit potentia. ($ fit bltus ale ronalis pt5 p pdiaa-cp aiiJ
putus manualis
Beginning of anianus, edition
Fig. 18.
'
being thus
justified.
c.
1495
This differs from the 1488
edition in the notes of the commentator.
however, substantially unchanged.
ob^
The
original text
is,
PRINTED BOOKS
ANIANUS.
Seep.
Ed.
35
Lyons, 1504.
1488.
pr.
31.
Compotus cu //commento.' (F. i, r.)

CLibcr compoti cum comcnto finit
Coloplion.
Title.
fclicitcr
'
Lugduni per Claudiu nour//ri. Anno domini
preffus
//die
Octobris.'
.iiij.
32
ff.
(F. 32,
unnumb., 34-40
on
p.
25
13,
&
14.
cm.
Lyons, 1504.
11.
(f.
Junius) aprilis feptembre
is
a curious misprint in the calendar
It
r.).
here begins 'Julius (instead of
nouember.' Like the edition of c. 1495

It differs from the 1488 edition in the
ipfe
33), this is well illustrated.

notes of the commentator, but
"(p.
c.
r.)
In this edition there
See p. 32.
verse given
X 20
8, 14.5
Description.
// Im-
.M.ccccc.iiij.
practically identical with
is
that of
1495.
See
Colophon.
'
1.
Description.
ff.
Cum
Anno Dni .M.CCCCC.L// Die
(F. 8,
Februarij.'
Venice, 150
1488.
Domini Ioa-//nis De Sacro Bufco //

Gratia Et Priuilegic' (F. i, r.)
Impreffum Venetijs per Bernardinum Venetum //
Vitalibus:
cm.
pr.
Algorifmus
'
Title.
Nouiter Impreffuj.//
De
Ed.
p. 31.
4,
Tertio
Mefi.
r.)
14.
unnumb., 39
X
11.
16.8
Venice, 1501.
See p. 32.
Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
S.
1488.
1.
a.
(Venice, 1523).
p. 31.
'Algorifmus Domini Joannis//de Sacro Bufco noui-
//ter impreffum.'
(F.
i, r.)
Impreffum Venetiis per Melchiorem Seffam &

Petrum//de Rauanis Socios. Anno domini .M.D.XXIII.//
Colophon.
'
die .XXIIII. Octobris.'

Description.
cm.
ff.
4, 14.8
unnumb., 40
(F. 8,
X
11.
r.)

S.
1.
a.
(Venice, 1523).
16.8
KARA ARITHMETICA
36
JOHANN WIDMAN
Bom
at Eger,
Ed.
(?).
Bohemia,
c.
1460.
pr. c.
c.
1488.
a student at Leipzig
in 1480,
Leipzig,
1488.
He was
A.B. in 1482, bachelor of medicine in 1485, A.M. in i486. He evidently

received the doctor's degree about the same time, for he wrote a medical
work in 1497 with the title, Tractatus clarissimi medicina ^ doctoris Johanis
That he gave lectures on algebra, possibly the
de pustulis
widman
first at Leipzig, is proved by a passage found by Wappler in an old Dresden
Quare hodie hora secunda post sermonem atque Baccelaureomanuscript
'
'
'
celebrata disputatione Magister Jo. W. De. Eg. Aporismata at Regulas

Algobre resumpturus pro hora atque loco conuenienti cum audeturis con-
rum
cordabit
Title.
tipli//ces
.'
.
Algorithmus
'
Mercatorum
Description.
I4ff.
4,
14
Linealis.' (F.
Leipzig,
Editions.
bly 1490, 1493;

This rare
s.
.'
(F. 2,

Initials in red,
unmimb., 31-34II.
'Ad euitadum
i, r.)
erro-//res et alteri^
a.
1516; 15
14.5 cm.
by hand. Leipzig,c. 1488.
(c.
1488, here described);
17,
and several others.
treatise, the first
mul-
r.)
ib.,
possi-
printed work on calculation by the aid
('apud noftras appellata eft calculatio '), is of unknown

authorship, but was probably written by Widman. {Abhafidlungen, V,
152.) At the end of the book is the device of Martin of Wurzburg
(Martinus Herbipolis), and the book was printed by him, probably c.
1488. After a brief introduction on the use of counters ('projectiles'
of counters
De
De Mediatione, De MultiDe radicum extractione, De
as they are here called), the author treats of the following topics
Additione,
plicatione,
De
De
Subtractione,
Diuifione,
De
De
Duplatione,
Progreffione,
Et
radicum extractione in Cubicis. The book closes with the words
tantij de Radicum extractione et vltima huius Algorithmi fpecie Et p
confequens de toto Algorithmo.' There are no applied problems, and
the only computations with abstract numbers are performed 'on the
line' (i. e. by the 'projectiles' on a line abacus), whence the name
Algorithmus linealis.' The work is illustrated by woodcuts.
'
'
Other works 0/1488. Suiseth (p. 10,
JOHANN WIDMAN.
Ed.
pr.
c.
1480)
1489.
Borghi (p. 16, 1484).
Pforzheim, 1500.
See above.
Behennd vnd hupfch // Rechnung vff alien // kauff(Woodcut of a schoolroom.) (F. i, r.)
Gedruckt zu Pfortzheim von Thoman //anfzhelm
Colophon.
Im Jubcl Jar als man zalt 1500 //Got fey lob.' (F. 163, v.)
Title.
'
manfchafften.'
'
PRINTED
Description.
II
ff.
blank
37
x 13.2 cm., the text beinj]^ 6.5 X 10.4 cm.

unnumb. + 162 numb. = 174 ff., 26 11. Pforz-
i6,
1K)()KS
lO
heim, 1500.
1489, 8; Pforzheim, 1500, 8 (here
1508, 8 (p. 39); Hagenau, 15 19, 8 (p. 40);
Leipzig,
Editions.
described);
ib.,
tl
^leif^ ale vil in fic^ bcfÎieffen old bie wffcl

imqu*brAt/Trclcf?e bannbie anbcr êfc^t ijl
Ab bArifi l?ie ^cr n Ad> ietlt4?e an ix felb(l foitn
fterltc^cn befc^reibert i(t
16liZ|i8^4j5ol5l7
'4p'|z8|55l42|45l8
i6fz4|5z|4o|4a|56|^9_
I9l^jz7i56|4^l54l65|7r| 9i|
errttpolmu:flei0 baa em ma I em
@o twit
îr alle rec^nung 0emetn
f[^|5
^f75
^14
18
16
|6>
18
|9
iio|iZli4iiig;i-8)
lX irMl'5
l'82i|^4fe7|
-rt3Ti|rgg'clz4|z8|5i|f6i
|33iJ|zo^55g5^
|6lTili8blJ^^42W4i
|7Mzi;z8|55!4-|4 ^5 ^6^1
|3^^544o}4j26ig72|
7ni8'2l^lB5K4'6^f7zi)
Fig. 19.
From the 1500
\vidm..\n
Augsburg, 1526, 8 (p. 40). The title of the first edition was
Behede vnd hubsche // Rechnung auff alien //
as follows
Gcdruckt In
kauffmanschafft,' and the colophon (f. 236, r.),
'
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
38
der Furstlichen Stath // Leipezick durch ConradQ Kacheloffen
//Im 1489
lare.'
û m A<^ yerfic^d fiir (ic^ felb mit femcm
gelt
rt<i4^berre0elfohimt(ibîen<xc^ flat
pzoflotet
jToret
305
.5
Z04
ff
f 5
primer A
65
10
ecAnba
40
'reum^ff
f^ft
161
pi
7^
SXfc<i)[d
20.
Exchange,
from the 1500 widman
the second edition, and is even more rare than the

was unknown to Boncompagni when he printed his
Intorno ad un Trattato d'Aritmetica di Giovanni Widmann di
Eger' in the Bidletino, IX, 188, the best discussion of this
This
first.
is
It
'
arithmetic that has appeared.
PRINTED BOOKS
39
the first great German textbook on the

minor works had already appeared before 1489. It
is in the main a practical treatise, with good problems, and it set the
standard for Germany much as Borghi's book did for Italy, Among its
noteworthy features is the use of the plus and minus signs for the first
time in a printed work. (See Fig. 21.) These are not used, however,
as signs of operation, but as symbols of excess or deficiency in warehouse measures. The book is illustrated (see Fig. 20) with pictures
showing mercantile customs, and with geometric diagrams. Widman
acknowledges his indebtedness to men like Sacrobosco, als da lert
Joannes defacrobufto vii ander mer,' although his work shows no depend-
Widman's arithmetic was
subject, although
'
ence upon the

After the
pages to
'
'
Algorismus
'
'
named.
Inhalt difz buchs in einer gemein,'
Numeratio,' 2^ to 'Additio,' 2^ to
'
Widman
Subtrahiren
'
devotes 2^
(including
denominate numbers in these topics), i to Dupliren,' 2 to Medieren

Multipliciren,' 5 to divi(i.e. multiplying and dividing by 2), ii^ to
sion, 2i to progressions, and 14 to roots (4 referring to cube root). He
then takes up fractions in the same order, this work being followed by
compound numbers and proportion. He then gives a large number
of type problems, regiilae as he calls them, although they are not stated
Regula
in the form of rules as we now know them. These include the
detri' (rule of three, treated as distinct from proportion), and the regulae
'
'
'
'
detri conversa, positionis, equalitatis, legis, augmenti, plurima,

sentencianmi, suppositionis, residui, excessus, collectionis, quadrata,
cubica, reciprocationis, lucri, pagamenti, and alligationis.
Other works of I48g. Boethius, p. 27, 1488 ; Anianus, p. 32, 1488.
fusti,
JOHANN WIDMAN.
See
Colophon.
iar als
ff.
blank
Editions.
is
edition.
i,
vff alien // Kauff-
r.)
zalt 1508.'
8, 9.7
See
p. 37.
is
161.)
(F.
13 cm., the text being 6.5
+161 numb. =
arithmetic, and
but
(F.
'CGedruck zu Pfhorzheim von Thoman//Anfzhelm
man
Description.
7
Pforzheim, 1508.
1489.
pr.
'Behend vnd hupfch // Rechnung
Title.
manfchafften.'
Im
Ed.
p. 36.
168
This
ff.,
is
26
11.
10 cm.
Pforzheim, 1508.
the third edition of this famous
by the same publisher as the second (1500),
from different type.
It
is
about as rare as the
first
RARA ARITHMETICA
40
JOHANN VVIDMAN
See
Title.
Behend vnd
'
manfchafften.'
(F.
man
iar als
zalt
unnumb.
f.
as a
See
p. 37.
As an
was presented
'
Rechnung
vff alien
15 19.
// Kauff-
Hagenaw durch Thoman // Anshelm.

(F.
r.)
151 numb.
See
Editions.
Arithmetic.
Kunze
hiipfch //
1 1 \S^9-
8, 9.7
Description.
I
Hagenau,
1489.
pr.
r.)
i,
'Getruckt zu
Colophon.
Im
Ed.
p. 36.
This
152
is
ff.,
20-29
the fourth edition of
cm.
15 19.
Widman's
inscription on the fly leaf says, this copy
Prince Baldasarre Boncompagni by
to
11
Hagenau,
11.
Ludwig
liber rarissimus.'
p. 39.
JOHANN WIDMAN.
See
Ed.
pr.
Augsburg, 1526.
1489.
p. 36.
Title.
Behennde vnnd // hiibfche
Rechnug auff alien // Kauffmanfchafften.'
(Woodcut showing two men
seated at a reckoning table.)
M. D.
XXVI.' (F. I, r.)
Colophon.
Getruckt zu Augfpurg
durch // Haynrich
Stayner// M, D,
XXVI.' (F. 192, r.)
Description. 9.4 X 13.7 cm., the text
being G.y y. 11 cm. 2 ff. unnumb. + 190
'
-j-
30
W!tbtisotvf<
d)ei?/Qorutruct
lMc2crictiiernt>
i)
3-1-44
3
2z
-f-
tfc
S*
16
ttwnt) waeaug
i(l/0et(l
rtit>
nu6&jfG6c(crt<
fcctonn&ttjct&en
4?3
9K,
CQ
4- 44 6u bi'c 2cnl>tner
3 4- *9 56 K> Seni<*e
Ti z ^4(i)^^rt^t)<â /
3
4- p -}- feae i(i twee
3
fe<jrjii2J5)&icrc(t3'"f>7mmB6. Hurt
3
foltOufat^Mgabfchk^crtaUweegfdc
<ilegel24 t&.TnfeOaetfl
}n&m4d)t J
maU4-
X tt>t>rtrju&feicr&48
trrtt)Kro.HTJ9.Vt.0 61<:vbert4'Ti
tt.nimfpj.d)iooH,&a6.|Iem5entrtec
p!04ff;vtcHiimcit4i7iH''nt>fume
'
'
numb.
= I92 ff.,
c^.VV....
Editions.
a note in
^fflf
Fig. 21.
From the
VVIDMAN
25
C^
See
,.
11.
Augsburg, I 526.
Jhig COpy haS
p. 37.
the handwriting of Prince
Boncompagni, together with

tion of the book.
It is
his colla-
interesting not
526
only for
its
rarity but for the
contem-
porary coloring of the woodcuts.
as
In the other editions described the third line of Fig. 21 reads 3

should.
it
+ 36,
PRINTia) ]U)()KS
PETRUS DE ALLIACO.
Ed.
pr.
41
Augsbur^s 1490.
1490.
Alyaco, Heliaco, n'AiLLY. Horn in Compit-gne in 1350; chancellor of

the University of Paris, Bishop of Cambray, and Cardinal. He died in 1420.
Title.
Cocordatia aftronomic cu theologia // Cocordatia
'
Et clucidariu
tronomie cu hyftorica // narratione.
//cedentium
af-
duol:{^ prc-
dni Petri de Aliaco car//dinalis Camcracenfis.'
i,r.)
(F.
Coloplioti.
tatis
completus
decima.'
logia
E.xplicit
'
tractatus de cocordia aftronomice veri-
dno Petro
narrationis hiftorice//a
in ciuitate Bafilieii.
(P".
33,
r.)
Cameracen.
menfis. Maij die
'Opus concordantie aftronomie cum
necnon hyftorica verita

Joannis angeli
Magiftri
cardinal!
anno xpi // 1414

nar//ratione
peritiffimi
viri
explicit
theo-
feliciter.
diligeti cor//rectione.
Ratdolt mira imprimendi arte: qua nuper Venetijs
Erhardiq5
nOc // Augufte vindelicorum excellit nominatiflimus.

Januarij. 1490.'
Description.
4.
nonas
(F. 55, v.)
4,
15.6
X 20.4
cm., the text being ii.i
14.7
unnumb., 39 11. Augsburg, 1490.

cm.
56
ff.
This work has been included in the
list
because, while chiefly astro-
throws considerable light upon the early Computi. It was

written to show the relation between theology and astronomy, and hence
nomical,
it
it
has an important bearing upon the study of the medineval calendar.
ALONSO DELATORE.
A
Title.
'
pr.
Seville, 1538.
1489.
Vifio delectable de //la philofophia
ar//tes liberales:
(This
y philofo-//phia moral .:.// M.d.xxxviij.'

surrounded by an elaborate woodcut.) (F. i, r.)
meta//phifica
is
Ed.
Spanish savant of the fifteenth century.
Colophon.
Philofophia
leal
'
ciudad//de
.M.d.xxxviij.'
72
ff.
Editio7is.
el
libro
llamado vifion delectable dela
Es impreffo enla
infigne y
muy
Seuilla en cafa de Juan Cr6berger.//Aiio de
(F. Ixxij,
Description.
cm.
CFenefce
ar//tes liberales.
Fol., 19
numb., 42
11.
r.)
24.3
Seville, 1538.
Seville, 1489, fob;
ib.,
1538,
fol.
(here described).
RARA ARITHMETICA
42
This rare treatise
is
an encyclopaedia, with chapters devoted to the

The arithmetic is found in Chapter IV
and sciences.
22), and consists
various arts
(see Fig.
of only
two pages
of theoretical discussion.
CCapituloau!.lE>daanrinctbicar&cfU9&iueMr^fl',v>Dgfuv?tiiidadomodo:pocmugringularc6fecrct08
'HflandopaifltrauciTandoertefendfro: rmieronencima oel
m6tc:3 Dofecomeâuarnmarauillolocaminoiel ^lloeguio

cnpnlugarrecafaeipalaaojmujfingulflrfst'zalapucrtflrc
UrillabflllarornamujpragacifTimaimuj^^funda rojcllaD
rciencia.iaqualauiiqlosmicbzoscubzienecoabitofeminilrparcfaaoc
bajro i5 aql afcodcr coza(;6 oc mu^ penetrate 1 mu^ mgeniofo ra rc.r en
laoicftrarcniapngrafioiJbierroijenlarmieftrarnatablacbla'quâda:
From the 1538 alonso delatore
Fig. 22.
NICOLAUS CUSA.
Ed.
pr. c.
Strasburg?,
1490.
tions of
made
'
honor
known
The work begins:
as the.' Opuscula.'
[I]n hoc volumine ptinentur certi tractatus
Description.
c.
ff.
Fol., 17.5
unnumb.
1490.
libri
ptemplat6//nis et doctrine: a preclare memorie pre-
ftantiffimo doctiffimoq5 viro // Nicolao de Cufa.'
163
Kues on
in the
Usually
Prohemium.//
altiffime
at
died at Todi, Umbria, August it, 1464. He held posiChurch, including the bishopric of Brescia. He was
a cardinal in 1448. He wrote several other works on mathematics.
the Mosel in 1401
Ttt/t\
1490.
c.
Bom
NicoLAUs CusANus, NicoLAUS Chrypffs OR Krebs.
Some
others assign
it
blank
164
ff.,
45
bibliographers place
to
(F. i, v.)
Milan as
late as
it
11.
S.
1.
a.
1.7
as early as
1505.)
18 cm.
(Strasburg
.?,
1480 and
PRINTED BOOKS
burg?,
151
1490 or
c.
and
s.
1.
His 'Opera' appeared
earlier).
(Slras-
a.
at Paris in
14 (see below), and again at Basel in 1565.
43
Cusa's 'Opuscula varia' fkst appeared
Editions.
This contains fifteen of Cusa's tractati, including Reparatio kalendar ,*

theorie' (4 if.), 'De mathematicis complementis,' 'I)e mathe'
'De Apice
Of these mathematical chapters the
matica perfectione.'
of
some
first
two are
interest in the history of arithmetic, the others referring chiefly
to mensuration.
NICOLAUS CUSA.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr. c.
'
Hec
hoc fecudo vo//lumine contcnta.//
in
Dialogus de ignoto.
2.
De
tranfmutationibus
De
Arithmcticis com-
De
mathematicis com-
Dialogus de annunciatione.
geomctricis.
3.
ExcitationQ
libri
Coniectura de
X.
plenientis.
7.
nouiffi-
mis diebus.//
Septem
Paris, 15 14.
1490.
p. 42.
epiftolae.
Reparatio Caledarii.
59.
Complementum
logicum.
22.
De
Correctio Tabularum
Alphonfi.
54.
plementis.
i.
3.
theo-
92.
prefectione mathematica.
29.
33.
iii.'
(Woodcut of printing-press, with the words: 'Prelu Afcefianu.')

Venudantur cum cete//ris eius operibus in Acdibus Afcenfi-
'
(F.
anis.'
I, r.)
Emissvm est hoc librorvm Cvsae opvs // egregivm

ex officina Ascen//siana anno Christi pientissimi om//
Colophon.
Parisiis
'
nivm Redemptoris MDXIIII, octa//va Assvmptionis semper

San//ctae semperqve Virginis //Christi Deiqve Matris//Mariae.
qva patroci//nante apvd Filivm // portvm salv-//tis spcra-//mvs
et//veniae.'
(F.
Description.
cm.
46
114
11.
ff.
Paris,
Editions.
CXVI,
Fol.,
r.)
20x29
5 14.
See above.
12.7x26.8
unnumb. = 16 ff.,
cm., the text being
numb. (Roman numerals)
RARA ARITHMETICA
44
by
This second volume of the Paris edition of Cusa's works, edited
on p. 43.
Faber Stapulensis, contains the tractati already mentioned
'
JOHANN WIDMAN
See
See Fig.
1490.
pr. c.
S.
1.
a.
1490).
(c.
p. 36.
(F. i,r.
23.)
8, 14.9
Description.
ff.
Ed.
'Algorithmus Integro:^//Cum Probis annexis.'
Title.
12
(?)
'
unmimb., 29-31
Editions.
X 20.6
S.
11.
1.
a.
(c.
X 14 cm.
1490)-
various bibliographies assign different dates,
The
but I presume there was only this one edition. De Morgan (p.
dates of such early works was
99), whose judgment as to the
unreliable, estimated this as "hardly later than I475." adding,
"I think
this is the oldest
critically investigated the
book
in
my
list."
Wappler, who has
matter {AbJiandlungen, V, 158) believes
that Widman wrote this work, the 'Algorithmus linealis'

and also the 'Algorithmus Minutiarum Phisicarum.'
(p.
36),
a quotation from Boethius, the same indeed

opening sentence of Sacrobosco's Algorismus. After treating
of numeration, addi-
The work opens with

as the
tion, subtraction,
plation,
multiplication,
division,
Fig. 23.
du-
mediation,
the
and
author
takes up progressions,
Title of the .algorithmus integrorum
roots, and the proofs
There are no applications in the book.

Other works of i4go. Anianus, p. 32, 1488 Boethius, p. 27, 1488.
There also appeared c. 1490, at Leipzig, an anonymous work edited by
Norico, entitled Arithmeticae Textus communis.'
of the various processes.
ANONYMOUS.
Ed.
pr. c.
1491-
S.
1.
a.
(c.
1491).
See Fig. 24.

Colophon. 'CFinis trium Algorifmo:^ cum proper //tionum
Title.
vel
Mercatorum
10
ff.
regula.'
(F. 10,
r.)
X 19.4cm., the text being

a. (c. 1490unnumb.. 34-36 11. S.
Description.
4, 13.7
1.
8.6
X 15.6cm.
PRIN'ri':i)
This
Editions.
(p.
'
is
not the edition dcscribctl
99), because the title has
The word
addita regula.'
1U)()KS
'
45
1)\-
Dc Morgan
addita etiam regula,' instead of
'regula' instead of
'
regla
'
at the
jOfUgozifitms nouusoe
^ *-*intcgn8 copcndforcfmcfiGUrarumC mo:c ^fwlo
rum|Dclf nonccompilatU0 grtem numcrandi omncrtKa
vwiticalculandi ciHJcliatim bzcuinlmc cdoccno.vna cu ai
0o:irmi8 DC mmurijsvuIgaKbua videlicet crpbificalibua
Sddiia ctiam rcgula.|po:tionu tarn DcmrcGns qpfracns
qacrutgo mcrcaro2om regulatJiaf Quibtm'babine. <!iuio
niodtca adbibirdDiUgetmaomncmcaUuUndttnodum
dUtme adiptfapoceil
fa
*)
6/
j
Fig. 24.
end shows
'?EN,tift/pIfcl
jtfifOiuifo:rcjfipeP
^"^
it
TiTLK
pa(;k
It is
IZ
ff
ok thk al(;okismus of
to be different
(edition of i860).
nal evidence
/-
c.
1491
from the one described by Brunet
probably no. 827 of Hain, and the
makes 1491 the probable year
inter-
of the c-omi)osition
46
KARA ARITHMETICA
or publication.
De Morgan
says that three editions are known,
and Giinther on the authority of Chasles gives an edition at

Cologne,
c.
1510.
This anonymous work is of the class of the arithmetics of Muris,

Peurbach, Ciruelo, and other mediaeval and early Renaissance writers.
picrngorns aritbmetn'reinrroducfor
Fig. 25.
It
TnLE
page of calandri
contains a brief treatment of the species

duplatio and
'
tions) with integers, omitting
progression and roots.

fractions
('
This
'
is
'
(the fundamental opera-
'
'
mediatio
'
but including
followed by a discussion of
Algorifmus nouus de//minutijs vulgaribus
'),
common
a single page
on sexagesimal fractions ('de minutijs Phificalibus '), and a page on

proportion. It is one of the first books to identify proportion with the
rule of three, or merchants' rule as it was often called. (' De regula
proportionum // Sive aliter Regula Mercatorum dicta.') It is not as
practical as the elaborate title would seem to indicate.
PRINTED BOOKS
PIIILIPPI CALANDRL
A Florentine arithmetician
Title.
'
Pictagoras
Kcl. pr.
1491.
47
Florence, 1491.
of the fifteenth century.
arithmetrice
introductor.'
(Woodcut
^3
parri
8]
of
KARA ARITHMETICA
48
aticoTidoctoempieii
Qnorerpeiriccin
nafontcm'vdtrqu.i
do c picna lion merren
do ilco'.\<*.octo 1 ftur.-i
rottdodiiii
uora
ct
gnidi
falc-^ dibrarno!
crdtpoi lanocre fcmd:
do fripere elTertdo
la fo;ir: -rmccrcn
do i!f3ndpo T
u.ii)'
clê el
uofendouTfti-t* Jîoraol
doiluoratotofluorcrc
beladccrafoittcin
di
po>o
fidrciiro r o l>:ai:cid
dibx^do uo faperc
:
in ciuari dt fara
flura
fnora','
dcldecropeNO
doihioraToiotfiqu.iu
di iftva plena la
dcaa
fonte
IM
J
!
Fig. 27.
Colophon.
From
<:?
farafuora
r?>
di
calandri's arithmetic
'Impreffo nella excelfa cipta
di
Firenze per
jj
Lorenzo de Morgiani et Giouanni // Thedefco da Maganza fi//

nito a di primo di // Genaio
1491.'
(F.
104,
Description
F'ig.
V.
8, 9.
30.)
8x13.
cm., printed in double col-
umns, each
1
Fin. 28.
1.5
9-26
From calandris arithmetic
cm.
11.
3.3
104
10.7 cm. to
ff.
unnumb.,
Florence, 149 1.
Editions. Florence, 1491,

8 (here described)
ib.,
18, printed
by Bernardo Zuchetta, 4
PRINTKI) HOOKS
Of
sesses
this rare
book, the
two copies.
It
first
in
De Morgan's
and
beautifully printed,
is
49
Mr. Plimi)ton
list,
presentation of the operations, but traditional in
practical in
is
its
])()S-
problems.
its
It is
IS
Eglicuna torrccbcc
Eglicuiialbcroiiifula
+ obrafdaTdflp
niiadunfuimc clqua
flUa
aire ; o brdccia cl
picmpail'atmofuimc
Ic c
cbcclarglx) Jo bine
da. uo fapcrc qnamo
fimccIargbo)obra
fara htiujba
una
dazpcrfortiinadiiic
tofiruppjiiiMl luogo
cbclacima dcllalbcro
ftinc
cbcfiaaipfncataallnn
ua ddnumc tallad
maslclUtorrc
toccaiui Lariua
dclfm
iDcGorapcicquaiirc
bracaa fcnc nippc t
qnanto ttcrimafc rino
-}o
fo
30
^\-fo '-roo ^jo

900
oo|
I
90(
laradiccdi^^f
faralunja
oo
io brae
riinafcrito
da z
iC brae
4 bracda
fcnc
ruppe
j
Fig. 29.
the
first
lems,
From calandki's arithmetic
printed Italian arithmetic with illustrations accompanying probfirst to give long division in the modern form (Fig. 26)
and the
known
to the Italian writers
by the name
Indeed Calandri gives only the

'a danda' method, omitting the galley
form, and is therefore fully a century ahead
a danda.'
'
^niprcdb iiclla nrcira tipta di ^veayc. per J

ioi CM >o di- BJorgtnni ct tiiout
Xi5i;ddi:o da iDijaiija ft
niton dipnmodi
0cniioi4ji
Colophon of
calandri
he uses a divisor diminished by i is incorrect, as will be seen from Fig. 26. Figs. 27
and 29 show that the problems of the cistern, the snail (serpent) in the
were familiar
well, the length of the hypotenuse, and the broken tree
of his time.
De Morgan's
statement
that
Fu;. 30
in Calandri's time.
0//u-r
uwrks 0/1491. Anianus,
Borghi, p. 16, 1484.
p. 32,
1488
Boethius, p. 27, 1488
KARA ARITHMETICA
50
FRANCESCO PELLOS
Ed.
'
de
abaco.//i
Sen fegue de
'
Complida es
Thaurino
lo
(F.
lo
Fig. 31.)
i, r.
es
et femblat-
Copendio // de
la opera, ordinada.
Citadin
pellos.
nominat5
ho
234567890.'
Frances
de arithme-/Aicha.
la art
dich
ieume-//tria
Colophon.
noble
Turin, 1492.
native of Nice, living in the latter half of the fifteenth century.
Title.
ment
PELLIZZATI.
or
1492.
pr.
de
he condida // Per
Impreffo in
Nifa.
prefent copendio de abaco per mei/ //ftro Nicolo
benedeti he meiftro Jacobino fuigo de fancto ger//mano. Nel
anno .1492.
ad.
Description.
9.2
been
15.2 cm.
in.serted
Editions.
Di
.29.
Sm.
80
de feptembrio.'
ff.
(P\ 80,
X 20.9 cm.,
numb., 39 11. Some of
4,
13.8
r.)
the
text
being
the initials have
by hand, in red. Turin, 1492.

There was no other edition.
This is one of the rarest arithmetics known to exist. (Brunet, IV,

475; Graesse, Tresor, V, 100; Riccardi, I, 2, 256.) The only good
description of the work is that given by Boncompagni in the Atti
deir Accad. Pontif. de" nuovi Lincei, XVI, 161, 332, evidently after
examining this copy, since it bears a note in his handwriting.
Pellos first considers the fundamental operations with integers, following this by a treatment of proportion, square root, and cube root.
He then discusses the subject of fractions in much the same order, the
rule of three, certain rules relating to weights, time, money, and other
measures, and such topics as partnership, barter, interest, alloys, and
the rule of false position, single and double. He closes the work with
a chapter on mensuration, or as he calls it, De la art de ieumentria
(' ieumetria' in the title), and gives a number of interesting woodcuts.
The chief interest of the book attaches, however, to the fact that
Pellos came very near the invention of decimal fractions, and that
he actually used the decimal point as is shown in the illustration
(Fig. 32). It cannot be said, however, that he had any conception
of the real value of the decimal fraction as such, the first book
devoted to this subject being 'La Disme of Stevin (1585), hereafter
'
'
described.
Pellos simply uses the decimal point to indicate division
by some power
of
ten, writing a
common
fraction in the quotient.
Thus, to divide 425 by 70, Pellos would divide 42.5 by

result 6
-';,.
7,
writing the
PRINTHl) HOOKS
Fig. 31.
Title page of pellos
51
52
RARA ARITHMETICA
PRINTED BOOKS
53
GEORG VON PEURBACH.

Ed.
Wittenberg, 1534.
1492.
pr.
PuRBACH, Peuerbach.
Bom
Teuerbach, Upper Austria, May 30, 1423;

died at Vienna, April 8, 1461. He studied under Johann von Omiinden (see
p. 117), Nicolaus Cusa (see p. 42), and other great teachers, and later
he became professor of mathematics at Vienna, where Regiomontanus
(Johannes Miiller, of Kiinigsberg) was his pupil. His interests were almost
entirely in astronomy.
Title.
meris
Elemen//ta
'
at
Arithmetices // Algorithmvs de // nuPeurbachio.// De Nvnieri.s
auctore // Georgio
integris
communibus & // Proporcionibus.//

M. D. XXXIIII.'
Practis,// Regulis
fatione Philippi // Melanchthonis.//

ColopJion.
'
unnumb.
ff.
i, r.)
(F. 39, v.)
10.8
8,
Description.
39
(F.
Impress vm Vitebergae // per losephvm Clvg.//
Anno M. D. XXXIIII.'
cm.
Cum prae-
15.6 cm., the
te.xt
=40
22-25
blank
ff.,
being 6.4 X 11.2

^1-
Wittenberg,
1534Editions.
S.
and probably
4,
lier
than
1,
a., c.
15 10
1500; Leipzig, 1503, 4; ib., 1507,

and ib., 151 1; Vienna, s. a. but ear-
ib.,
1511,4;
ib.,
1520, 4;
1536,
8";
ib.,
1512; Niirnberg, 1513

Wittenberg, 1534, 8 (here
1538; Venice, 1539, 8 (see
ib.,
Frankfort, 1544.
below);
The
ib.,
s.
ib.,
Vienna, 15 15, 4;
described);
Explicitum est hoc opus anno Christi dom.
'
1.,
1492.' 4; Vienna,
arithmetic of Peurbach went by various names, as
'
Opus Algo-
Elementa arithmetices,' and

Introductorium in arithmeticam.' It is a brief treatise on the fundamental operations with integers and fractions, and contains a few simple
applications. Peurbach was too profound a mathematician to have considered it a work of any importance, but it is probable that he wrote it
for the benefit of students who were not yet prepared to take up his
work in astronomy.
rithmi,'
'
Institutiones in arithmeticam,'
'
'
GEORG VON PEURBACH.
Ed.
pr.
1492.
Venice, 1539.
See above.
Title.
'
Elementa // Geometriae ex Evclide // fmgulari pru-
dentia collecta a loane Vo-//gelin profeffore Mathematico
in
RARA ARITHMETICA
54
Georgium //
per
//fchola Viennenil.// Arithmeticas practicae
Mathematicum.// Cum praefacione Philippi //

Dissimilivm. Infida.
Melanchthonis.' (Woodcut with motto
The arithmetic of Peurbach begins on f.
Societas.') (F. i, r.)
Peurbuchium
'
32:
Elementa//Arithmetices.//Algorithmvs de nv-//meris
'
ReguHs // communibus, & de Pro-//portionibus.

//Authore Georgio Peurbachio.// Omnia recens in kicem aedita
fide & //diligentia fmgulari.//Cum praefatione PhiHp. Melanth.'
integris, fractis,
Colophon.
'
Venetijs loan. Anto. de Nicohnis de Sabio.//
Sumptu uero D. Melchioris Seffae. Anno // Domini M D

XXXVIIII.//Menfe lanuario.' (F. 6^ v.)
Description. 8, 10.3 X 15.8 cm., the text being 8 X 12.2 cm.
,
unnumb.
f.
+ 68
numb.
=69
ff.,
29
Venice, 1539.
11.
See p. 53.
Other wo7-ks of I4g2. Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Boethius, p. 27, 1488.
Works of i4gj. Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Anonymous (see Widman),
p. 36, c. 1490; Isidorus, p. 8, 1483; Vincent de Beauvais, p, 10.
LUCA PACIUOLO, DE BORGO SAN SEPOLCRO.

Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1494.
1494.
Paciolus, Patiulus, Pacioli.

1445-1450; died soon after 1509.
Bom
in
Not an
Borgo San Sepolcro, Tuscany,
c.
original mathematician, but the
compiler of several works.

Title.
See Fig.
Colophon to
pncipali Geo", finis

pti: die
dem
part on
arithmetic
decima nouembris
vigefi//maeiufdem Ipofitus
correctorem
numb. 224,
'
33.
the
V.)
There
Mccc.?lxliiii?xx^.
fuit.
imprefforem vt
is
'
:
Et
fequenti
fi
ipofitus fuerit
huic
M'.'cccc.lxliiij.
fine
Geo^
hr.'
also the following date
on
pti
tamen
Per
(F.
f.
eof-
232,
i,
v.,
Nouembris.'
Fol., 21.5 X 30.5 cm., the text being 19 X 24.2

unnumb. + 224 numb. =232 ff. in the part on arith76 ff. numb, in the part on geometry making a total of
56-60 11. Venice, 1494.
Description.
cm.
metic
308
ff.,
ff.
Editions. Venice, 1494,

fol.
(p.
58).
fol.
(here described); Toscolano, 1523,
PRINTED BOOKS
55
@uniar)e2lritl?mctica^co/
metmlC>:opo:tioni^ p:o/
poztionalita,
iConrincntiaOctuttalopcra.
fee
numm'c mifurc in turn" modioccurrcntt.
oeucii
^:opo:rionic^pom63lit3anotin3 ocl.s.
dceoctuttilialmTonto'
- ....,
,
Ic trnta f onti^
bi3ui ouero euidenrie numcro.i ;.D
crtratrc.
iEudide
nuci)po2ri6ali l.6?c.7: oc
ruttclceriocWsojifmotdoerclwarc.Wirjnulrt^^
plicarXumarcx forrarc c6 nittc fuc ûe i
ri.cradWcp20grclTioJii.
iani c rot'
^
foi fodameit;
belaregola mcrcantefca Oitta cd/,^
t!Concaricrcniplaripcrcrm?S.@ûadafimHM:rdi
,
, .^.^
S"tiWplicar.fummar.cfotraroetcpjcpo;[io
nicoctutKfojriradici.
.,
be k.vrcaolc ocl catayn T>m pofinoc
cfua o^!gie.
nJ66.abfdua^
u SgcncraliouerconclufiomcS(bcfxperrc60lc.o:dinarieno,fi podelTe,
Sfo2KbmomiicrcdficaltrclmceuTan63{iDcC
Scrc^coealgcb:ae(ttctxlacofa do:
dxcfondamcnri.
ompagnic i turn modi.c lo: partirc.
ôddebcftiamf.clo2partirc
._
,
fab2i'
..
^^.
îtti:pcfd6i:cotrimi:ttueUi:logagiom:csodfmitT.
5fearam' i
iCambi
tuKimodi fcmplid-.conipolb-.c cd tempo.
Kali.fcccbi.fitritii^ i>f minuri ouer
0sn(i femplici c a capo wnno e altn
comunU
termini.
rccarc
lufti.f3Wi.fc0nti.dc tempo cocnanela
dipiu
partite*
aun
e2t4rcti'.elo20affinarc.ecarattar6 ^
.
luerie 8
flEK)Wcafieragioni ftrao2dinane vane c
tutteoccurcmiccommondlafcquente tauola ap/
pareoidinatamenteoetutte.
.^r^..^
ejdineafapcrtenerogmcotocfcnpmreccclqua
^S
mcrcantcfcbi
oe wttcvfan^C C coftumi
in tut
geometria c t)cli.^co^pi
regii^
^^ân'ca e rixo2ica oc
i^?Ju1fflf",?andri^^^^
appare.
mo oifufamcntepcr la fcqucntc tauola
Fig. 33.
TiTLK
i-agk
of the i494 paciuolo
RARA ARITHMETICA
56
This volume, the
first
great general
includes treatises on arithmetic,
work on mathematics printed,

and geometry, each being
algebra,
considered from a somewhat scientific rather than practical standpoint.
The
arithmetic, for example, gives the various methods in multiplication
(see Fig. 34)
prominent
and
division, instead of
in business circles.
emphasizing the one or two most
In the same way Paciuolo's treatment of
XXX
9
7
Fig. 34.
Gelosia multiplication, 1494 paciuolo
the rule of three, the rule of false ('El cataym'), partnership, pasturage,
barter, exchange,
and
interest, while
rate for the mercantile schools.
nominally practical, was too elabo-
His was the
first
printed work to
illus-
symbolism of number (Fig. 35). Paciuolo copies without

hesitation, practically verbatim, from the work of Chiarini (p. 10), and
doubtless laid under contribution, after the manner of his time, various
other works of his predecessors. In algebra he used the common symbolism of the time for the unknown quantities and for roots, but he made
use of no symbols of operation. This part of the treatise relates chiefly
to surd numbers. In geometry he follows Euclid's Book I very closely,
but departs quite radically from the subsequent books. The work had
a great influence on subsequent writers, including the English Tonstall
Paciuolo's training had fitted him to write a treatise of this
(p. 132).
nature. He had been a tutor in the family of a Venetian merchant,
had traveled extensively, had come in contact with practical mathematicians, and had studied the ancient mathematics in the cloisters and
traces of all these influences are seen in his work. In 1497 Paciuolo
wrote at Milan a work entitled ' Divina proportione,' which was published at Venice in 1509 (p. 87).
He also published an edition of
Euclid at Venice in 1509.
Other works 0/14^4. Albert of Saxony, p. 9, 1478; Anianus, p.
trate the finger
32, 1488.
PRINIEU HOOKS
he ['"'^'"''^'^-f^^ vi-JtVJ'/'
A-Wî..-
j/-*^- If bj^rrt-/
jfry./hc'-
Biflinctio rccunda.Zracfaf ofl quartiie.
35.
UNI
57
P'lNHER SYMBOLISM,
494
T)^^(!-
PACIUOI.'
RARA ARITHMETICA
58
LUCA PACIUOLO, DE BORGO SAN SEPOLCRO.

Ed.
pr.
Toscolano, 1523.
1494.
Summa
de // Arithmetica geo//metria. Proportioni

et proportionalita // Nouamente impresfa In Tofcolano fu la
Title.
'
riua
Sito
de
li
antique
illuftra-//to
:
Amenisfimo
et // vnico carpionifta Laco
// euidenti ruine di la nobil cita Benaco ditta
numerofita de Impatorij epithaphij/Zdi antique
Benacenfe
dil
Cum
perfette littere fculpiti do-//tato:
CU5 finisfimi
mirabil co-//
lone marmorei: inumeri // fragmenti di alaba-//ftro porphidi
Cofe certo //
ferpentini.
digne fot-/Aerra
(The rest
fe
mio
page
(F.
is
substantially identical with that of
i, r.)
Colophon to the part on arithmetic

pali
Geo^
finis
decima nouembris
vigefima//eiusde impofitus
die
Fol., 21.
'
CEt
fi
fequeti pti pnci-
ipofitus fuerit: huic
fuit .MVccccc.xxiij.
correctors impresforem vt in fine

Description.
diletto oculata fi-//de miratu
ritro//uano.// Continentia de tutta lopera:'//
of the title
the 1494 edition.)
letter
X 30.4
Geo^
hetur.'
tamen
pti
Per eosdem
(F. 232, v.).
23.5
223 numb. = 232 ff. Toscolano, 1523.

Bound with this is the Tractatus Geometria. Pars fecunda
principalis huius operis 2, primo eius diuifio.' This part of the
cm.
unnumb.
ff.
'
book contains 75
Editions.
See
ff.,
p.
besides the index.

54.
De Morgan
has shown
(p.
2),
that
there are slight differences between the copies printed in 1523,
proving that a second impression was necessary in that year.

See
and
p. 56,
Fig. 36.
PEDRO SAnCHEZ CIRUELO.

Ed.
pr.
Paris, 1505.
1495.
Born at Daroca in Aragon, c. 1470 died at Salamanca in 1 560. One of the

most learned men of his time. He was professor of philosophy at Alcala.
;
Title.
rifmus.'
'
Tractatus Arithmethice // Practice qui dicitur // Algolarge woodcut with the initials D. R. and the
(A
inscription
'
Alaventvre. Tout Vient. Aponit. Qvi. Pevt. Atendre.
Denis. Roce.')
(F.
i, r.)
PRINTED BOOKS
59
adillufhiffimCîincipcmSm-abalduj Urhini
Bucrm tlôfUio ftrrtri:* DurantiaEomiimi. Orfds Ulin(f<5 litfcria matifR'
inmwlîl?emimaoi*ip(uu:Qito;cnfrruaUiffminm;fr8matwePt)8urgo
0quantita
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nobilf r ficEBoilr tEfotS* molQ pf>ilofoF<;i pr qudlo

gmdicBM Unno alia tubllaimj fam; e cciKtilj externa.
fi
w? mcdo alcbana a>la

rcmm nattra fema In no potue mrtcrc dicr taqual
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in
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lofopbi
ladiii) tr atoi
nonnt fta cnpiOfemenK
cfjc
li
noftri Itnft
tractato; e in
Ztxoncii c
pacnca- dha prd?t Icsoica sia alii tempi noftn fonno

moltD ob(tun.e wi mota miit apsSi : c aOt pMcncfx nil
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.7-.!wlu feciidi.6mo.4a?el tDi to mrfura c mimon.-.b.
altro
c+lEI' " M- iS.e ftmia.iutti
Fig. 36.
fonno cira nuniai compfti; no fot^ftc
colliiia
First page of text, 1523 paciuoi.o
RARA ARITHMETICA
6o
Arithmetice practice feu Algorifmi tractatus a

Colopiion.
Petro fanchez // Ciruelo nouiter compilatus Explicit Impreffus Parifius In // Bellouifu. Anno dni, 1505. Die .29. Aprilis.'
'
(F. 14,
r.)
Description.
14
ff.
1509, 4;
'
ib.,
Paris, 1505.
13,
X 14 cm.
11.
1495,4;
Paris,
Editions.
13.2
4,
unnumb., 35-39
1505, 4 (here described)
ib.,
Ciruelo
below).
(see
ib.,
wrote a
also
Cursus quattuor mathematicarvm artiu liberahu,' Paris, 15 16;
ib.,
1523;
ib.,
1523,
ib.,
fol.
1528; Alcala, 1516,
1526;
ib.,
ib.,
1526;
wardin's arithmetic, Paris,
He
1528.
ib.,
1495;
ib.,
ib.,
15 18;
edited
Brad-
fol.
also
1502.
Ciruelo treats very briefly of the fundamental operations with integers,

Following the Spanish
fractions, and denominate numbers.
common
custom he uses cuento
for million.
There
is
that
little
is
noteworthy
in
the book, and, like Peurbach, Ciruelo could not have taken his contri-
bution to algorism very seriously.

Other rvorks of 149^. Anianus,
appeared
in
1495 the
treatise
c.
1495,
p. 32,
of Herodianus,
'
1488.
De
notis
There also
Graecorum
Arithmeticis Grsece,' Venice. Of this work there was an edition in

1525, and a Latin edition published at Basel in 1600, but it hardly
deserves to be classed as an arithmetic.
PEDRO SANCHEZ CIRUELO.

See
ntlc.
Ed.
pr.
1495.
Paris, 15 13.
p. 58.
'
Tractatus arithmetice // Practice qui dicitur algorif-
mus.// (A large woodcut with the name Jehanlambert.) Venundantur Parrhifijs a Johaue La//berto eiufdem ciuitatis bibliopola in fte-//mate diui claudij manente iuxta gymna-//fium
coquereti.'
Colophon.
(F.
'
i, r.)
CArithmetice practice feu Algorifmi tractatus a
Petro fan//che Ciruelo nouiter compilatus Explicit Impreffus

Pro Johane Lamberto
Parifius //per Anthonium Auffourt.
eiufdem
iuxta
ci-//uitatis bibliopola in
gymV/nafium
menfis Martij.'
coquereti.
12,
r.)
ftemmata
Anno
drii
diui claudij
.1513.
manente
Dievero
.21.
PRINTED HOOKS
Description.
12
ff.
4, 13.1
unnumb., 43-46
Editions.
This
is
X 19
11.
6i
cm., the text bcin^^ 9.6
cm.
14. H
Paris, 15 13.
the fourth edition (see
60),
j).
and
is
an
exact reprint of the 1505 copy, save as to spelling and pagination.
As
piece of typography
it
much
is
better than
its
predecessors.
THOMAS BRADWARDIN.
Ed.
pr.
Paris,
1495.
c.
5 10.
Bragwardine, Brandnardinus, Breowardyn, Bradwardyn, de

BRAinvARDlNA, DE Bredwardina. Born at Hertfield (Hartfield) in the
c. 1290; died at Lambeth, August 26, 1349.
On
account of his learning he was called 'Doctor profundus.' He was professor of theology at O.xford, and died as Archbishop of Canterbury. He
wrote four works on mathematics.
diocese of Chichester,
Title.
'
Arithmetica
Venum exponuntur
thome brauardini.// Olivier Senant //
ab Oliuiario fenant
si-//gno beate Barbare fedente.'

Colophon.
in vico diui Jacobi fub
i, r.)
Explicit arithmetica fpeculatiua thoe brauardini
'
re-/Aiifa
bri
(F.
et
correcta a Petro fanchez Ciruelo aragonenfi
ma//thematicas legete
Ipressa
Parifius,
Thoma
anguelart.'
(F. 6, V.)
Description.
4,
20.3
X 27.8 cm., printed
each being 6.8 x 19.8 cm.

Editions.
s.
a.
(c.
Paris, 1495, 4;
1500);
ib.,
ff.
in
unnumb., 61
ib.,
1496,
fol.
double columns,
Paris,
11.
c.
15 10.
1498, 4;
ib.,
ib.,
1502, 4; Valencia, 1503, fol.; Paris, 1504;
1505,4; ib., s. a. (c. 15 10, here described) ib., 15 12; ib.,

1530; Wittenberg, 1534, 8; ib., 1536, 8. His Tractatus de
proportionibus appeared in several editions, as follows
Paris,
ib.,
'
'
1495; Venice, 1505, fol.; Vienna, 1515

mentary by Vittori appeared at Bologna in
(p.
i
117); and a com-
506.
Some
of these
editions contained two or three of his works in one volume, and

it is
probable that his arithmetic and his treatise on proportion
appeared
in other editions
than those mentioned.
Bradwardin was one of the earliest English mathematicians after

Baeda and Alcuin. His arithmetic is of the Boethian type, relating to
the theory of numbers. He gives much attention to the ancient theory
of ratios and to figurate numbers.
RARA ARITHMETICA
62
BOETHIUS, JORDANUS NEMORARIUS, and FABER

Paris, 1496.
STAPULENSIS. Ed. pr. 1496.
For the biography of Boethius see p. 25.
JoRDANUS Nemorarius (Jordanus de Saxonia) was born
at Borgent-
Paderborn, and died in 1236. He studied at Paris

and was the greatest mathematician of his time save Leonardo Fibonacci
reich, in the diocese of
of Pisa.
Jacobus Faber Stapulensis (Jacques le Fevre d'Estaples) was born

near Amiens, in 1455, ^^'-^ died at Nerac in 1536. He was a
priest, vicar of the bishop of Meaux, lecturer on philosophy at the College
Lemoine in Paris, and tutor to Charles, son of Franfois I. He wrote on
philosophy, theology, and mathematics.
at Estaples,
See Fig.
Title.
Description.
72
37.
20 X 29 cm., the text being 13.9 X 27.2 cm.
Fol.,
unnumb., 60-63
ff.
Editions.
The
Paris, 1496.
11.
arithmetic of Jordanus went through various
editions as follows: Paris, 1496,

fol.; ib.,
507,
fol. (p.
fol.
(here described);
15 10, fol.;
ib.,
65);
ib.,
15 14
ib.,
(p. 65).
1503,
Rogg
I do not know of it.

Jordanus
Algorithmus demonstratus,' published anony-
speaks of an edition of 1480, but

also
wrote an
mously
'
at Niirnberg in
nerus, attributed
it
that he only revised
it
1534,
De Morgan,
4.
following Scho-
Regiomontanus, but the evidence shows
to
and
may
it
be due to Jordanus.
His 'De
Ponderibus,' edited by Apianus, was published at Niirnberg in
1533, and at Venice in 1565.

edition in that
man's name
is
it
is
the
first
An
interest attaches to the
1496
printed work with which a Scotch-
connected, the printer being David Lauxius of
Edinburgh, then working in Paris.
The greater part of this volume is devoted to the ten books on arithmetic by Jordanus Nemorarius, with the commentary of Jacobus Faber
The work of Jordanus is similar to that of Boethius, and is
concerned only with theory of numbers. In particular, the Greek theory
of ratios, as elaborated during the Middle Ages, is extensively treated.
The second part consists of the work of Jacobus Faber Stapulensis on
Stapulensis.
music, in four books.
The
'
third
part
is
the
Epitome
of the Arithmetic of
Boethius
<LJacobi Fabri Stapulenfis Epitome in duos libros Arithmeticos//diui
Seuerini Boetij ad Magnificum diium
Epifcopum Verfellenfem.'
Joannem Stephanum // Ferrerium
PRINTED BOOKS
The
63
fourth part, consisting of four and a half pages, is a dcsc ription

game of Rithmimachia, possibly by Shirewode (John
of the arithmetical
who died in 1494), but usually ascribed

edition appeared at Erfurt in 1577, 4.
Shirwood, Bishop of Durham,

to
An
Faber Stapulensis.
5nbocopcrccontcnta.
Sritbmcrica occcm libn's ocmonflrdtt
quattuot
^fcufica lib:i0 Dcmonftrata
/epitome I lJb:o0 aritbmcncos Dim
Scucrini :eoctii
lR.tbmimacbicluouff4PW0nn'^''O9appclla5
i6.5ontcrius iCabiloncnfietfrt
lauoe arirbmcriccs z Jihuficco*
Ccmpozc iam muUo Doctc latucrc fo:o:c9:

(gluao rctinct comitca flaua mincrua fuas.
TBuc pbaoc icrrae port icmpon mulia rcuifunt*
i6rm quocp ante alias 5alUca terra placet.

Ibi0
oUm Celebris fuit omnio Scaica tcllus.
fl!>Ttba0oza
patriam Diffugicnie famon.
Ibcllaoa nunc Unquimt: ct ooctas pallaois rrbc0*
>cquaniof(p petunt/parbidofcp lares.

It?cc
venit omnimooa numero:um dncta caterua*
atcp oocct numcris quioquio in o:bc fitum eft.

aitCTaoulcifono cantu/ftoibufcp canozis
ôomuilTe viros traoitur atcp fcras:

nomma muils
lue fua ipicrijs tenet vnica
nicbil
bac murts gratius elTe folcu
Zttmcn artiftcem ftapule mifcre manne:

ûi Icta boc ftuDijs frontc oicaretopus.
Iboc folum ftuDium atcp bee ilU cura:iuuare/
^rritus ct nc fit/oifpercafcp labo:.
Fir;.
37.
Title page of the 1496 hoethius
0/1496. Albert of Saxony, p. 9, c. 1478 Bradwardin,

I)e origine et laudibus scientiarum,' Florence,
Z. Lillius,
1495
4 (one page on arithmetic). There was also published at Pans, s. a.
Of/ier 7i'orks
p. 61,
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
64
(c.
1496), an anonymous
putile
icipit
feliciter.
treatise entitled
numerandi ac breue tractalutu

JForl's 0/1497. Boethius, p.
'
De
(Q)uoniam rogatus a
arte
plurib5
numeradi copediu
compedium
artis
.'
.
27, 1488 (the colophon of the 1497
PRINTED HOOKS
BOETIIIUS,
JORDANUS NEMORARIUS,
STAPULENSIS.
See
Ed.
FAHKR
and
1496.
Paris, 1507.
'In hoc opcrc contcnta.// Arithmctica dec-cm
demonftrata // Mufica
libris
libros arithmeticos diui
libris
demonftrata quattuor // Epitome
Seuerini Boetij // Rithmimachie ludus
pugna nQerop appellat.' (F. i, r.)

Cimprcffum Parifij in ofificina Ilenrici ftejjhani
regione Scheie decretorum rita.//Anno Chrifti fiderum con-
ColopJion.
pr.
p. 62.
Title.
65
'
Decimo
ditoris 1507.
Description.
cm.
78
8,
unnumb.
ff.
Editions.
die Nouembris.'
20x26.6
cm., the
blank
79
ff.,
(F. 78,
te.xt
60
11.
r.)
18.1x21.5
being
Paris, 1507.
See pp. 27, 62, for the editions of Boethius and
Jordanus.
Like most of the works from the press of Stephanus,
this book is
Elementa Arithmetica of Jordanus, with the demonstrations of Faber Stapulensis, the Epitome of BoeRithmimachia,' the commentary on
thius by Faber Stapulensis, the
Sacrobosco's astronomy by Faber Stapulensis, and the first four books
beautifully printed.
It contains the
'
'
'
of Euclid
'
a Boetio in latinum tranflate.'
BOETHIUS, JORDANUS NEMORARIUS, and FABER

Paris, 1514.
See
Title.
p. 62.
In hoc opere contenta //Arithmetica decem libris//
'
demonftrata.// Mufica
in
libros
chie
libris
Arith-//meticos
ludus
qui // et
demoftrata // quatuor.// Epitome

Seuerini // Boetij.// Rithmima-
diui
pugna numerorij ap-//pellatur.'//
(Sur-
rounded by an elaborate woodcut with the following wording

'
'
Haecsecvndariaes//tetcastigat//issimacxofificina//aemissio' //
CHec
fecundaria fuperioru operum seditio // venalis habetur
Parifijs://in olficina Henrici Stephani e regione fchole Decre-
torum.'
(F".
Colophon.
I, r.)
'
CHas
duas Quadriuij partes
et
artium liberalium
precipuas atq5 duces cu quibufdam ammini-//cularijs adiectis:

curauit
e.x
fecunda
recognitione
vna
fornuilis
eniedatiffime
RARA ARITHMETICA
66
ad
mandari
Henricus
ftudiorum // vtilitatem
grauiffimo labore et fumptu Parhifijs
Anno
Stephanus fuo
falutis
domini //
:
omnia in numero atq5 harmonia formauit 15 14. abfolutumqs

reddidit eode anno: die feptima // Septembris/ fuum laborem
vbicunq5 valet femper ftudiofis deuouens.' (F. 71, v.)
qui
Fol., 19.8
Description.
cm.
71
ff.
unnumb., 62
It is
This edition
Editions. See p. 62.

that of 1496.
26.8
11.
is
practically identical with
the second edition of this combination of
works and the fourth of Faber's Epitome.
MARTIANUS MINEUS FELIX CAPELLA.

Ed.
Vincenza, 1499.
pr. 1499.
Flourished
c.
475.
He was
probably born at Carthage, and he lived
Rome.
at
Title.
See Fig.
Colophon.
39.
'Martini Capellae Liber
finit:
Impreffus Vincentiae
Anno Salutis // M.ccccxcix. xvii. Kalendas lanuarias per Henricum de Sancto // Vrfo Cum gratia & priuilegio decem annorum:
ne imprima-//tur neqs cum Commentatiis: neqs fine: & caetera:
Laus Deo & beatae
quai in ipfo pri//uilegio continentur.
Virgini.'
(F. 123, v.)
Description.
cm.
124
ff.
Fol., 20.5
unnumb., 37
X
11.
Editions. Vincenza, 1499,
30.3 cm., the text being 12.
22.3
Vincenza, 1499.
fol.
(here described);
Modena, 1 500,
Leyden, 1539;
67); Vienna, 1516, fol.; Basel, 1532, fol.;
8
Basel, 1 577, fol. (p. 68) Leyden, 1 592, 8 (p. 68) ib., 1 599,
and later. An Italian translation was published at Mantua in
fol. (p.
For bibliography, see Boncompagni's
1578.
Bulletino,
XV,
506.
This work is a medley of prose and verse, and forms a kind of encyclopedia of the arts and sciences as known for about a thousand years.
seventh
It was highly esteemed in the Middle Ages as a textbook. The
on the Greek theory of arithmetic. It treats of the various

numbers, such as plane and solid, and mentions the supposed
mysteries of the smaller numbers, the monad suggesting one God, the
book
is
classes of
dyad good and
evil,
the triad the Trinity, and so on.
PRINTED BOOKS
67
Other 7vorks of I4gg. Boethius, p. 27, [488; Suisclh, p. 10, c.

Anonymous, Enchiridion Algorismi sive tractatus dc numeris
1480
(ieorge of Hungary, Arithmetica
integris,' Deventer, 4 (p. 64, 1498)
summa tripartita,' s. 1., reprinted at Budapesth in 1894.
'
'
Opn9
artianiCapdledeûpttj^
^ Dedukcclca*
x^cgcoin^tri
6-
j DC mafia librifcprcm.
Fig. 39.
TrrLE page of the 1499
^'ai'klla

Ed.
pr.
See
Modcna, 1500.
1499.
p. 66.
'Opvs.// Martiani Capellae //de nvptiis phi//lologi3e et

//mercvrii//liberi//dvo.//De gramatica. Liber. Tertius.//De diTitle.
alectica. Liber.
Quartus.//DeRhetorica. Liber. Quintus.//Dege-
ometria. Liber. Sextus.//De Arithmetica. Liber. Septimus.//De
aftronomia. Liber. Octauus.//De mufica. Liber. Nonus.' (F. i, r.)

Martiani Capellse Liber finit. Impreffus Mutinae.
Colophon.
'
Anno
Salutis.
M.//CCCCC. Die .XV.
Berthocum.'
(F.
Description.
On
100
69,
f.
ff.
v.,
100,
Fol.,
Menfis Maii. Per Dionyfiu.
r.)
20 X 29 cm., the
te.xt
being 13.7 X 24 cm.
the part on arithmetic begins, and occupies
in the entire book,
unnumb., 42
11.
10
Modena, 1500.
ff.
RARA ARITHMETICA
68

Ed.
pr.
See
Basel, 1577.
1499.
p. 66.
Isidori // Hispalensis // Episcopi // Originum libri

// ex antiquitate eruti.// Et // Martiani Capellae // De
nuptijs Philologiae & Mercurij // Libri nouem.// Vterque, praeter
Title.
'
viginti
&
Fulgentium
Veteres Grammaticos, va-/Aijs
lectionibus
&
// Opera atq Industria // Bonaventvrae VvlcaBrvgensis.// Cum gratia & priuilegio Caefareae Maieftatis.
fcholijs illuftratus
nii
//Basilese,//per Petrvm Pernam.'

Fol., 20.5
Description.
(F.
i,
r.)
31 cm., printed in double columns,
each being 8.2 X 24.4 cm., 7 ff. + 240 columns + index +550
columns. The part on arithmetic in the work of Capella begins
in
column 155 and covers 12
umns, 60
pp., or as here
numbered 24
col-
Basel, 1577.
11.
See
Editions.
p. 66.
This edition includes the works of both Isidorus (p. 8) and Capella,
and
an excellent specimen
is
Capella' s
work
is
We
the fifth century.
method
of printing.
the evidence that

are
still
it
One
interesting feature of
gives of the use of the abacus in
quite uncertain as to the history of this
of calculating in the centuries following Capella.

Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
Leyden, 1592.
1499.
p. 66.
'M. Capella.// Martiani //Minei Capella; // CarthagiPhilolo-//giae, & feptem artibus // Libe-
nensis // de Nvptiis
ralibus // Libri
Novem // optime
castigati.// Lvgdvni,//
Bartholomaeum Vincentium.// 1592.' (P. i.)

Lugduni,// Excvdebat // Stephanus
Colophon.
'
1592.'
(P.
Seruain.//
416.)
Description.
cm.
Apud
8,
4 pp. blank
Leyden, 1592.
Editions. See
10
18
j).
66.
x 15.7 cm., the text being

unnumb. + 396 numb. =418
7.1
pp.,
12.8
30
11.
PRINTED BOOKS
69
totuptilrinfergtiitSiF i^toule
Umrffptf firamonfitregrts Cona

!ft^^rtmBtffpIi5itontm i^me
(icntinfcolis ôrnbergen.flntbmcirico2fi
wed.
^nflozenriffimo fltudio aipcjcnfinuecdit^THo
mmnd btrem cruditis ^

vmxxat
^crcatoixhne \tiliB %
incipientibo^.
ûrea fuccinctepateattibirfgiila tsetrC

^rartgere quo raleas qaem rmfmta1"vafer
21 fccMQ Dictas quo pôfTis pjedcrej nczmas
IDuttid viUfcant non tibi oona libn'
fiurnberga nitet uumerat? di mfignie ab arte ^
IDoic artt mulrom contvMx tlla bont
Tr>i|8
Fig. 40.
Title page ok light
RARA ARITHMETICA
70
BALTHASAR
Ed.
A German
4,
(1500).
a.
s.
1500.
c.
(F. I5,v.)
'
Dcscriptioji.
ff.
Leipzig,
Rechenmeister of
See Fig. 40.

I mpreff um Lipczk per Melchiar Letter.'
Title.
Colophon.
15
LIGHT.
1500.
pr.
14 X 19.9 cm., the text being 9.3 X 16.2 cm.
unmmib., 22-37
Leipzig,
11.
(1500).
a.
s.
(1500), here described;
ib., 1509;
which may be the Algorithmus
linealis,' s. a. and 1505, by Letter, referred to by De Morgan
There was also an 'Algorithmus Hnealis, Impressum
(p. loi).
Leipzig,
Editions.
Leipzig,
13;
15
5,
a.
s.
4,
'
Lipzik per melchiorem Lotter
Anno
probably printed in
xc,'
1490, Lotter having printed in Leipzig from
(See contra, Abhandlungen, V, 154,

c.
1490,
On
p. 44.)
f.
I, v.,
1490
152, n., and
n.,
cf.
to
15 12.
Widman,
the dedicatory epistle closes with
academia Lyptzeh Anno 1500,'

which throws much doubt on the conjecture that Licht's work
the words
appeared
ex
'Vale
noftra
earlier.
This is a brief treatise on the line abacus, one of the earliest of the
type represented also by Huswirt (see p. 73).
LEONARDUS FORTIUS.
Ed.
A
Title.
'
S.
1500.
pr. c.
Leonardi // de
Portis
sestertio pe//cvniis ponderibvs

(F.
dvo.'
I,
37
ff.
4,
14.4
unnumb., 30
Editions.
S.
Florence, 15 14
a.
(Venice
.?,
c.
1500).
ivrisconsvlti
et //
Vi//centini
mensvris antiqvis //
de
libri
See Fig. 41.)
r.
Description.
1.
jurist of the fifteenth century.
Venetian
11.
a.
1.
(.?)
19.8 cm., the text being 10
Venice
(Venice
.?,
14.8 cm.
1500.
(?), c.
c.
Basel, 1520, 4;
1500,
ib.,
here
1530,
described);
8.
A work on ancient measures, using the Roman numerals throughout,

except in the index. Such treatises are of value in studying the history
of arithmetic, but are not, in general, included in the bibliographical
lists
of this work.
PRINTED BOOKS
71
Other works of c. iôo. Anianus, c. 1500. p. 32, 1488; Boelhius,

Bradwardin, c. 1500, p. 61, 1495 Capella, 1500,
c. 1500, p. 27, 1488
Widman, 1500, p. 37,
p. 66, 1499; Peurbach, c. 1500, p. 53, 1492.
1489. There also appeared about this time, s. 1. a., an anonymous
Algorithmus minutiarum vulgarium,' blackletter, 4 (Libri, 1861 cat.,
483), and an anonymous Ars numerandi,' 5 ff., 4, a title given to
several books of this ])eriod (see p. 23), including De arte numerandi
{Abhandlungen^ 1,
siue arismetice (perfectionis) summa (luadripartita
;
'
'
'
'
24
Brunet, Man., 6(1), 45^)-
LEONARDI
DE PORTISIVRISCONSVLTI VI
CENTINI DE SESTERTIO PE
CVNIIS PONDERIBVS ET
MENSVRIS
ANTlCi^VIS
LIBRI OVO,
Fig. 41.
Title
GEORGIUS VALLA.
Born at Piacenza
and philologian.
Title.
'
in
pa(;e
Ed.
pr.
Georgii Vallae Placentini
libri
De Mufica
.ill.
He was
viri cla-//riss.
a physician
de expetendis,
qvo haec // continentvr.//
De
arith-
ubi quaedam a Boetio praetermiffa tractantur.//
libri .v.
fed
eius.//De Geometria
difficultates
Venice, 1501.
1501.
1430; died at Venice in 1499.
et fvgiendis // rebvs opvs, in
metica
of leonardus fortius
omnes
primo de inuentione, & commodiatate

quibus elementorum Eiiclidis
libri .vi. in
fere
//exponuntm", ubi etifi de Mechanicis

// quadrato circuli habe-
fpiritalibus, Catoptricis, ac Opticis, deq;
tur tractatus.//De tota Aftrologia libri

aftrolabi
minibus
exaratur,
fit
&
quae
.iiii.
in
qua fabrica.ufusq;
fi-Z/gnorum in exhibendis medica-
habenda obferuatio.// De Phyfiologia
libri
.iiii.
ubi
&
RARA ARITHMETICA
72
Metaphyfices qda lectu q dignifs. utiliffimaq;.// De Medicina

ubi de fimplicium natura per ordinem litterarum.// Pro-
libri .vii.
blematum
liber
libri .iii.//
De
Morali Philofophia
tione
domus
libri
locus.// Politicon
primum,
De Grammatica libri .iii.// De Dialectica

De Rhethorica libri .ii.// De
liber unus.// De Oeconomia, fiue adminiftra-
unus.//
Poetica liber unus.//
Mox
.iii.
in
quibus de Architectu-//ra, req; ruftica eft
unicum uolumen,
de le//gibus
in
ubi de iure
ciuili,
ac pontificio
uniuerfum, Inde de re militari
agitur.//De Corporis commodis,
&
incommodis
libri
.iii.
quorum
primus totus de ani-//ma, Secudus de corpore, Tertius uero de

urinis ex Hippocrate, ac
bus
in
Paulo Degi-//neta, deq; Galeni quaeftioni-
De Rebus externis liber unus, ac ultimus,

Amplitudine, & caete-//ris huiufmodi.// Haec fum-
Hippocratem.//
ubi de Gloria,
matim, fed infunt,
&
alia
plurima,quae legedo licet cognofcere.'
i,r.)
(F.
Colophon.
'
bri.
(Not
M.D.I.'
Description.
cm.
ff.
blank
Editions.
The
first
Roma-//ni impensa, ac
Venetiis, in aedibus Aldi
studio Ioan-//nis Petri Valise
filii
in this copy.)
FoL, 28.8 X 43.7 cm., the text being 18.8 X 32.7

+ 308 unnumb. = 311 ff., 55 11. Venice, 1501.
There was no other
book
mense Decern-//
pi-//entiss.
edition.
consists of 23 brief chapters
on the general value and
nature of mathematics (18 pp.); the second book, of 18 chapters on

the third, of 20 chapters
the Greek classification of numbers (17 pp.)
;
numbers, proportions, and the fancied properties of each

number of the first decade (27 pp.); and the fourth, of 13 chapters
on the operations (13 pp.). There is nothing that is noteworthy in
the treatment. Works on the value of mathematics were quite common
at this time, while all university treatises on arithmetic were devoted
chiefly to the Greek theory.
The thirteen pages devoted to the operations were a rather generous allowance for the time, especially as each
page has as much matter as six or eight pages of an ordinary octavo
on
figurate
arithmetic of that period.

Valla also wrote a treatise on the astrolabe,
Insignis philosophi
Nicephori Astrolabii expositio (Paris, 1554), and published an edition
of Euclid (Venice, 1492). His collected commentaries, but without the
'
'
arithmetic and other original works, appeared in Venice in 1498.
I^RINIIU)
HOOKS
73
ARNALDO DK VILLA NOVA.

Kd.
pr.
Venice,
501.
501,
Vii.LENEUVE, Arnali) Baciiuone. IJom ill 12^8, at Villa

Nova (Catalonia), or possibly Villeneuve, near Montpellier died in IJ14,
shipwrecked on the Mediterranean. He is known princii)ally for twenty
works on alchemy. He lectured on philosophy and medicine at Barcelona
Arnaui.I)
1)K
and
Paris,
and was
later a celebrated physician.
Computus cclciyfticu6rSftrono^
mictt6-ditU6 a ZI^3giftro
Br*
naldo oe villa *Ploua "ô.*

ttitcr
5mp:eflUm,
jCttm^:ati3
Fif;.
42.
-6t nfynuilegio.
Title page of akn.aluo de
\ii.l.
RARA ARITHMETICA
74
Computus
'
Title.
Ecclefiafticus
Magiftro Ar-//naldo de
Cum
villa
Gratia Et Priuilegio.'
Aftrono-//micus Editus a
No-//uiter Impreffum.//
Noua
(F.
i,
See Fig. 42.)
r.
'Cimpreffum Venetijs per Bernardinu Venetu
Colophon.
deVitalibus.//Anno Dni.M.CCCCC.J.Die .xvij.MeH.Februarij.'

(F. II, V.)
14.4
4,
Description.
16.6
unmimb., 37-39 ff. Venice, 1501.

cm.
II
This
ff.
a good example of the works on the ecclesiastical calendar

Middle Ages. It employs only the Roman numerals and
is
in use in the
of computation.
no treatment
gives
impressum,'
know
of
not infrequently used
no
when
pr.
'
a book was
JOHANN HUSWIRT,
Ed.
nouiter
In spite of the words
and indeed these words were
earlier edition,
first
printed.
Sanensis.
Cologne, 1501.
50 1.
A German
arithmetician of
c.
1500.
birthplace as vSayn in the Westerwald,

that vicinity. Nothing is known of his
The name Sanensis
and the problems
suggests his
relate to places in
life.
See Fig. 43.
Title.
Colophon.
'
Enchiridion
algorifmi
fagaci
cura
ftudioq5
Johane hufwirt sanefez // elaboratus. caracteri p ;3miffus Colonie In officina felicis memorie ho//nefti viri Henrici Quentell.
Anno
repatoris
Description.
20
ff.
humane
4,
unnumb., 25-47
Editions.
feruitut5 Mccccci.'
14.3
X 20.6
11.
(F. 20,
r.)
cm., the text being 9
15.4 cm.
Cologne, 1501.
Cologne, 1501, 4 (here described);
ib.,
1503;
ib.,
1504, 4 (p. 77); 1507; 1554; and a French edition (Chasles).

It was published with historical notes by Professor Wildermuth,
at Tiibingen, in 1865.
of Dr. Kloss
This
is
Mr. Plimpton's copy has the bookplates
and Chasles.
the earliest treatise on algorism printed at Cologne. It is

tractati,' and includes the fundamental operations
divided into four
'
through evolution (' Tractatus Primus'), a brief treatment of abacus or

line reckoning (' Cl'ractatus Secundus de proiectilibus '), common fractions ('Tractatus Tertius'), rule of three, partnership, and over twenty
PRINTKD BOOKS
miscellaneous
rules
75
('Tractatus fjuartus
de regulis mercalo^ eU.).

In the algoristic treatment of integers Huswirt places duplatio
(doubling) after multiplication, and mediatio (halving) after division
;
'
'
'
'
fine figurani (moit^zlo ^) dc/
Unoncecomotk traai^
tusfitmncTum
mcneccf/
fan/
19
tnuiJc ticTatt'esflmgua compcTccRirentenn

Ncc nimiu. rabidis gamilus cfto labris*
Autpctetartareascfupcnsincognittss) vmbras
Et phlsgetonreos labereadulq^ lacus
Atcp illi'cpotiuslitcs* &iurgia mifcc

^cviiuspac^mconcubiorclinc
Fio. 43.
but
vi'hen
he
is
Title pace of the 1501 huswirt
dealing with counters and with fractions he places them
before multiplication, because they are needed there in abacus calculating.

It is interesting to see how these chapters on doubling and halving, of
which we have traces in ancient Egypt, persisted throughout the Middle
Ages and well into the sixteenth century.
RARA ARITHMETICA
76
As
works of
in several other
this period, there
is
evidence of the
a generally acceptable name for the character 0,

a difficulty not yet removed in the English language. Husvvirt gives
Decimo X/o theca. circul? cifra.
four names to this tenth character
difficulty of finding
'
fiue figura nihili appellat'.'
There
also noticeable in this
is
other arithmetics of the time, to
work a tendency which
name
well-known type. For example, Huswirt's sixth rule

ing hare (' Regula Sexta de
lepore fugiente,'
although
f.
f t)e multiplicfltione
do with the hound and hare,
('
traveler
time
who
in
CAmbulat qdam de Coloroma et ambulat
qtidie 9 miliaria, alius
bisimo
etc.)
Elucidarius
carminum
hystoriarum,'
on
4;
Strasburg,
Hagenau,
1510, 4;
1518, 4;
ib.,
fcrfrcrunf8,que
fubcraljc-etrrficfuni
^<:
niuinP"l[
addae.ctpzodurtopwcJcn/
in mtntf.Demde trerumcafdcmadfe
temfiguramfn menre refcruaram adiUnge-er pzoueracf "'"""^f Pli,^
/'*
ria!umnumcrumrm vn,casatc,p,Octet.quam
(?9rum fcTih.fecudamvnitJttapi*
cnr fumma.Siautcmcuab.pnmam
ftcnonto figutre aoipunde addcquae
^''^'^^^^^'^^^l^^^^. ,|,T,plmn
\
7
^ntz8fmec8.s
-j-^
rcnifldoimenre.iDe
Mt aide pjimas fig'uraa ad muitctn >'"^;ten''Jqu3m'ldd^^^^^^
arith-
ib.,
Ciffcrciniaseomaoc
ti3no.fciUc}4i"
o"'"'^'^
bus figurts xA vna fcntmdueSi vna.fcnbatur.et ponponcp:io.^b^^^^^^^^
^f ",f
et
1503,
1505, 4;
1507,
quotliintJnuiripiica
CO
itomaMbuUUicpoftcaponwf
metic), with subsequent editions as follows:
CifTcroiria
Itndu0.rivna.fmbarur.fiouab5.p:itnamljarumfcnh:.rmidamlcruan7
Deventer, 4
(with a chapter
Differcnta
ngiiri*
canoneoiioiumnumcrojum infra 10 quojum quilittt DuJbus
cumpma
fcnprus crt.pjopofitis itaii; Duobue numtnsppmasinfcnoiiB
vdDuabjfxguns icre
fiipcriona muJtiplica^t piocrcabirur numerus vna
H.Torrentini,
ftntr-S^cindetiffercnriam vniueaCigitoalfm'us
Kioii pwducto poftponc.vrparet m figura. ^'S.H rcgnw
1484
48
Other works of iÔi.

Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488 Boethius, p. 27, 1488; Borghi,
'
ifiifua
aiit
pfequit' ipfum poft 5 dies,'
%xxm\ ponae.quae mrcrfcmuInplifa.etpjoductuminfcnuefcnh-DnnJ

piW
e Oifferenriam vniusaDigitoaltcrius fufafraêefprwipjoducto
j[cmplum.(criceS
ponc.rtpioucnictfumma.vtparctinfigurj
him.
overtakes
Capl'm quartiiitt
Dct.quia vrraif eft pjopoino mpla.^rcm multiplicacio pjcrcqmnt <r q

hnc mulriplicarioncm Pigitojum mrcr k fciar.Cuius talis oamr rc'Tuli
ScribjnrurMgirifiibalrcme.etcuiiinibttDiffcrcntiaaOenano verfus PC
nia verfus
p. 16,
some
that of the flee-
Uciplicario cd numeri p2ocrcatio.p:opo:tion3bi
from Cologne to Rome, and

followed five days later by
due
is
Uircr fe tjakntis ad multiplicandu fic ut mulnpliMiic ad vni>

mulnphcarc eft mime
Frarcmfeijahrwjctnipli gratia5ad
pjo^
rum |r pjocrcarc. que lie multiplicando videlicet
J
p;ocionanrur qucttiadmodutnmiilnplicansrciliccr } vnirati concCponJ
but relates to a traveler going
another
seen in
i6, r.),
has nothing to
it
is
a group of problems after
Fk;. 44.
Complementary multiplication,
HuswiRT (1501)
ib.,
1512, 4; Strasburg, 1514, 4; 1515, 4; Strasburg,

Cologne, 1536, 8; Paris,
Paris, 1530, 8; ib., 1535, 8;
8.
1550,
Works 0/ IJ02. Anianus,
p. 32, 1488; Albert of Saxony, p. 9, c.

Nicolo Calvino, a work on arithmetic
1478 Bradwardin, p. 6, 1495
and geometry, Milan, of which no extant copy is known (see Riccardi,
;
part
I, col.
213).
PRINTED HOOKS
JOHANN IIUSWIRT,
Ed.
pr.
Cologne, 1504?
501.
77
Sancnsis.
vSee p. 74.
The same as
The last
Title.
ColopJio)!.
in the echtion of
folio,
1501 (see
with the colophon,
p. 74).
is
missing;
from
this copy.
There are a few changes
Description.
which
this edition,
is
but otherwise
in type,
probably that of 1504,
is
line
for line
identical with that of 1501.
ANTON BARTHOLOMEO
Ed.
Pasi.
Title.
(F.
I,
r.)
'
'
DI PAXI.
Venice, 1503.
1503.
pr.
Venetian writer of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
Tariff a de pexi e mesvre.//con gratia et privilegio.'
Prohemio del prestantissimo miser Bartho-//lomeo di

(F. i, v.)
Qvi comincia la vtilissima opera
Paxi da Venetia.'
'
chiama-//ta taripha laqval tracta de ogni sorte//de pexi e misvre conrispondenti per tvto //
il
mondo
fata e
composta per
lo
excelen//te et eximio miser Bartholomeo di Paxi da //Venetia.'

(F. 2,
r.
Fig. 45.)
Colophon.
cellefe
Anno
'
Stampado
in uenefia per
Albertin//da
lifona uer-
regnante lin-//clyto principe mifer Leonardo lo//reduno.
domini.
1503.
Description.
4,
A di//26.
15.5
21.
del
156
mefe de
luio.
Finis.' (F. k
5.)

ff.
unnumb., 33-38
11.
Venice,
ib., c.
15 10, 4
1503Editions.
(p.
79);
ib.,
Venice, 1503, 4 (here described);

1
52
1,
8;
ib.,
1540, 8
(p.
79); ib., 1557, 8 (p. 80).
The book is not a textbook on arithmetic, but a collection of information useful to merchants, relating to the measures of weight, value,
length, etc., of the various cities and countries with which Venice had
trade relations. It is valuable as leading to an understanding of the
contemporary arithmetics of Italy, and historians could find much useful
information as to the prices and the material of trade by examining
this and similar works. An inspection of Fig. 45 will give some idea of
the scope of Paxi's Tariffa.
RARA ARITHMETICA
7^
O'VICOMINCIALA VTILISSIMA OPERA CHIAMA.

TA TARIPHA LACLVAL TRACTA DE OGNl SORTE
DE PEXI E MISVRE CONRlSPONDENTl PER TVTO
IL MONDO FATA E COMPOSTA PER LO EXCELEN
TE ET EXIMIO MISER BARTHOLOMEO Dl PAXl DA
VENETJA.
A VERemo aduqj prima
a dechiarare a
uoftre excelletie tutte lerobe che fe ueda
no 1 Venetia a pexo groflb &. quelle che

uedano a pexo Ibtile e de lordine di pe
fc
XI
de li ar2enri;6i de
Ic
coditionc di pan'
ni de lane francefche fatte in yenetia:8i
etiam dele condirione dî panni de feda:

e panni doro:&: del ordine del uedere de
Ic lpecie.'& de le iue tare;8{ del ordine di
pcxi dele farine e bifchoti: S^del ordine
de le miliirc di uini:&: del ordine del uen
der del oio:&: in che mode e pexo fe uen
deno iguadi:6C del ordine di frutti che fe ucndeno a nome 6x fter: c
che pexo hano cadaun fter:e come relponde el pexo grofTo con tu
ta la ltalia:6^ tuto el leuanre 6L ponente;8i etiam come ipexi fubti^
li e pcxi groffi refpondeno con molte terre de Italia ; de dalmaria e
de Ieuante:& come refpondeno le mefure di panni de lana con tu^
ta Italia:e con turo el leuante:8i etiam come refpondeno le mefu^
re di panni de feda:e panni doro c darzcnto con tuta ltalia:6^ co tu
ponentcSi come refpondeno le mefure dingilterra
to el leuante
zot la uirga da londra:e de la taripha dalixadL-ia;6: etiam quella de
damafcho 8i la taripha da leppo.e come torna la fporca dalixadria
con moire terre de leuante e de ponete e de la ltalia;6^ come el can
ter forfori dalixandria refponde con alchune altre terre de leuante
de ponente e de ltalia;6d etiam come refponde el canter zeroui con
alchune terre del leuante del ponente e de ltalia:5^ come refpode cl
cento de le mene con alchune terre del leuante e molte de Italia SL
del ponente:8C come refpondeno tuti icantcra de leuante e del po>
nente con el pexo fubtile da Venetia:
come relpode e! canter da
napoli de reame con molte terre del leuante del ponete e con mol"
tc de Italia:^ come refponde el canter de Conftatinopoli con moP
t teirc de leuante fic etiam de ltalia:6^ come refponde el canter de
Fig. 45. The beginning of the 1503 paxi
Z ii
&
&
PRINTED HOOKS
ANTON BARTMOLOMEO
Ed.
'
a.
(Venice
?,
c.
15 10).
mefurc cor-//refpondenti dal Lo
Pefi e
mondo con
:
//per
De
Tariffa
Ponete da // vna terra a
al
1.
p. 77.
Title.
uante
S.
1503.
pr.
See
79
DI PAXI.
Nouamente //co
laltro.
laltra
robe // che
la noticia delle
e a tutte le parte del //
fe
diligentia
trazeno da vno Paefe
Ri-//ftampata ..!*'
(F. i,r.)
'CFiniffe
Colophon.
Pafi
da Venefia.//
c.
1510.)
it
was one
10.2
8,
Descriptio7i.
eachbeing4.
See p. 77. This
prohemio de // Miffer Bartholomio
il
(F. 2
Finis.'
12.5 cm.
is
15.1
2 18
books of
//

ff.
numb., 30
11.
S.
the second edition of this popular
of the first
di
8, v.)
its
1.
'
a.
(Venice
Tariffa.'
kind to appear in Venice,
.?,
Since
its
five
editions are easily explained.
ANTON BARTHOLOMEO
Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
uante
al
tutte le
di
DI PAXI.
Venice, 1540.
1503.
p. 77.
Tariffa // de i pesi, e misvre // corrifpondenti dal LePonente // e da una terra, e luogo allaltro, qua fi p //
parti dil Mondo con la dichia-//ratione, e notificatione
'
tutte le robbe
// che
ft
tragono di uno paefe per laltro.//
Composta per M. Bartholomeo di // Paft da Vinetia. Con la fua

//Tauola copiofifftma, e faci-//liffima a trouare ogni cofa//per
ordine, nuouamete // fatta e con fomma // diligeza reuista,//e
M.D. XL.' (F. i, r.)
stapata.// In Vinetia.
:
Colophon.
'
In Vinegia. Nelli cafe di Pietro di
Nicolini da
Sabbio.//Ne glianni dilla falutifera Circoncifione dil no-//ftro

Signore. M. D. XL.// Dil mefe di Genaio." (F. 212, r.)
Description. 8, 10. 3 X 14.7 cm., printed in double columns,
11 ff. unnumb. + i blank + 200
numb.
See
212
p. 77.
ff.,
30
11.
Venice, 1540.
RARA ARITHMETICA
8o
ANTON BARTHOLOMEO
Ed.
See
540
title
page
is
practically identical with that of the
edition, except for the date
//M. D. LVII.'
Colophon.
(F.
Venice, 1557.
p. 77.
The
Title.
DI PAXI.
1503.
pr.
In Vinegia per //
'
numbered 200,
8,
Description.
In Vinegia per Paolo Gherardo.
Comin da Trino.// M. D. LVII.'
r.)
10.6
each being 3.7 X 12.3 cm.

30 11. Venice, 1557
See
'
(F. I, r.)
15
1 1

ff.
unnumb.
200numb. =21
ff.,
p. 77.
BOETHIUS, JODOCUS CLICHTOVEUS, and FABER

Paris, 1503.
For the biographies of Boethius and Faber Stapulensis see pp. 25, 62.
JoDOCUS CLICHTOVEUS was bom at Nieuport, Flanders; died at Chartres,
September 22, 1543. He was educated at the Sorbonne, and was canon
of Saint-Jean, at Chartres. Like Faber Stapulensis, he was known chiefly
as a commentator.
Title.
'
contenta // Epitome/ copendiofaq5 //
In hoc libro
introductio in libros // Arithmeticos diui Seuerini Boetij adie//

cto familiari cometario dilucidata.// Praxis numerandi certis
:
ex
quibufdam re-//gulis coftricta.// Introductio Tgeometria
// Prim9 de magnitudinib9 & earu // circuftantiis.//
:
libris diftlcta
Secudus de cofequentibus/ conti-//guis/ & cotinuis.// (Surrounded by an elaborate woodcut.) CTertius de puctis. CQuartus de lineis. CQuItus de fuperficieb9.// cSextus de corporibus.
CLiber de quadratura circuli. CLiber de cubica//tione fphere.
Clnfuper aftronomicon.' (F. i, r.)
Volphgangus // hopilius et
CPerfpectiua introductio.
Colophon.
'
Id opus imprefferut
Henricus ftephanus // ea
ftudio
Anno
Chri//fti
in
arte
Celorum
focii
in
Almo
totiufqs //nature
pari-Z/fiorum
cdditoris.//
Die vice//rimafepti-//ma luV/nij.' (F. cxi, v.)

Description. FoL, 19x26.6 cm., the text being 16x22.6
1503.
cm.
112
ff.
numb., 47-54
H-
Paris, 1503.
PRINTIU) IUX)KS
Editions.
This
the
is
first
edition
of
8i
combination
tliis
works, the second (somewhat changed) ai)pearing at Paris

1
507 (see below), and the third

a
as
'Compendium
ib.,
of
c.
The epitome appeared
5 10.
arithmetices Boethii,'
with the arithmetic of Jordanus, at Paris,
s.
in
in
1480, and,
1496.
There was
1.,
an edition of Faber Stapulensis, Clichtoveus, and others, at

Cologne,
c.
Scheubel published an edition
15 15, 4.
at Basel
and a work entitled Arithmetica Boethi epitome acced.

Christian! Morisani Arithmetica' also appeared at Basel in 1553
in 1553,
'
which
15 10,
The
182, 260).
(pp. 27,
of
'Praxis numerandi
this is the first edition,
'
of Clichtoveus,
appeared separately
at Paris in
fol.
The copy here described

Bovillus
(see
Stapulensis,
It
p. 89).
bound with the 1509-10
is
consists of a
and the arithmetic
brief
of Boethius with the
Clichtoveus on Faber's epitome.
This
is
edition of
introduction by Faber
commentary
of
followed by the geometry and
perspective of Faber Stapulensis.
BOETHIUS, JODOCUS CLICHTOVEUS, and FABER

Paris, c. 1507.
See
Title.
p. 80.
'Introductio/Zjacobi fabri Stapulefis in Arithme//cam
Jordani//Ars fupputadi tarn per

fuis quidem regulis elegater
expreffa // Judoci Clichtouei Neoportuenlis.// Queftio baud
indigna de numeroru//et p digitos : particulos finita pgref'fione
ex Aurelio Auguftino // CEpitome rerum geometricaru5 ex
Diui Seuerini Boetij pariter
calcu-//los q3 notas arithmeticas
Geometrico introductorio // Caroli
Campano.'
Circuli Demonftratio ex
Description.
4,
12.6
Bouilli.//
(F.
X 17.4 cm., the
i,
CDe
quadratura
r.)
text being 10. 6
14.5
unnumb., 45-46 11. Paris, c. 1507. The dedicatory

epistle is dated
Data ano falutis //noftre Millefimo qngetefmio
feptimo tercio caledas lunij,' that is, 1507. It was evidently
cm.
32
ff.
'
printed at Paris, but

Editions.
it is
See above.
without date or place.
RARA ARITHMETICA
82
The introduction by Faber Stapulensis to the arithmetic of Boethius

and Jordanus was very popular in the university of Paris at the opening
of the sixteenth century.
It
is,
The
like Boethius, purely theoretical.
author begins with a dissertation 'de vtilitate arithmetice difcipline,'

and then gives an epitome of the two works. This is followed by the
'
compendium
Books of
of Clichtoveus, merely a set of rules for the operations.
'
this character, evidently
intended as the bases of lectures to
show in what a hopeless state the Boethian

at the end of the Middle Ages.
university students,
metic found
itself
GREGORIUS REISCH.
Ed.
Strasburg,
1503.
pr.
arith-
504.
Wiirttemberg died at Freiburg, 1523. He was a student at Freiburg in 1487, and took his bachelor's and master's degrees there.
He then entered the Carthusian order and became prior of the cloister at
Bom
at Balingen,
Freiburg, and confessor of Maximilian
I.
Aepitoma omnis phylosophiae. ali-//as Margarita phyTitle.

losophica tractans // de omni genere fcibili Cum additionibus
Que in alijs non habentur.' (Large woodcut representing the
'
liberal arts.
Colophon.
F.
'
2, r.
Plate
II.)
Explicit phylofophica Margarita.
Caftigatione acri
// In nobili Heluecioru ciuitate Argentina Chalchogra-//phatu

Per loanne Gruninger Ciue Argetinii I vigilia // Mathie
:
Anno
incarnationis Saluatoris M.ccccc.iiij.// Valete
&
Plaudite.'
(F. 289, V.)
Description.
cm.
4,
blank
ff.
15.1 X 20 cm., the text being 1 1.5 X 15.6

289 unnumb. = 291 ff., 45 11. The illustra-
tions are hand-colored.

Editiojts.
described)
(Freiburg),
ib.,
Freiburg,
Strasburg,
1503, 4;
Strasburg,
504.
1504, 4
Freiburg, 1504, 4; another edition,
s.
1.,
(here
by Schott
1504; Strasburg, 1508; Basel, 1508, 4 (p. 83);

ib., 1515,4; Basel, 1517,
1512, 4; Strasburg, 1512,4;
4; Paris, 1523
(first
Finaeus edition); Basel, 1535, 4
(p.
84);
1583,4; Venice, 1594; ib., 1599; ib., 1600. The three

Venetian editions (1594, 1599, 1600) are Italian translations by
Giovanni Paolo Gullucci, and contain the additions by Orontius
ib.,
Finaeus, and also the introduction by Faber Stapulensis to the

arithmetics of Boethius and Jordanus (see
p.
62), Clichtoveus
A. Gf.()Mp:try
B.
Pi.ATK
II.
From
AkI TUMI lie

iiik
.m.\ki;\kii\
i'iiii.usoi'iiica
PRINTED BOOKS
on arithmetic (sec
and
p. 80),
progressione dei numeri per
'
li
Questione
di
per
digiti, et
83
A<;nstina dclla
S.
li
arlicoli.'
lart-
felder {Zeitscli. f. Gcsch. des Obcrr/icitis, II, 170) has sliown that
the assertion of Hain, Poggendorff, and others, that it appeared
in 1496, is incorrect.
This was the
first
modern encyclopedia
to appear in
i)rint.
It
contains
and the natural and moral

sciences. It is made up of twelve books, of which the fourth, consisting
of fifteen folios in the present edition, is on arithmetic. The author
first considers the definition of arithmetic, and then gives the medi?eval
classification of number, including the system of ratios as set forth by
Boethius and his followers. The second part of the work contains a
short treatment of algorism, including the fundamental operations and
roots. The third tractartus relates to common fractions and the fourth
compendium
of the trivium, the quadrivium,
or sexagesimal fractions. The arithmetic closes with a

treatment of line reckoning, giving the four fundamental operations
to physical
and the
The
rule of three.
illustrations
are particularly interesting.
(See Plate II.)
Other works of IÔJ. Boethius, p. 27, 1488; Bradwardin, p. 61,

Jor1495; Faber Stapulensis, p. 62, 1496; Huswirt, p. 74, 1501
danus, p. 62, 1496; Orbellis, p. 23, 1485; Peurbach, p. 53, 1492;
Anonymous,
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488; Torrentinl, p. 76, 1501
'Textus arithmetic3e comunis, cum Conradi Norici commentatione,'
;
Leipzig,
fol.
p. 35, 1488; Bradwardin, p. 61, 1495

Johannes Carolus (see Landshut, below) Huswirt, p. 74, 1501 Reisch,
Johann Karl von Landshut
p. 82, 1503; Sacrobosco, p. 32, T488
Works 0/1504. Anianus,
Algorithmus integrorum,' Leipzig (see also p. 97, 1513Henricus Stromer, Algorithmus linealis cum Regula de Tri,'
(Lanzut),
1515)
'
'
Leipzig, 4, with other editions in 15 10;
1516, 4;
ib.,
1517, 4;
GREGORIUS REISCH.
See
Title.
auctore
15 12, 4;
I-êipzig,
Ed.
pr.
Basel, 1508.
1503.
p. 82.
'
Margarita philofophica // cu additionibus nouis ab

reuifioe tertio fup additis.// Jo.
:
fuo // ftudiofiffima
Schottus Argen.
lectori.
S.//
Hanc emo/ non preffam mendaci
ftigmate/ Lector ://Pluribus aft auctam pcrlcge

Bafilce.
15 14;
1520.
1508
'
(P\
i, r.)
doctus eris.//
RARA ARITHMETICA
84
Colophon.
'
CTertio induftria complicu Micha//elis Furterij/

Ba-/Ailee.i4.Kar.Mar//
Joanis ScotiZ/ftudiofiiffime preffa.
et
Anno
tias.
Chrifti.// 1508.'
Description.
(F. 308,
X 21.9
15.2
4,
r.)
16.7
unnumb., 42 11. In this edition the leading initials

Basel,
are inserted by hand and the illustrations are colored.
cm.
309
ff.
1508.
See
p. 83.
GREGORIUS REISCH.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
Basel, 1535.
1503.
p. 82.
Marga-//rita philosophica, rati-//onalis, Moralis phi-
'
doudecim
lofophiae princi-//pia,
Delphi//nate caftigata
&
libris
dialogice c6ple-//ctens,
// nuper aut ab Orontio Fineo

aucta, una cum ap-//pendicibus itidem
olim ab ipfo autore recognita
qua // plurimis additionibus & figuris, ab//eodem

Quoru omni-//um copiofus index, uerfa //continetur
infignitis.
pagella.//Virefcit uulnere uirtus.//Basileae 1535.' (Surrounded
emedatis,
&
by an elaborate woodcut.) (P. i.)

Basileae excvdebat Henricvs // Petrus, ac ConColophon.
radi Refchij impenfis. An//M. D. XXXV.' (P. 1577.)
'
Description.
X 20.8
4, 15
78 pp. unnumb.
1498 numb.
blank
13.8 cm.
1577 pp., 26-30
11.
Basel, 1535.
Editions.
'
Parifijs
See
p.
82.
Finaeus dates the dedicatory epistle
ex regali collegio Nauarrae. 1523,' and his
appeared in that year.
first
edition
This edition gives only part of the elabo-
rate engravings found in the earlier ones.
better printed, being set in clear
Roman
It is,
however,
much
type and having a more
open page.
See p. 83.
THEODOR TZWIVEL.
A German
arithmetician of
Westphalia.
Title.
See Fig. 46.
Ed.
c.
pr.
1500,
1505.
Cologne, 1507.
from Monte Gaudio (Mongavensis),
PRINTIH) lUJOKS
S5
Colophon. 'CAliôrilhnii. qui ars dicilur mimerancli. dc intctîis
// per figurarum (more Alemanorum) deletionej. Nec//no dc

pportionib? ingcniofi Pythagorifte Theodo//rici Tzwyucl. pofl
plurima praxin iam tande in hoc // opendiu5 reducti
quod
et puplica
ob vti//litatem
finis adcl'l
in magiftrali artis imprcffori e
taberna inge-//nuorum liberorum Quentell iterato diffeminari pro
WSmmt
opufmlatiuo ftieotiortri timi
a
benumcroppjaiciCqiK algo:itl?mi fticutif )vnu

mtegns per
figuraru(mo:e aUindnoy)&detion&BlCfl-uOe p:opomonibii8 01
mndcl (ârmontca Soicrini :6oatj
tu8 vfas frcQUcns
ud
De vrilitatc hums libdli
Tetraftichort
ioannisMurmcIIi] RuremundenCs
Si quisarithmcdcôptatcognolcerc praxin
Pythagorenumejfosdifcerefi quis amat
Sdrc mathcriiaacch fi vult^fi denic^ quic^
Oefophia*huncinodfcunicomparetere libru
FlC 46.
//curauit.
Anno
feptimo.'
(F. 9, v.
Description.
'lYrLK PAGF. OK
TZWIN
a natali dominico Millefimo quin//genctefuno-
4,
See Fig. 47.)

X 20 cm., the text being 8.8 X 14.5 cm.
13.9
46 11. Cologne, 1507.

Gunther mentions a Miinster edition
have not seen it there was a Cologne edition
10
ff.
(i
blank),
Editions.
Kl,
of
in
1505, but
the
same
year; Cologne, 1507, 4 (here described).
The work
'
is
divided into two parts, the
<LAlgorithmiis de integris
figuranl
first
beginning as follows
(more alemano^) cIeleti-//one
KARA ARITHMETICA
86
arte
numeradi enucleatim ^pendiofeqj edocens.'
(F. 2, v.)
This part
contains a brief explanation of the writing of numbers and the funda-
mental operations.
The second
part begins as follows
<I.Algorithm9
'
de pportioib? cuius vfus freques in muficam har//monicam Seuerini

two pages treat of the operations with the
(f. 8, v.), and
Boetij
mediaeval proportiones or ratios, A comparison of the title pages
'
'
'
represented on pp. 45, 75, 85, and of the works to which they belong, at
least two of which were printed in Cologne, leads to the belief that the
expression
'
per figuraru (more alemanor^) deletione
of figures in the
German way)
refers to a
custom of not actually canceling the
'
(by the deletion
contemporary North German
figures in the galley division, as
the Italians did.
Other works 0/1^05. Anonymous (see Licht), p. 70, 1500 Borghi,

16,1484; Bradwardin, p. 61, 1495 Ciruelo, p. 60, 1495 Licht, p. 70,
1500; Suiseth,p. 10, c. 1480; Tor;
p.
faiao:itl?mrquiarebictturntimerandi.KmwgTi8
Anonymous,
^
anthmeParis- Hprman
raris,
Merman-
'
nciiiwyucl.podplurimapuiciiiumtatidcitiboc
ppEnd.uutducnfiniafldcft.Quodctpuplicaobvti
cnprnlativa
^^^^ specuiativa,
'
Algorismi, Cologne,
aftnoanataUDominiwZTPaUfimoqmii
fioitcrimofcpumoi
in
'Enchiridion novus
nus Buschius,
liHwminm3fii(lraliarn8itnp;elTo:ictalxriiaingc/
Fig. 47.
^
^ 76, Moi
Tractatus perutihs
rentini, p.
p:rfiaurarum(tno2caicm3nozum)a:ictioiicj. flee
n5ppo:tionibDingcniofi-pytI?3go2i(]Z:i?codo
curau.t.
a. (i
s.
(see also p. 106, 15 14);
Horem,
Colophon of tzwivel
'Tractatus
504), 4
Nicolaus
proportionu,'
Venice, in a volume with Bradwar-
din and Suiseth (see also p. 1 16, 15 15)

Wolfgangum Monacenseni,' Leipzig, 4
'
;
Algorithmus
linealis Baccalariii
Georg Leunbach, an arithmetic.

Works of 1506. Albert of Saxony, p. 9, c. 1478 Anonymous, p.
10, 1480; Vittori, p. 9, Albert of Saxony, c. 1478, and p. 61, Brad;
wardin, 1495; Pietro Borriglione, Arismetices praxis,' Turin, 22 fif.,

with a second edition, ib., 1523 Raphael Maffei, Commentarii Urbani,'
'
'
an encyclopedia containing a book (no. 35) De scientiis

mathematicis,' which includes a little arithmetic
Maffei's work was
Rome,
fob,
'
also printed in 1527,
and
at Paris in 1511, 1515, 1526,
Ed.
pr.
and 1530, and
at Basel in 1559.
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
Leipzig, 1507.
1507.
See Fig. 48.
Cimpreffum Liptzck per Baccalariu Vuolfgangu

Colophon.
Monacenfem Anno noftre redemptionis 1507.' (F. 27, r.)
Description. 4, 14.5 X 19.5 cm., the text being 9.5 x 15.3
cm. 28 ff. unnumb. + blank = 29 ff., 28-34 11. Leipzig, 507.
'
//
PRINTED BOOKS
Leipzig, 1507 (here described)
Editions.
(Nurnberg
87
ib.,
1509,4;
s.
This resembles several of the works on algorism appearing about

time, such as
Widman's
brief treatment of the
12.
(?), Licht's,
and Huswirt's.
a.
It
this
contains a very
fundamental operations, including duplation and
In division, only a single example
mediation.
1.
15 10).
c.
?,
is
given, that of 1456
-=-
After a similarly brief treatment of fractions, the Kuethian jjropor-
Fig. 48.
Title of the 1507 Ahôrithmus
Sequitur Algorithmus proportionii.' Then

up
Three and several other rules now entirely forgotten,
such as Regula legis,' Regula augmenti,' Regula plurima,' Regula
pulchra,' and Regula falfi.' Such regulae were not stated like modern
tions (ratios) are taken
'
follow the Rule of

'
'
'
'
'
'
'
rules but consisted of groups of similar problems.
Other xvorks of 1^07. Boethius, p. 27, 1488 Faber Stapulensis, c.

Huswirt, p. 74, 1501
Peurbach, p. 53, 1492 Tor1507, p. 81, 1503
rentini, p. 76, 1501.
;
Widman,
p. 32, 1488; Reisch, p. 82, 1503
Hieronimus de Hangest, Liber proportionum,' Paris, 4.
Works of 1^08. Anianus,

p. 39,
1489
Title.
I, r.,
'
LUCA PACIUOLO.
See
Ed.
pr.
1509.
Venice, 1509.
p. 54.
After a vocabulary and index the work begins on
as follows
'
f.
Excellentiffimo principi Ludouico mariae Sfor.
Anglo Mediolanen/Zfium duci: pacis et belli ornamento fratris

Lticae pacioli ex Burgo fancti // Sepulchri ordinis Minorum: Sacras theologiae pfefforis.
Ue
diuina pro//portione epiftola.'
RARA ARITHMETICA
Fig. 49.
From the 1507 A/go rifJi nuts
PRINTED BOOKS
89
Colophon. 'CVcnetiis Impreffum per probvini viruni Paganinum
de paganinis de // Brixia. Decrcto lamcii i)uhlic() vt nullus ibidem

totiqj dominio annorum // XV. curicult) imprimat vel Tprimcre
facial. Et alibi impreffum fub quouis // colore in publicum ducat
Anno Re//demptionis
fub penis in dicto priuilegio contentis.
noftre.M.D. Villi. Klen.Iunii. Leonardo LauretanoVe.//Rem.?u.
Gubernante. Pontificatus
lulii.II.
Description.
8,
20.5
ff.,
52-57
11.
f.
blank
35,
r.,
v.,
of Part
unnumb.
3.
of Part i.)
21.5
90 numb.
Venice, 1509.
There was no other
Editions.
(F. 27,
f.
(with marginal drawings),
93
Anno.VI.'
similar colophon appears at the foot of
With some hesitancy
edition.
book has been included,
this
the only justifica-
tion being the fact that there are several pages devoted to the discussion
of proportion in general, including the arithmetical, geometric, and
Paciuolo excludes the other forms of ancient proportion

Platone e Arifto. e yfidoro i le fue ethimologie. El feuerin
Boetio in fua arithmetica.' (F. 5, r.) Most of the treatise is, however,
astronomic.
given by
'
devoted to geometry.
CAROLUS BOVILLUS.
c.
Ed.
pr.
1509-10.
Paris,
1509-10.
BouvELLES, BoiJELLES, BouiLLES, BouvF.i,. Born at Saucourt, Picardy,

1470 died at Noyon, c. 553. Canon and professor of theology at Noyon.
1
See Fig.
Title.
50.
Libelli De Mathematicis Svpple-//mentis Finis

ColopJion.
Anno Salutis Humane// 1509 lanuarij Die Deci//maoctaua //
CEditum est vniversvm hoc volvmen Ambianis in edibvs Re//
uerendi in Christo Patris Francifci De Hallevvin Eiufdem Loci
'
Pontificis
.-.
// Et emiffum ex officina Henrici ftephani. Impenfis

in chalcotypa //arte fociorum Anno
eiufdem et loannis parui

Christi Saluatoris
(F. 198,
omnium
10.
Primo Cal. Februarij.//
Parisiis.'
V.)
FoL, 19.7 X 27.4 cm., the text being 15.1 X 25.8

numb., 53-54 11- Paris, 1509-10.
Editions. Fontes has described (Toulouse ]\Iem. (9) VI, 155of
167, for 1894) a quarto of 15 10, published by Stephanus
Description.
cm.
198
ff.
([InrupmatliematfcuopiisquadripartitudCDcNumensPerfeaisll^Dc
Geometricis Gorporibus
Mathcmaticis Rofis
(XDc Geometrids Supplemcntis
Ôt
Fig. 50.
Title page of bovillus
PRINTED BOOKS
Paris, enlilled,
book
is,
however, without
172-180
The
on
148,
f.
of this work.
and ends on
v.,
nvmerorvm
finis
editi
Ambi//anenfis.
tificis
know
Mai] decimafexta.'
171,
f.
//
'
This
sinij)!)- ff.
de duodecim numeris,' begins
with the colophon
r.,
Anno ab
of course
is
no other editions.
of
Lil)cr
dome-
in
and
title pa^ê,
part on numbers, the
first
91
Caroli Bovilli lihcr do numeris pcrfcclis.'
'
I.ibri
dvodecim
R. P. Francifci de Hallevvin/ Pon-
numerorum Incarnate.//
autore
It relates solely to
15 10
the mystery of numbers and to
the Greek theory. The part on perfect numbers, numbers which equal
one plus the sum of their factors, begins on f. 172, r., and ends on f.
180, r., with the following colophon
CLiber perfectorvm nvmerorvm
finis.// Perfecto/ trinoqj deo laudes in gentes. Anno domi-//ni/ 1509
lanuarij 4.' The dates of the several parts vary from October 25, 1509,
to January 18, 1509 (1510 N. S.).
Other works 0/ ijog. Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Anonymous, p. 87,
'
Borghi, p. 16, 1484

1507
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488.
;
Anonymous,
Other works of ijio.

15 10, p. 46, 1491
wardin,
c. 15 10, p.
Ciruelo, p. 60, 1495

61, 1495
Licht, p. 70,
1507
87,
\).
Anonymous,
Bovillus, p. 89,
Clichtoveus, p. 81, 1503
1500;
c.
1509 BradFaber Stapu;
Jordanus, p. 62, 1496; Peurbach, p. 53, 1492

Stromer, p. 83, 1504
Paxi, c. 15 10, p. 79,
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488
lensis, p. 62,
1496
1503
Torrentini, p. 76, 1501.
Works of i^Ji. Anianus,
p.
Maffei (Maphjeus), p. 86, 1506
mann, 'Enchiridion arithmetica,'
JUAN DE ORTEGA.
John de Lortze. A
He was
Aragon.
Title.
'
still
Ed.
1488;
32,
Peurbach,
Boethius,
p. 53,
1492
p.
1488;
27,
Simon Eisen-
J>eipzig, fol.
Rome, 1515.
15 12.
pr.
Spanish priest of the Dominican order, from
living in
1567.
Svma // de Arithmetica Geometria // Pratica

:
vtiliffi-
ma: ()rdina//ta per Johane de Or//tega Spagnolo//Palentino.//
Cum
Priuilegio.'
Colophon.
'
(Surrounded by an elaborate vôodcut. F.
Impreffo in
Roma
i, r.)
per Maftro Stephano Guillen
de Lorena//anno del noftro Signore 15 15 adi 10 de Nouebre

Regnante Leo//ne Papadecimo in fuo Annotertio.' (F. 1 16, r.)
Description.
cm.
1515.
ff.
Fol., 20.6
unnumb.
114 numb.
116
ff.,
32-38
11.
X 22.7
Rome,
RARA ARITHMETICA
From the
15 15
ortega, introduction to barter
PRINTED liOOKS
Barcelona, 15 12;
Editions.
Rome,
1536;
Seville,
1537;
ib.,
Lyons, 1512, 4"; ih., 1515,4;

Messina, 1522; 1534;
described);
(here
fol.
15 15,
93
Paris,
540
(?)
Seville,
1542, 4
1563,
1552 (p. 94);
(?), 1552; Granada,
(see below);
4.
The Lyons edition of 15 12 was the first book on commerIt differs somewhat from
cial arithmetic printed in France.
s.
ib.,
the
Rome
from the
1.
15 15, but the latter differs only
edition of
(Barcelona) edition.
first
Mr. Plimpton's copy of
lillle
i
belonged to Prince Boncompagni and has his collation on the

It is beautifully printed and is one of the best examples
cover.
of the early Italian
mathematical typography.
one of the most celebrated arithmetics written in Spain in

the sixteenth century. It is a purely commercial book, beginning with
This
is
up the four processes with integers, the progressions,

and the checks on operations, and the same operations in
the same order with fractions, and then discussing the business rules.
These last include exchange, rule of three, profit and loss, partnership,
testament problems, barter, alloys, false position, and a little mensuration.
notation, taking
the roots,
Bradwardin,
Other works 0/1512.

1492
150 1
Reisch, p. 82, 1503
I.
Furst,
'
Novus
JUAN DE ORTEGA.
See
Stromer,
p. 61,
p.
1495
83, 1504
Peurbach, p. 53,
Torrentini, p. 76,
algorithmus.'
Ed.
pr.
15 12.
Seville, 1542.
p. 91.
Tratado // fubtiliffimo de Arifmeti-//ca y dc Geomeco-//puefto y ordenado // por el reuerendo // padre fray Jua
// de Ortega d' //la orden d' // los pre//dicadores.// 1542 //
1234567890.' (The whole is surrounded by an elaborate woodTitle.
tria
'
cut border.)
(F.
i,
r.)
'Sue impreffo el prefente libro // re Arifmetica y

Geometria (agora nueuamete // corregido y emendado) en cafa
Colophon.
d'Jacom//cr6berger: enla muy noble y muy leal//ciudad de

Seuilla:a cinco dias//de deziembre de. M.d. y //quareta y dos
ahoz.'
(F. 232, V.)
14.5
numb., 34
11.
Description.
cm.
232
ff.
See above.
4,

Seville, 1542.
17.2
RARA ARITHMETICA
94
JUAN DE ORTEGA.
See
Title.
pr.
1512.
Seville, 1552.
'
Tractado // Subtiliffimo d Arifmetica y de Geome//

el reueredo padre // irdij Juan de Hortega,
Compuefto por
tria.
d'la
Ed.
p. 91.
orden // de
con mucha //
los
predicadores.// Elhora de nueuo emendado
Gonâlo Bufto d'muchos //errores

que aula en algunas im//preffiones paffadas.// CVan anadidas
en efta impreffion las // prueuas defde reduzir hafta partir que-
//brados.
uas,
con
//ctado
en
las
mas de
las figuras
ciert os aui-//fos fubjetos al
de //geometria fus prue-
Algebra.
al fin
defte tra
exemplos de arte mayor.// 1552.' (Title page

red, and is surrounded by an elaborate woodcut
13.
printed in
black.)
diligetia por
{F.
is
in
I, r.)
ColopJion.
'
Hizo
fin el
tractado de Arifmetica
Y// Geome-
que compufo y ordeno el reuerendo padre //fray Juan de

Hortega, de la orden de los predica-//dores. Fue impreffo ela
tria,
muy
noble
muy
leal
// ciudad de Seuilla por Jua canalla, enla //

Acabofe a diez//y feys dias del mes de
collacion de fant Jua.
Abril del // ano de nueftro criador y rede//ptor Jefu Christo de

mill// 2 quinientos 2 cin-//quenta y dos//aiios.' (F. 223, r.)
Description. 8, 14.6 X 20 cm., the text being 1 1.9 x 17.4 cm.
232
ff.
numb,
See p. 93.
-f
unnumb.
The
'arte
239
JODOCUS CLICHTOVEUS.
See
Title.
33
ff.,
mayor' mentioned
Ed.
11.
Seville, 1552.
in the title
pr.
1513.
is
algebra.
Paris, 1513.
p. 80.
See Fig.
52.
eft hoc opufculum & ex ofificina emif//fum/ in alma Parifiorum academia ano domi-//ni (qui omnia
numero definiuit) decimoter//tio fupra millefimu & quingente-
Colophon.
'
CExpletum
fimu/ //decimafexta die Decembris. Per // Henricu ftephanu/

artis excu//forie libroru fedulu
&
indu//ftriu opifice/ e regione
//fchole Decretoru //habitan-//tem.'

Description.
41
ff.
numb.
(F. 43, v.)
14 X 19.5 cm., the text being 12 x 15.7 cm.

unnumb. -f- 2 blank = 46 ff., 42 11. Paris, 15 13.
4,
PRINTED HOOKS
Editio)is.
to
in
There was no other
95
edition.
This is, I believe, the first separate treatise on the mystery of numbers
appear in print. Paciuolo had incUided a good deal of such material
his Siniima of 1494, and about a century later Bungus published a
monumental
in the
upon the
treatise
subject, but Clichtoveus
The
publication of a separate work.
was a pioneer
result of his labors
is
properly
ltDc myflica numcrorumfignifi'cationc opu^

fculumteorum pr^fertim qui in facris lit*
teris vfitati habentur/rpirituale ipfoi
rum
defignationem (uccin
{Xz elucidanst
Fig. 52.
included in a
list
TrrLE page of the 15 13 clichtoveus
of arithmetics, for, while there
tation in the work,
it
nothing of compu-
is
not unrelated to the number theories of the
is
mediaeval writers and even of the Pythagoreans.
Clichtoveus discusses, as
usual
is
among such
writers, the religious
Quid vnitas/ numerorum fons et origio defignat.

Cap. I.') and the numbers of the first decade. He also mentions several
larger numbers which were supposed to have some scriptural significance,
not forgetting, of course, 666, the number of the beast.'
There is also in this work a chapter, generally unrecognized by writers
significance of one
('
'
on the history of the subject, on finger-reckoning

Quomodo antiqui:
numeros omnes per certas digitorii & manuum figurationes/ fignificare
iunt foliti.'
Cap. XXVIII.
:
JOANNES MARTINUS BLASIUS,

Ed.
pr.
'
Villagarciensis.
Paris, 15 13.
15 13.
Spanish astrologer and arithmetician of c. 1500. In this edition the

author's name appears as loannes Martinus Rlafius diocefis Pacefis,' and
in the 1519 edition as 'loannes Martinus Silecevs (and Sciliceus) Diocesis
'
Pacefis.'
Title.
See Fig.
Colophon.
53.
'Explicit liber Arithme//tices practice magri Joan-
nis Martini Blafij Vil-Z/lagarciefis
Belua-//coru paleftra
pertiffimo
Thoma Kees
Parifijs edit9 in honeftilTima
impreffus vero a calcographorum ex-//

:
Vvefalienfe expenfis pro//birrimorimi
KARA ARITHMETICA
Fig. 53.
Title page of the 15 13 blasius
PRINTr:i) IKJOKS
vironim
97
Anno
Joannis Parui cl Joannis // Lambert.
15 13. in vigilia diui Jo-//annis baptifte.'
(F. 26,
doiiiini.
r.)
Fol, 19.5 X 28. i cm., printed in double columns,

each being 6.5 X 21.3 cm. 26 ff. unnumb., 64-66 11. Paris, 1513.
Description.
Paris, 15 13, fol. (here described);
Editions.
8;
1514, large
ib.,
15 19 (see below); ib., 1526, fol.
ib.,
Although an algorism, the work is mediaeval in character. The author

discusses the fundamental operations with integers, including series
and roots as was the custom, but not considering duplation and mediation as distinct topics. He is one of the earliest writers to adopt the
spelling substractio, for subtraction, a custom more or less followed by
first
the
Dutch and English arithmeticians
closes his
'
'
primus tractatus
Tractatus secundus
The
supputatorii.'
'
the
'
Blasius
compound numbers.
computations with counters, or nummi
'
tertius tractatus
'
for several generations.
with a discussion of
considers
'
'
fractiones vulgares
'
'
is
devoted to
quartus tractatus
'
common
fractions,
to sexagesimal fractions,
and the quintus tractatus to the rule of three

(' Prima regula 1 fudametalis qua detri dicunt.')
There are no practical
applications of any value.
This first edition differs greatly from the third (15 19) described
*
fractiones ])hisicae
below.
parts,
'
'
'
includes only the algorism, while the latter consists of two
It
the
l)eing
first
on Boethian arithmetic, and the second being
substantially identical with the 15 13 edition.
Other 7uorks of 15 13.
Albert of Saxony, p. 9, c. 1478; Ciruelo,

1495 (ryraldus, p. 254, 1553 Licht, p. 70, 1500 Peurbach, p.
53, 1492 ; Johann Karl von Landshut (Lanzut), 'Algorithmus linealis,'
Cracow, with editions, ib., 15 15, 15 19, 4 (see p. 83, 1504).
p. 60,
JOANNES MARTINUS BLASIUS,

Ed.
pr.
See
Paris, 15 19.
'
FiNARtrs, editor.
p. i6o.
Scili-//cei, in the-
nuper ab Orontio Fine, Del//phinate,
diligcntia caftigata, lon-//geq3 caftigatius
q prius, ipfo
omni hominij // conditioni perq // vtilis,//
neceffaria.// Virefcit vulnere virtus.' Surrounded by an elab-
cura-//te impreffa
&
See
Arithmetica // loannis // Martini,
oricen, et praxim // fciffa,
fumma
Villagarciensis.
13.
p. 95.
Orontius
Title.
orate woodcut, with the following on four sides
'
Emissa ex
RARA ARITHMETICA
98
officina Ilenrici Stephani, e regione
//scholae Decretorvm Com-
morantis,// vbi et vaenalis reperitvr.// Parisiis anno Christi.

(F.
1519.')
I, r.)
Large
Description.
20 cm.
64
Editions.
8,
20.3
numb., 52
See p. 97.
ff.
Paris, 15 19.
11.
The
first half of this rare work, not found in the 15 13 edition, is

one of the best exponents of the Boethian arithmetic of the time.
Finaeus, the editor, refers to the author's work in these words
Hanc
:
'
loanes Martinus, Sciliceus, Hifpanus, vir Mathematicarii peritus, noftra
The author shows
tepeftate Parifijs edidit.'
a good knowledge of the
ancient writers, mentioning particularly Pythagoras, Nicomachus, Euclid,

Apuleius, and Boethius, together with Jordanus, Faber Stapulensis, and
Clichtoveus.
The
the clearness
and arrangement
of
distinctive superiority of this part of the
numbers defined.
tical part
work
of this half of the

all
The theory
beginning on
products to 50
f.
25, v.
is
'
of
lies in
numbers ends on f. 24, v., the practhe most noteworthy features
Among
Tabvla mvltiplicationis
et divisionis
with
'
50.
RAGGIUS FLORENTINUS.
A
work
of the illustrations of the various classes
Ed.
Florence, 1520.
pr. 15 14.
Florentine mathematician of the fifteenth century.
See Fig.
Title.
UJ Inhocopufculoheccontinentur,
54-
Colophon.
CQaidGtproportib&quoteiusffedcs
preffum
^ Quo
'Cim-
Floretiae
Bernardum
intelle<fhi
acclpiatur
compolitio S: diuilio proport/onum
& niale opinantium confutationes
chetta
M.D.XX.
"J-
|i;Qucmatorniinoruct>roportiodlccndant
^^'
Zuc-
// Anno.
(F-
lanua1 1
Description.
CTQuidptopinquftas
&
13.4
rcmotio
20.1
v.)
,
4,
cm.,
the text being 9.2
CConfutationesaigumentorum calculator^
T.
Fig. 54.
cm.
1 1
unnumb., -^^
34-37
^'
rr.
Title pace of raggius
'
ff
11.
Florence, 1520.
Editions.
Florence,
1514,4;
ib.,
520, 4 (here described).
PRINTED BOOKS
99
This work consists of a theoretical treatment of proportion. While

partly arithmetical, this treatment relates to the fundamental theory,
and is equally applicable to geometry. The book is dedicated to the
illustrious Ciiovanni Salviati, uncle of Cosimo I, Cirand Duke of Tuscany.
GUILLIELMUS BUDAEUS.
Ed.
Florence, 1562.
pr. 15 14.
Guii-i-AUME BuDic. Born at Paris in 1467 died at I'aris, August 23, 1540.
Son of lean Bude, grand audiencer of France. He became secretary to
Louis XII, master of requests to Francois I, royal librarian, and ambassador to Leo X. He was a man of great erudition, and was instrumental in
founding the College de France.
;
Title.
dal
Trattato // delle Monete // e Valvta loro,// Ridotte

all'vfo mo-//derno, Di M. Guglielmo//Bvdeo.
'
coftume antico,
//Tradotto per M. Giouan Bernardo // Gualandi Fiorentino.//

In Fiorenza // Apresso I Givnti // MDLXII.// Con licenza, &
;
(P.
Priuilegio.'
ColopJion.
'
i.)
Giunti//i562.'
Description.
cm.
28
apreffo
gli
heredi
d'Agofto.
8,
10.5
blank
309 numb.
The dedicatory
MDLXI,'
epistle is dated
so that this
is
the
320
pp.,
'
it
with the
'
13.1
uncut,
il
xxx.
the only)
have not com-
Libri de asse et partibus ejus,' Paris, 15 14;
second edition, Venice, Aldus,

it is
Da. Viterbo
first (as it is
edition of Gualandi's translation of Budaeus.
page
// Bernardo
Florence, 1562.
Editions.
pared
di
(P. 318.)
unnumb.
8 pp.
11.
Fiorenza
In
1522.
Although on the title

number,
called a translation, the various books, six in
begin 'Trattato delle //Monete//
di
M.
Gio.
Bernardo// Gvalandi
it may have
Cittadino // Fiorentino,' leading to the belief that
been rewritten by Gualandi.

This treatise is purely historical, describing in a prolix manner the
ancient measures, a subject of interest to arithmeticians in the sixteenth
century on account of the great number of tables of denominate numbers
in use in Italy, France, and Germany.
There was also a work by Budaeus entitled Minervoe Aragonise Assis
'
Budeani supputatio compendiaia ad monetam jônderaque

8Hispanic nostre,' etc., published at Saragossa in 1536,
et
mensuras
KARA ARITHMETICA
loo
JOHANN BOSCHENSTEYN.
Ed.
pr.
Augsburg, 15
5 14.
14.
Beschenstein, Boeschenstain, Bossenstein, Boechsentein, BuchSENSTEIN, Poschenstein, Besentinus, etc. Born at Esslingen, Swabia, in
He
1472; died in 1532.
Hebrew
taught
at the universities of Ingolstadt
and Heidelberg, and also at Antwerp and Nurnberg.

thon were among his pupils.
See Fig.
Title.
Colophon.
//Erhart
55.
Getruckt
'
oglin
Anno
in
der
15 14
unnumb., 30 11.
Editions. Augsburg, 15
24
cm.
ib.,
(F. 24,
ftat
Augfpurg durch
r.)
Augsburg, 15
ff.
Boschensteyn
18.
Kay ferlichen
Jar.'
14.4
4,
Description.
Luther and Melanch-
14, 4 (here described); ib.,
also
is
said
14-8
14.
to
have
15 16;
published
at
Auo"sburg in 15 14 Ein New geordnet Rechenbuchlein auf den

hnien mit Rechenpfennigen,' 4, but this is doubtless Kobel's
*
work
It
102).
(p.
This is one of the more interesting of the early German arithmetics.

form the essenis mercantile in character, and presents in condensed
tials of
Among
business arithmetic.
the pecuUarities of the
book
is
the
Boschensteyn gives seven of these fundaDas scind nun die Siben figuren,' Die Erft figur
mental operations
Numeratio,' Die Ander figur Additio,' etc. He includes Duplatio and
Mediatio, and he checks all of his work by casting out nines. His appliRegula de Try,' partnership, and Regula
cations are chiefly in the
use of
'
figures
for 'species.'
'
'
'
'
'
'
Fufti
(where he gives
'
JAKOB KOBEL.
his rule in verse).
Ed.
pr.
Augsburg,
15 14.
15 14.
Kobel, Kobelrjs, Kobilinus. Born at Heidelberg in 1470; died at

Oppenheim, January 31, 1533. He studied at Cracow, where Copernicus
was his fellow-student. He was a man of varied attainments, meeting with
success as a Rechenmeister, printer, engraver, woodcarver, poet, and public
official.
Title.
See Fig. 56.

Getruckt
Colophon.
'
M.D.XIIII.'
(F.
Description.
ff.
unnumb.
burg,
14.
4,
tzii
XXIIII,
13.7
24 numb,
Augfpurg durch Erhart
oglin.//
Anno
r.)

(in
Roman)
30
ff.,
9x15
30-35
11.
cm.
Augs-
PRINTED BOOKS
lOI
Min Hâx Qcoimct iRecb

eribiecbUn mit
^mnffcm
ocnangcnodifcbttlern ^tinm^n
baliw: ote Qiben fpcde^pigoritb^
nti mw frtmpt ^cr Kegel ê (Lrf /\? nb fecê regeltt S
prfKb/t>n êr reêl 5o|ii mit til artbcm guten
gett
ben hinbern ^nm
30(trtrt B^fct)ei(le^rt vcirt

tleftl^f<^4^l^04tlgert
Fig. 55.
fr4tf
anfmQ m!i3bwrlid? t)orc^

&(flmgeft prieflcr
x>rt(>
geoiC>rict*
Title page ok the 15 14 boschenstevn
RARA ARITHMETICA
I02
Kobel's Rechenbuch appeared under such varied
Editions.
titles
that
and
it is
such different combinations with his other books
in
difficult to
say whether a given edition
or merely a revision.
in the first place that
'
Rechenbiichlein,'
Kobel wrote three
(2)
(15
'
he recognizes
(3)
the 'Vysierbuch.'
appeared at Augsburg
first
new work
is
if
distinct books, (i) the
'Mit der Kryden,'
The 'Rechenbiichlein'
the
the student
It will aid
in 15 14, 4;
Vysierbuch,' a treatise on gauging, at Oppenheim,
and 'Mit der Kryden'
5);
When the
Oppenheim
at
8 edition of the Rechenbiichlein
a.
s.
in 1520.
108) appeared
(p.
was changed, and a few pages were slightly altered.

The 1 53 1 edition (p. 108), however, shows many changes, certain chapters being entirely rewritten, and others considerably
expanded. Although bearing a similar title, this might with
the
title
some
justice be called a different treatise
festly a revision of the
15 14
and yet
work that
it
it is
so mani-
may more
properly
be classed as a new edition.
The
three books were sometimes published as one and some-
times separately.
The
following
probably incomplete, and
it
list
of editions
is,
therefore,
should be understood that any book
mentioned may have been published with some other one.

Editions of the Rechenbuchlein Augsburg, 1 5 14, 4 (p. 100)
Oppenheim, 1514, 4 (P- 106); ib., s. a. (c. 1515); Augsburg,
:
zum Dritte
1516,4; 1 5 17, 4 Oppenheim, 1 5 18, 4 (p. 108
male gebeffert,' and hence the third revision, although at least
the sixth edition); two other editions before 1520 (Unger)
'
Oppenheim, 1522, 8;
ib.,
1531, 8
(p.
108);
Frankfort, 1537, 8
(p.
ib.,
1525,
no);
Frankfort,
12;
Oppenheim, 1531
1544, 8;
ib.,
ib.,
ib.,
1532
1527,
;
1549;
ib.,
ib.,
1535
1564
1573; 1575; Frankfort, 1584, 8.

Editions of Mit der Kryde od' Schreibfedern/ durch die zeiferzal zu reche // Ein neiiw Rechepiichlein/ den angenden Schu(p.
Ill);
ib.,
'
lern d' rechnug zu ere getruckt
'
Oppenheim, 1520; Frankfort,
1537, 8 (p. no); probably included in various other editions of

the Rechenbiichlein.
PRINTED BOOKS
mbiecblmauf Dcn litiieii

mit TRccbcit pfeningcn : ocii
3ungen3nsenocii5bcir
ticbem c^cbtmcb vno bcno
clnlmbtlicb5itkmcn
Fio. 56.
Title page of kobel's Rechcnhicchlin (15 14)
103
KARA ARITHMETICA
I04
55
LV
PRINTi:!)
tetJcut til? pcfur bet fctben
iîcfje ficjwr i(i
HOOKS
U^\
dm
105
betjc^t ain
f\
erf cl vort Ainej
mag mm and) ain fiinfftai\/(i)^%
lin
fe^fiawainf^bmail c^cv^}vaifed)fiMl2C'yont) die
g<ttti3cn/rtiro
ant>tx bmd) bcfd}nibcn/Z\e
yr
vJ
^^*
vIT vj
'
ed:6 rti^tai!/t)a0 fern fccêmil bet
J)ig feirt
ad;t rtin g4rti3 madden
VIII
jDi^ 5igur bctâi^ ann newn a^îlfftail bA^ fe^tt

IX'taa/êrXI<^m0^^mrtd?ert*
IX
XI
XX
XXXI
JDig îgr bc^ Ai(êt/$weiti3ig^ rtirtwrtbre^j^

figewil/txêfeirt t^mntî^M^bcvam^
mbvcifji^
mQmr^mad)cn*
lie
5S)i^ feirt
IIIICXX
Qwrtiûrtêrt tail /^cr Jierfellrt^
bcvtvnb fc^^ J'S^ <^
w grttt^ mflên
bm
obgefc^tibert 5tgrt/tJtt (Sicempcln m^tg^^w

leic^tUc^ lemert all br0c^/bie biv in bcinat recên fiix^
anp
tommcn/wic bn bic^ vevficen/ aftfcbrciben
2(^
mnb
fpveên foU/Vntf veil
^m
etlid)
biv rturi ly^^cvnad) cxbcn /
:^cQ\n/Smcn/vnnb l^tempel in
vnnb
gcb:o^
^crt naUn/xc le man bie bwr^ bic 3êgel Sir? rcc^mrt

Dtib rtwfp^fcrt folic-
frag fnrfombt/itt bcren ^)tc cvft $aU geptoêrt i(i/ t>tt5

Utfic naU gart^ pldbcn/ o mu|Itt bic
tic mitttl
bcrbe^ ir scfd)vif
ttfi naU an^ bvcd)m/in ben bnlcfe
Pet 5Dc6 gclcidêit mu(iw bie let(^ âl awd) brc*ert
mb
bm
twr4?
bm felbcn bruc^) vno gcfd)i4)t bae auj5 b vrfacl)
b^cwc^ylalweg b'fccrp rnnb

gelcii^ fciit follw/viirtb fo bô
Fig. 58.
Ictfltjale
bcC>ei7ttiJ5
alfo gcfct)ic^t/eo
page from kobel's Rcchenbicchlin (15 14)
foU
KARA ARITHMETICA
io6
Editions of the
(p.
Vysierbuch
'
113); Frankfort, 1527;
1531
ib.,
1532
s. 1.,
'
ib.,
Oppenheim,
1531, 8
(p.
1584; probably included
editions of the Rechenbiichlein (p.
a.
s.
(151
5).
108); Oppenheim,
in various other
iii, 1564).
edition of this well-known arithmetic. As already

was occasionally changed, but the work was essentially
but little altered. It is a purely commercial book, with all of the operations performed by counters as was still the custom of the time in most
parts of Germany. Kobel treats of the rule of three ('die Gulden Kegel,
This
is
the
first
stated, the title
dem Walen de Try
die von
genant wirt'), partnership, reduction, inher-
and exchange. The fundamental operations include progressions, and Roman numerals are used except in the section on notation
(Fig. 57). Kobel makes a curious use of the Arabic method of writing
itances,
fractions, the terms being written in
Roman,
"'
for
Illic .LX
460
as in the case of
(see Fig. 58).
Altogether, Kobel was a vigorous writer, and his Gothic style shows him
to have been no more a follower of the Italian arithmeticians than Diirer
and Holbein were of the Italian artists.

Other works 0/1514. Boethius, p. 27, 1488 Grammateus, p. 123
Jordanus, p. 65, 1496 Stromer, p. 83, 1504 Torrentini, p. 76, 1501
Hermannus Buschius, Algorithmus linealis Proiectiliu de Ttegris perpul;
'
Vienna,
4,
ff.
chris Arithmetice artis regulis

natus,'
earundemque probationibus claris exoranonymous, and as written
(also catalogued as
by Johannes Cusanus see p. 43, c. 1490, for Nicolaus Cusa; see also
There was also pubhshed c. 15 14 an anonymous work
p. 86, 1505).
Arithmetics practicae Tractatus qui dicitur Algorismus, cum
entitled
;
'
additionibus utiliter adjunctis,' Paris, 4.
JAKOB KOBEL.
See
Ed.
pr.
Oppenheim, 15
15 14.
14.
p. 100.
Dem
Pol. A ij begins
Title. The title page is missing.
Ernueften Dietherichen//Remerer von Wormbs:genant von Dalburgk // meinen befundern gunftigen lieben Junck-//herzen/
'
Eubeutich Jacob Kobel/ //dielTer zeit Statfchreiber zu Op-//

penheim/mein willig dinft // allerzeyt bereydt//zu vor.'
Colophon.
XIIIL'
'
Getriickt
(F. no.
zii
XXIIII.
Oppenheym.// Anno.
See Fig.
59.)
M.CCCCC.
PRINTED BOOKS
Mam oelett/t)Ji6
tt)5
107
rm ttbcr ^: <v iAbcttff bUjbf / 5ad
Hoc^
^cm l>et^ yn â^ fclb fcui gcU noc^ tin m.ol gcwtglup
nmfUnfen êlm/ofi woe fin al^âtt abcr moU tiba
^^cfg bit fasm/vnb
ftinff iibcc
f^tcib C6 o^gtnf lu^ auff/
blobr/â^ 6ir auc^ fagcn/^ j fd? Jeib aba
miff/ ?>^mel?m/l>clgû^âffclbl^gtlf wUycrumb

mtr lyboi ^dcn/mb wa6 ym ale 6aiT abomiale iibca
blabffc^jctbaud)vff/ eo^)alfo jcwrgvolbjac^t

n)trf/foUMrw>uw<l5ttmtr(lwiiba btcy Obcrf^lyboi
flf/i^nfhtânJ.ab<^/foU0t^)ff>teU^lUltLXX
JHfi6e(mabar.n,folegâirfttrT>ff6ieUnimcxL
ym^c(hl 0ra6 tif.iibmff/fo leg vffM^lifUcnccx*
JDarllac^%tt>a6tloc^^c5altêm ^de mit fanfftit
iibcc bltcbcn t(? i>rib ale inanicl?
mal ale bu one ftri>
bcf?/aleoffrle^xxi.t>ffbtclmim.?Trum6:wtoi^b
act)f/ptcT)wlcintffer9aletioc^ fybm (ibcrblybm i(l/
foûbaewct^folmalweg'roj one XV. pfbtcUJuen
legvm/So boe alfo DOliib jacl^t fo tû btc bwy âlc jw
faniincn/m an Siim/t>nb wae baraug notrt/ bouon
folni ale bi^ b w fan|? tymbat vnb funfv>d}cn bouon
^ vt>cn/it)ae ale
bm atii lc(?e ubabUA)r/ fo md
t\l
bet
feumbceffclregttt)c(fcnb5bcrui fcynefccfcl ffc-âbr

\ât/vnb tjt rector fliiiacl?r.
Sllfo
wil icb 5ieffem êcbm^
biicl7Uui/ineincmi[)crbci^noct^/^cn%gcttÔrt/t)nb
cm (Bnbt gcben/wi fo td? anpfinb mid) bo mit tc^r

mo, gcfcl)a(fc lâbcii/ ixhI u^ funftigf licl? niir (jortce
f
T)nb bcr Docl)ffclcrte tîlff b5
mcrm t)nb bcflbrn /ancb
Don v>vfirat/^clb 511 nicflcn/ic/wnb anbctcnomirf^

ri^c bmgbclcvctiîi bcttJ|Ucl>ci)i gcb:aiic^'CoImct;j
f^cn /x>nb aiig bcc Înfincmct* t>iib (Dconjcr raoffcit
barcn.
(Setiiickt 511 0ppenbcvm.
UnitoîclliXCCCCXrai.
Fig. 59.
Last page of kobel's KcchoibifihUn (ofpenheim,
15 14)
RARA ARITHMETICA
io8
cm.
i X 19.6 cm., the text being 9.2 X 15.8
Oppenheim,
14.
=
11.
15
ff.,
28-34
mimb.
29
24
Description. 4, 14.
5
ff.
mimmib.
editions
See p. 106. It is a curious fact that the first and second
should have appeared in the same year at two different places.
JAKOB KOBEL.
See
Ed.
pr.
Oppenheim,
15 14.
15 18.
p. 100.
See Fig. 60.

'Alfo Endet
Title.
Colophon.
fich
Seliglich d'
Drit// Truck
Rechenbuchleins/ Zu Oppenheym zufam-//men
dif3
gefegt/ vnd
volendt vff Dinftag des Hey-//ligen Criig Erhohungs tag.//
Annodni
.1518.'
Description.
(F.
4,
4 ff. unnumb.
Oppenheim, 15 18.
cm.
See
XLVI, r.)
X 18.4 cm.,
13.7
+46
mmib.
to
(I
the text being 9.2
XLVI) =
50
ff.,
14.8
32-33
11.
p. 106.
JAKOB KOBEL.
See
Ed.
pr.
Frankfort, 1531.
15 14.
p. 100.
Ein new geor-//denet Kunftlich Rechenbuchlin/

Kobels/ Stattfchreiber zii Oppen-//heim/ Auff den
Den angehnLinien vnd Spacien/ mit Rech-//enpfeiiingen.
Vnd zu
lernen.
zu
leichtlich
gantz
Rech//nens
Schulern
den
Kellerei//en Ampten/ Kauffmanfchafften/ vnd Krame-//reien
Title.
'
Ja-//cob
vnd brauchlich. Mit vilen erkla-//rungen/ Leren/

Regeln vnd Exempln.// Ji@^ Mehr dafi vormals ie getruckt/
//gebeffert/ vnd ziigefetzt.// Im Jare M. D. XXXL//Vifir
Buchlin/ //Den Jungen/ angehnden/ // Leijfchen Vifirern gantz
Wie mari ein //
leichtlich zu lernen/ //verftehn vnd Rechnen.
dienlich
Vifirrut
machen/vnnd damit ein//iedes
//ende
difes Rechenbi!ich//lins angehenckt.'
vafz vifirenn/ folle Zii

(F.
i, r.)
Franckenfurt/am Mein. In Ver//

lag vnnd Gemeynfchafft des Ernhaffetnn // vnd Fiirnemen Herrn
Jacoben K6-//bels/ Stattfchreiber zu Oppen-//heim. Bei ChrifColophon.
'CGetruckt
tian Ege-//nolffen.
//M.D.XXXI.
Jar.'
zii
Im Mertzen/ // Nach der geburt

(F.
CXII,
r.)
// Chrifti.
PRINTED BOOKS
"^^^ new êc^je

WiCinim mn^ pacteit / nut
Ii2\ccl)t'pfcnnmgc/ âu|fmanfci?a|f
j
W^ ^cffltc^c ^^nêlunge/lctc^rlic^
^recêlctucmacre/jumlDn'ctcmalc/
!
Igcbeflcct vit ju
CppcnlKm^cmr"
g;
Bib
iWtc mart ^ccl)m fol/t)it n)ii(? gem/

|jft
faiiffmarct?afft/g'm)yn/pcrt51?/
iD46 er rttf arbdt r^cr t>mb fflfl

pclftampr/t>n^ :^cllcrK/t?0nc^r/
mm
jiDae cf ntt ttîirb/pcrad) t );>a;rticl^ t/
Dec âu(f Mg>5ucb vii leg mit petgj

v^n^ nurcf / wae tcl} yn
^)nêctt)ct(5/
IDcm fonv cr iiocb n)tr firdcm mfit

*25cûrpn6ffot/Sccl/Cnb/t>tt gwr*
Fig. 60,
Title pauk of kobel's Rcchi-puchlcin (15 18).
109
RARA ARITHMETICA
no
Description.
8,
9.7
numb, in Roman, 28-29

112
1.5
cm.
Frankfort, 1531.
11.
ff.
Jacob's staff' used by surveyors was first

It is often stated that the
described by Kobel in this year (1531) and that it received its name in
his honor. The name was old before this time, however, as applied to
'
of surveying instrument, for in the Margarita Philosophica
some form
(1503, Bk. VI, tract. II)

disciple, in
Dis. Qualis
which
is eft
it
it is
JAKOB KOBEL.
Title.
a conversation between a master and his

'
Mag. baculo que lacob dicunt.
The master thereupon
baculus?'
ment, and a picture of
See
is
mentioned
is
Ed.
describes the instru-
given.
pr.
Frankfort, 1537.
1514.
p. 100.
'
rech-//enbuchlin: vff der // Linien vnd Zipher/
Zwey
Mit eym angehenck-//ten Vifirbuch/fo verftendtlich fijr//geben/

das iedem hieraufz on//eih lerer wol zulernen.// CDurch den
Achtbarn vnd wol erfarnen//H. Jacoben Kobel Statfchreiber

//zu Oppenheym.// Franc. Chrift. Egen.' (F. i, r.)
Ende/Im lar M.D.XXXVIL' (F. numb. 144, r.)
Colophon.
'
Description.
8
ff.
unnumb.
Editions.
8, 9.5
+ 9-144
See
p.
numb.
144
ff.,
30
11.
11.9 cm.
Frankfort, 1537.
102.
the earliest of Mr. Plimpton's copies containing the three

Rechenbiichlein,' (2) 'Mit der Kryde,'
books written by Kobel, (i)
This
is
'
(3) the
'
Vysierbuch.'
formed one
of the three in a single volume

books of the time, giving the operations both
The combination
of the best
with counters and according to algorism. The latter is given in the part
entitled 'Mit der kreiden // odder fchreibfederen/durch //die zifferzal zu rechen/ Ein new Rechen-//buchlin/ den angehnden fchulern
der //rechnung zu eren getruckt.' (F. 106.) In this work Kobel also
includes the usual business problems of the period and the chapter on
the calendar required by the
Church
schools.
An
unusually complete
Eyn new Vifir //

Leyen/ zu // leichtem vnd begreiflichem verftandt //
verordnet/ Durch H. Jacob //Kobel Stattfchreiber zu //Oppenheym.'
(F. 95, r.) It is much more complete than the 15 14 edition of the
(see p. 106), and is substantially the same as the
Rechenbiichlein
treatment of gauging
Buchlin/ den
'
'
is
given in the part entitled
'
PRINTED BOOKS
iii
1531 edition (see p. 108) exce])t that it contains the thinl part, Mit
der Kreiden,' which the latter does not.
The Hindu-Arabic numerals were still considered difficult (' den die
'
Zifer zal
am
erften zulernen fchwere,'
die felb Teutfche zal
JAKOB KOBEL.
See
f.
common Roman
better to begin with the
9, v.),
and teachers
characters
hie anzeygen vii erkleren
Ed.
pr.
('
still felt
it
wil ich ziim erften
').
Frankfort, 1564.
5 14.
p. 100.
Vot7Vccfi-t<Mfrflgcrt.
Title.
Rechenbiich/
'
//Auff Linien vnd Ziffern.
cdjt fjftfl/ vtino jl;m

(lit
rtlfo
57
nad?Hompfl/n)tt
tad;tl!Vt) (eriteit tcdjitjct/
aWm Ccs X>\x\ti
//MiteinemVifirbuchlin/
Klar // vnd verftendtlich
furgeben. // Gerechnet
met m (Jrtnfjctt jclen.
Buchlin/auffalle//Wahr
vnd Kauffmanfchafft /
Muntz/ // Gewicht/ Elen/
vnd Mafz/ viler Land //
vnd Stett verglichen.//
Durch H. Jacob Kobel. //
(Woodcut.)
Cum
Gratia
&
Priuilegio.// Franckfurt/
îit^ct:n>oDcc
Bei Chr. Egen. Erben //
M. D. LXIIIL'
Colop]io7i.
'
(F. 1,1.)
Getruckt zu
bunOa-t vn& <id;t5igbyrn/:3(tt)te

fcg/wtevtlbyunfievmbe(npfennfngb<J'
bcf Cbit/ftfflob^dcrt/ fo foHiptortjcbctt/

emcn pfeti*
2(lfo xnl byi'cn bn t fie vmb
nms /
(F. 194, V.)

8,
9.
gebct onff
Eorblitt
Franckfurt // am Mayn
bey Chriftian E-//genolffs
Erben.// M. D. LXIIIL'
Description.
-f^juiiffmitttet
mard't/ fcuffr vbetbftupt em !R,<!rbl(it

ttittKcbnctbym/Ortrnmb cjibt fie ocl?^cbcil
pfmninj;/ fofichcun tempt /fmOct fie itn
XiiXi
ViJt)
ijl
ttjolfcyl
t)tinb.

6.3
12.2
cm.
12
iEtn2^6cl;cittJ:cy(Tcf 0el;trtrt ctneiii Stii*

ff.
unnumb. + 194 numb. =

206 ff., 28-29 11. Frankfort,
which
1564.
(There were
this is the sixth.)
Fig. 61.
at
From
kobf.l's Rcc)icnbuch(\^(i^
least eight Frankfort editions,
of
RARA ARITHMETICA
112
Editions.
See
p.
102.
same as in the 1537 edition (see p. 1 10). The

not found in the 1537 edition, or in any other
edition in the Plimpton hbrary. It consists of a description of foreign
and domestic money, with numerous iUustrations of coins. This begins
The
first
rest of the
165
ff.
book
are the
is
nY0mîc5ct
m^ (l>ppcnbeym/(6tce
^6it Scynd)/& ArtOcc ConQ v5 ^tcbctgcttftnt/woltcttmi't
crtt4nt)ei:
gen Kom
ctttcnMgnid?t mcl?^ t)cnrt?cbttmetkgc^

|jcn/2tbec CtJtt^ vofi Crcbcr voas, mttg vi>
J^crdf/cnttdd?tdtten
wg iMnctlcrtgcljctt/
5Dtf^b<JlbCttgtcngoit -^cyjincl? ncun teg

fCJitt (Tontj von Ctc^cynnd? on9Ctt9o.
cbc rttti? (Dppciibcytit

l>e:/2iirottJrti:eo
tJtctIertf&ig(tgci/d;cConeau3cI?<?b6b<^
tt^3rttgebe
nuttiftDfefrfig
/M
tt?ie
vil t<tgcti
Cdti^
ijdtfCrcbctSon-^cytiticl^cttvbergangcii/
nO l>ic Jwett juftmcn fotnmcn femt)?

9DiCli>nt> t)crglctd?cn ffftgnjjtjlu alfo Cnfc
fc^ct^ctt.3ûm crftctt leg Die tictlcn/Dic
6ott
êynticb ontjcnfurgrtngcttt|l/Drts ftmiJ
9o.meilcrt/vffDcm^c<1)ci5bi^n<f/'X''nMf
rit
&<?ttn;>icmc(lcn/ficcnitucincwgiiKb;
Fig. 62.
From
K()bel's
Rechcnbuch (1564)
(f. 165, r.): 'Von Frembden vnd Hie//landifchen Mflntzen/ So difer zeit
in//Teutfch vnnd Welfchen landen/inn aller // Kauffmanfchafift vnd
Gewerb/ Handehi/ //viler Land art im branch/ geng/ gibig oder // ver.'
ruffen Muntzen/
The book closes (f. 184, v.) with a set of tables
and (f. 192, V.) a Regifter.'
.
'
PRINTED HOOKS
JAKOB KOBEL.
See
Title.
vff eins
p.
'
Ed.
pr.
1515.
H3
Opponheim,
s.
a. (i 5
5).
100.
Eyn New geordet //
yden Lands Eych //
Y\o. 63.
//vn do mit
vii
Vyfirbiich. licit
yn.//Wie man
Mafz/ein gcrecht Vyfirut machc
Last page of kobkl's \'ysirhuch (15 15)
ein ygklich
inhalt crlernen // folle.
onbekant Vafz // vyfieren/ auch feynen
Den anhebenden
Schvilern ViZ/fircns
RARA ARITHMETICA
114
Leichtlich/ mit Figuren vnnd//Exempeln/zu lernen/angezeigt.

//Angehengt Tafeln.//Die Erften Fyer halten yn gerechet/
zu XXVI. Od'
11 io eyn Fuder weins kaufft wirt/ vmb // Guide
XXIIII. ATb. ;c.// Was die Ome/das Fyrtel/ vnnd die Mafz
gelten.//Die Andern Tafeln/Zeyge an/ Ver//anderug vii wechfelug einer Muntz//durch die ander/als ^9. in lb. jc. //Ge-
druckt zu Oppenheym.'
(F.
i, r.)
Colophon. 'Gedruckt zu Oppenheym.'

Description.
cm.
s.
a.
See Fig.
(F. 32, v.
14.4
63.)
i4-5
unnumb. + 28 numb. = 32 ff., 30-32 11. Oppenheim,

There is no date on the title page nor in the colo-
ff.
(151
4,
5).
phon, but the prefatory statement closes with the words,
Anno &
nendet vff dornftag noch Letare.
See
Editions.
The work
'
Vol-
15 15.'
p. 106.
semiarithmetical, quite as
is
c.
so as the chapters on
much
mensuration in our textbooks chapters, indeed, which owe their origin

in no small degree to these treatises on gauging so often appended to
the old arithmetics. This work is illustrated with quaint woodcuts showing the use of the Vylirftab or gauging measure. (See Fig. 63.)
;
'
'
GIROLAMO
Ed.
pr.
AND
GIANNANTONIO TAGLIENTE.
s.
15 15.
Venetian arithmeticians of
Title.
'
c.
Opera che // insegna // A
catia // et a pertegare le Terre //
fare ogni
Con
Componimeto // di arithmetica // Con

M. D. XXV.' (F. I, r.)
Description.
91
8,
28-33
ff.,
10.3
11-
S.
Ragione // de Mer-
grati"
&
preuilegio //
15.1
1.
(Venice), 1525.
arte giometrical // Intito-
lata
cm.
1.
500.
12.5
(Venice), 1525.
Venice, 15 15, 8 (De Morgan having erred in sayib., 1520; ib., 1523,8; ib. (s. 1.),
Editions.
ing 'apparently before 1500');
1525, 8 (here described);

s. a.
1526;
ib.,
(1530.?), 8; Venice, 1541
ib.,
1527;
Milan, 1541, 8
ib.,
(p.
1528,
115);
s.
4;
1.,
1547, 8; Milan, 1548; Venice, 1548 (with probably a second

Venetian edition, i 548, under the title Thesoro universale de
'
abacho,' by
'
lucha atonio de Uberti,' 8);ib., 1550;
ib.,
1554;
ib.,
PRINTED BOOKS
115
Milan, 1570;
ib., 1564;
1570;
1567;
1579; ib., 1586. Riccardi also mentions eleven
other editions, s.a., and four such appeared in the Boncompagni
1557;
ib.,
1561;
ib.,
1576;
sale,
ib.,
ib.,
ib.,
and four
peared, and
in the
Fisher sale of 1906.
The work
also ap-
frequently catalogued, without the authors' names.
is
These various editions have been the object of critical study

by E. A. Cicogna and Prince Boncompagni. The former set
forth his results in his Saggio di bibliogmfia I \ncziana, Venice,
1847, p. 218, ascribing the work to Girolamo Tagliente 'con
consanguineo Giannantonio Tagliente.'
In the
name
appears,
I'ajuto del suo
edition of 1525, here described, only the former
the text beginning,
'CAl benigno lettore//Hieronymo
Tagliente.'
Boncompagni's investigations, setting forth the differences in the

various editions, appeared in the Atti dell Accadcinia Pontif. de
Nuovi Lificei, XVI, 139, 147, 155, 304. See also Riccardi, I,
2,
'
484, and Boncompagni's Bulletino, XIII, 247.

There was also a treatise published by the Taglientes entitled
Regole
mercatura intitolato componimento
di
Venice, 1524,
8,
also the treatise
di arithmetica,'
See
probably another edition of this work.
on bookkeeping mentioned on
p.
141, 1525.
The book opens with a brief treatment of notation and finger symbols.
Then follow in order the multiplication table, the proof of sevens, various
methods of multiplication, division by the galley method, addition chiefly
of denominate numbers, subtraction, the operations with fractions in the
same order, exchange, rule of three, and applied problems. There are
numerous interesting woodcuts, and such familiar problems as those of
the couriers, the testament, and the sale of eggs are given with illustrations.
In spite of the arrangement of topics, there were few textbooks
so influential as this in shaping the subsequent teaching of arithmetic.
GIROLAMO
Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
15
.'^ND
1
5.
GIANNANTONIO TAGLIENTE.
Milan, 1541.
p. 114.
'
Libro // dabaco che in//segna a fare // ogni ragione

& // pertegare le terre co I'arte di //la Geometria,
mercadantile,
e altre no//bilifsime raginoe ftra-//ordinarie c5 la Ta-//riffa
come
RARA ARITHMETICA
ii6
refpon//deno
li
la inclita citta di
vniuerfale.'
& // Monede de moltc terre del mon-/7do con

Vene-//gia. Elquel Libro fe chiama //Thefauro
pefi
(F.
Colophon.
'
i, r.)
Stampato
in
Milano per
lo.
Antonio da Borgho.//
M. D. XLL' (F. 80, v.)

Description. 8, 10 X 14.6 cm., the text being j .J X 12.3 cm.
80 ff. unnumb. + 7 blank = 87 ff., 23-30 11. Milan, 1541.
Editions. Seep. 114.
Nell'
anno
del.
Fig. 64.
This
differs
but
little
From the 1541 tagliente
from the 1525 edition, the Opera che insegna'

'
(see p. 114), except in having a set of tariff tables at the end:
comenza
el
terzo Libro di la fruttifera opera
// chiamata
'
CQui
la Tariffa
There is some slight change in the phraseology, particubeginning of the various sections. For two curious forms of
multiplication see Fig. 64. Such arrangements of the work in multiplication were quite common, particularly in the early Spanish and Italian
arithmetics of the first half of the sixteenth century. That they should
(f.
iiii,
v.).
larly at the
have found place in a popular mercantile treatise

surprising.
is,
however, rather
PRINTED BOOKS
VARIOUS AUTHORS.
Ed.
pr.
117
Vienna,
1515.
15 15.
Joannes de Mukis (Jean de Metirs, Murs, Mi;ria) was born

Normandy,
and music.
c.
He
1310; died after 1360.
Thomas Bradwardin. See
in
wrote on arithmetic, a.stronomy,
p. 61.
NicoLAUs IIorem (Nicolas Oresme) was born
at Caen (.') c. 1323;

taught in the College de Navarre at
He wrote also an AlgorisParis, and in 1377 became Bishop of Lisieux.
mus Proportionum,' in which the idea of fractional exponents first appears.
died at Lisieux, July
He
11, 13S2.
'
Georg von Peurbach. See
p. 53.
Joannes de Gmunden (Johann von Gmunden, Johann Wissbier?

NvDEN ? ScHiNDEi-.' JoHANNES DE Gamundia) was born c. 13S0, at
Gmunden on the Traunsee, or Gemiind in Lower Austria, or Gemiind in
Swabia; died at Vienna, February 23, 1442. He was educated at Vienna,
and taught
there, being the first professor of
mathematics alone
in Austria.
See Fig. 65.

Impreffum Vienne per Joannem Singrenium //
Colophon.
Expenfis vero Leonardi Luce Alantfe //fratrum Anno domini
Title.
'
.M.ccccc.xv.// Decimono die Maij.'

Description.
4,
14.3
(F".
cm. (without the marginal references).

Vienna, 15
54
15.5
ff.
unnumb., 26
11.
this
combination
of
15.
Editions.
works.
r.)
54,
There
See pp.
is
no other edition of
53, 61, 118, for the individual treatises.
This interesting work consists of
five parts.
The
first
is
the arith-
While it is called an extract from the

arithmetic of Boethius, it is merely suggested by that treatise and is
really the work of Muris.
This part of the work begins on f. 2 with
the following title:
Incipit Arithmetica comunis ex//diui Seuerini
Boetij Arithmetica per M. Joannem // de muris compendiofe excerpta.
// Prohemium.' De Morgan (p. 3) mentions a possibly earlier edition,
metic of Joannes de Muris.
'
s. 1. a., 4.
(See also p. 86, 1505.)

part of the volume begins on
The second
on proportion by Thomas Bradwardin.

the subject, and has the following title
It is
:
'
f.
17, v.,
and
is
the
work
a theoretical treatment of
Tractatus breuis proportionu

Thome // Braguardini
:
ab-//breuiatus ex libro de Proportionibus. D.

Anglici.'
The third part begins on f. 27, v., and is a treatise by Nicolaus

Horem, with the following title 'Tractatus de Latitudinibus forma-//
rum fcdm doctrina magiftri Nicolai Horem.' This subject attracted
:
considerable attention in the latter part of the Middle .Ages.
RARA ARITHMETICA
ii8
is the algorism of Peurbach, and has the following

Opufculu Magiftri Georgij //Peurbachij doctifs.' As
already stated (p. 53), this work takes up the four fundamental operations and progressions, giving merely a theoretical discussion of the
The
title
on
fourth part
37,
f.
V.
'
subject.
The
(f.
44, v.) begins
'
Incipit
tractatus de Minucijs
compofitus Vienne Auftrie per magiftrum
Gmunden.'
or, as
part
fifth
phi-//ficis
This
is
the treatise of
Gmunden on
//Joannem de
sexagesimal fractions,
they were called in the Middle Ages, physical fractions.
These
used by us in our degrees (or hours), minutes, and seconds,

served the purposes of the later decimal fractions. They were carried
fractions,
much
still
farther than
is
now
+^+
the case, a
g + ^3 + ^.
meaning merely
symbolism
") is relatively
(,
The book
volume
five
',
number
'
like 3 15'
or 3
^^
40"
15'" 45 'V
The present
modern.
is particularly interesting because it combines in one

well-known books by mediaeval writers. In no other
iContmutnhocliMlo.
^ritbmctia commuin'o*
pzopojtioiiee b:cnc0,
fbchtimmibm
foztmrmn.
3lgo:itbmu0.0>.0co:gij "^curbacby in iimme.

aiGoîtbniu00>aîfln'3oaiini0Oci5munocii
Dcmiimcgo
Fig. 65.
pbtficio.
Title page of the Vienna work of 15 15
volume could the inadequacy of the mediaeval treatment of

mathematics be better seen. Indeed, a manuscript of 15 15, found by
Gerhardt in the Wolfenbiittler Bibliothek, expressly states that the
lectures on arithmetic given in the universities of that period were
based on the above works of Muris, Bradwardin, Peurbach, and Joannes
de Gmunden. i^Monatsherichte der K. P. Akad. d. Wisscnsch. zu Berlin,
single
1867, p. 43.)
PRINTED BOOKS
JOANNES DE MURIS.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
119
Mam/,
1515.
153.S.
p. 117.
'
Arilhnic//ticac specvlativae // Libri duo loannis de
Muris ab in-//numeris erroribus quibus hactc-//nus corrupti, &

uetuftate fer//me perierant diligen-//ter emendati,// Pvlcherrimis qvoqve exemplis, Formisq; nouis declarati & in // ufum
ftudiofae iuuentutis
Mogun-//tinae iam reccens ex-Z/cufi.// Mo-
gvntiae cxcvdebat // Ivo

(F.
Scoffer
anno.// M.
D.
XXXVIII.'
I, r.)
Colophoji.
'
Description.
8,
4 pp. unnumb.
pp.
Mogvntiae
XXlCVm.'
M. D.
cxcvdebat // Ivo
9.6
14.5 cm., the text being d.G
3-88 numb.
blank
1.9
with woodcut
cm.
96
Mainz, 1538.
Editions.
This
is
the second dated edition of the arithmetic
of this popular mediaeval teacher.
(See
plete than the one of 1515, but
does not, like the
it
p.
(See also Boethius,
See
latter, give
so largely
it is
p. 27.)
p. 117.
JOANNES FCENISECA.
An Augsburg
teacher of
c.
Ed.
pr.
Augsburg, 1515.
1515.
1500.
See Fig. 66.
Title.
Colophon.
'
Impreffa Augufte Vindelicorum/communibus im-
penfis lo/ //annis Miller atq5 loannis foenifece.
//te domini.
Description.
ff.
more com-
It is
17.)
the marginal references to Boethius, upon which
based.
20
anno.//
Schcffcr
(F. 90, V.)
M.D. XV.
4,
15.1
Anno
ad. IIII. Cal.' Maias.'
a natiuita
(F. 20,
21 cm., the text being 11
r.)
13.8 cm.
unnumb., 7-39 11. Augsburg, 15 15.

Editions.
This
is
an extract from a larger volume, for the
folios
have been
numbered by hand 40-59, and the register begins with aa i.' Only
two pages (aa ii, v., and aa iii, r.) are devoted to Arithmetica,' and these
'
'
relate only to the Boethian system.
chiefly to
The
rest of the
book
is
devoted
geometric figures, the mediaeval astronomy, and music.
Such
RARA ARITHMETICA
20
a book shows the superficiality and general emptiness of the work of

the schools that were supposed to stand for culture in the period of the
early Renaissance.
^
Opera Toannfs Fanifccae Augn*
hcc in lehabenc.
Quadratum
(apienri?:continens in fefcptem
artcslibcraks veterum.
Circulos biblj^ iiii.inquibus mccaphyfica
moiaica.
Commentaria honim.
Ad Hcc/libri rubricainftrius
fignati ncccflarii fu nc
:
P^Grammadca
don.alcx.gua.lafca.rocrf
Logjca
fmno
f
Rhctorica
Monaftica
Oeconomica
fOo5
.i.mosr^Politica
Alcajithmus fubaltcrnxis
j^
nouus
boerius
boccius
Arichmecica
Gcomctria
Pcripcaiua fiibalrana
mathcacica
pcTUsiacobi
bocruis
boccius
Mulica
Aftronomia
^^^Gcographia
philofbplua
tlicologia
phcmo'i^
Hiftond
pcolcmûs
Phylica
Mcdici'na fubaltcrna
diofcorides
Metaphyfica
biblium tripTcx
aai.
Fig. 66.
Title page of
ANONYMOUS.
Tzt/e.
(Line
'
i.)
Ed.
pr. c.
F(t:niseca's
15 15.
Opera (15 15)
Leipzig,
s.
a. (c.
15 15).
Melchiar Lotthervs Ivnior candido lectori salutem.'

Articularis Bedae prefbyteri numerorii computatio.'
'
(Line 24.)
Description.
26.7 cm.
42
One
11.
sheet, 28
X 36.4
Printed on one side of a single sheet.
PRINTED 1U)UKS
There was no other
Editions.
known
121
edition, antl only this co])y
is
of this one.
This broadside was published by Lotter c. 15 15, and is a brief stateof the numerical finger-symbolism of the ancients, particularly
as described by the \'enerable Bede. The syml)olism is practically the
same as that described by such writers as Paciuolo and Aventinus (see
ment
pp. 57
and 136.)
CASPAR LAX.
Ed.
pr.
Paris, 15 15.
15 15.
1487 died at Saragossa, February 23, 1560. He

taught at Paris and Saragossa. Ilis only works are the two here described.
Born
Title.
at Sarinena, Spain,
c.
See Plate IIP

de
aragonenfis
Proportiones magiftri Gafparis // lax
'
farinyena
.'
(F.
loi,
Separately
r.
cata-
logued, see below.)

Colophon.
'
Explicit Arithmetica fpeculatiua Magiftri Gafparis
Lax Aragonenfis de Sarinyena duode-//cim
demonftrata.
libris
Impreffa Parifius opera ac characteribus Magiftri Nicolai de

barre-Z/Expenfis honefti
fius in vico diui
Hemundi
viri
le
la
feure Bibliopole Pari-
Jacobi fub figno Crefce//tis albi vitam degentis.
.1515. Die vero.i3.MenfisDecembris.' (F. 100, v.)

Description. Fob, 19.8 X 26.5 cm., the text being 1 4.1 X 21.8
Anno Domini
100
cm.
ff.
Editions.
unnumb., 59-61
11.
There was no other
Paris, 15 15.
edition.
very prolix treatment of theoretical arithmetic, based on Boethius

As the title shows. Lax was a Spanish
teacher, one of several from the southern peninsula who taught in the
and
his mediaeval successors.
University of Paris in the fifteenth century. Among the others were

Rollandus (originally from Lisbon, mentioned later in connection with
the manuscripts) and Ciruelo (p. 58). All of the contributions of these
scholars were of this general theoretical character. De Morgan facetiously remarks, 'For anything that appears the author (Lax) could not
count as far as 100.'
GASPAR LAX.
Ed.
pr.
1515.
Paris, 1515-
See above.
Title.
'
Proportiones magiftri Gafparis //lax aragonenfis de
rinyena.// Venundatur Parifius In vico diui //Jacobi ab

le
feure fub fi-//gno crefcentis albi vitam degente.'
(F.
fa-
Emundo
10
1,
r.)
RARA ARITHMETICA
122
CoIopJion.
Expliciunt proportiones Ma//giftri Gafparis
'
Lax
Aragonen//ris de Sarinyena impreffe Pa-//rifius opera Magiftri
Emundo
Nicolai // de la barre pro

die vo
vi.
me/Zfis Octobris.'
Fol., 19.5
Dcscriptio7i.
feure //
le
(F. 26,
Anno
M.
d. xv.
r.)
26 ff. unnumb., 66
each being 7 x 21.5 cm.

Editions.
dni
126 of the whole book,
11.
Paris, 15 15.
Bound with the Arithmetica Speculativa' (p. 121). This is a prolix

treatment of mediaeval ratios after the Boethian manner, and as such it
ranks with works like those of Bradwardin (p. 61), Jordanus (p. 62),
'
and Faber Stapulensis (p. 82).

Other works of 15 15. Boethius, p. 27, 1488 Bradwardin, p. 61,
1495; Kobel, p. 102, 1514; Lanzut, pp.83, 97, 1504, 1513; Licht,
Ortega, p. 93, 1512; Peurbach, p. 53, 1492; Torrentini,
p. 70, 1500
Juan Andres, Sumario breve de la practica de la arithmep. 76, 1 501
tica,' Valencia (from the book it appears that it was written in Saragossa
V. Rodulphus Spoletanus,
it was reprinted at Seville in 1537)
in 15 14
De proportione proportionvm dispvtatio,' Rome, 4.
Works of 1^16. Johann Boschensteyn, p. 100, 15 14; Capella, p. 66,
1499; Ciruelo, p. 60, 1495; Kobel, p. 102, 1514; Stromer, p. 83,
1504 Widman, p. 36, c. 1488.
;
'
'
PIETRO MARIA BONINI.

A
Florentine writer of the
Title.
'
Lvcidario
Ed.
pr.
Florence, 1517.
1517.
half of the sixteenth century.
first
darithmetica.'
(Large woodcut.
F. 3,
r.
Fig. 6t.)
Colophon.
'
Gianftephano
Description.
Cimpreffo
di
nella excelfa cipta di Firenze
Carlo da Pauia//adi 7 di Gennaio.'

8,
10. 9
per//
(F. 18,
r.)
12.7 cm.
unnumb., 24 11. Florence, 15 17.

There was no other edition. This interesting
volume was known to De Morgan only by hearsay when he
19
ff.
Editions.
wrote his Arithmetical Books.
It
came
into
however, after that work was published, as

autograph on the title page (see Fig. ^J). It
tioned by bibliographers, and
century.
is
is
is
possession,
his
shown by his
not often men-
one of the rare books of the
In the Boncompagni sale (no. 144 1) there
is
mentioned
gwrt(I5a6)ai:iB â]C -grpmro
Pi ATE III.
TriLK
i'.\(;k
ok lax
PRINTED nuOKS
an edition of 1547; but
Riccardi, vol.
known
col.
I,
him or
to
this is a misprint for
5 17,
as appears from
Riccardi mentions only three copies
153-4-
Boncompagni,
to
123
([LVCIDARIO DARITHMETICA.
but there was one in the Fisher sale
(London, 1906).
The book
is
small octavo, the
first
two-thirds being given to mercantile problems on exchange and the reduction of
The
money.
mensuration
piu
di
sorte
part treats exclusively of
last
'
geometriche
Speculation!
&
jirima
del
lacpiadratura
triangolo.'
Other
works
'Algorithmus
c.
Anonymous,
Widman), p. 36,
of 1517.
linealis' (see
1488; Borghi, p. 16, 1484; Feliciano,

1526; Kobel, p. 102, 1514 Reisch,
82, 1503; Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488;
p. 146,
p.
Widman,
p. 36, c.
Fig. 67.
TriLK pack
BONiNi's Lvcidario
1488.
HENRICUS GRAMMATEUS.
Ed.
pr.
Frankfort, 1535.
15 18.
Latinized Greek, GramMATEUS. Born at Erfurt, at least as early as 1496. lie describes himself as' HenrichGrammateuS// von Erffurt/der fiben freien kiinften Meyfter.'
Heinrich ScHREiiiER; Henricus Scriptor
He was a student at Cracow and at the University of Vienna {1507). The

dates of his birth and death are unknown, but a record at Vienna reads
Anno domini millesimo quingentesimo septimo in festo sanctorum Tibureii
'
et
Valeriani
martirum
Henricus Scriptoris
de Erfordia.'
He
also
1.3
cm.
taught at Vienna.
Title.
See Fig. 68.
Description.
96
ff.
8,
unnumb., 31
9.2
11.
G.-j
Frankfort, 1535.
Editions. Vienna, 1518,8; Frankfort, 1535 (here described)

s.
1.
(Frankfort), 1544; Frankfort, 1572.
Grammateus
also published
una cum monochordi
generis
an
'
Algorithmus proportionum
Dyatonici
compositione
.
.
',
Libellus de compositione regularum pro

Cracow, 15 14, 4;
vasorum mensuratione,' Vienna, 15 18; Behend unnd khunstlich Rechnung nach der Regel und welhisch practic,' Niirnberg,
'
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
124
1
52
1,
an extract from the work here described
8,
de integris Regula de
tri
cum
exemplis,'
'
;
Algorismus
Erfurt, 1523;
'
Eyn
^
C (DemeyncnKegfln^f tre.
\cC'Cird3cnp:rtic.
^f0clnfalfr
<^**vs.p:opo:tionbe60errtn06/inwtoi
0elpfciffcn/vnbanb:e3n|trijm2t/
ûr4^crfmûrt0Plt{)^0o:e.
IIBu4^Âlun ûrc&â^ ioinal/'Bape vn5
I.
ilTifterrSten 5U
mxên
Dui'd)
^cn (Dtto^
&ir/ vtit> ^rin0c!/niit anOcrn lofligm

(lurfen êr(0comctrei.
Fk;. 68.
Title page of the 1535 grammateus
newe Rechenn unnd Visyrbuechleynn gemacht durch

Heinricum Schreyber,' Erfurt, 1523.
kurtz
That the book was written at Vienna in 15 18 appears by the dediDem Edlen furfichtigen weifen Johan//fen Tfchertte einer
cation to
'
PRINTED BOOKS
125
des Senats zu Wien,' which ends: '(iebe//zu Wi//en in O-Z/ricrrcich

im jar//nach der geburt vn-//fers Seligmachers. M. I). XViij.' In the
chapter on bookkeeping is the date 1535, so that probably the work
was revised
for this edition.
Zl})it fern
$u abbiren bieqUMtitet tinte uafi
mcne/aleJ^.mitn.pnmarmitpnma/Tccunbd
mitffcub/tfrtiamittertia:c.Tnbmatib:au^
êt foldêjctdjen ale -j- ifi mt^t/vnb ^/fnirt
l)kv/in roclc^cr {ein $0 tmvchn b:ei
K(0eK
|reicjJ:rf!Kf0cI.
TOann cin quantitct ât an beyben citen ~(ber
fo fol
man n folcê quanttret abbirn îrt
$0 gcfa^t bae^cf^cn-^-obet
old
-7^.
9 P"
<yp:i. 4t^.
6 pzu
i4pn. 141^.
C^teanberêgd.
iiti5pji.-f:'it^
3fl in b 6bcrn quantitet j- vnb in bev vn

betn / vnb )- tibcrtrifft
/ fo fol bie rnbcr
quantitet r on ber 6bcrn fubtral) rt weibcn/m
$ubcmub:ictenfc^~|-@oabcrbtc rnber qua

titet if?
grSjfcr/fo fubtraîr lîe Eldncrn r
grSffern/rn 5U
ds
bee
bem bae bo bleitenb i(l/fcRC
(?p:i.-l-6'N:
4p:r.-|-2N.
i2p;L-~4N
i8p2U|-2N.
lop2I
gp?r
gN.
4N.
Cie&:itt Kegel.
60 mberobgcfanrcnqufintttet rrtirrfunbe
i>nb in ^cr
rM&ern
-{-/icrib
ubertri jf1 4-/
ro|iibri'flbir<^"'^^'Ctnbcmanbern/v;nb$iimuj
3(?c6abcr/ba6bicrnbcrqua
b0cnfd3:cib
titet(ibcirn|fcb!c6bcrn/fo5fe|)cctn6vci)bem
flnbcrn/pnb 3U bf crHen feê -|- l6
Fic. 69.
From the 1535 grammateus
most part a mercantile arithmetic, the operaand

the algorists (by the Hindu-Arabic numerals), and a chapter on bookkeeping being appended. Grammateus gives, however, some consideration to the theory of numbers, the rules of the Coss (algebra), music.
The work
is
for the
tions being given according to both the abacists (with counters)
RARA ARITHMETICA
126
bookkeeping, and gauging.
In the treatment of the
rule of false position, the signs
and
are
first
'
Regula
found
falsi,'
or
connec-
in this
(See Widman, p. 40, 1489, who uses them for another

(f. Eiij).
purpose, and Vander Hoecke, p. 183, 1537.) Grammateus also uses
these signs in writing algebraic binomials, as shown in Fig. 69. It is
tion
know that Rudolff (p. 150) learned algebra from GramIch hab von meister
mateus, as he states in the following words
Heinrichen so Grammateus genennt / der Cofs anfengklichen bericht
interesting to
emphangen. Sag im darumb danck.'

Other works 0/1518. Boschensteyn,
1491; Fehciano, p. 145, 1526; Kobel,
1522
Torrentini, p. 76, 1501
'
1514 Calandri, p. 48,

1514; Riese, p. 139,
P^rez de Oliva, Dialogus in laudem
p, 100,
p. 102,
'
Arithmeticse,' Paris.
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
See Fig.
Description.
12
ff.
pr.
Venice, 15
15 19.
'Venetijs in Edibus Petri Liechtenftein //
Colophon.
virginei partus
cm.
Ed.
(I
15 19.'
4,
19.
70.
15.6
blank),
Anno
12, v.)
X 20.4
33-38
11.
cm., the text being 10.
16.3
Venice, 15 19.
CopfttU0 nonu67ecdefia(!iCU8:tou0
fo-cSiftrononijefundamcntumpulcbemmunicoii^
tincfis. /Clerico non minus vtilis $ neccf/
farms: cum additionibus quibuf/
dainnouitcrapzelfis*
SSnno. 1519 ^cnett)6tn iSdibus
pcrri
Fig. 70.
Editions.
jUiccbtcnftcin*
Title page of the
There was no other
Copiitiis notius
edition,
so far as
know,
although there are several anonymous computi, and some
be the same as
may
this.
This is one of the rare works setting forth the computus as

taught in the Church schools of the Middle Ages. (See p. 7.)
it
was
PRINTED HOOKS
The
on the calendar mentioned on
verses
here appear as follows
127
^^ (Anianns, 1488)
p.
'Aprilis: Junius:
September
Nouember
atq^
Hij trijênta habent vnum reliqui fuperaddunt

Februarius vigint infuper octoqj dies.' (F. 9.)
0//ier luorks of i^îg.
Widman,
Feliciano, p. 146, 1526
Blasius,
j).
97, 15 14
1489.
p. 37,
JOHANNES FRANCISCUS PICUS MIRANDULA.

Ed.
murdered
Title.
'
in
1.,
Mirandola, and biographer of his uncle.

Like his uncle he was a savant of reputation.
533.
1520.
lie
of Pico da
was
loannis Francisci Pici Mirandvlae domini, et // Con-
cordiae comitis,
tatis
S.
1520.
pr.
A nephew
examen
vanitatis do//ctrinae gentivm, et veri-
Chri-//stianae disciplinae,//distinctvm in libros sex,
qvorvm
omnem
philosophorvm sectam vni-//versim, reliqvi Aristoteleam //et Aristoteleis armis //particvlatim im-//pvgnant.//
tres //
vbicvnqve avtem Christiana et // asseritvr

ciplina.'
(F.
et celebratvr
//
dis-
i, r.)
Description.
Fol, 20.6 X 30.6 cm., the text being 16.9 X 24 cm.
208 numb. + i blank = 215 ff., 44 11. S. 1., 1520.

There was no other edition. The dedication (f. 2, v.)
bears date M. D. XX, and the privilege M. D. XIX.
6ff.
unnumb.
Editiojis.
place in a list of this kind. It has, howbeen included because of the following brief chapters on the
Quod fuper mathematicis artibus arithmetica
nature of arithmetic
& geometria, fuperq^ mediis Aftrologia & mufica, gentium philofophi
De opinione pythagoricoru, & de ratione
non conueniunt. Cap. vii
The book hardly deserves
ever,
'
'
et
philolai
&
poftidonii
'
Cap. ix
Cap.
'
facultate pyrrhonii difputauerint.
Quid aduerfus arithmetica
'
;
vii
'
(of liber III).
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'Von dem
S.
Rachnen
atiff
den
1.
et a.
Linien.'
(c.
1520).
(Running
headline.)
Thirteen fragments of proof sheets of an unknown Cierman arithThe date is purely conjectural. The work was
metic, three duplicates.

of at least
46 pages, since the
folios
were numbered and part of
f.
23
RARA ARITHMETICA
128
The title of the book probably appears in the

running headline above given, although this may be the title of only
part of the work. There was at least one illustration of line reckoning
in the book. The lines are 6.4 cm. in length, but there is no complete
page among the fragments. Several anonymous works have already
is
among
the fragments.
been mentioned, with some such title as 'Algorismus linealis,' and

possibly this is one of them. It would probably be possible to identify
it if one should examine the types and compare the fragments with
possible originals.
ESTIENNE DE LA ROCHE,
Ed.
pr.
Born
at Lyons,
Lyons, 1520.
c.
See Fig.
Title.
Villefranche.
1520.
Colophon.
'
CCy
1480.
71.
finift
larifmetique de maiftre Eftienne de la
Lyon // fus le rofne. Imprimee

par Maiftre guillaume huyon. Pour Conftantin f radin mar-//chant
roche diet
du
libraire
(F. 234,
ville
diet
Lyon. Et fut acheuee Ian
520.
le 2^.
de Juing.'
r.).
FoL, 17.3x25.5 cm., the text being
Description.
I f.
franche natif de
blank
+4
ff.
unnumb.
230 numb.
235
ff.,
13x21 cm.
49
II.
Lyons,
1520.
Editions.
Lyons, 1520,
fol.
(here described);
ib.,
1538,
fol.
(see p. 130).
This
is
the best of the early French arithmetics.
mercial center of
Since
it
is
semi-
was naturally printed at Lyons, then the comFrance, the theoretical books being usually printed at
mercantile in character,
it
Paris under the influence of the Sorbonne. De la Roche gives a very

complete treatment of the operations with integers, fractions, and compound numbers, and a large number of business applications. Perhaps
no arithmetic published in France in the sixteenth century gives a more
comprehensive view of the science and art of arithmetic and of the

applications of the subject. Unfortunately, however, de la Roche took
much of his work bodily from a manuscript of his master, Chuquet,
which he had in his possession, and which has since been published.
Other ivorks 0/1320. Kobel, p. 102, 1514 Peurbach, p. 53, 1492
;
Raggius, p. 98, 15 14; Stromer, p. 83, 1504; Suiseth, p. 10, tc. 1480;
Anonymous (Tagliente ?), Libro de Abaco,'
Tagliente, p. 114, 1515
'
PRINTED HOOKS
129
irtanfiTJcftû^ noueUancnt ccmpofcc
par i
KeôS^êr.unfcecnoeu^ pamtsDont 14 pnuae
ractc
Cfiafccddc tracteoda
-_
,,
pjacnqueDiccllc.Tppl>cqi' "'/^'t
vtn.
Smenc
aultreemarcbad.f.^ qu.fc
et mtoutce
donamefurcaupoisouaunobxtcucopaigmesetaHTo^
r julj:
^Ti
allvagcs ct elTa.s.Unt dc Ioj
que oc largct.^t ai fico^
nScappUcquccauFare mccb3iquc5mcaucmaffou0
1 dSSftiergctatougaultrcgbtfongnaggiartPcmefurc.
iieom
J.^^^^^^-^'
Fu;.
'I'lTLE
PAGE OF THE FIRST ElHllON UF UE LA ROCHE
KARA ARITHMETICA
I30
Venice, 8
Anonymous,
Libretto de Abaco,'
'
s.
1.,
Anonymous,
de minutiis vulgaribus, de minutiis

To an edition of Sacrobosco's Sphere the comphysicis,' Augsburg.
mentator, Johannes Guyion, prefixed a treatise on arithmetic, 'De
quantitate discreta,' Avignon, s. a., c. 1520. There was pubHshed,
possibly at Lyons in this year, Le liure des gectz grandes. 1. a.,
ment profitable pour messeigneurs les marchans et aultres,' 4, a work
on counter reckoning (see p. 7).
'
Algorismus novus de
integris,
'
ESTIENNE DE LA ROCHE,
Ed.
See
Lyons, 1538.
p. 128.
Title.
la
Villefranche.
1520.
pr.
&
Larifmetique
'
Roche
Geometrie de maiftre // Eftienne de

Nouuellement Imprimee & des
diet Ville Fran//che,
faultes corrigee,//a la qvelle font adiouftees les Tables de diuers
comptes, auec leurs Ca-//nons, calculees par Gilles Huguetan

natif de Lyon, Par lefquelles on pourra facil-//lement trouuer les
comptes tons faictz, tant des achatz que uentes de toutes mar-//
chandifes. Et principalement des marchandifes que fe uendent,
ou achetent a
la
// mefure, come a Laulne, a
a la Palme, au Pied,
&
Canne, a
la
aultres fem-//blables.
Au
&
Liure, au Quintal, au Millier, a la Charge, au Marc,//
a la Piece, au Nobre, a
Millier.//
&
la
fin)
les
combien
on defpend tous
uend
Huguetan
il
le
les
lenfeigne de
'
les
Marc de
uauldra de poix de
freres.// 1538.'
ColopJion.
CCy
au cent,
finift
la
&
moys,
le iour,
&
&
la
&
au
fin
dor
fin or,
Moys,
& dargent,
billon tiendre//daloy,
ou de
ou dargent fin.//
Sphaere,// cheulx Gilles
(F.
le
a tant pour
a combien reuient
Tables du
&
On
Jacques
i, r.)
Larifmetique
Geometrie de maiftre
Roche diet Villefranche //Imprime

maiftre Jacques myt Lan. 1538.' (F. 160, r.)
Eftienne de
&
combien on defped Lan //
pour chafcun iour.// Davantaige,

pour fcauoir (fcelon que
a la
a Lonce,
feruantz aulx Librayres uendeurs
a tant le moys, combien reuient lan
an, co-//bien
la Groffe,
Toyfe,
En-//femble une Table de defpence, a
acheteurs de papier.
fcauoir a tant pour iour,
&
Douzaine, a
Auec deux Tables
la
come
poix,
Lyon par
PRINTED BOOKS
Description.
cm.
ff.
Fol., 21.
x 33
unnumb. + 158 numb.

See p. 128.
131
x 30.6
cm., the text beinj; 16.3
160
ff.,
59-60
Lyons,
11.
538.
Editions.
The Huguetan
B^DA.
'
Ed.
referred to
is
the one mentioned on p. i88,
1521.
pr.
Basel, 1563.
The Venerable Bede was born
in
'
Durham,
c.
his time,
and
Title.
'
673,
his
England, probably near Wearmouth,
and died in 735. He was the most distinguished scholar of

works cover all the branches of learning then known.
Opera // Bedae // Venerabi-//lis Presbyte-//ri, Anglo-
saxonis: vi-//ri in divinis atqve hv-//manis litcris exercitatifsimi:
omnia in octo to-//mos diftincta,prout ftatim poft Praefa-//tionem

fuo Elencho enu-//merantur.//Addit()Rerum & Verborum Indice
//copiorifsimo.//
Cum
&
Ca^fareae Maieftatis gratia
priuile-//gio,
Regisque Galliarum ad //decennium.//Basileae, per loannem //

Heruagium, Anno M. D. LXIII.' (Surrounded by an elaborate
woodcut with
inscriptions.)
Description.
(F.
X 38
Fol., 24.2
i, r.)
cm., printed in double columns, each 8.5 cm. wide, 61

pp.
unnumb.
page)
=423
Only the
first
Editions.
published in
271 numbered by columns
pp. in vol.
His
'
bound
Some
i
of his arithmetical
fol.
fol.
work
in 4.
volume, containingthe arithmetic,
seep. 159); Paris, 1544-45

Basel, 1563,
8 vols,
i.
(i.e.,
is
is
152
numbers
Basel,
to a
1563.
described here.
said to have
2 5 (in part, see p. 140)

(first
x 28.6
11.
11529
been
(in part,
edition of the Opera); ib.,1554;
(here described).
See also
c.
15 15,
anonymous.
Historia Ecclesiastica' appeared as early as 1473.
The first volume contains the De Arithmeticis nvmeris liber (cols.

98-1 16), with little save an elaborate multiplication table and a dialogue
De Arithmeticis proportionibvs' (cols.
on number, names, and symbols
133-146), with the Propofitiones ad acuendos iuuenes' often attributed
De ratione calcvli (cols. 147to Alcuin, but certainly not Bffida's ;
'
'
'
'
'
158), chiefly multiplication tables of Roman money; ' De nvmerorvm

De loqvela per gestvm digitorvm, et temdivisione (cols. 159-163)
'
'
64-1 81), or, as the headline states it, 'De indigitatione,' giving us almost our only knowledge of the finger reckoning or
symbolism of the Middle Ages in western Europe, and possibly spurious
porvm
ratione' (cols.
RARA ARITHMETICA
132
De ratione vnciarvm (cols. 182-184), a treatise on Roman fractions

an extensive treatment of the calendar and the computus, with a descrip'
'
tion of the astrolabe.
FRANCESCO GHALIGAI.
A
Ed.
Florentine arithmetician of the
died February
first
Florence, 1552.
1521.
pr.
part of the sixteenth century.
He
10, 1536.
Practica // d' Arithmetica. // di // Francesco Ghaligai

Title.
//Fiorentino.//Nuouamente Riuifta, & con fomma // Diligenza
Riftampata.// In Firenze // Appreffo i Givnti // M. D. LII.'
'
i,r.)
(F.
ColopJion.
(F.
114,
'
In
Firenze // Appreffo
Description. 4, 15.2
2
ff.
Givnti // M. D. LII.'
r.)
unnumb.
112 numb.
Florence, 1521,
Editions.
14
ff.,
4 (see
17.3 cm.
37-38 11. Florence, 1552.

Boncompagni's Bidletino,
VII, 486; XIII, 249) ib.,i548,4; ib.,1552, 4 (here described).

The 1 521 edition is entitled Summa De Arithmetica,' but it
;
'
is
the
same
as the 1552 edition here described.
Some
bibli-
ographers mention other editions, as of 1540, 1551, 1562, 1572,

1582, I 591, but Boncompagni's careful investigation, supported
by Riccardi's, throws doubt upon
The book
is
all
these.
written in the general style of the Italian works of the
sixteenth century,
more or
less
resembling Borghi (p. 16).
It
was
intended for the use of merchants, and contains a large number of

practical problems showing the conditions of trade at the time of its
publication.
Books 10
to
13 relate to algebra,
and
their chief interest
attaches to the symbolism employed.
Other works 0/1521.

15 18
Paxi, p. 77,
1503
Grammateus,
p. 124,
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488.
CUTHBERT TONSTALL.
Ed.
pr.
1522.
London, 1522.
Hackforth, Yorkshire, in 1474; died November iS,

He was educated at Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua, was a man of
1559.
great learning and energy, and held important positions in the Church and
State. He was bishop of London, and later of Durham.
TuNST.\LL.
Title.
Tonstalli.'
'
De
Born
at
arte svppvtandi // libri qvattvor // Cvtheberti //
(Surrounded by a woodcut.
F.
i, r.
See Fig.
72.)
PRINIKI) UOOKS
133
kS^XSx
Fig. 72.
ld.iion of ionstall
Title page of the first
RARA ARITHMETICA
134
Colophon.
Anno
Cvm
'
Impress. Londini in aedibvs Ri-//chardi Pynsoni.
.M.D.XXIIV/Pridie
ver-//bi incarnati
pri-//vilegio a // rege in-//dvl-//to.'
Description.
4,
157 X 20.9
idvs octo-//bris.
(F. 202,
unnumb., 29 11. London, 1522.

Editions. London, 1522, 4 (here described);
202
cm.
4
(p.
ib.,
ib.,
1535;
(p.
136);
1544, 8
is
16.4
ff.
135);
This
r.)
the
was printed
in
first
ib.,
ib.,
1538, 4
1548;
edition of the
England.
(p.
ib.,
first
Paris,
1529,
135); Strasburg, 1543;
1551.
book wholly on arithmetic that

In the dedicatory
(But see p. 10, 1480.)
epistle Tonstall states that in his dealing with certain goldsmiths
he
suspected that their accounts were incorrect, and he therefore renewed

On his appointhis study of arithmetic so as to check their figures.
ment to the See of London he bade farewell to the sciences by printing
this
book
in order that others
he had prepared for his
own
might have the benefit of a work which
use.
The
treatise is in Latin, and,
although
was written for the purpose of supplying a practical handbook, is

very prolix and was not suited to the needs of the mercantile class.
It is confessedly based upon Italian models, and it is apparent that
Tonstall must have known, from his residence in Padua and his various visits to Italy, the works of the leading Italian writers. The book
it
includes
many
business applications of the day, such as partnership,
and loss, and exchange. It also includes the rule of false, the rule
of three, and numerous applications of these and other rules. It is, however, the work of a scholar and a classicist rather than a business man.
The word supputandi,' in the title, was not uncommon at that time.
Indeed there was some tendency to use the name supputation for
arithmetic and to speak of calculations as supputations.'
Tonstall dedicates the work to his friend Sir Thomas More, whose
talented daughter Erasmus addressed as Margareta Ropera Britanniae
profit
'
'
'
'
'
tuse
decus,' ornament
of thine England.
More speaks
of Tonstall
I was colleague and companion

opening lines of his Utopia
to that incomparable man Cuthbert Tonstal, whom the king with such
universal applause lately made Master of the Rolls but of whom I will
not because I fear that the testimony of a friend will be
say nothing
suspected, but rather because his learning and virtues are too great
for me to do them justice, and so well known, that they need not my
commendation unless I would, according to the proverb, " Show the sun
in the
'
The Utopia was first printed in 15 16, so this sonorous praise was written some years before Tonstall's arithmetic appeared.
with a lanthorn.'"
PRINTED BOOKS
135
Some idea of the prolixity of the treatise may be obtained from the
number of closely-printed quarto pages assigned to certain topics. The
De Numeratione
'De Svbdvctione 15 pages,
chapter
'
'
'
tione
on
'
'
pages,
11
fills
De
De Additione
'
mvltiplicatione
'
'
14 pages,
'
14 pages,
De, parti-
27 pages (the old galley method being used exclusively), and so

Some 66 pages, for example, are given to the
for the other subjects.
theory of ratio and proportion.
The
page was engraved by Hol1)ein, and was evidently printed

book was completed, because in this copy the errata appear
on the reverse of the first folio. The work was printed by Richard
title
after the
Pynson, the successor to Caxton.
Following the arithmetic is an appendix

Appendix ex Bvdaei libro
de as-//fe excerpta in qua prifca Latinorum et (irecoru // fupputatio,
ad ?eftimationem pecunie, tum Gallicae,// tum Angli-//cae reuocatur.'
Tonstall also published a work in 15 18:
In Lavdem matrimonii
oratio,' second edition in 15 19, now very rare.
:
'
CUTHBERT TONSTALL.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
1522.
Paris, 1529.
p. 132.
'De arte svppvtandi
libri
(Picture of a tree from which
is
qvatvor//Cvthberti Tonstalli.
falling a
broken branch, and the
words: Noli altum fa//pere, fed time.) Parisiis ex ol^cina Roberti
Stephani//M.D.XXIX.'
Colophon.
Parisiis
'
M.D.XXIX.
Prid.id.ivn.'
Dcscriptioi.
271 pp. numb.
4,
+8
(P.
i.)
//excvdebat Robertvs Stepha-//nvs. Ann.
13
(P. 279.)
unnumb.
2 blank
= 281
pp.,
36-38
15.9 cm.
11.
Paris,
1529.
See
Editions.
The
p.
134.
same
as in the first edition of 1522.

There has
been added, however, a second appendix with the following title
Gvlielmi Bvdaei Parisiensis,// secretarii regii, breviari-//vm de asse.'
text
is
the
'
CUTHBERT TONSTALL.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
1522.
Paris, 1538.
p. 132.
'
De
arte svp-//putandi libri qua-//tuor, Cutheberti //
Tonftalli.// (Large woodcut.) Parisiis.//
phani.//M.D.XXXVin.'
(P.
i.)
Ex
officina
Roberti Ste-
RARA ARITHMETICA
136
Colophon.
Excvdebat Robertvs Stephanvs
'
M. D. XXXVIII. //xvi.
Description.
4,
See
11.
novemb.'
Parisiis,
// aim.
(P. 259.)
x 20.1 cm., the
14.4
259 pp. mmib., 39
cal.
text being 9.5
x 16 cm.
Paris, 1538.
p. 134.
CUTHBERT TONSTALL.
See
Ed.
'De arte //svppvtan//di,
Title.
Strasburg, 1544.
1522.
pr.
p. 132.
libri
qvatvor//Cvthberti Ton-
Germania nus-//quam ita impreffi.// loan.

Stvrmivs.// Arithmeticam Cvthbertvs // Tonftallus prae cseteris
stalli,//hactenus in
dilucide
&
pure tradidit: atq5//ita tradidit, ut ars ipfa
dum
hie
author extat, con-//tenta fcriptore, doctorem non maximopere
ahquem // requirat. Non nego,
alijs quoque difci // fed

quod non fa//ciunt caeteri:
poffe ex
hie docet erudite, perfpicue latine, id
nee abest longe a perfectione, qui eius // praecepta intelligit.//

Argentorati, ex offi.// Knobloch. per Georg. Machaerop.' (P. i.)
Colophon.
Argentorati, ex officina//Knoblochiana, per Gq-/ /
orgivm Machaero-//poevm, mense // febrvario // anno,// M. D.
'
XLIIIL'
(P.
478.)
Description.
8,
9.5
11.4 cm.
25 pp. blank + 453 numb. = 478 pp., 26 11. Strasburg, 1544.

This copy is bound with the arithmetic of Victorius Strigelius.
Editions.
See
This
p. 134.
is
the
same
as the edition of 1529,
having the second appendix there mentioned.

Strasburg edition.
It
It is
the second
interesting to see that the classical
is
influence on the Continent
was such that seven out
of the eight
editions appeared in Paris or Strasburg.
JOHANNES AVENTINUS.
Ed.
Regensburg, 1532.
pr. 1522.
Thurnmayer. Born
burg, January
Title.
9,
1534.
See Fig.
Colophon.
'
Abensberg, Bavaria, July

He wrote on history.
at
4,
1477
died at Regens-
73.
Ratifpon^
apud
XXXII.' (Large woodcut and
loannem Khol // Anno.

Kol 1532.') (F.
date, 'lo.
MD12, r.)
PRINTED HOOKS
Description.
12
ff.
4,
14.2
Rcgensburg, 1532.
Niirnberg, 1522; Regensburg,
unnumb., 26
Editions.
137
19.5 cm., the Icxt bcin^^ 9.9
x 14 cm.
11.
1532,
(here
described).
The book
is
primarily a treatise on numerical finger symbolism, and
contains the most complete explanation of that subject extant.
It
gives
'ÂBACVSAT'-?*'
QVE VETVSTISSIMA, VETERVM
larinorum per digitos manufcp numc^
randi(quinetiam loqucndi) cofuc^
tudoÊxbcdacupiduris
ima^
ginibus, inucta rcgmoburgrj
&
fiue rsctobonaPjin biblio^
thcca diui hacmtrani,
Atcp hoc conuc^

tu auguftali
Rcucrcndi
Lucac bonfrj dc<^
Atcp docfliflimi Domini
cani patauini fccrctarrj Rcucrcndiili^
miCardinalis Laurcnti] Campcgf]

zc Aufpicijs
A Io Aucn/
tino Edica*
Gcrmania
Fig. 73.
lllufiranda.
Title page of the 1532 .aventints
showing the representation of the numbers up to one million

by means of the fingers and arms (see Fig. 74). This finger symbolism
is found in the works of Baeda, it was practical in both the East and
illustrations
RARA ARITHMETICA
138
and
(Compare
the Middle Ages,
West during
century arithmeticians.
mentioned by several sixteenth-
Fig. 74 with Fig. 35, p. 57.)
Finger symbolism from aventinus
Fig. 74.
ADAM
it is
RIESE.
Ed.
pr.
Leipzig, 1538.
1522.
Ryse, Ris, Ries. Born at Staffelstein, near Bamberg, c. 1489; died at

Annaberg, March 30, 1559. One of the most celebrated Rechenmeistero
of the sixteenth century, and the most influential of all the Germans in
replacing the coimter reckoning (' auff der Linien ') by the written computations (' auff Federn ').
Title.
'
Rechnung
ley handtirung
auff
//der Linien vnd Federn //Auff allerAdam Rifen.// (Woodcut of
ge-//macht/ durch
counting house, with reckoning on the line abacus.)
new vberfehen vnd //an

(E i,r.)
ColopJion.
Schumann.
'
ff.
33
11.
orten gebeffert.//
Item auffs
M.DXXXVIIL'
Gedruckt zu Leiptzigk // durch Valentinum //
1538.'
Description.
63
viel
unnumb.
8,
(F. 63, v.)
9.7
2 blank (with
manuscript notes)
=65
1.5
cm.
ff.,
28-
Leipzig, 1538.
Editions.
In order to
Riese's work,
it
is
make
clear the different editions of
necessary to distinguish between the four
arithmetics which he published.
These were as follows
PRINTED BOOKS
1.
'
Rcchnung
aiiff
vonn Staffelsteyn //
139
der linihen gemacht durch
massen man cs
in
rechenschulen gruntlich begriffen anno
Adam
Riesen
pflegt tzu Icrn in alien

5
8.'
(Graessc, followed
by Unger, p. 50, who knew of no extant copy.) A second edition appeared in 1525 (' Getruckt tzu Erffordt durch Mathes
Maler M. CCCCCxxv Jar,' 8, 43 ff.), and a third in 1527. This
was embodied in his second arithmetic which is here described.
The work is rare.

Rechnung auff//der Linien vnd Federn,' Riese's best2.
known work. The title of the first (i 522) edition was as follows:
Rechenung auff der linihen vnd federn in zal/mafs/vnd gewicht
'
'
auff allerley handierung/
Adam
Jar. Itzt vff sant
1522
vnd
gemacht vnd zusamen gelesen durch
Riesen von Staffelstein Rechenmeister zu Erffurdt im
Annabergk durch
The
eine hiibsche vnderrichtung angehengt.'
work are known
of this
1533, 8
to
me:
vbersehen/
(first
following editions
Erfurt, 1522;
1528, 8; Erfurt, 1529, 8;
Niirnberg, 1527;
zig,
in fleyssig
gebrechen eygentlich gerechtfertigt/ vnd zum letzten
alle
1525, 8;
ib.,
1530; Leipsee p.
edition containing Helm's Visirbuch
ib.,
142); Frankfort, 1535, 12; Annaberg, 1535, 8 (p. 141); 1536,

12; Leipzig, 1538, 8 (here described); 1541; Frankfort, 1544,
8; Leipzig,
1544;
s. 1.,
1548, 8; Leipzig, 1548,8;
ib.,
1550;
Breslau, 1550; Frankfort, 1552, 8; Leipzig, 1554; ISS^, 12;

Frankfort, 1558, 8 (p. 141); Leipzig, 1562, 12; Frankfort,
1564, 8; Frankfort, 1565, 8 (p. 142); Frankfort (a. Oder .?),

1568, 8; Stettin (Frankfort.?), 1570, 8; Leipzig, 1571, 8
142);
(p.
1
58
Frankfort, 1574; Magdeburg, 1579, 8; Frankfort,

ib.,
1585, 8; Leipzig, 1586; Frankfort, 1586;
12;
1,
Wittenberg, 1587; Niirnberg, 1592, 8; Frankfort, 1592, 8

There were several editions after
(p. 143); Leipzig, 1598, 12.
It is possible that
1600.
may be
printers varying
3.
some
them from time
Ein Gerechent Biichlein,'
1533; second edition
in 1536.
mentioned
of the editions here
of Riese's fourth book, the titles being
much
alike
and
to time.
first
See
p.
published at Leipzig in
171.
KARA ARITHMETICA
I40
4.
first
Rechnung nach der lenge/auff den Linihen vnd
'
published in 1550,
4.
See
Feder,'
250.
p.
of Riese's
Kuckuck's remark, that over twenty-six editions
More
arithmetics appeared, greatly underestimates the number.
than forty appeared in the sixteenth century alone, and several

were published in the seventeenth century.
This was probably the most popular commercial arithmetic of the
So firmly did it impress itself upon the schools that
nach Adam Riese is a common expression in Germany to-day, nearly
four hundred years after the first of his books appeared. It was to
Germany what Borghi's book was to Italy and Recorde's to England.
sixteenth century.
'
'
It differed from Riese's first book in that it emphasized computation

by the aid of the Hindu-Arabic numerals instead of the counters.
There is no other book that gives as good a picture of the sixteenthcentury mercantile problems of Germany, and of the methods of
solving them.
Other works 0/1522. Albert of Saxony, p. 9, c. 1478 Boethius,
p. 27, 1488; Budaeus, p. 99, 15 14; Kobel, p. 102, 15 14; Ortega, p.
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488; Francisco Pelacani, Arithmetica
93, 15 12
;
'
prattica,'
operina
Florence; Ludovico Vincento (Vincentino) degl' Arrighi, 'La

bellissima Ragione di Abbacho,' Rome, 4, with
da
editions at Venice in 1532, 1533, chiefly
on chirography.
Works 0/1323. Borriglione, p. 86, 1506; Ciruelo, p. 60, 1495;

Grammateus, p. 124, 1518; Paciuolo, p. 54, 1494; Reisch, p. 82,
1503; Sacrobosco, p. 35, 1488; Tagliente, p. 114, 15 15. Rodrigo Fernandez de Santaella (or Valencia, see p. 269, 1555), Ars coputandi,'
Saragossa, fol. There was also written in this year, but published s. 1. a.,
a work by Vincenzo Barziza entitled Operetta nouamente composta,'
8, 39 ff., containing a few mercantile rules and tables.
Works 0/1524. Feliciano, p. 145, 1526 Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15.
Kobel, p. 102, 15 14;
Works 0/1525. Herodianus, p. 60, 1495
Rudolff, p. 151, 1526; Tagliente, p. 114, 15 15
Riese, p. 139, 1522
Bede et al., Valetius Probus et Petrus Diaconus de notis Romanorum,
Demettius Alabaldus de minutiis, ponderibus et mensuris, Ven. Beda de
computo per gestum digitorum,' etc., Venice, 4; Angelus Mutinens
(i.e. of Modena), 'Thesavro de Scrittori opera artificiosa le quale con
'
'
'
grandissima arte,
M.D.XXxv, has
note
'
.,' s. 1.,
si per pratica come per geometria insegna
four folios at the end relating to arithmetic, with the
.
Angelus Mutinens composuit,' and there seems to have been

in 1525, and another s. a. pubHshed at Rome; Giovanni
an edition
HOOKS
PRINTl-:!)
iagliente published two editions of a work
141
on Ijookkecping, 4,
24 ff., Venice, beginning, Considerando io loanni Taiente ciuanlo e
necessaria cosa ali nostri raagnifici gelilhomeni & ad altri mercatanti.'
hicfly
<
'
ADAM
RIESE.
See
p.
The
Title.
Ed.
Annabcrg, 1535.
1522.
pr.
j;S.
missing.
title pai;e is
'CNach difer vnderrichtung kanftu auffs be//hendeft alle Exempel in der Ealii machen W61//left folch Biichlin vnnd kurtze erklerung ietzt/ //welches ich zum andern mal
laffe aufzge-//hen/ zu danck an nemen/ wil ich ver-//dienen/
Coloplioji.
vnd
// mag die Practica nach al-//lcm fleifz

Datum //auff fanct // Annaberg/ // Dinftag
Im Iar//M. D. XXV.' (F. 55, r.) On f. 69,
dir auffs eheft ich
heraufzftrei//chen.
nach // Martini.
v., is
the following colophon:
Alfo
'
ift
kiirtzlich
// befchriben
vnd // begriffen // die Confection // der Vifier riitcn mit // Irer

ubung vnd gebrauch.// CEnd:// An. M. D. XXXV.// Im ChristThis latter
monat.'
is
evidently the date of printing of the entire
book.
8.8
8,
Description.
69
This contains the

edition, but
ADAM
1.6
cm.
The
'
page
title
1558.'
numb.
pr.
Helm,
as in the
See the 1565 edition
1533
(p. 142).
Frankfort, 1558.
1522.
Editions.
is
missing.
Page numbered
2 begins as
numb.
(F.
in diO
See
87,
r.)
9.4
blank
88
8,
31
ff.,
11.
12.2 cm.
Frankfort, 1558.
139.
p.
This contains the

ei lit ion.
of Erhart
'
Rechen-//buch/ Adam Rifen.'

'CEnd.//Zu Franckfurt bei Chr. Egeb. erben///
Description.
ff.
Vifirbflchlin
Ed.
Vorrede
Colophon.
Anno
'
does not give his name.
p. 13S.
Title.
follows
it
RIESE.
See
87
unnumb., 31 11. Annaberg, 1535.

ff.
'
Vifirbiichlin
'
of Erhart
Helm,
as in
the
1533
RARA ARITHMETICA
142
ADAM
RIESE.
See
p.
Ed.
Frankfort, 1565.
1522.
pr.
38.
Rechenbuch/ Vff Lini//en vnnd Ziphren/ In
allerley
// Handtierung/ Gefchefften vnd Kauff-//mannfchafft.
Durch
Title.
'
Mit new en kunftlichen Regeln vnd Ex-//

emplen gemehrt/ Innhalt furge-//ftelten RegiftersV/Vifier vnd
Adam // Rifen.//
Wechfelruten kunftlich vnd // gerecht zumachen/ aul? dem Quadrat/ // Durch die Arithmetic vnd Geometri. // Von Erhart
Helm/ Mathema//tico zu Franckfurt/ be // fchriben.// Alles von
newem jetzund widerumb
erfe-//hen vnd corrigirt.// (Woodcut of
counting house) Franck, Bei Chr. Egen. Erben. 1565.'
Description.
105
Editions.
See
(F.
113,
{F.i,r.)
r.)
9.3 X i 5.5 cm., the text being 6.5 X 1 1.9 cm.

unnumb. = 113 ff., 28 11. Frankfort, 1565.
8,
numb.
ff.
D.LXV;
'M.
Colophon.
p.
139.
Helm begins, with no separate title

// Hernach folget der ware // Procefz/
vnnd kurtzeft weg/ wie mann Vifir riilhen machen fol/ aufz dem //
Quadraten/ Auff alle Eich.' The name of the author, 'Erhart Helmen,'
appears in the headlines of each folio recto. This part of the book is
strictly speaking not an arithmetic, but it includes a few explanations of
The Visirbuch
See p. 140.
page, on
f.
7 7, V.
'
of
Vifirbi^chlin
those processes that are necessary in gauging.
It also includes
of square roots to the equivalent of three decimal places,
was published
explanation of roots.
It
ADAM
Ed.
RIESE.
See
pr.
in separate
form
a table
and a
brief
in 1529.
Leipzig, 1571.
1522.
p. 138.
Rechnung auff // der Linien vnd Federn/ // auff

Handtierung/ //Gemacht durch //Adam Rifen.// (WoodAnno 1550 Adam Ries Seins
cut of Adam Riese, with motto
Alters Im LVIII.') Auffs newe durchelefen/ vnd //zu recht
Title.
'
allerley
bracht.// 1571.'
Colophon.
1
571.'
ff.
i, r.)
'Zu Leipzig druckts //
Hans Rhambaw/ //Im Jar//
(F. 94, V.)
Description.
94
(F.
'
8,
unnumb., 24
9.7
11.
Leipzig, 1571.
1.8
cm.
PRINTED BOOKS
Sec
Editions.
p.
143
39.
This is substantially identical with

See p. 140.
except as to the title page.
ADAM
RIESE.
See
p.
Frankfort, 1592
1522.
pr.
edition
iS.^S
138.
See Fig. 75.
Title.
Description.
1
Ed.
the
8, 9.5
cm.
1.8
79 numb. =80 ff., 26-27 11. Frankfort, 1592.

Editions. See p. 39. Bound with this is Helm's work of 1 592
f.
unnumb.
(described later).
FRANCESCO DAL SOLE.

A
French arithmetician, born
c.
Ed.
pr.
and
1490,
1526.
Ferrara, 1546.
living in Kerrara at the time of
writing his books.
See Fig. ^6.
Title.
Colophon.
'
In Ferrara Nella Stampa di .M. Giouanni de bugl-
hat &. M. Antonio //
Ad
Hucher Compagni,
Inftantia de .M.
Rinaldo, cuoco dello Illuftriffi-//mo fignor Duca, nel mefe di
zenaro 1546.'
(F. 42, v.)
Description.
2
ff.
unnumb.
Editions.
1526,
8,
4,
+40
14
X 19
numb.
=42
Sole published a
and
this is
edition appeared in
'
ff.,
31
16.5
Libretto di
Abaco
'
in
Venice
merely a revision of that work.
1564
cm.
F"errara, 1546.
11.
in
third
(see p. 146).
more than a primer of arithmetic. It contains the fundamental operations, a few of the more important applications, eight pages
of products and roots, and several pages on astrology. The part on astrology includes some theory of the calendar, as may be seen by the title
This
is little
'
Incominciano
le
regoline daftrologia,
ritrouare
ha quati di et minute
fa la luna, la Ira diiicale, et infinite getileffe, Delli circuli, elementi, et
The most distinctive feature of the arithmetic is

number and space concepts. For example, in addiauthor considers not only abstract but compound numbers as
natura, del monde.'

the combination of
tion the
well as geometric magnitudes.
('
Regola
tanto geometrica, quanto arithmetica. Ca.
out in the other fundamental operations.
dellne additioni in generalita,

6.')
The same
idea
is
carried
144
RARA ARITHMETICA
2{uff
tiWr^l^î ill S^M/@^^î^1
Fig. 75.
Title page of the 1592 riese
PRINTED BOOKS
.
;/i. ;.'v
M5
!\{jr- jÛjIJLÛK.^^-^^^^
CISZaiZiZZEIE
LIBRETTI NVOVI
CON LE
lôbehyUercaclimti,Artefri,hbh<ichiih,
A^rh
ArchitMori, Arithnn^d,
mvforiy Georretricij
RE
^mi
dttAieûrre^yiU
'<icwfiati, Scmori,et ludidjde
Ajmcfdarxej d. arte Hbt^

Con adiitim Aflrcmmcej della forma.
iujh-iA, irfmtKtrfi
r^kj
mondojaelijtr%-puirjettejkllejVnti, <rcq,
circonjercrrz^}aê7^ci}onêz,x,^^ tarmii'
ri^cofinij
îlmmero ddlerîom/aph
UificUci ttmr^tj^ delfuo fine^Reook
â ritroucre U conoiontmeây offofi*

tontjMa Imajefijle vrôhile et im^
tr.ohlejettare dommicalej
et
inMidi,
s^
che (êtSxTX^yd^ ^^^*?" ^^*
Joêt de
amo in anm in ^pefKO,
ûouttmente calcuUti etpo>

fii
in hce/ott gratia et
uilsgojo
Vm
JDucahy Per an
dieceêt ptvt ducati
if
coe'i cjjacrdfi cotjene
M D
XL
vr
vdixSSSZZ^
gS" Zi.:k.:kA|
Fig. 76.
Title page of the 1546 Francesco dal sole
RARA ARITHMETICA
146
FRANCESCO DAL SOLE.

See
Ed.
pr.
Ferrara, 1564.
1526.
p. 143.
Title.
Instrvtioni // et Regvle // di Francesco // dal Sole,//
Francese.//Cittadino di Ferrara, Sopra il fon-//damento delle
'
alme fcientie d'Abbac-//co, Arithmetica, Geometria, Cof-//nio& Mathematica, No-//uamente riftampate, & con//par-
grafia,
ticolare addittioni
Aprefso Francefco
Description.
4,
// effo Authore,// aggionte.// In Ferrara,
di
Rossi //da Valenza.//M. D.
di
14.8
X 20
4 pp. unnumb. + 71 numb.

Although the
first,
shown
as
entitled
'
appeared
II
in
title
cm., the text being
75 pp., 38
of this edition
in Fig. 76, the
work
is
Title.
quite different from that of the
essentially the same.
set of verses
'
at Lazisa,
See Fig.
da Lazesio.
Venice, 1526.
near Verona
he was living
in
563.
'j'j
CStampato
Moyfe nelle cafe
Colophon.
// fanto
Ferrara, 1564.
11.
1526.
pr.
Born
(The Sun), a play upon the author's name, which

the first edition, gives place to some Latin lines in this one.
Sole
FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.
is
LXIIL' (F. r.)

i.i x 15.5 cm.
nella inclita Citta di Vinegia, apreffo
'
nuoiie luftiniane: Per // Fracefco di
& Ma-//pheo
Aleffandro Bindoni,
Pafmi, compagni. Nelli anni

Del mefe // di Zenaro. Regnante il // Sereniffimo Princi-//pe meffer An-//drea Gritti.// A B C D E F G
// del fignore, 1527.
HIKLMNOPQRST V.//Tutti
Description.
cm.
80
ff.
entitled
'
and
11.
is
ib.,
1536, 4
r.)
17.
Venice, 1526.
7 (the colophon date
(p.
8.
1532,
first
is
15 18), 8;
ib.,
1519,
His second work was a revision of
the one here described, and this appeared in the
followingeditions: Venice,
ib.,
(F. 80,
text being 13.4
Libro de Abaco,' and appeared in the following
1524, 8;
his first,
fono duerni.'
X 20.8 cm., the
Feliciano published two works, of which the
editions: Venice,
8; ib.,
15.1
unnumb., 41
Editions.
was
4,
148);
ib.,
526,4 (here described);
1545, 4
(p.
149);
ib.,
ib.,
1550, 4
1527, 4;
(p.
149);
]lib:o&iaiitbmcnca'r ^comctria
fpccuUrtua 1 pjaticale : Coinporto per macftro
frmceko fdicimo oa %^!,ifio Ucronck

^titulato
Ocala
grainalddli
Bôuamcnte ITampato*
w>nmuJi >Ml '^'n>i'>'ff'>i'^.'StP>iJl
^
JT"-'"-'-'''
Chi vol aprif vna fcrragli a forte

Jncima dVna Torre ouer Caftello
Blfogna haucr la Scala accio di quello
Giongcr fi pofla alleferrate porte

Aprcilo fa meftier Phuom feco portc
CNon hauendo la Chiaue del fugello}

Vnferro chcapellatoe grimaldello
Sinon d'aprir I'imprefe fue ficn carte,
Tal quefto mio libretto moftra come
SagUr ^ pofla allalte (erraturc
Et quelle aprirfcnza faticagraue,
Infinite ragion,ponti,& mifure
Quefto chiarilce con modo fuaue

Cui fcala e grimaldello e il proprio nome.
Ma non lodar mie come
Co'l tuolieto biafmarjchel biafmo nafce
Sol dc cui nel mal dir sâlegra e pafcc*
M. D,
XXVh
Con gratia 'rpmiilcgio.
Fig. 77.
TiiLK
i-age
ok ikliciam
[^
RARA ARITHMETICA
148
1560, 4
ib.,
149);
(p.
1560, 4 (another edition);
ib.,
1561
ib.,
one 1560 edition); Verona, 1563, 8 (p. 150);

1563, 4; Venice, 1570. There were also seven-
(the colophon of
s.
(Venice
1.
?),
For the 1602,

edition was
teenth-century editions extending as late as 1692.

1629, and 1669 editions see pp. 150, 151. This
evidently begun in
the colophon shows.
Feliciano's second
schools.
1526, but completed in January

It is
1527, as
often assigned to the latter year.
work was highly esteemed
the lines laid
It follows
first
as
down by Borghi
(p.
textbook for
16),
author acknowledges his indebtedness to him and to Paciuolo
The
first
part of the
book
is
commercial
in character,
and
and the
(p. 54).
in the
second
part the author treats of roots, rule of false, and algebra, the third part
devoted to geometry from the practical side. More complete

than the Treviso book, more modern than Borghi, more condensed and
iDcing
had greater influence on the subsequent teaching of elementary mathematics. The fanciful name, Scala
grimaldelli,' is explained in the verses on the title page. Just as it is
necessary in attacking a castle to have a ladder (scala) and a skeleton
key (grimaldello) to open locks, so in attacking mathematics it is necpractical than Paciuolo, few books
'
essary to have a
book
that answers the
FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.
Title.
da Lazesio.
Venice, 1536.
1526.
pr.
See
same purposes.
p. 145.
'
Libro
di
Arithmetica
Geometria // fpeculatiua
pra-
Compofto per maeftro // Francefco feliciano da Lazifio

Veronefe//Intitulato Scala Grimaldelli ://Nouamente ftampato.'
ticale
(F.
r,
I.
The
rest
is
substantially as in the
first edition,
Fig.
j-]
.)
CStampato nella inclita Citta di Vinegia, apreffo

Moyfe nelle cafe nuoue luftiniane Per // Fracefco di
Colophon.
'
// fanto
Aleffandro Bindoni,
del fignore.
& Ma-//pheo Pafmi, compagni.
536. Del mefe //di Zenaro.
Regnante
Nelli anni //
il//Serenifri-
mo Princi-//pe meffer An-//drea Grittti.// ABCDEFGHIKLM

NOPQRSTV.//Tutti fono duerni.' (F. 80, r.)
Description.
cm.
80
ff.
4,
15.6
unnumb., 41
See above.
X 20.8 cm., the

11.
text being 13.4
Venice, 1536.
17.
PRINTED BOOKS
FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.
pr.
See
da Lazesio.
Venice, 1545.
1526.
p. 146.
This
Title.
substantially the
is
same
as in the 1526 edition
147)-
(P-
ColopJton.
With the exception
stantially as in the
1536
of the date (1545), this
See
pr.
See
536 edition. Venice, 1 545.
da Lazesio.
Venice, 1550.
1526.
This
Title.
'
is
substantially the
Stampato
Francefco Bindoni,
nella
& Mapheo
N O // P O R
Description.
4,
same
inclita
as in the
unnumb., 41
ff.
Title.
This
Colophon.
Venice, 1560-61.
is
substantially the
same
M.D LX.
'Stampato nella Inclita Citta
//cefco de Leno.
(F. 79,
17.2
146.
147), but bears the date
(p.
da Lazesio.
Ed. pr. 1526.

p.
r.)
Venice, 15 50.
FRANCESCO FELICIANO
See
(F. 80,
11.
edition.
BCDEFGHIKLM
V.//Tutti fonno duerni.'

15.6
1526
Citta di Vinegia, per //
Pafmi,// Nelli anni del noftro
Signore.// M. D. L.// Registro.//
80
p. 146.
Colophon.
cm.
sub-
146.
p.
FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.
is
edition.
Description. Substantially as in the
Editions.
Nell'
di Vinegia,
Per Fran-
anno del N. Signore.// M. D.
LXL'
r.)
Description.
4,
15.9
21.
17.4
unnumb., 41 11. Venice, 1560 (colophon 1561).

Editions. See p. 146. Riccardi mentions two identical editions
this year, one of them, here described, with the colophon date
cm.
of
149
1561.
79
ff.
RARA ARITHMETICA
I50
FRANCISCO FELICIANO
Ed.
pr.
See
Verona, 1563.
p. 146.
This
Title.
Description.
is
substantially the
4,
14.9
64 ff. imnumb.
cm., 41
The
da Lazesio.
1526.
11.,
See
'
Verona, 1602.
p. 146.
This
Title.
except
17.1
da Lazesio.
1526.
pr.
Verona, 1563.
missing in this copy.
is
FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.
as in the 1561 edition.
(part III missing).
on geometry,
third part,
same
is
substantially the
De nuouo
riftampato,
crefciuto di molte cofe da
&
M.//
same
as in the
1526 edition
da molti errori corretto,
Fillipo
&
ac-
Marcario Veronefe Rafo-
nato publico della Magnifica Citta.//Con
le
gionta della Regola
del Catain del medefimo.// In Verona, Apreffo Dionigi Filiberi.
CI3 13 C
II.'
ColopJion.
1602.'
I.)
(P. 284.)
Description.
cm.
(P.
'In Verona,// Nella Stamparia di Angelo Tamo.
4,
pp. blank
X 19.2 cm., the text being 11.5 X 15.7

unnumb. + 276 numb. = 288 pp., 32 11.
14.7
Verona, 1602.
FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
da Lazesio.
Padua, 1629.
1526.
p. 146.
'
Scalla // Grimaldelli // Libro di // Aritmetica, et Geo& Pratticale // Di M. Francefco Feliciano
metria // Speculatiua,
Veronefe. //Diviso in tre libri.//
...
In Padoua, Per Donato Paf-
&
compagni. i629.//Conlicenza de' Superiori.' (F. i, r.)

Description. 4, 15 X 20.5 cm., the text being 11.4 X 16 cm.
quardi,
4 pp. unnumb. + 276 numb.

280
pp.,
32-34
11.
Padua, 1629.
PRINTKI) BOOKS
FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.
Venice, 1669.
p. 146.
'
Title.
da Lazesio.
1526.
pr.
See
151
Scala //Grimaldelli // libro di // aritmctica, e
<;e()-
metria // Spcculatiua, e Pratticale // Di M. l^Vancesco Feliciano
//Veronese.// Diviso inTre Libri.
Di nuouo riftampato, e da
...
& accrcfciuto
molte cofe da // M. Filippo

Macario Veronefe Rafonato publico della Magnifica // Citta. Con
I'aggionta della Regola del Catain del mcdefimo.// Al Molt' lUufmolti errori corretto,
Padron Colendifs.
tre Signor, e
MDCLXIX.//
Venetia,
Description.
6 pp. blank
Signor Gio: Battista Sorer.//
il
Giacomo Hertz.' (F. i, r.)

X 22 cm., the text being 1.8 X 16 cm.
6 unnumb. + 240 = 252 pj)., 41 11. Venice, 1669.
4,
See
Editions.
di
16.
Preffo Gio:
'^'
146.
p.
See p. 148. It speaks well for this work

should have appeared one hundred and forty-three years after the book
of Feliciano's that this edition
was
published.
first
CHRISTOFF RUDOLFF.
Born
at
Jauer
c.
1526.
Niirnberg, 1534.
1500, but the dates of his birth
and death are unknown.
Ed.
pr.
Kunftliche rech//nung mit der ziffer vnnd mit // den

pfenninge // fampt-// der Wellifchen Practica // vnd allerley
vorteil // auff die Regel de Tri.// Item vergleichug mancher-//
Title.
'
zal
Land
ley
vii
Elnmas//Muntz ec. AUes durch //

Wein verfertiger.// 1534.' (F. i, r.)
Getrukt zu Nurmberg bey//Johan Petreio//im
Stet // gewicht/
Chriftoffen Rudolff zu/

Colophon.
'
nach // der geburt Chrifti //
iar
Description.
cm.
19
8,
10. 2
unnumb.
ff.
Editions.
M.D..\.\.\
1 1 1
.'
(F,
blank
120
ff.,
31
11.
20,
p.
258 for the
11.8
Niirnberg, 1534.
Rudolff published three books as follows
Coss, an algebra, in 1525 (see
r.)
6.-] Y.
the
Stifel edition of
1553); (2) the Kiinstliche Rechnung, here described; (3) a col1530 (see p. 159). Of the Kunstliche
lection of problems in
Rechnung
tury
the following editions appeared in the sixteenth cen-
Vienna (Niirnberg
?),
1526, 8; Niirnberg, 1532, 8;
ib..
RARA ARITHMETICA
152
1534 (here described); ib., 1537,8; ib., 1540 (below); ib., 1546;
Niirnberg, 1553, 8 (below); ib., 1557 (p. 153); Vienna, 1561
;
Vienna (Augsburg
This work
?),
1574; Augsburg, 1588,
an extension of the
is
first
8.
part of the Coss,
and
is
divided
fundamental operations with

abstract and concrete numbers, integers, and fractions, with and without
the abacus ; (2) Regelbiichlein, the rule of three (' Regel de Tri ') and
Welsch practice ('VVellisch rechnung') (3) Exempelblichlein, problems
into three parts:
(i) Grundbiichlein, the
best-known of the practical arithmetics

of that period. The rule of three is esteemed highly by Rudolff, for he
says
sie befchleufzt in fich die aller niitzlichfte Regel, dadurch unzeli-
and
was one
It
results.
of the
'
che rechnung in kauffen und verkauffen aufzgericht werde.' Of the Italian method of solving applied problems, the Welsch practice,' he says
Dieweil die WeUifch rechnung nichts anderes ift, daii ein gefchwinder
aufzug in der Regel de Tri gegriindet, wirt fie auch derhalben practica
'
'
gefproche.'
Other luorks 0/1^26.
1513;
Blasius, p. 97,
1489. Sterner mentions an

anonymous Rechenbiichlein as printed this year at Niirnberg.
Widman,
Tagliente, p. 114, 1515;
p. 37,
CHRISTOFF RUDOLFF.
Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
Nurnberg, 1540.
1526.
p. 151.
This
is
Colophon.
M. D. XL.'
'
same
substantially the
but bears the date 1540.
(F.
as in the
1534
edition,
i, r.)
CGetruckt zu Niirmberg bey Johaii // Petreo/ Anno

(F. 117,
Description.
8,
8.8
r.)
12 cm.
unnumb., 30 11. Nurnberg, 1540.

Editions. See above.
117
ff.
CHRISTOFF RUDOLFF.
Seep.
Title.
zal
'
Ed.
pr.
1526.
Nurnberg, 1553.
151.
Kunftlich rech-//nung mit der
ziffer
vnd mit//den
pfenningen/ fampt der // Wellifchen Practica/ vnd allerley//
fortheyl auff die Regel //

erley
De
Tri.// Item vergleichung manch-//
Gewicht/ Elnmas/ Mfintz
;c.
auff //etlich
Landt vnd
Stett.
//Gemehrt mit 293 Exempeln/von man-//cherleyKauffhendeln/
PRINTED BOOKS
153
machen vnd in die // Rcgel

zu fetzcn fcin.//Auff.s new widerumb fleiffig vberfehen/ //vnd
an vil orten gebeffert.// AUes durch Chriftoffen Rudolff zu //
mit crklcrung/\vic//clic Iclbcn zu
Wien
i,
r.)
Gedruckt zu Nurmberg/ durch // Gabriel Hayn.//
'
(F. 206, V.)
1553.'
unnumb.
ff.
Editions.
10 X
8,
Description.
206
(F.
verfertiget.// 1553.'
Colophon.
See
157
2 blank
208
ff.,
24-26
11.
1.8
cm.
Nurnberg, 1553.
p. 152.
As the title states, this is a revision of the 1526 book, with some
added matter and a considerable number of new examples. I'he new
matter begins on f. T 8. The book closes with a list of gauger's characters, 'die vifier ziffer,' not found in the 1534 edition, the integers
being represented by what are pracdcally the medieval numerals, and
the fractions being generally unit fractions.
CHRISTOFF RUDOLFF.
See
Ed.
pr.
1526.
Nurnberg, 1557.
p. 151.
Description.
This edition of Rudolff' s arithmetic
is
substan-
verbatim with that of 1553 (p. 152). 8, 9.5 X 15 cm., the

text being /x 1 1.8 cm. 206 ff. unnumb., 26 11. Nurnberg, 1557.
tially
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'
Ed.
Cologne, 1527.
pr. 1527.
Compendia-//ria
artis
nvmerandi
fima practicandi uia, figuris Arithme//ticis
ratio, et
// expeditif-
omnes numeroru
mulas c6prehen//dens, additis quibufdam, ut
raris,
for-
ita//utilibus
regulis.// Radicis Cvbicae Extractio.//
Cubus
13886 151
653534 29952
28
40
Radix
o.
96480
38862144-'
Colophon.
.M. .D.
'
(F-
I' !)
Coloniae apvd Melchiorem // Nouefienfem
XXVII. //Menfe
maio.'
(F. 29,
r.)
Anno
KARA ARITHMETICA
154
Description.
29
cm.
is
dated
'
text being 8.9
13.4X 19.4 cm., the

other
Anno
Coloniae.
14.3
Cologne, 1527.
11.
There was no
Editions.
epistle
4,
unniimb., 32
ff.
The dedicatory
edition.
1527. Calendis Maijs.'
This extremely rare little work, almost unknown to bibliographers,

begins with a theoretical discussion of the nature of number and arithmetic.
This
is
followed by a
in tres tractatus digesta.'
Of
the rule of three in integers
The work
on commercial arithmetic.
business problems.
'
compendiaria
these the
Title.
is
artis
numerandi
species
'
ratio
and
'
too theoretical to have had any influence
mathematician, born
Ed.
c.
pr.
Frankfort, 1534.
1527.
500.
Arithmetices // Authore
Rvdi//menta
'
treats of the
the second of fractions, and the third of
JOHANNES WOLPHIUS.
A German
first
lohanne
Vuolphio // Herfbrugienfe.// Elemen//tale Geometricvm, ex //

Euclidis Geometria, a loanne Voegelin,// Haylpronnenfi, ad
omnium Mathe//matices studioforum utili-//tatem decerptum.
page
surrounded by an elaborate woodcut.
is
Colophon.
At
Description.
56
ff.
the end
8,
9.7
unnumb., 24-29
(The
Ege-//nolphus excudebat.'
Chriftianus
// Franc.
is
X
11.
the date 'M.D.
F.
title
i, r.)
XXXIIII.' (F. 56, r.)

X 11. 7 cm.
(The arithmetic occupies only 27
ff.)
Frankfort, 1534.
Editions. Ntirnberg, 1527; Frankfort, 1534,8 (here described);
ib.,
1537; Strasburg, 1539, 8;
(below)
ib.,
ib.,
1540; Frankfort, 1548, 8
1561.
This brief treatise on arithmetic covers the work required in some

of the Latin schools of the sixteenth century.
It
contains
little
besides
numeration and the fundamental operations, including duplation, mediation, the rule of three, and fractions. There are only a few applications,
coinage and partnership being the most prominent.
JOHANNES WOLPHIUS.
Ed.
pr.
1527.
Frankfort, 1548.
See above.
Title.
phio
'
Rvdi-//menta Arithmeti-//ces, Autore loanne Vuol-//

Geometricvm,// Ex
Herfbru-//gienfe.// Elementa-//le
PRINTED HOOKS
Geomctria, a loanne // VtKfjelin,
Pluclidis
Mathematiccs
niniuni
Franc. Chri. Ego.'
At
Colophon.
60
ff.
the end
8,
Description.
i,
r.)
is
the date
9.9
unnumb., 22-27
'
155
laylpronncnfi, ad o-//
utililatcm (.\c-//vcvpium.//
ltudi()-/,'l"f>''^>'i^
(F.
M. D. XLVIIL'
(F. 60,
1.8
(The arithmetic occupies only 28
^'-
r.)
cm.
ff.)
Frankfort, 1548.
FETRUS APIANUS.
Ed.
Pf.tkr Bien'EWItz, or
Ingolstadt, April
Cosmographia (1524) he
his time
at Ingolstadt,
who gave
at
Lei.snig, in
1495; ^^^^
'^'^
wrote chiefly on astronomy, and in his

showed how to determine longitude by observ-
He
He was professor of
certain fixed stars.
and was one of the few university professors of
moon from
ing the distance of the
astronomy
first
Ingolstadt, 1527.
1527.
Benxewitz. Bom
1552.
21,
pr.
instruction in arithmetic in the
German
language.
See Fig. 78.

'Gedruckt vnd volendt zu Ingolftadt //durch Georgium Apianum von Leyi3-//nick/ jm Jar nach der geburt Chrifti
Title.
Colophon.
// 1527.
am
9.
299
ff.
8,
unnumb.
blank
300
ff.,
27
11. 7
cm.
Ingolstadt, 1527.
11.
Ingoldstadt, 1527, 8 (here described); Frankfort,
Editions.
1537, 8
(F. 299, v.)

10 X 14.8 cm., the text being 7
tag Augufti.'
Description.
157);
(p.
mentions an
'
ib.,
1544,
8; ib.,
1564,8;
Arithmetica,' Leipzig, 1543,
and Romstock does not give
it
ib.,
8,
in his article
Graesse
1580.
but questions
it,
on Apianus in the
Astronomen, Matheniatikcr, iind Physikcr der Diocese Eichstdtt.

Apianus follows Rudolff so closely as to give ground for comment.
His arithmetic differs from the latter's chiefly in the arrangement of the
matter. The work is largely commercial, and includes the fundamental
operations and the ordinary rules and applications of the period. There
Indeed, Apianus advises
is a chapter on counters at the end of the book.
die Sumering der Regifter durch die rechenpfening
their use, saying
:
'
The
ift dan durch die federn oder kreide.'
on account of its quaint illustrations. The
engraved 'Pascal
title page (p. 156) is noteworthy on account of the
and
triangle' a century before Pascal studied this numerical form,
brauchfamer
auff der lini
work
is
interesting
also
some years before

reckoning.
Stifel
know
of
mentioned it, and because of the picture of line

in print
Pascal triangle
no example of the
'
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
56
before
one, although the arrangement had doubtless long been
this
more or
less familiar
to mathematicians.
nuitor in x>it^m
0achcnt/mic fchoncrt
^c
gelrfvn fragfliicFcit Gectnffcii

lid)
vcas fcttl vnnty
^tfit^c/
Sc$>enX)iîÂit in t)cr
tjesglcvdxrt
êif^fd)cv
furitirtlf?
witjer in
Wclfd^tr fpi<id)nk
îirch J3ctrum Zpiai
rtctf)
get>iiicPc.
tûrtOcr^
in
"nicF/^2t|lrortomci
joljlrtt <2)rt)iit4'
riu/vcrfcmgcc.
T*
ns? fT
Fig. 78.
0///er
the
first
W.
Peer,
Title page of the first edition of apianus
works 0/1527. FeHciano,
Niirnberg edition so far as

'
p. 146,
I
1526
know;
Riese, p. 139, 1522,
Tagliente, p. 114, 1515
Ain new guet Rechenbuchlein,' Niirnberg,
8.
PRINTED HOOKS
PETRUS APIANUS.
See
p.
Ed.
pr.
157
Frankfort, 1537.
1527.
155.
Title.
Ein ncvve vnd wolgcV/griindte vndcrweifung aller //
Kauffmans Rcchnung in dreien Bu//chern/ mit fchonen Regeln
vnd fragftucken bc-//griffcn. Sunderlich was fortel vnnd bchendigV/keit in der Welfchcn Practica vnnd Tolle-//ten gebraucht
wurt/des gleichen vor//mals wcdcr inn Tcutfcher noch in//
'
Welifchcr Spraach
getruckt.//
nic
CDurch Petrum Apianum
von Leyfznick der // Aftronomei zu Ingolftatt Ordinarium.//

(Woodcut of merchants using counters.) Franc. Chri. Egen.'
(F. I, r.)
Colophon.
'
Zu Franckfurt/ bei
Chriftian
Domini. M. D. x.xxvij.//Im Herbftmon.'

Description.
183
unnumb.
ff.
8,
9.8
i
Egenolff/
blank
184
ff.,
//Anno
(F. 183, v.)
25-28
11.
11.5 cm.
Frankfort, 1537.
See p. 155.
JOHANNES FERNELIUS.
Jean Kernel. Born
Ed.
Clermont
pr.
1528.
Paris, 1528.
1497; died at Paris, April 26, 1558.

He was a physician, with a taste for mathematics and astronomy. He
wrote numerous works on medicine and mathematics.
Title.
'
at
loannis Fer//nelii
in
Ambianatis // de proportionibus
Libri duo. //Prior, qui de fimplici proportio-//ne eft,&magnitudi-
num &
nu-//nierorum turn fimplicium tum // fractorum rationes
edocet.//Pofterior, ipfas proportiones co-//parat
ones colligit.// Parisiis //
Ex
Colophon.
Description.
(F. 28, v.)
finis.'
Fol., 22.2
unnumb. + 24 numb. = 28 ff., 44-45

ff.
H.
X 24.4
Paris, 1528.
one of the best of the sixteenth-century treatises on the

It follows the Boethian treatment, as seen also
the work of Bradwardin.
This
is
mediaeval proportion.
in
rati-
'CLibellorvm de proportionibvs, loanne // Fernelio
Ambianate authore,
4
earumq3
Fig. 78.)
(F. i,r.
cm.
aedibus Simonis Colinaei // 1528.'
158
RARA ARITHMETICA
Fig. 79.
Title page of fernelius
PRINTED BOOKS
159
Othenvorks 0/ /j28. Borghi, p. i6, 1484; Cassiodorus, p. j i, 1540;

Riese, p. 139, 1522; TaglieiUe, p. 114, 1515
i
Christiernus Torchillus Morsianus, 'Arithmetica brcvis et dilucida in

quinque partes digesta,' Cologne, 8 (but see p. 182, 1536).
Works of i^2g. Anianus,

p. 135,
1522
Basel, cap.
being
'
p. 32,
1488; Riese,
p. 139,
1522
Tonstall,
De natura rerum et temporum ratione libri duo,'

De cominitu vel loquela digitorum'; there was an
B?eda,
'
edition by Noviomagus, Cologne, 1537 (see also
pj).
131, 140,263, 1521,
1525, 1554)-
CHRISTOFF RUDOLFF.
1530-
RARA ARITHMETICA
i6o
'Getruckt
ColopJion.
in
der loblichen Reychftat Aiig-//fpurg/
durch Heynrichen Stayner/ // Volendet
XXX.'
Description.
75
am
May im jar/7M. D.
(F. 75, V.)

8,
9.9
unnumb. + 2 blank = yj
Editions. Augsburg, 1530,
ff.
1538;
ib.,
28
ff.,
12.2 cm.
Augsburg, 1530.
11.
8 (here described);
Niirnberg,
1540.
is the third of Rudolff's works (see p. 15 1). As the name imphes,

merely a collection of problems, two hundred and ninety-two in
number. Most of these problems are of a genuine business nature, and
This
it
is
they furnish a good idea of the ordinary commercial needs of the
ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
Oronce Fin6. Bom
first
Germany.
half of the sixteenth century in
Ed.
pr.
1530-32.
1530-32.
Paris,
Brian9on in 1494 died at Paris, October 6, 1555.

He was made professor of mathematics in the (later called) College de
France in 1532. He wrote extensively on astronomy and geometry, but
was not a genuine scholar.
Title.
at
See Fig. 81.
Colophon.
Excvsvm
'
avtem ipsvm opvs
est
Sorbonico, impenfis Gerardi Morrhij,
M,D.XXXII.'
&
PaZ/rifijs in uico
loannis Petri.
Anno
//
(F. 216, r.)
X 37 cm., the text being 18.4 x 27.7

numb. = 217 ff., 48 11. Paris, 1530-32.
The title page of the geometry appears on f. 49, r., with the
date M. D. XXX; the cosmography on f. lOi, r., with the date
M. D. XXX the horography on f. 157, r., with the date M. D.
Description.
cm.
ff.
Fol., 24.1
unnumb.
+ 208
XXXI.
Editions. Paris, 1530-32,
fol.
1544, 8
1542,
fol. (p.
163); Venice, 1587, 4
(p.
the
163);
work appeared
ib.,
in
1525
mathematicis,' 1556, see
p.
(p.
is
(here described)
(p.
164).
1535;
ib.,
ib.,
1554; ib., 1555^

Leslie's statement that
163);
unfounded.
ib.,
For the
'
De
rebus
279.
the first edition of the works of Finaeus, perhaps the most preFrench mathematician of his time, and was published during
the years 1530-32. The dedicatory epistle is dated Lutetije Parifiorum
Calendis lanuarij 1531,' or 1532 new style. The part on arithmetic is
This
is
tentious
'
PRINTED HOOKS
Fig. 8i.
I'itle
page of the first edition of finaeus
i6r
RARA ARITHMETICA
l62
divided into four books dealing respectively with integers, common fractions, sexagesimal fractions, and proportion. There are no applications
FINEI
ORONTII
DELPH.
manifeftatur Sc angujus A B M , an*

JO primi elemeinorum Euclidis facile
utercp rehis) igitur per 4 fexti aufdcm Eudidis,
oulo A C F eft ajqualis ( nam
B A longiV
A, ica F C putei laacudoad G A tompoCtam ex G B
fit ficut H B ad B
.
&
tuHinem.fiue profunditatrm.
H 2o partium.qualium latus quadrati eft 6o;b E aute nie<=

tiatur,8i fit in exemplum 6 cubicorum.tot etiam cubirorum erit G F:funt enim la
tcra perallclogrammi B E F C oppofita.quje per J4 eiufdem primi funt inuicera
sequalia.Duc igitur 6 in 6ofiem j6o:qus diuidepcr 10, &.habd>is pro quodee
Sit
exempli
gra"tia B
iS.Tot igitur cubitore erit A c:

a quafi dempferis A B trium uer^
bi gratia cubiiorum, relinquptur
te
B C dcfyderata
& in profundum
depfla putei logiiudoiycubicoFii,
IDEM
tinebis.
Q_V O Q.V E SIC O B

Metire H e: fitcp exempli
caufa y cubicoru. Deinde multi*

plica y per 6o.fient joo:hapc diui
per iO.produccntur ly.uelut an

tca.Bina nancj) triaiigula A BH et
HE
F funt rurfum a?quiangula.

quoniam angulus A h B angulo
(jc
E H F ad uertjcem pofito , per 15

primi Euclidis eft aequalis.ite re<
<fVus qui ad B, recto qui ad E pari
bah
ter aequat. reliquus igitur
reliquoH F E per ^2 eiufdem pnV

micftsqoalis. Vnde per fupee
rius allegata quarta propofitione
fexti.ticut
HE ad B
A.ica
H E ad E F,eidcm B G per hypothelTm sequalem.
Cum autem acciderit putcum rotundam habere figuram.habenda erit cofydts

ratio diametri putealis orificn,& reL'qua
<j^ RELIQ.VVMETS, VT
eandem rerum in profunditdes
omnia uelutiprius abfoluenda,

'
preflfarum, per uulgatu quadras

tern metiri
doceamus
altirudine.
Sit itacp putcus circularis
H.cuius diamcrer
lit
E FG
E F.aut
illi
aequaiisG H.Adplica igitur quadratem ipfi putei orificio: in hijc
modu.ut
finis lateris
D ad
puncflum E conftituatur
datii
Leua
poftmodu,autdeprime quadra^
tem(libero femper dcmiflb perpendiculo)donec radius uifuaiis
per ambo foramina
pinnacidioRt
&
ad inferiorem
e diametrofis.m.u term
.crminu
H perducat.Quo
inSijperducat.
Quo
:
fafto&immoto quadrate, uide

in
Fig. 82.
qua
From the
^^^
^^-^
-^-"
^^
first edition of finaeus
worthy the name, and the work has little to commend it. Some interesting illustrations showing the use of the mediaeval Quadrans are shown
in Fig. 82.
PRINTia) BOOKS
ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
See
Ed.
pr.
163
530-32.
Paris. 1542.
p. 160.
Title.
'
Orontii // Finci Dclphin. Re-//gii Matheniaticarvm //
Professoris: //arithmetica // practica, libris qva-//tu()r abfoluta,
omnibus qui Ma-//thematicas
ipfas tractare volunt // perutilis,

admodumqueneceffa-//ria: Ex nouiffima authoris reco-//gnitione,
amplior, ac emenda-//tior facta.// yEdito tertia.// Parisiis.//
Ex
officinaSimonisColinaei.// 1542. //Cum gratia&priuilcgioChri-//
P>ancorum
ftianifiimi
Description.
cm.
See
+ 66
unnumb.
ff.
Regis.'
Fol., 20.9
(V
30.
numb.
i,
r.)
cm., the
=68
ff.,
te.xt
40
11.
being 16 X 28.2
Paris, 1542.
p. 160.
ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
See
Ed.
pr.
1530-32.
Paris, 1544.
p. 160.
Title.
'
Orontii // Finaei Delphi-//natis, Regij Mathe-//niati-
caru Lutetise // Profefforis,// Arithmetica // Practica, in com-
pendiu per Authorem // ipfum redacta, multifqj acceffionibus

//locupletata:
qui ad liberam quauis,// nedu Mathematica
Ijs
adfpirant philofo-//phia perutilis, admodiimqj neceffaria.// Lvtetiae
Parisiorvm //
vulnere virtus.'
Description.
95
ff.
numb.
Apud Simonem
(F.
Colinaeum.// 1544.// Virefcit
i, r.)
11 X 17 cm., the text being 8.6 x 12.8 cm.

unnumb. =96 ff., 31 11. Paris, 1544.
8,
I
See p. 160.
ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
See
Ed.
pr.
1530-32.
Paris, 1555.
p. 160.
Mathematicarum
//de arithmetica practi-//ca libri quator:
'Orontii Finaei //Delphinatis, Regii//
Title.
Lutetiae //profefforis,
Ab ipfo authore uigi-//l^nter
recogniti, multifque//accefsionibus
recens // locupletati.// Lvtetiae Parisiorvm, //apud Michaelem
Vafcofanum,// 1555.// Ex
uirtus.'
(F.
Description.
cm.
ff.
privilegio regis.// Virefcit uulnere
I, r.)
4,
unnumb.
15.4
X 20.7 cm., the
72 numb.
76
ff.,
text being
34-35
11.
1.6
17.2
Paris. 1555.
RARA ARITHMETICA
i64
ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
See
Ed.
pr.
1530-32.
Venice, 1587.
p. 160.
'Opere//di//Orontio Fineo//del Delfinato://Diuife
Title.
cinque Parti ;//Arimetica, Geometria, Cofmografia, & Oriuoli,

Academico
// Tradotte // Da Cofimo Bartoli, Gentilhuome, &
in
Fiorentino
// Et
Specchi,// Tradotti dal Caualier Ercole
gli
Bottrigaro, Gentilhuomo Bolognefe.//Nuouamente pofte in luce:
Senefe, 1587.'
(F.
Description.
4,
cm.
Preffo Francefco Francefchi
privilegio. // In Venetia,
//con
unnumb.
ff.
35-39
arithmetic),
See
Editions.
i, r.)
81 numb.
89
ff.
16.8
the part devoted to
(in
Venice, 1587.
11-
That
160.
p.
X 20.9
14.9
this is the
first
Itahan edition
appears in the printer's dedicatory epistle to Guidubaldo de'

Marchesi del Monte, in which he mentions in quefta occafione
'
deir hauere ftampato I'opera d'Orontio nella noftra Tofcana

Di Venetia, il di 7. di Luglio, 1587.'
lingua,' with the date
'
See p. 160.
ANDREAS ALCIATUS.
Bom
was an
Title.
at
Alzano, near Milan,
Ed.
May
1530.
pr.
8,
Hagenau, 1530.
1492; died there June
12,
1550.
He
Italian jurist.
See Fig. 83.
Description.
8,
10.3
ii.i
and 2 plates unnumb., 28 11. Hagenau, 1530.

Editions. There was no other separate edition, but the works
cm.
50
ff.
of Alciatus
appeared at Basel
in 1571, 3 vol., fol.
The 'Oratio de legibus'

f. D i.
Melanchthon then extends to f. F5. This is followed by Budsei
qvEedam de moneta Graeca,' etc. The work of Alciatus is not an arithmetic, but a history of weights and measures. As such it is of value for
the historical development of commercial mathematics.
Other works 0/1530. Boethius, p. 27, 1488; Bradwardin, p. 61,
1495; Clatovenus, p. 292, 1558; Maffei, p. 86, 1506; Riese, p. 139,
Johann
1522; Tagliente, p. 114, 1515; Torrentini, p. 76, 1501
The work
of Alciatus extends only to
'
of
Kolross, a primer entitled
'
Enchiridion
das
ist
Handbiichlin tiitscher
PRINTED BOOKS
Orthographi
sol,'
Basel,
Auch wie mann
die Cifer
vnd
165
tiidtsche zaal verston
There was also an

ib., 1534,8.
La vraye maniere pour apprendre a chiffrer
with another edition,
anonymous work
entitle<l
et compter,' published at
'
Lyons,
12, c. 1530.
s. a.,
AND^ AL
CIATI LIBELLVS,
DE PONDERlBVrS ET
menfuris
ITEM
Budxt ft(itm de eadem re,4dhuc non mfi *
ITEM
Phtlippi
h\eUnchthomu de ijfdemM
Garmnorum
ufum,fcntenU4-
AkUtt quoc^.O" Mippi Mehnchthontf,

in laitdm luru Cirnlts ,
oratmcs du
lfg4nupm<e*
Hagano apud loUtt' Sec^
Anno M. D.
Fk;. 83.
XXX
Title page of alciatus
JOACHIM FORTIUS RINGELBERGIUS.

Ed.
pr.
53
1536.
He
Lcydcn, 1531.
1.
Joachim Sterck Ringelbergh.
Born
at
Antweq?,
taught philosophy and mathematics in various
c.
1499;
cities of
^^^^^ ^
Germany
and France.
Ttt/e. Toachimi // Fortii Ringel-//bergij Andouerpiani opera,
//quae proxima pagina//enumerantur.// Virtvte dvce //comite
Fortvna.//Apvd Gryphivm // Lvgdvni, //anno//M. D. XXXI.'
(P.
I.)
RARA ARITHMETICA
i66
Colophon.
XXXI.'
'
(P.
Lvgdvni apvd // Seb. Grypivm,// anno // M. D.
687.)
Description.
cm.
8,
10. 3
687 pp. numb.

16
O.
30
717
O R T
pp.,
I I
22-29
11.
12.2
Leyden, 1531.
RING.
V-^YAmiim tiwnm hoc pdô digmmtur,
'^
Omnii
Fig. 84.
From thk
first edition ok ringelberoius
Editions. Leyden, 1531, 8 (here described); ib. (at least the

arithmetic part), 1539,8; Basel, 1541, 8 (see p. 167); Leyden,
PRINIKI) HOOKS
1556, 8 (see
The
168).
p.
'Louanij Idib. Augusti,
'
167
Epistola ad Lcclorem
Anno M.
'
dated
is
XXIX.'
D.
This work of Ringelhergius is somewhat encyclopedic in characThe 'Liber de Ratione ftiidij,' with Annotationes' thereon and a
ter.
'
'Horoscopus Hbri ratione ftuchj to show that it was written in an aiis]>icious time, is followed by six other books. These relate to (Grammar,
Dialectics, Rhetoric, Mathematics, and Divination, closing with a book
entitled Commvnis cvivsdam Naturaj funt.' The book on mathematics
'
'
includes a chapter
on arithmetic
in which, in 17 ])ages (about
10 pages
excluding the illustrations), the author treats of the Boethian ratios,
numbers (see Fig. 84), and the fundamental operations with

and upon the line abacus. The part relating to astronomy had
already been published at Basel in 1528, and the cosmography in Paris
figurate
figures
in 1529.
Other 7V07'ks of ijjT. Kobel, p. 10 1 15 14 Juan (}uti<^rrez de (iualda,

Arte breue y muy prouechos de cuenta castellana y arismetica,' Toledo,
4; ib., 1539; Saragossa, 1557, 1564; Alcala, 1570 H. C. Agrippa, De
,
'
'
with later editions, Cologne, 1533,

fob; 1541
Lugduni, 1550, 8; s. 1., 1565; Basel, 1567, 8; s. 1. a.
(Paris, 1567 ?), included by De Morgan without much reason.
occulta philosophia
libri
tres,' s.
1.,

Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
53
Basel, 1541.
1.
p. 165.
'
Ioachimi//Fortii Ringelber//gii Andoverpiani Ivcvbra-
//tiones, uel potius abfolutifsima /cu/cXoTrai'StS^
de Ratione
torice,
ftudij, utriusq; linguae,
Mathematice,
&
nem-//pe
fublimioris // Philofophiae multa.
eXeyxoî fub fecjuenti pa//gina enumeratur. Atq; haec

iudicio
&
//ordine funt tradita, ut uel
rarum ftudiofo //
fatis
ad
fummum
fola cuiq;
inge-//nij
sint.//Basileae.//Anno M. D. XLI.'
Colophcm.
anno M. D. XLI.'
Description.
cm.
796
pp.
See p. 166.
the same.
(P.
8,
numb.
Quoru
omnia eo
//mcliorum
lite-
cultum effe//pof-
i.)
Basileae apvd Bartholo-//mevm
liber
Gramatice,// Dialectice, Rhe-
Vvesthemervm //
(P. 797.)
10.3
unnumb.
Although the
title differs
798
pp., 25
11.
11.
Basel, 1541.
from that of 1531, the work
is
RARA ARITHMETICA
i68

Ed.
See
Title.
pr.
53
'
loachimi // Fortii // Rin-//gelbergii // Andoverpiani
// Opera,// Quae
Apud loannem
torn
Leyden, 1556.
1.
p. 165.
proxima pagina enumerantur.// Lvgdvni,//

The rest of the page is
(P. i.
Frellonium.'
off.)
Colophon.
'
Lvgdvni,// ex
LVL'
Sylvii,//M. D.
Description.
8,
4 pp. unnumb.
Leyden, 1556.
See p. 166.
officina typogra-//phica Michaelis
//
(P. 663.)
10. 5
4 blank
Although the
9X
660 numb.
title differs
668
13 cm.
26-31
pp.,
11.
from that of 153 1, the work
is
the same.
MICHAEL PSELLUS.
Ed.
pr.
1532.
Venice, 1532.
Called the Younger, to distinguish him from a philosopher of the same

name who lived about 870 a.d. Born at Constantinople in 1020; died in a
cloister in mo.
He studied at Athens and taught philosophy at Constantinople.
See Fig. 85.
Title.
Description.
8,
9.9
blank+ 104 unnumb.
1.4
cm.
24-25 11. Greek, Venice, 1532.

Editions. Venice, 15 32, 8, Greek (here described); Paris, 1538,
Greek, 4; Paris, 1545, Greek and Latin; Augsburg, 1554, 8,
Greek and Latin; Wittenberg, 1556, Latin; Basel, 1554 and
I f.
105
ff.,
1556, 8, Greek and Latin; Paris, 1557, 8, Latin (p. 170);

Wittenberg, 1560, Latin; Paris, 1585, Latin; Leipzig, 1590,
8, Greek and Latin (p. 170); Heidelberg, 1591, Latin; Tours,
1592, Latin.
Greek writers on arithmetic. This

theory of numbers, and it
represents the arithmetical inheritance derived from the older Hellenic
arithmetic,
civihzation. The treatise covers the mediaeval Quadrivium
and is the only late Greek work on
music, geometry, and astronomy
Psellus
was one of the last

work is devoted
part of his
of the
solely to the
arithmetic that attracted attention in the Renaissance period.
metic
is
merely a primer
for the
study of Nicomachus.
The
arith-
PRINTED HOOKS
169
Other works of 1532. Aventinus, p. 136, 1522; Capella, p. 66, 1499

Feliciano, p. 146, 1526; Kobd, p. 102, 1514; Riulolff, p. 151, 1526;
Johann Brandt, 'KunstStifel, p. 223, 1544; Vincenlo, p. 140, 1522
;
Adômg
^'(7i;Vo7rf 0? Asôvo/u/ocj
SAPIENTISSIMI PSEL
opus dilucidum m quattuor Ma/
li
thematicas difciplinas, Arith/
mcticam ,Mu ficam ,Geome

triam,K Aftronomiam.
Kutncrornm hie contraftior
explication
Elaboratum Mufices Compendium*

Copendiu rurfiis Geometric rationiU
Aftronomij coaftio perfpicua*
VENETIJS.
MDXXXIL
CCumgratia^
Fic. 85.
Title page ok the first edition of psellus
Rechnung mit der Zyffern \Tid Pfennigen, Auff allerlcy handtGeorg Reichelstain, Kauffmans handCologne, 8, 39 ff.
Ziffern,'
biichlin. Aller Rechennschafft behendigkeyt, auff Linien vnd
liche
tierung,'
'
Frankfort, sm. 8, with another edition in 1534.
RARA ARITHMETICA
I70
MICHAEL PSELLUS.
See
Title.
Ed.
Paris, 1557.
1532.
pr.
p. 168.
'
Michael // Psellvs de // Arithmetica,// Mvsica, Geo-
metria://& Proclus de // Sphaera,// Elia Vineto Santone interprete.// (Woodcut with motto
Inpingvi Galhna.) Parisiis,//
:
Apud Guhelmum Cauellat, in pingui ganina,//ex

Came racenfis./V 1557.' (F. i, r.)
Description.
cm.
arithmetic), 22
76 numb.
blank
81
ff.
y.
(18
13.3
on
ff.
Paris, 1557.
11.
See
Editions.
See
10.6
8,
unnumb.
ff.
aduerfo collegij
p.
This
168.
one of the Latin editions.
is
p. 168.
MICHAEL PSELLUS.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
Leipzig, 1590.
1532.
p. 168.
&
PselU // Philofophi
'
Mathemati-//ci clarifsimi //
Arithmetica// Editaftudio//M. Chriftophori Meureri,//Mathe-
matum
Academia //
Prof eff oris publici//in
Plato interrogatus, cur
homo
fit
apiB-l lix.dv iiriqaTai, refpondit.// Lipsiae.'
Colophon.
Lipfiae,
'
Anno M. D.
XC
Description.
24
Lipfienfi.// 1590.//
a-//nimal fapientifsimum
(F.
o-n
i, r.)
imprimebat Michael // Lantzenberger.//
(F. 24, v.)
8, 9.5
unnumb., 30 11. Leipzig, 1590.

Editions. See p. 168. The Latin dedicatory
12.3 cm.
ff.
XV.
'Lipfiae
The
text
is
Cal.
in
Nouemb. Anno
epistle
poft Chriftum
is
natum
dated
1590.'
Greek and Latin.
See p. 168.
MICHAEL PSELLUS.
See
Title.
prete //
matum
Ed.
pr.
1532.
Leipzig, 1616.
p. 16S.
'
Pselli
Cum
// arithmetica // Guilhelmo Xylandro // inter-
Praefatione // Christophori Meureri D.// Mathe-
Profefforis //in
Academia
Typis Abrahami Lambergi.'
(F.
Lipfienfi.// 1616.// Lipsiae//

i, r.)
PRINTKH HOOKS
8,
Description.
9 x
171
14.4 cm., the text bcin^' 6.6 x 12.1 cm.
39 pp., 1-8 unnumb., then numb. 1-31; 24-25
Leipzig, 1616.
11.
See p. 168.
ADAM
RIESE.
See
Ed.
pr.
4,
14.6
X 19
536.
ff.
unnumb.
ff.),
blank
15.1 cm.,
80
ff.,
the rest of the book con-
Leipzig, 1536.
sisting of tables.
Editions.
and the tables 9.5 X 12 cm. 79

17-24 11. in the Introduction (3
of
See Fig. 86.
Title.
Descnption.
This
Leipzig,
1533.
p. ijcS.
Leipzig, 1533;
ib.,
a set of mercantile tables for the multi])licalion and division
is
denominate numbers.
GEORGE AGRICOLA.
Bom
March
Ed.
pr.
Paris, 1533.
1533.
Glauchau, Saxony; died November 21, 1555, at

Chemnitz. He was rector of a school at Zwickau (i 518-1522), and in later
He wrote a number of scientific works.
life a physician.
See Fig. 87.
Title.
Descnption.
7 pp.
pp.,
unnumb.
28
24, 1490, at
8,
10. 2
3-261 numb.
+6
blank
X 12.4 cm.
with woodcut
273
Paris, 1533.
11.
Editions.
Paris, 1533, 8 (here described);
Venice, 1533, 8;
There was also

an 'Epitome omnium GeorgiiAgricolae de mensuris et ponderibus
per G. Philandrum' published at Lyons in 1552, 8.
ib.,
1535,
Basel, 1549, 8;
fol.;
The work can hardly be

included in this
list, it is
ancient measures.
'
1550,
fol.
called an arithmetic, but, like a few others
a valuable book of reference on the history of
It consists of five
de menfuris Romanis
ib.,
(p. 9)
'
;
books as follows
'
Liber i)rimus,
Liber secundus de Mensuris
Cirajcis
de Pondere rerum quas metimur (p. 144);

'Liber quartus, de Ponderibus Romanis' (p. 188); 'Liber quintus,
de Ponderibus Grsecis' (p. 219). The book is also valuable to the
student of Roman and (ireek numerals, and of the various symbols
of measures.
Such works explain the origin of certain systems of
(P- 75)
'Liber
tertius,
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
172
>"
iatt/attfft>ctt@c6ffd/tmer/
^nt> $5funbcc5ett)t(?t/^tt
ten
mm
^xb<ixn/W>îfcn
If 55
tMelc^tot;
S,m<t.
if56
Fig. 86.
cl)**
Title page of the 1536 riese
PRINTED
I73
lUJCJKS
and of
measures employed before the metric system was developed,
such symbols as are still used by apothecaries.
GEORGII
AQRi CO LAB MEDICI LlBRl
am({ucde Menfuris CT Vondefibusjnqm
bui plxra(iue4
P OB.T O
J
D AE O
B V
CT
parum amnMiucrf4
diligftrttrexfummur*
Oj^m nunc primum in
p A
kcm îditunu
I S>
uicoUcOs
nxcudeUl ChrjjlwwJ Wfck(HJ,wi
bt/eoJubfcuto Bîlecnft,
Anno
W,D. XXXIU.
Fig. 87.
Title page of the first edition of agricola
Apiamis, p. 62 Jorda0/her works 0/1533. Agrippa, p. 167, 153 1

1 534.:
nus,p.62, 1496; Riese,p. 139, 1522 Schonerus (editor), p. 178,
Abaco,' Vemce
Vincento, p. 140, 1522; Anonymous, 'Libretto de
i534Anonymous (sometimes attributed to Regiomontanus), p. 178.
;
RARA ARITHMETICA
174
GIOVANNI MANENTI.
ZuAN Manenti. a
Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1534.
1534.
Venetian mathematician of the sixteenth century.
See Fig. 88.

In Vinegia per Giouan' Antonio
Title.
Colophon.
'
da
di Ni-//colini
A Inftantia de.
M.// Zuan Manenti. Nelli Anni del // fignoMDXXXIIII.//del Mefe di Genaro.// Neffuno ardifca Stam-
Sabio
re.
par quefte Tariffe// de cambii
excommunicatione
MD
tiene.//
402
7.5
de diuerfe cofe fotto pe//na de
indicates, this
title
woodcut.)
fe con-
(F. 400, v.)
unnumb., 21-26
There was no other
Editions.
As the
12,
(2 blank)
ff.
&
// fententie come nel Priui-//legio
XXXIIIL' (Large
Description.
cm.
late
11.
edition.
a set of tables of exchange, and
is
10.6
Venice, 1534.
was
it
intended for the use of Venetian bankers and merchants.
GIOVANNI SFORTUNATI.
Johannes Infortunatus. An
See Fig. 89.

Stampata
Colophon.
Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1534.
1534.
Italian arithmetician,
bom at
Siena
c.
500.
Title.
'
detto Zoppino.//M.D.
129
ff.,
40-41
11.
in
Vinegia per Nicolo
XXXIIIL'
X
(F. 129,
di Ariftotile
X 16.9 cm.
Venice, 1534.
Venice, 1534, 4 (here described);
Editions.
//
r.)
ib.,
1543, 4;
1544 (colophon 1545, see p. I77), 4; ib., 1545, 4 (p. 177);

Venice, c. 1550; ib., 1561, 4 (p. 177); ib., 1568. The
1.,
ib.,
s.
privilege
is
dated 1532.
Sfortunati wrote his treatise along the lines followed by Borghi
and
he acknowledges his indebtedness to them

and to Maeftro Luca dal Borgo dell' ordine di fanto P'rancefco (p. 54)
and to the 'operetta di Fihppo Caladri Cittadino Fiorentino (p. 47).
Like these authors, he was a popular writer, as the seven editions of
Feliciano,
and
in his preface
'
'
'
his
book go
to prove.
tions with integers

illustrating the
Italian
treatise closes with
cantile tables.
and
His work
is
fairly
fractions,
and
is
business
life
of
some work
complete as to the operaexamples
satisfactory as to the
in practical
the sixteenth
century.
The
mensuration and some mer-
PRINTED BOOKS
{^r
DE CAMBI
F
E
A^V
ALTRO
Copofia per ZuaMcfncnti.
TlluH.Senatovcnero
th'altrichcZ.Manoti infra anni X ftl
par nc fcr ftapar no la polfj, foTo Ic pc
ne cotenute in quellcM D X X XIIII,
Ccn rriuilcîo del
Fig. 88.
Title page of manenti
175
RARA ARITHMETICA
176
;^ INVOVO
hVlAE^
,lBRO Dl ARITHMETICAL
rntimbto: NuouoLiimc impoche moltc ^pofitfo
ni chcperaltn autori:fono falfajuete coclufe; in
quefto fi emedano:& caftiganorcon chiare; la
dde:& aperte dimofl:rationi:molto bene di
fcnfle j& ventillate.Co vno breac trattato
di Geometria:per quato d vnopratico
Agrimenfore fi conucga,con ta/

uole da r cmporre Ic corde:da mi
furarcla lenuta di ciafchuHd
botte.& eriam liftaggfuox

lidamifurareglifce
mi di quelle*
per lo acutiffimo prcfcrotato're.dene
Archimedfanc&EacIidiane dottrine
Compofto
GIOVANNI SFORTVNATI
DA SIENA.
CVM GRATIA ETPRIVILEGIO*

M*
D.
XXXIIII-
:t
yyify
Fig. 89.
Title page of the first edition of sfortunati
PRINTED BOOKS
177
Ed.
pr.
See
p.
The
Title.
Venice, 1544-45.
1534.
174.
title
page
practically identical with that of 1534,
is
M. D. XLIIII.
Stampata in Vinegia per Bernardino de Bindoni
Colophon.
//Milanefe Anno domini. M. D. XLV.' (F. 129, r.)
Description. 4, 14.8 X 20 cm., the te.xt being 12.2 x 16.7 cm.
2 ff. unnumb. + 127 numb. = 129 ff., 40 11. Venice, 1544-45.
except for the date
'
Editions.
See
See
p.
It will
174.
p.
colophon and on the
title
be noticed that the dates in the
page do not agree.
174.
See
Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1545.
1534.
p. 174.
The
Title.
title
page
is
edition.
1534
Colophon.
Tn
Vinegia per Giouan' Antonio
Ad
&
Pietro fratel-//li
di//Giacomo da Coneano
libraro a fan//Fantin. M: D. XLV.' (F. 129, r.)
Description. 4, 15.4 X 21.2 cm., the te.xt being 12.9 X 16.8
cm. The text is practically identical with that of the 1534
de Nicolini da Sabio.
inftantia
edition.
See
p. 174.
See
Ed.
pr.
1534.
Venice, 1561.
p. 174.
The
Title.
title
page
is
1534 edition.
Colophon.
(F. 129,
'
In Venetia per Francefco del Leno,//
Description.
cm.
See
ff.
p.
MD
LXI.'
r.)
blank
174.
4,
15.4
X 21.6
129 numb.
134
ff.,
41-43
11.
17.3
Venice, 156 1.
RARA ARITHMETICA
178
ANONYMOUS.
Ed.
pr.
(Schonerus editor.)
Nurnberg, 1534.
1534.
born at Karlstadt, near Wlirzburg,
Johannes Schonerus (Schoner) was

January i6, 1477, and died at Nurnberg January 16, 1547. He was a
preacher at Bamberg, and later (i 526-1 546) a teacher of mathematics in the
Aegidiengymnasium at Nurnberg, in which Melanchthon took such interest.
See Fig. 90.

Norimbergae apud
Title.
ColopJion.
XXXIIIL'
'
lo.
Petreium,//
Anno M. D.
(F. 32, r.)
Description. 4, 15
X 20.9
cm., the text being
1.6
15.6 cm.
Nurnberg, 1534.
Editions. This is merely an edition of the anonymous medieval 'Algorithmus Demonstratus,' with notes by Schonerus. As
32
ff.
unnumb., 29-43
11.
might be expected, therefore, it is purely theoretical, being a

In the preface Schonerus
late variation of the Boethian works.
speaks of it as the 'Algorithmus Demonftratus incerti autoris.'
De Morgan thought that it might have been written by Regiomontanus, but he was wrong in asserting that Schonerus attributed it unquestionably to him. As a matter of fact the authorship
goes back at least to the fourteenth century.
have been an edition pubhshed at Nurnberg

to Regiomontanus, but I have not seen it.
JOHANN ALBERT.
A
Ed.
pr.
Wittenberg Rechenmeister of
Title.
'
c.
1534.
1
There
is
said to
in 1533, attributed
Wittenberg, 156 1.
500-1 565.
Rechenbuchlin // Auff der Federn/ Gantz // leicht/
aus rechtem Grund/ In // Gantzen vnd Gebrochen/ Neben // angehefftem vnlangft ausgelaffnem Buch-//lin/ Avff den Linien/
Dem einfel-//tigen gemeinem Man/ vnd anhe-//benden der Arithmetica//zu gut.//Durch Johann. Albert/// Rechenmeifter zu
Wittembergk/zufamen//bracht. Auffsnew/mit allemvleis vber//fehen/ gemehrt vnd gebeffert/ //zum dritten mal.//Wittemberg.//
561.'
Colophon.
'
(F.
i,
r.)
Gedruckt zu // Witteniberg/ // durch Geor-//gen
Lawen//Erben.//
1561.'
(F.
ii8, v.)
PRINTED BOOKS
179
l^^m^'^^^^^^^^^^'^^^^^^^-^^^^^'^^
[?2^^^^
rtggraraifi^Pl
GO'
Ah
RITHMVS
DE.
2A0NSTRATVS.
Habcs
in hocljbcIIo4udiofeleaor,Ma
themau'cas dcmonftraa'ones,in earn calcu

landi artem,quam uulgus Algorithmum
uocat, quibus fons 8c origo,irem caufUf 8c
certjtudo eius,darifrimeCutin Matliematii
CIS omnibus fieri folet ) tibi ob oculos
nuntiir.Ecquamuisetiairjcitrahanccogni
tionc,&dilci(Siexerceriponit,tamen,giian
turn tntcreil inter caecum, alicnarrepiae Sc
cundanter ueib'giafequcntem, 6i inter ocu
latum,fccurcAj expedite incedentem,tant5
intercft jnterharum demonftrarionum ru?
pc
dcm &peritu cakulatorcm
Quarc
Ieg<5& iuuaberis.
M. D. XXXIIII.
erne,
-^-^
p.^.:;^,^^,^,^^
Fr;. 90.
'I'lTLE
PAGK
(JF
TiiL:
1534 Algorlthrnvs Dcmonstrat7s
RARA ARITHMETICA
i8o
Description.
120
ff.
8,
9.4
unnumb. (two
Editions.
(the colophon
15.1 cm., the text being 6.^
7-24
blank),
10.8 cm.
Wittenberg, 1561.
11.
Wittenberg, 1534; ib., 1541, 12; Frankfort, 1541

is dated 1542), 8; Wittenberg, 1553,8; ib., 1554;
Frankfort, 1558, 8; Magdeburg, 1559, 8; Wittenberg, 1561,

8 (here described); ib., 1564, 8;
Magdeburg, 1579, 8; WittenThat this edition was revised in 1541 appears

from the dedication, which is dated 'im taufent/ f Unff-//hundert/
ein vnd vier-//tzigften Jar.' Murhard also mentions an Introberg, 1586,
8.
'
ductio Arithmetices,' Cologne, 1542,
8.
Although from the title it would seem that algorism (' Auff der
Federn ') is emphasized, counter reckoning (' die Species auff den
Linien ') is first described (ff. A 3-F 2). This is followed by the second
Das Ander Rechenbfichlein/ auff der // Feder/
part, the algorism
(f. F 3).
In each part
auffs aller kiirtzeft // vnd leichteft ver-//faffet
there are many commercial problems, and the book ranks as one of
the most practical of its day. It is a valuable source of information as
to the commercial activities of its time.
Other works of 1^34. Borghi, p. 16, 1484; Bradwardin, p. 61,
:
'
'
1495; Jordanus, p. 62, 1496; Kolross, p. 164, 1530; Ortega, p. 93,

1512; Peurbach, p. 53, 1492; Reichelstain, p. 169, 1532; Rudolff,
Rabbi Elias Misrachi, rrN'7D
Wolphius, p. 154, 1527
p. 151, 1526
;
"iCDQn or "iCDan "ICD (perhaps 1533? 1532?), Constantinople, 4

(another edition, with a Latin translation by Schreckfuchs, and a commentary entitled "ICDDH PrN'pD *lV:4p by Mlinster, Basel, 1546, 4).
GIOVANNI MARIANI.
Ed.
ZuANE Mariani. a Venetian

Title.
'
Tariffa perpetva //
pr.
Venice, 1580.
1535.
arithmetician of the sixteenth century.
Con
le
ragion fatte per fcontro di
// qualunque Mercadante fi voglia,// che dimoftra quanto monta

ogni //quantita de cadauna mercantia ad //ogni pretio, si a pefo
come
altri
a nume//ro.
Buona per ogniuno
luoghi; nelli quali //
tiana.
fi
ragiona,
&
in Venetia,// Dalmatia,
fi
&
fpende a moneda//Vene-
Et e buona per Verona,// Breffa, Bergamo, Milan, Cre& altri luoghi done fi // ragiona, & fi fpende
mona,// Mantoua,
a
moneda
Venetiana
Im-//periale,
in
&
Breffana
Con
mone-//da Imperiale,
&
la
reduti6//di moneda
della
imperiale
in
//
PRINTED BOOKS
kSi
Vcnctiana.
Et e buona a ridurrc // ogni forte do
cor-//rente,
si
ogni precio.'
Vcnctiana come Im-//pcriale

(.
in

32
Vcnctia per
gli
Hcredi
// l^Vanccfco
// Mariani.//
di
279
ff.
numb.
+ 20 unnumb. =
299
ff.,
Venice, 1580.
11.
Editions. This
is
apparently the
first of
the various editions appearing as follows

ib.,
Brcffana ad //
Ad inftantia de lAutore Zuane

LXXX.' (F. 299, r.)
12, 8.5
Description.
&
r.)
i,
'Stampata
Coloplioii.
Rampazetto. //
L'Anno .M. D.
moncda
ori in
1559;
1564, 8;
it).,
ib.,
1567;
two books by Mariani,
Venice, 1535; ib.,1553;
ib.,
1569, 16;
ib.,
1572;
1575; ib., 1579; ib., 1580, 12 (this edition); ib., 1591, 16.
The second book, also a Tariffa, appeared three times at Venice,
ib.,
That these were
1538, 1555, and 1558.
viz. in
know
different
works
only from such bibliographers as Riccardi and Libri.
Like other books with the same

for the use of merchants.
this
title,
It includes
is
simply a set of tables
both interest and exchange tables,
and
is adapted to the needs of Northern Italy.

Other works 0/1535. Agricola, p. 171, 1533; Angelus Mutinens,
Finaeus, p. 160, 1530-32

Grammateus, p. 123, 1518;
1525
Kobel, p. 102, 15 14
Reisch, p. 82, 1503; Riese, p. 141, 1522
Tonstall, p. 134, 1522
Torrentini, p. 76, 1501
Pedro Melero, 'Compendio
p. 140,
de
los
numeros y proporciones,' Saragossa,
HUDALRICH REGIUS.
A German
teacher of the
Ed.
first
pr.
4.
Freiburg, 1550.
1536.
Title.
Vtrivs-//qve arithme-//tices epitome, ex variis //
authoribus concinnata, per // Hvdalrichvm // Regium.// Nvnc
Tertio omnia // diligenter reuifa 8z emendata.// Friburgi Brif'
goiae,// Stephanas
(F.
I,
Grauius excu-//clebat.
Colophon.
'
Description.
f.
// M. D.
L.'
Fribvrgi Brisgoiae, // Stephanus Grauius //excu-
debat,//Anno M. D.
I
Anno
r.)
unnumb.
8,
10
L.'
(F. 104, v.)
103 numb.
104
ff.,
17-22
11.
ii.i
cm.
Freiburg, 1550.
RARA ARITHMETICA
i82
Editions.
Strasburg, 1536, 8; Freiburg, 1543,8;
ib.,
1550,
8 (here described).
This work was intended for the Latin schools. It is only slightly
and as compared with a book like that of Gemma Frisius it
practical,
is
The
reactionary.
part (to
first
f.
48) treats only of Boethian arithHactenus de
metic, the theory of numbers, closing with the words
eorundem //
Theo-//rijs, nunc de
numerorum
'
The
Praxi.'
practical
part gives the operations in the usual style of the Latin writers of the
and closes with several pages on the use of counters.

Other tvorks 0/1536. Boethius, p. 27, 1488 Bradwardin, p. 61 1495
Budaeus, p. 99, 1514; Feliciano, p. 148, 1526; Ortega, p. 93, 1512;
Riese, p. 139, 1522; Torrentini, p. 76, 1501
Peurbach, p. 53, 1492
time,
Christiernus Torchillus Morsianus,
Walckl,
'
'
Arithmetica practica,' Basel,
8,
with
Georg
1538, 1553, 8 (but see p. 159, 1528)
Die Walfch practica/ gezoge auf5 der kunft der Proportion,'
subsequent editions,
ib.,
?), 8; Rycharde Benese, 'This boke sheweth the

measurynge of all maner of lande, as well of woodlande, as
of lande in the felde, and comptynge the true nom^re of acres of the
same,' London, 4. (De Morgan includes this book because of its computations and early mathematical tables. Subsequent editions appeared
L. Culman, Wie iunge und
in 1537, 1540, c. 1558, 1562, and 1564.)
alte Leut recht petten sollen,' Niirnberg, 8; ib., 1537.
Strasburg (Niirnberg
maner
of
'
ABRAHAM BOSCHENSTEYN.
The son
Title.
'
of
Ein
Johann Boschensteyn
mag
fein
anfeng//klich
Bofchenfteyn/
Vnnd
S.
1,1536.
// Rechenbilch-//lin der Zyffer/ darauC
niitzlich
ein//yeder/ durch
Ed. pr 1536.
(see p. 99).
aygen
mit//kleyner
fêyfz
hliff/ lernen
rechenen/ Aufzgange durch // Abraham

// yetzo ziim dritten mal mit fleyfz // vber-
fehen vnnd Corrigiert/ mit // erlichen zugethanen Exem//plen/
Durch Johann // Bofchenfteyn/ den

(F.
I,
Description.
40
ff.
8, 9.5
unnumb., 20-23
Gebe am
x
11.
M. D. XXXVI.'

S.
1.,
There was no other
Editions.
have been written

'
alte.//
r.)
edition, but the
in 1530, for the
The work
is
11.9 cm.
book seems
dedicatory epistle
19.// tag Aprilis/ An-//no
derenn //zal.'
1536.
very rare.
h".
im 30 //jar
is
d'
to
dated
min//
PRIiNTED BOOKS
183
In the epistle the author mentions his father's work (p. 99)
Wiewol meyn Herr vatter/ herr Johan Bollhenfteyn vor i 7. jaren auch tier
'
gleych zu Aiigfpurg inn den Truck mitgetheylt hat/
\ nnd ziim drittenn

mal getruckt worden.' Seventeen years before 1530 was 15 13, when
Johann's book was probably written, since it was published in 15 14.
Abraham's work is not much of an improvement on his father's,
and resembles it in many respects. It gives seven Species,' including
Duplicatio and Mediatio,' as Johann's work had done. The ])rin'
'
'
'
cipal additions are in the applied problems.
GIEL
VANDER
A
IIOECKE.
Dutch arithmetician
Title.
of the
Ed.
first
pr.
Antwerp, 1537.
1537.
See Fig. 91.

Gheprent Thantwcrpcn op die Lombaerden vcflc
Coloplioti.
'
// teghen die gulden hant ouer by mi Symon Cock.// Int Jaer

ons Heeren M.CCCCC. ende // XXXVII. den. ix. dach Febrii;
arij.'
(F.
180, v.)
Description.
cm.
as
5 ff.
shown
8,
unnumb.
9.4
in Figs. 91, 92.
So
Editions.
14.7 cm.,
far as
printer in
544.
the
181
ff.,
26-32
this edition of
Museum
11.
1537
is
The book was again published by

p.
The author begins with
.6
y^
12.8
the
first,
the
same
548. (SQcBil'/iot/ieca
211.)
the fundamental processes with integers, con-
sidering the subject in a practical way.
He
processes with counters on the line abacus.
then considers the same
This preliminary work
followed by chapters on denominate numbers, fractions, the

roots,
"j
Blackletter,
catalogue being evidently
544, and there was an edition in
Mathematica, 1906,
being
te.xt
Antwerp, 1537.
know
the date 15 14 in the British
an error for
176 numb.
and the mediaeval proportion.
The second
nde
is
of three,
part of the treatise
is
devoted to algebra and the applications of arithmetic. The w'ork closes

with a brief treatment of mensuration. It is especially noteworthy on
account of the early use of the plus and minus signs, not heretofore
noticed by writers on the history of the subject. There is no other Dutch
book of this period that makes as much use of these signs (see Fig. 92),
and Vander Hoecke should be recognized as among the pioneers in appreciating their value in connection with algebraic quantities.
mateus, p. 125, 1518,
who used them
in a similar way.)
(See
Gram-
RARA ARITHMETICA
i84
pttfeattûkn/ al0 4Dicnumeraae oani)m0^(tale
iC^(( rc0uleoan 2);pm mt0l)c^(cle en uit gbthjuhu

tOtdtûlc uan cmoalfcê t>ofitte Im met oalfcepo^
fttienoan dmcerfrtên 0^crotctite/matc/cR0^cli)c,
Côc Ijebiip Die etiel rc0ul ^Ô0/ t)ie Ian0^ octto^t:

0^01 ]^(ejf^ 0t)ctt)(cf7/ todchc re0ulc 10 die Dojtcoati al(c
quefhatêfc rc0ul(^d)&p mctâer fp((im/a!0f^tus
meratto/aDbitto/fubtractio/multlpKcatio/enDaiiao/
(It
le
met ^cr eoaiiacie oft qWmxghmfi met Die xeûe
Der quantitept/annejc Der re0U(en<ro0.
Zteuanal(ecoopmaffappe/al0oanla6ett/rp^me/(n
inercerie/i)temcoer(ooptt)t0cn){cêe/mate/dtnomer/
en Oatfelue 00c te merchf 2)oertteit0uleoanp;ta(tihe

QE^ter(0u!(t)dn0^cfclfrap/mett)iiieerf(ênmie00e#
<ôci}tefehieit0utcmetDiueetfceh(nle00e/metdmet^
n^terc0u1eDanrmaelt)eelm0eofitom
(fcetide
fieum0en UitictranfpoonttnDanDenlaniutVjpôfitel^
tôeralleontfangêrooa fubuencim,
X)k re0ule oan man0elm0e, oan affapertltatt 0oude/
en oan 6luer/en oanf nannen Dan mapenen^
^)c ^b;iHe oandwi^m'oeDe ofcotfierrotOc/rn fitt t){^
X)tp%Qtmtnm (cnenf?tcHelant0teme< (tetjaHie

ten alfo tod Oat onbe0aTi0e!ijc 10 miOt0 Ocn ty ater/oft
dnticr0/al0 bat be0an0bel^r to.
6!ietalcwleerteltDerfaemtmet0rootertta^Ptcliept/
bi<itelt0oanbboccHe. ftt0bep;tent<pnttoerpctt
op bte tomba6rbci)r/?e.^pmi^fmon^Tcdu
Fig. 91.
Title page of vander hoecke
PRINIKI) BOOKS
C/tcmwtlt)i aftrcchm Ix ly uanl^

fcftrtfjcptjcticquntjiatmcccti
plicccrt
Hjt icn ouaUiacc
trtttmu
/^^
foat)
tflcrnamuiti
\mm\ AuHcrc ncocmt i hit
-rl^^^fl I'li
notcl^tJacrafioî
^'(rratioitalc.
itacr
CÔif <^Taliotia!cicbt tact oft mct +
cpfc!juant3(nU)a:l{c/uIfitclU0c
refill:
_iv;^
fE:(tfmit>iIDiaftrcchml^
CttcmailOiaftrccltciU^
CI tern + an ^tft
uan

off
re dt0
fi
.uan
o^"l^
14
mxlk |
^ anl^)
Orn
\
1
rc/ilV:
-^-
y^"^^
-i-
fubtratjccrt ciitjc +
ua
aOiDcm intjcfubtractic fo ucr*
atiDfcrlKftui eft fiibtraiicrrltr.

rlûltiplifaac mOrii iV: oanraficitalcit.
(jTriDilOimultipliffTcn intiruikfccnjcft tt\thp
^-AtnnctfMlcnaUcOcnomincrouaii miOti iiatu

realotx tt multiplicmtt mrt fTmpclcit nomimrfcc
mott oln Den nommcr muUiplucrcn mtttt nualir f vt
Df 1%: ,Hlo ruiltJi multipltfctcr iv o met 4 fo ftt 4 in
iv. nuiltipliccert4 inbacr fducn cotmt l<c 10 ro
inu'.tipliccatomctio cofti44l?ieriut rrcft l\:foc(
IX foe pcc! 10 tx 9 flhcmultiplif cert met 4/ want In 9
io^Dttniu!tipliccertmet4 eoemtii alooojai.
tincn
WUt)unu!tjplifcrHV*8mct5
Fig. 92.
fo mwltipUcccrtfcu
From vander hoecke's Arithmetica
RARA ARITHMETICA
i86
Other -works 0/1337. Apianus, p. 155, 1527 Baeda, p. 159, 1529

Benese, p. 182, 1536; Kobel, p. no, 15 14; Rudolff, p. 152, 1526;
Wolphius, p. 154, 1527 Andres, p. 122,1515; B. C. Symphorien ChamCulman,
Libri VII,' Basel, 8 (one chapter De Arithmetica ')
pier,
Anonymous, An Introduction for to lerne to reckon with
182, 1536
;
'
'
p.
'
after the true cast of
the Pen and with the Counters

Awgrym,' St. Albans.
NICOMACHUS.
Ed.
pr.
Arsmetyke, or
Paris, 1538.
1538.
Gerasa; flourished c. 100 a.d. He was a neo-Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician, and attempted, unsuccessfully, to do for the
Greek theory of numbers what Euclid had done for geometry. Two works
of his are extant, this treatise and a Harmonices Manuale.'
Born
at
'
Title.
See Fig. 93.

4,
Description.
157 X
23.1
17.7
77 pp. numb., 32 11., Greek. Paris, 1538.

Editions. This is the first edition of the arithmetic of Nicomachus in Greek. A second edition appeared, Explicata per Joach.
cm.
'
Camerarium,'
at
Augsburg in
54
(p.
263).
For the commentary
of lamblichus, see p. 188.
The arithmetic of Nicomachus is the most celebrated of the few

Greek treatises upon the subject. It was written during the decline of
Greek learning, and is not a work of great merit, being chiefly a compilation of the general number theory of the Pythagoreans. There are
several commentaries upon the 'Introductio,' that of lambhchus (c. 325
that of
A.D., see p. 188) being the best known of the ancient ones, and
Camerarius (see p. 262) being the most important one of the Renaissance.
After a philosophical introduction, Nicomachus classifies numbers as
even and odd, and the odd as prime and composite. Perfect, excessive,
and defective numbers are also considered, and the elaborate system of
ratios which later characterized the work of Boethius and the medieval
Polygonal and solid numbers and proportions are
is given.
treated in the second part, a ratio being loosely defined as the relation
between two terms,' and proportion as the composition of ratios.' The
writers
'
'
work
differs essentially
from Euclid
in its presentation, being inductive
matter of interest that the

of medireval writers,
to be found in any treatise appears here, although Hilprecht found them
on the Babylonian cylinders of about 2000 b.c. The best edition of the
works of Nicomachus is that of Hoche (Leipzig, 1866).
instead of deductive in treatment.
first
multiplication table, the
'
It is also a
mensa Pythagorica
'
PRINTED BOOKS
NIKOMAXOY
2 IN or
187
TEPA:
a'pigmhtikhz' bibai'a
Ar'o.
NICOMACHI GERA:
ARITHMETI-
SINI
cae libri
J^'^fJr
P A
duo.
^^ /iCP
trat^
1 1
S.
In ofFicina ChriRiani Wechcli.
M. D. XXXVIIL
Fig. 93.
Title page of nicomachus
RARA ARITHMETICA
i88
GILLES HUGUETAN.
A
Ed.
bom
Lyons arithmetician,
c.
1500.
See Fig. 94.
Title.
Colophon.
Icy finiffent les tables des comptes compofees et
'
calculees // par Gilles huguetan
Jacques huguetan //
Gilles et
Description.
F'ol.,
Et imprimees cheux //
Lan//i538.'
freres.
X 32.9
21.3
25 pp. unnumb.
cm.
Lyons, 1538.
1538.
pr.
(P.
90 numb.
115 pp., 59-^4
l^-
ledict
115.)
X 27.3
Lyons,
1538.
Editions.
Because
and
There was no other

composed
it is
edition.
of other tables of use to stationers
often included
among
and division tables,

and merchants, this work is not
largely of multiplication
the arithmetics of the century.
classed, however, since the
first
It
should be so
eleven folios are devoted to the expla-
nation of the fundamental operations both with written numbers and

with counters. The illustrations of counter reckoning are striking, the
'gectz' (counters) being represented full size. The book is one of the
earliest
Lyons arithmetics
lAMBLICHUS.
Ed.
which the
in
line
is
mentioned.
Arnheim-Deventer, 1668.
1538.
pr.
abacus
Bom at Chalcis, in Ccele-Syria, c. 283 died at Alexandria, c. 330. He was

a neo-Platonic philosopher and a voluminous writer. P'our of his works are
extant, this introduction to the arithmetic of Nicomachus being one.
;
Title.
See Fig. 95.
Description.
Greek on the
4,
left
15
and Latin on the
right,
each column being
12 pp. unnumb. + 181 numb. = 193 pp., 34 H5 X 14.8 cm.

Bound with the Camerarius edition of Nicomachus (p. 262,
1554).
Arnheim-Deventer, 1668.
Editions.
There was no other edition
in the sixteenth
century
than that of 1538.

See Nicomachus, p. 186. This commentary by lamblichus forms
the fourth part of his treatise on the Pythagorean philosophy, the greater
part of which
is still
extant.
Other works of 1538. De la Torre, p. 41, 1489 Glareanus, p. 191,

1539; Mariani,p. 181, 1535 Morsianus, p. 182, 1536 Peurbach, p. 53,
;
PRlNlM';i)
HOOKS
iSg
?^LESTABLESDEDI<i
AVEC
VERS COMPTES,
calculccs
parGlLLES
LEVRS CANONS,
HVGVETAN, natif dc Lyon,
Par Icfqucllcs on pourra facilcmcnt trouucr
Ics
Comptcs tous faictz, tant dcs achats
que ucntcs dc routes marchandifes.foic en gros.oucn detail, alaMcfurc, ouau Poix,

a la Charge, ou au Nombre.
Lcs Tables aulFi du fin Dor Sc Dargcnt, pour fcauoir, fcclon que Ic Marc de billon
ticndra dc fin.ou daloy,combien il uauldradepoixdc fiiiOr.ou Dargcnt fin.
Deux Tables feruantz aux Librafrcs.Et unc Table dc Dcfpcncc, a fcauoir a tant pour
lour.combienondefpcndlan S^leMoys.&TaraylbnduMoyscombicnrcuicntpour
an 8C pour chafcunIour,S(:a taiit pour An comb ien ondcfpend leMoys,SC chafcun
lour.
La
manierc dc AuaIucr,ouRcduyrc par
icelles Tables toutes
Monnoyca,cn
liurcs,
{o\z,&C denicrs.
J L
ART
8:fcicnce
&:Partir,par
le
dcNombrcr,Adioufter,Soufb-airc,MuIupIier,
comptc dcsGectz,
On Ics ucnd aLyon, a Icnfcigne de la Sphacrc,chcux

Gillc$,8C laqucs Huguetan,frcrcs,
iy3S
Ficj.
94.
Title page of huguetan
RARA ARITHMETICA
I90
1492
Psellus, p. 168,
Rudolff, p. 160, 1530
1532
Riese, p. 138, 1522
Tonstall, p. 135, 1522
Roche,
Tomas
Klos,
p. 130,
'
1520;
Algoritmus
JAMBLICHUS
CHALCIDENSIS
Ex Coele- Syria
N
NICOMACHI
ERA SEN
Arithmeticam introdudioncm,
DE
E T
O.
O^ncprimum editusy in Latimm fermonem
converfm,
notis ferpetuU iUuftratus
SAMUELE TENNULIO.
Accedic
joachimi camerarii
Explicatio in duos Libros Nicomachi,
cum Indice rerum & verborum locuplcudimo.
N H
yE,
FRIDERICUM HAGIUM,
Proftantapud juh.
Davenmz typisdefcripfir
do
Fig. 95.
to iesth
Klosa,'
WiLHEtMUS WiSR,
Id c lx vii.
Title page of the 1668 iamblichus
nauka Liczby, Polska rzecza wydana

Cracow (reprinted at Cracow in 1889)
Rechenbuch,' Augsburg,
8.
Przez Ksiedza Tomasza

Eysenhut, 'Ein kiinstlich
PRINTIH) lUJOKS
191
HENRICUS LORITUS GLAREANUS.

Ed.
pr.
Paris, 1543.
1539.
LoKiTi, LoRKTi. 15orn at Mollis, canton of (llarus, Switzerland, in June,

14SS; died at PVeiburg, Kieisgau, May 2S. $(y^. He was professor of mathematics and philosophy at Basel (1515-1521), and professor in the College
de France, Paris (1521-1524), and later taught at Basel and Freiburg. He
wrote on arithmetic, music, and geometry.
i
T/t/c.
See Fig. 96.
Dc Vi. Arith
METICAE PRACTICAE SPECIEBVS,HENRICI GLAREANI
Epitome.
Ex officma
ARISIIS
lacohi
GaxcUhfuh in-
figni \ntiidi<, regione gymnafii
Cameracenfis.
M
Fig. 96,
Title page of the 1543 gl.-^reanus
RARA ARITHMETICA
192
10.6
8,
Description.
17 cm., the text being
21 numb.
67 X
12.9 cm,
29 11. Paris, 1543.

Editions. Glareanus is sometimes mentioned as the author
of two works on arithmetic, the Isagoge Arithmetica and the
work here described. Under the former title the following edi2
uiinumb.
ff.
23
ff.,
'
tions are
Tropfke
'
mentioned by various writers Freiburg, 1 539, 8 (unless

is correct in saying there was an edition of 1538); Paris,
:
1554, 8; Lyons, 1554,
Under
8.
the above
the following
title
The
editions appeared: Paris, 1543, 8 (here described.

tion
is
dated 'Friburgi Brisgoiae
may have been an
dedica-
M. D. XXXVIII,' so there
edition as early as 1538); Freiburg, 1543, 8";
Cracow, 1549; Freiburg, 1550, 8 (below); Paris, iS5i,8(p.

193); Freiburg, 1555; ib., 1558, 8; Paris, 1558,8. The biographer of Glareanus, Schreiber (Freiburg, 1837), gives these as
the
same work.
Besides this book, Glareanus also published an
'
Arithmetica
musica operum Boethii demonstrationibus et figuris auctior,'

Commentarius in Arithmeticam et
Basel, 1546, fol., and a
et
'
Boethii,' Basel, 1546, fol.; ib., 1570, 4.
Musicam
handbook
for
In
the Latin schools.
notation, including the Greek,
it
Glareanus
first
treats of
Roman, and Arabic systems; then
the elementary operations with integers

and proportion. There is nothing in the
of
then, briefly, of progressions

little
book
to
commend
it.

Ed.
pr.
See
Freiburg, 1550.
1539.
p. 191.
Title.
De. VI Ari//thmeticae // Practicae Speciebvs // Henrici
Glareani//P. L. Epitome.// Fribvrgi Brisgoiae.// Cum gratia ac
Priuilegio Regio,//ad annos fex.' (P.)
Colophon. 'Apud Friburgum Brifgoicum // Anno M. D. L.//
'
Stephanus Grauius //excudebat.'

Description.
8,
unnumb.
+2
2 pp.
1550.
10
(P. T^.)
blank
74 numb.
78 pp., 22
11.
11.7 cm.
Freiburg,
PRINTED BOOKS
193

Ed.
pr.
See
'Dc
Title.
Paris,
1539.
55
Apud Guliclmum
Caucl-
pingui Gallina,//c rcgione collcij Camcraccnfis.// 155
lat,
ill
(F.
i.r.)
i.
fex Arith-//mcticae Practi-//cae Speciebvs,//Hen-
Glarcani // Epitome.// Parisiis,//
rici
p. 191.
i.'
Excudebat Lutetiie Parifiorum Benedictu.s //PreTypographus in vico Fre-//mentcll(), fub Stella Aurea://
{F. 23, r.)
III. Non. lanuarij,// 1551.'
cm., the text being 6.4 x 11.9
Description. 8, 10. 4 X 16.
blank = 24 ff., 29 11. Pari.s,
cm. 2 ff. unnumb. + 21 numb. +
Colophon.
'
uotius
1551See
192.
p.
HIERONYMUS CARDANUS.
Ed.
pr.
Milan, 1539.
1539.
Geron'Imo or Girolamo Cardano, Jerome Cardan. Born at Pavia,

September 24, 1501 died at Rome, September 21, 1576. He was a physician and professor of mathematics at Milan (i 534-1 559) and professor of
medicine at Pavia and (i 562-1 570) Bologna. Later he was a papal pensioner at Rome. He was one of the most acute mathematicians of his
century, and wrote numerous treatises on mathematics and natural science.
;
See Fig. 97.
Title.
'Anno a Virgineo partu.// M. D. XXXIX. //

Antonins Caftellioneus Me//diolani Imprimebat ImV/penfis
Colophon.
lo.
(Printer's mark, with
Bernardini // Calufci.'
Description.
304
ff.
1542.
Villicus,
but
9.9
unnumb., 33
11.
'
B.C.') (F. 304, v.)
12.7 cm.
Milan, 1539.
Milan, 1539, 8 (here described); Nurnberg, 1541;
Editions.
ib.,
8,
See also
and
p.
338, 1570.
have seen
it
mentioned
think the date a misprint, or that
1537 edition
in a dealer's
is
given by
catalogue
some one has taken the
date of the preface instead of looking at the colophon.

is one of the most pretentious arithmetics of the sixteenth cenand it did much to influence the advanced teaching of the subject.
in no sense a practical book, having been written by a mathematician
This
tury,
It is
94
KARA ARITHMETICA
for the use of scholars.
It
opens with a discussion of the kinds of num-
bers considered in arithmetic, such as integers, fractions, surds, and

denominate numbers. This is followed by the fundamental operations
E R ON IMI
HI
C.CARDANI MEDICI MEDIOLA
NENSrS,PRACTICA ARITH>
necice,5C
Menfurandi fingularis.Inqaa
q\iz prctcr a!iasc6tinentur,vctfa
pagina Oemondcabit*
Fig. 97. Title page of
cardan
with these numbers and a treatment of proportion. The properties of

numbers occupies a considerable space and includes much of the ancient
theory. The work then runs into algebra, combining this with arithmetic.
PRINTED IKJOKS
195
numerous business applications in the treatise, such as partnership, exchange, profit and loss, anil mensuration, but these are treated
from the theoretical standpoint rather than from that of the practical
needs of the merchant class. The great prominence of the author and
the scholarly nature of the work account for the various editions of the
'rhcre arc
His well-known
book.
'
Magna'
Ars
JOHANN NOVIOMAGUS.
(algebra) appeared in 1545.
Ed.
pr.
Neomagus, Jan Bronckhorst. Horn
Nimwegen
in
1494;
died at
He was
for a time professor of mathematics at Rostoctc.

not only wrote on numbers, but edited works of Bxda and Ptolemy.
Cologne
He
Paris, 1539.
1539
at
in 1570.
See
Title.
Fii;.
98.
8,
9.7
Description.
117 pp. numb.

Editions.
8 (below)
15.4 cm., the text bein<;
2 unntmib.
Paris,
119
26-28
pp.,
6."]
11.
12.3 cm.
Paris, 1539.
1539, 8 (here described); Cologne, 1544,
Deventer, 1551
The book was intended
Roman and Greek
=
(p.
197).
for the classical schools.
It sets forth
the
notations, the fundamental operations both with the
the line abacus, the finger notation as found

works of Bteda, the astrological numerals of the Middle Ages, and
the Boethian theory of numbers.
Other xvorks of i^jg. Capella, p. 66, 1499 Peurbach, p. 53, 1492
Vogelin (see Peurbach, p. 53, 1492); WolRingelbergius, p. 166, 1531
phius, p. 154, 1527 Anonymous, Abacho novo con il quale ogni persona
puol imparar Abacho senza che alcuno li insegni,' Venice Anonymous,
An introduction to algorisme, to learne to reckon with the penne,' Lon-
Hindu numerals and upon

in the
'
'
don,
8,
p. 167,
with another edition
ib.,
1581, 8; Juan Gutierrez de Gualda,
1531-
JOHANN NOVIOMAGUS.
Ed.
pr.
1539.
Cologne, 1544-
See above.
De Nvme//ris Libri II. Qvo-//rimi prior Logifticen,

Title.
ueterum nu//merandi confuetudinem pofterior//Theoremata
numerorum complecti-//tur, aiitore loan. Nouiomago.// Nunc
'
&
recens ab ipfo autore recogniti.// (Woodcut with motto: 'Discite

Ivsticiam moniti.')
Coloniae loan.
M.D.XLIIII.'
I,
(F.
r.)
Gymnicus excudebat,// Anno
196
RARA ARITHMETICA
DeNumcrisIiBRI DVO,
Logifticen
&
CLVORVM PRIOR
vecerum numerandi confuecudi-
nem , polkrior Theoremata numerorum compleditur,ad dodifsimum'vfrum
Aadrc-
am Eggerdem profefTorem
Roftochienfem.
Nunc recens in lucem
emifsi autliore
loanne Nouiomago.
PARISIIS
EroflRcfna Chriftianf Wecheli/ub fcuts
Bafilicnfijin vico Iacobaeo:& lub
PegafOjin vico Belloiiacendi
M. D. XXXIX.
Fig. 98.
Title page oe noviomagus
PRINTED
59
25
ff.,
11.
Editions.
This
is
Title.
197
bcin|^-
G.j
cm.
1.5
Cologne, 1544.
See
p. 195.
merely a reprint of the
first
JOHANN NOVIOMAGUS.
See
IK)C)KS
10 X 14.8 cm., ihc text
8,
Description.
edition (p. 195, 1539).
Ed.
pr.
1539.
Deventcr,
55
i.
p. 195.
De nvme//ns
'
libri
qvo-/Avm
II.
prior logisticen, ct
// ueterum numerandi confuetudinem pofte-//nor Theoremata

numerorum com//plectitur, Autore loan.// Nouiomago.// Nvnc
:
recens ab ipso //autore recogniti.// (Woodcut, and
M. D.
LI.'
(F.
Description.
50
'
T. B. Pons
Daventriae,// Theodoricus Bornius excudebat.//
lovis.')
I,
r.)
8,
9.8
Anno
10. 7
cm.
unnumb., 25 11. Deventcr, 1551.

ff.
Like the 1544 edition, this
a reprint of that of 1539.
is
JODOCUS WILLICHIUS.
Ed.
pr.
1540.
Strasburg, 1540.
WiLKE, WiixKE, Wn,D. Bom at Resel, East Prussia; died at Lebus,

November 12, 1552. He was professor of Greek (1540), and then of medicine,
in the university of
Title.
Colophon.
Sept.// anno
'Argentorati ex officina // Cratonis Mylii,// mense
//M. D. XL.' (P. 125.)

8, 10.2 X
5.4 cm., the
Description.
2 pp.
Frankfort an der Oder.
See Fig. 99.
unnumb.
Editions.
123 numb.
text being 8.2
125 pp., 26
11.
.4
cm.
Strasburg, 1540.
ib.,
1545.
book intended for the classical schools. It is written chiefly

It is based
in Latin, but contains numerous extracts from the (ireek.
upon Greek models, and contains several quotations from Nicomachus.
The plan of treatment is catechetical (see Fig. 100), and it is interesting
to note that this work appeared in the same year in which Recorde may
have published his Ground of Artes in England (see p. 213), a book
This
is
'
'
which the author also adopted the catechism form. It is manifestly

inspired by Roethius, and is hair-splitting in theory and useless in prac-
in
tice.
Willichius begins in a grandilocpient style,
'
I)e Arithmeticre, quae
RARA ARITHMETICA
198
Mathefeos mater
The
eft, finitione.'
curious examples than the
first
history of arithmetic has few
chapter of
this
work, with
references to Pythagoras, Augustine, the Platonists,
losopher
named
Algebras.'
x^rabe Philofopho, cui
('
nomen
Eadem Autem
erat Algebras,
and
'
its
more
learned
an Arab phi-
hodie ab authore
quodam
nomine regularum Algebrae
lODOCI
VVILLICHII
RESELLIANI,
Atitbmcticx
libri
ARGENTORATI
M, D. XL.
Cm Gr<iti4 V vmilcgio,
Fig. 99.
explicatur.'
P. 19.)
Title page of willichius
Willichius follows the ancient
ing arithmetic into two parts, the
vna
first
Greek plan
of divid-
being the practical, the logistica
second being theoretical,
qua fupputatio dorneftica

eft,' p. 19), and the
the ancient arithmetica. (' Eft OewprjTLKr), qua
velut
continentur,
of the classical civilization

fit
apud ueteres
('
wpaKTiKr],
a ratiocinando Aoyt^tK^ dicta
fanctiora myfteria
&
haec
fola
intelligentia
animi
PRINTED BOOKS
conftat,' p. 20).
ei't
number mysticism
In his
lupiter,' p. 22), saying that others call
others Concordia, and (piotes

calling
'
199
unity Jujiitcr ('X'nitas
lie calls
Cupid, others Amicitia, and
it
Zarathas the teacher of l'ythag(jras' as

(' Proinde apte
one the father and two the mother of numbers.
Zarathas Pythagorae prseceptor dixit, /u-oi/uSueffe
numerorum
jjatrem, SvuBa
ARITHMETICAE
SO
N C O L A V S.
OYiieftalternumemparf I VST.
I
pctriter imp<fr
fr
Ejt
ûelk paribus iwp4r,Gr<fCi
g/ wro?. Ejl uutcitij cum primum diuiditur:,mox

iniiuifibilis
,ut
Quomodo cum
14.
zz.
jinithorum numerorum
mmgifkrEuclideii
VST.
jit
O L.
ex(]uift*
Sic:^rt(CKiS
rus diuidens par ejl,fed diuiforius mox impar exwr
N I C O L.
get,
I
Cur uoeatUY
VST
Cur id nominis iUi inditum
eft ?
\deo,quod quilibet eiiw ordinis numeri
pare$,fiHtfunt perimparm muUipUcationem: ut
pariter impar yi^ êr, femrium^ bis quin(^ denarium conjiciunt,
Verumfi cui altiui contemplari lAety eundem uo^

cabit imparem infua qnmtitate ^fed parent in deno
minatione.EJbexempligratiaJenarius, cuiut
ds
tera pari eft quinariui,qui quantitate,hoc eft, moif

nadum congregatione eft imparled quia i binario
denominaturypar iudicabitur, QU ratio
ex Boethio colligitur: Alia autem

tur,
N COL. SuntnehuicdeiUoaliquot theo
SymboU ex
remata
parlterimpaei
menu
rL
eft
Fic
100.
nomim
Euclidi cffe uide
V S T.
Quid ni
Wmm ejl
Si mta
dimidium impar habuerit, pariter impdT

quoi
. N<fltt hie dimkxat cmemum ,
mtm
mxh
From the arithmetic of wh.lichius
autem matrem,' p. 22.) The contrast between this work and that of
Gemma, which appeared in the same year, is very marked. It must be
admitted, however, that the book has some value in interpreting the
ideas of such followers of Nicomachus as Boethius, Jordanus, and
Faber Stapulensis, as is shown in Fig. 100. It has at least the merit of
having been written for beginners.
RARA ARITHMETICA
200
GEMMA
FRISIUS.
More properly
Ed.
pr.
Gemma Rainer
Wittenberg, 1542.
1540.
or
Regnier, the
Frisian.
Born
at
Dockum,
East Friesland December 8, 1508; died at Louvain, May 25, 1555. He

received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in I54i,when he abandoned his
in
mathematical studies. He wrote upon astronomy and arithmetic, and his

son Cornells was a contributor to the former science.
See Fig. loi.
Title.
Colophon.
'
Impreffum Vitebergse apud // Georgium Rhau.//
Anno M.D.XLII.'
(F. 80,
Description. 8, 10
80
r.)
15.3 cm.
unnumb., 23 11. Wittenberg, 1542.

Editions. Antwerp, 1540, 8; Wittenberg, 1542,
ff.
described);
ib.,
1543, 12; Paris, 1543
{.?);
(here
Wittenberg, 1544,
8 (p. 202); Paris, 1545 (Peletarius edition); Antwerp, 1547;

Wittenberg, 1548; Paris, 1549, 8 (p. 202); Paris, 1550, 8
(p. 203); Wittenberg, 1550, 12; Antwerp, 1550; Wittenberg,
(p. 203); Paris, 1551; Antwerp, 1552, 8 (p. 203);
1553, 8 (p. 204); Wittenberg, 1553; ib., 1555; Lug-
I55i> 8
Paris,
duni, 1556, 8; Paris, 1557; Leipzig, 1558, 8
but
204);
(p.
s.
a.,
1558; Paris, 1559; Leipzig, 1559; Paris, 1561,8; Wit-
c.
tenberg, 1561, 8
1562; Antwerp, 1562;

205); Wittenberg, 1563, 8 (p. 205);
Cologne, 1565; Leipzig, 1565, 8; Lugduni, 1566, 8; Witten-
Paris, 1562;
ib.,
(p.
1563
204); Leipzig,
(p.
berg, 1567, 4; Paris, 1567; Venice, 1567, 4 (p. 205) Leipzig,

1568; Paris, 1569, 8; Wittenberg, 1570, 12; Cologne, 1571,
;
8 (p. 206)
Paris, 1572
Leipzig, 1572 ib., 1575, 8 (p. 206)
Cologne, 1576, 8; Paris, 1578, 8 (p. 207); Wittenberg, 1579;
Leipzig, 1580; Antwerp, 1581, 8 (p. 207); ib., 1582, 8 (the first
;
with Forcadel's notes.?); Wittenberg, 1583, 8

1585, 8;
1592, 8
fort,
(p.
1597 (the only German
sixteenth century.
the above
translation.?).
There were numerous
Treutlein {Abkandhmgen,
Murhard, says there Avere
208); Paris,
editions after 1600.
many
(p.
1588; Leipzig, 1588, 8 (p. 208) ib., 1591; ib.,

208); Cologne, 1592, 8; Wittenberg, 1593; Frank-
s. 1.,
at
least
I,
18), following
twenty-five editions in the
In reality there were more than twice as
list,
probably incomplete, mentions
fifty-nine.
PRINTED HOOKS
The
editions
of
Gemma
varied
i)ut
little
20I
until
Pe letaruis,
several years before the former's death, added his notes,
amplified the text, but they

'J'his
least
made no changes
These
of import: uice.
was the most jiopular arithmetic of the sixteenth ce ntury, at

those intended ft)r the Latin schools. It combined the older
among
ARITHME
TICAE PRACTI^
^/
CAB METHODVS
per
FACILIS,
Gemma m.Frifium
MediV
cum ac Mathematicutfi*
VITEBERGAE. M, D.XLIf,
Fig. ioi.
TriLR page of the 1542 g.kmma erisius
RARA ARITHMETICA
202
science of numbers with the commercial arithmetic of the Italian writers
such way as to appeal in a remarkable degree to the teachers of the
in
The book opens with
period.
a discussion of the various fundamental
much
explanation and with numbers of

These operations include the subjects of duplation and mediation as was customary in the Latin books of that time.
The author closes the first part of his work with a treatment of progressions and the rule of three. The second part is devoted to fractions,
the sequence being the same as with integers. The third part includes
such common rules of business as partnership, alligation, and rule of
false, together with roots and a little algebra. The fourth part treats
of proportion, and has a few pages on arithmetical recreations.
operations, presented without
relatively small size.
GEMMA
FRISIUS.
See
Ed.
pr.
This edition
Title.
is
substantially the
with the following exceptions: F.
i,
Anno M,D,XLIIII.'
Colophon.
Anno M,D,XLIIII.'
'
Description.
88
ff.
Wittenberg, 1544.
1540.
p. 200.
8, 9.5
imnimib., 23
11.
r.,
same
(F. 88,
as that of
page:
title
'
542
Vitebergae
r.)
11.3 cm.
Wittenberg, 1544.
See p. 201.
GEMMA
See
Title.
mam
FRISIUS.
Ed.
pr.
Paris, 1549.
1540.
p. 200.
'
Arithmeticas practicae // Methodvs
Frisivm,
//authore emendata
&
per //
facilis
Medicvm //ac Mathematicum, lam
item de Fractio-//nibus Aftronomicis compendium
&
memoriam
loco // Solis
&
pingvi. gallina.')
gallina, ex
f.
unnumb.
Eiufdem
Et de cogno-
Calendis, Idib. Nonis, Feftis mobilibus,
Lunae in zodiaco.// (Woodcut with motto

Parisiis.//
Apud
8, 10. 5
+95
numb.
=96
ff.,
'
In
Gulielmtim Cauellat, in pingtii
// aduerfo collegij Cameracenfis.// 1549.'
Description.
Hvc
multis in lo-//cis infigniter aucta.//
accesservnt lacobi Pe-//Ietarii Cenomani annotationes
fcedis per //
Gem-
recens ab ipfo
26
11.
(F.
Paris, 1549.
i,
r.)
12.7 cm.
PRINTED BOOKS
Editions. This
which
is
the ninth edition (see
p.
203
200), and the
first
have seen with the notes of Peletarius, although these

notes bear the date 1545 (f. yy, r.) They are here given in an
I
appendix (Tacobvs Peletarius Lectori,'

the
571 edition (see
f.
'j'j, r.),
but
later, as in
206), they are introduced in the
p.
body
of the text.
See p. 201.
GEMMA
See
FRISIUS.
1549 edition
Dcscriptio7i.
f.
unnumb.
See
p.
pr.
Paris, 1550.
1540.
Except for the date (1550) the
Title.
as that of the
Ed.
p. 200.
8,
10.3
95 numb.
(p.
16.
=96
See
Title.

ff.,
26
11.
FRISIUS.
Ed.
pr.
the
same
13 cm.
Paris, 1550.
Wittenberg, 1551.
1540.
'
Arithme//ticae practicae // methodvs facilis, per //

Frifium Medi-//cum ac Mathe-//maticum.// (Wood-
cut showing computing with counters.)

LI.'
(F.
Description.
ff.
is
p. 200.
Gemmam
87
page
201.
GEMMA
M. D.
title
202).
unnumb.
Vvitebergae.//
Anno
I, r.)
8,
9 x 14.2 cm., the text being 6.4 x i r.2 cm.

blank = 88 ff., 23 11. Wittenberg, 1551.
See p, 201.
GEMMA
See
Title.
FRISIUS.
Ed.
pr.
Antwerp, 1552.
1540.
p. 200.
'
Arithme-//ticae practicae metho-//dus
facilis,
per
Gem-
mam Frifium Me-//dicum ac Mathematicum,iam re-//cens ab ipfo

auctore emen-//data, & multis in locis // infigniter aucta.//Cor.
Graphevs.//Si numerandi artem, cunctis ex artibus illam //Vel
primam, exacts difcere lector amas,// Hanc gemma, ingenio fum-
mus quam Gemma

eris.//
Sunt conati
libello
alij
//
Hoc paruo
includit, carpito, doctus
prolixis traderc chartis //
Hanc artem,
at
RARA ARITHMETICA
204
multis non placet
labor.// Porro hie
ille
Gemma
fuam
gemmam
placeat cunctis commoditate breui.//
Vt
temperat, ipfa //
fic
CAntuerpiae, apud Gregorium Bontium // a Csei. Maieft.
&
rium admiffum.//Cum gratia

Description.
ff.
8, 9.5
unnumb.
priuilegio.// 15 52.'
(F.
libra-
i, r.)
X 1 1.8 cm.
Antwerp, 1552.
^6 mimb.
80
ff.,
28
11.
See p. 201.
GEMMA
See
FRISIUS.
Except
Title.
Description.
f.
Paris, 1553.
1540.
pr.
unnumb.
for the date (1553) the title
1549 edition
as that of the
Ed.
p. 200.
8,
9.8
page
95 numb.
is
the
same
202).
(p.
=96
ff.,
26
11.
12.7 cm.
Paris, 1553.
See p. 201.
GEMMA
See
FRISIUS.
Title.
'
Gemmam
in
Ed.
1540.
pr.
S.
1.
(Leipzig), 1558.
p. 200.
Arithme-//tica2 practicae // method vs
facilis,
per //
Medicum ac // Mathematicum // (Woodcut as

the 1542 edition.) Anno M. D. LVIII.' (F. i,r.)
Description. 8, 10. i x 15.4 cm., the text being 7.8 X 1 cm.
Frifium
87
ff.
unnumb., 22-23
Editions.
See
p.
11-
S.
(Leipzig), 1558.
1.
200.
manuscript notes in the back, in a sixteenthcentury hand, gives an interesting synopsis of arithmetic as taught in
See
p.
201.
set of
the universities of that time.
GEMMA
See
Title.
FRISIUS.
Ed.
pr.
1540.
Wittenberg, 156 1.
p. 200.
'
Arithme-//ticae practicae me-//thodvs
facilis,
per
Gem-
//mam
Frisivm Medi-//cum ac Mathematicum.// (Woodcut as
in the
1542 edition.)
Georgii
Vvitebergae // ex
Rhavv//M.D.LXI.'
Colophon.
'
(F.
Vvitebergae // ex
Rhavv//M.D.LXI.'
(F. 88, v.)
ofificina
Haeredvm //
i, r.)
officina
Haeredvm // Georgii
PRINTED BOOKS
Description.
88
8,
9.8
unnumb., 23
ff.
See
p.
See
"j ."]
1.2
cm.
Wittenberg, 1561.
11.
FRISIUS.
Ed.
pr.
Paris, 1563.
1540.
p. 200.
The
Title.
page
title
is
substantially the
202), with the following addition:
(p.
demum
205
201.
GEMMA
1549
same
lOth
as
that of
line,
Quibus
'
ab eodem Peletario addita; funt Radicis // vtriufque
demonftrationes.'
8,
Description.
cm.
See
10.4
unnumb.
ff.
FRISIUS. Ed.
See
104
ff.,
26
12.5
Paris, 1563.
11.
Title.
'
Wittenberg, 1563.
1540.
pr.
200.
p.
Gemmam
Arithme-//tic3e practicae me-//thodvs
Frifium
//M.D.LXIII.'
Colophon.
Medicum
(F.
ac //
per //
I, r.)
8, 10. 5
Description.
facilis,
Mathematicum.// VVitcbergae
VVitebergae // ex
'
Rhavv.// M.D.LXIII.'
(F. 88,
ofificina
Haeredvm.//Georgii
r.)
11.2 cm.
unnumb., 23 11. Wittenberg, 1563.

ff.
GEMMA
See
Title.
ma
FRISIUS.
Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1567.
1540.
p. 200.
'
Aritmetica/Zprattica facilissima,//composta da
Frisio Medico,// et
Matematico // Con I'aggiunta
Gem-
dell'
Ab-
Rotti Aftronomici di // Giacomo Pelletario;

del conofcere a mente le Calende,//gr Idi, le None, le Fefte
breuiamento de
&
p. 201.
GEMMA
88
102 numb.
Mobili,
il
luoco del Sole,
ftratione della
&
della
Radice Cubica
Luna
nel // Zodiaco;
lequali tutte
&
//cofe dal
la
dimo-
latino,
ha
in quefta lingua ridotte Oratio Tosca-//nella della famiglia di
Maeftro Luca Fiorentino
&
halle
de-//dicate // alio illvstre
RARA ARITHMETICA
2o6
fignore,
InVenetia,
fignor/ZEttore Podocataro.// (Woodcut.)
il
Apreffo Giouanni Bariletto.//

Colophon.
'
MDLXVII.'
i,
r.)
*ABCDEFGHIKL M.// Tutti
Registro.//
e Quinterno
M,//che
fono Quaderni; eccetto
(F.
//In Venetia,//
Apreffo Giouanni Bariletto.//MDLXVII.'

4,
Description.
cm.
See
Editions.
x 20.7 cm., the text being 10.6 X 17.4

numb. = 56 ff., 40-42 11. Venice, 1567.
14.9
unnumb.
5 ff.
This
200.
p.
is
the only Italian edition of the
sixteenth century.
See p. 201. The Maeftro Luca Fiorentino mentioned in the title
page was a well-known arithmetician of Florence. A manuscript of his
of c. 1425 is described in the second part of this work.
'
GEMMA
FRISIUS.
See
Title.
mam //
'
Ed.
Cologne, 1571.
1540.
pr.
p. 200.
'
Arithme-//ticae practicae//methodvs
Frifium,
Medicum
ipfo authore emendata,
&
facilis,
per
Gem-
Mathematicum, iam re-//cens ab
ac
multis // in locis infigniter aucta.//
Cenomani annotationes
Eiufdem item de // Fractionibus Aftronomicis compendium: Et
Hvc
accesservnt lacobi Pe-//letarij
// de cognofcendis per
Feftis mobilibus, //
&
memoriam Calendis,//
&
loco Solis
&
vero a loanne Stein recognita,
Idibus, Nonis,
Lunae in// Zodiaco.// Nunc
no-//uis aucta additionibus.//
(Woodcut with motto: Benedices // Coronae Anni//Benignitatis

//Tvae. Psal. 64//) Colonise,// Apud Maternum Cholinum.//
M. D. LXXI.//Cum
Description.
3 pp.
unnumb.
8,
9.5
gratia
&
priuilegio Caef. Maieft.'
281 numb.
284
pp.,
28-30
11.
(P.
12.
i.)
cm.
Cologne, 1571.
See p. 201.
GEMMA
See
Title.
FRISIUS.
Ed.
pr.
Leipzig, 1575.
1540.
p. 200.
'Arithme-//ticae practicae // methodvs facilis,// per //
Gemmam
Frisivm // Medicum ac Mathematicum.// (Woodcut

representing a counting house, with line reckoning.) Lipsiae //
lohannes
Rhamba
excudebat.// M. D.
LXXV.'
(F.
i,
r.)
PRINTia) 1K)()KS
8, 9.5
Description.
87
ff.
unnumb., 23-24
X
11.
15.3 cm., the text

Leipzig",
207
bcini;-
7.8
cm.
11
1575.
See p. 201. The book has been rebound with added pages which
have been used for manuscript. These notes are in Latin, in a (ierman sixteenth-century hand, and include both work on the fundamental
operations and numerous commercial problems.
GEMMA
See
FRISIUS.
Ed.
pr.
Paris, 1578.
1540.
p. 200.
The
Title.
page
title
substantially the
is
same
as that iA
1542 (p. 201), except for the following: In me Mors,// In me

Vita.//Parisiis,//Apud Hieronymum de Marnef, & viduam //
'
monte D. Hilarij.// 578.'

X 17.3 cm., the text being 7.4 X
93 numb. =96 ff., 29 11. Paris, 1578.
Guliel. Cauellat, fub Pelicano

8,
Description.
3
unnumb.
ff.
10.9
(F.
14.
r.)
cm.
See p. 201.
GEMMA
See
Title.
mam
FRISIUS.
Ed.
pr.
p. 200.
'Arithmeticae//practicae methodvs fa-//cilis, per
Frisivm, Medi-//cum, ac Mathematicum confcripta
recens ab Auctore //pluribus locis aucta
dem
Antwerp, 1581.
1540.
loannis Steinii
&
&
Gem:
iam
recognita.// In ean-
Iacobi//Peletarii Annotationes.//Eiufdem
de Fractionibus Aftronomicis Compendium,//
&
de cognofcendis
per memoria Kalendis, Idibus, No-//nis, Feftis mobilibus, loco'qj

Solis
& Lun^
verpiae.//
Anno
in
Zodiaco. // (Woodcut of astronomer.) // Antad infigne Aquilae //aureae.
Apud loannem Bellerum
1581.'
(P.
I.)
9.7 X 15.7 cm., the text being 6.5 X 13 cm.

unnumb. -f 178 numb.+ i blank = 184 pp., 3i 11- Antwerp,
With this copy is bound: 'Ivl. Pacii//a Beriga // Insti1 58 1.
tvtiones//Logicae,//in vsvm scholarvm//Bcrnensivm //editae.
Description.
8,
pp.
//Bernse.
M.D.C
See p. 201.
KARA ARITHMETICA
2o8
GEMMA
See
FRISIUS.
Gemmam Frisivm // Medicum

1542
in the
Description.
8,
9.5
unnumb., 23
ff.
ac Mathematicum.// (Woodcut as
Vvitebergae//Ex
edition.)
//M. D. LXXXIII.'
87
Wittenberg, 1583.
1540.
pr.
Arithme-//ticae Practicae // Methodus facilis,// per //
'
Title.
Ed.
p. 200.
(F.
11.
officina MatthseiVVelacij.
I, r.)
11. 2
cm.
Wittenberg, 1583.
See p. 201.
GEMMA
See
FRISIUS.
'
Title.
Ed.
pr.
Leipzig, 1588.
1540.
p. 200.
Arithme-Z/ticae practicae // methodvs facilis,// per //
Frisivm // Medicum ac Mathematicum.//

Anno M. D. LXXXVIII.' (F. i, r.)
Gemmam
Lipsiae,//
Lipsiae,// ex officina typo-//graphica Abrahami //

Coloplwn.
Lambergi.//Anno//M. D. LXXXVIII.' (F. 87, r.)
1.5 cm.
Description. 8, 9.4 X 15 cm., the text being 7.8 X
'
87
ff.
unnumb., 24
Leipzig, 1588.
11.
See p. 201.
GEMMA
See
FRISIUS.
'
Title.
pr.
Leipzig, 1592.
1540.
Arithme//ticae Practicae // Methodvs faciHs,//per //
Gemmam Frifium
in the
Ed.
p. 200.
Medi-//cum ac Mathematicum.// (Woodcut as

Lipsiae,// Anno // M. D. XCIL' (F. i r.)
542 edition.)
(Woodcut of Pegasus.) Lipsiae, //ex officina typo-//

graphiaAbrahami//Lambergi.//Anno//M.D.XCII.' (F.88,r.)
Description. 8, 9.2 X 15.5 cm., the text being 8.1 X 1 1.4 cm.
'
Colophon.
88
ff.
See
unnumb., 24
p.
11.
Leipzig, 1592.
201.
HENRICUS URANIUS.
A German
rich)
Title.
Ed.
pr.
1540.
born at Reesz, Prussia.

when he wrote this work.
classicist,
See Fig. 102.
He
Solingen, 1540.
lived at
Emmerich (Em-
PRINTED BOOKS
Description.
20
8,
lOX
209
X
11.7 cm.
unnumb., 28 11. Solingcn, 1540.

ff.
This
is
a semi-historical discussion of the various measures which the
sixteenth century received from the
Roman
civilization, or
which were
NVMARIA, MENSVRIS ET PONdcribus Epitome ex Budaeo.Portio.Alciato

CT-Georgio Agricolaconcinnata
pcrHcnricum Vranium
RcITcnfcm.
IN Z
L V
M.
OmnUfunt dodis ante probaU wriV.

Ocyui h'mcfugito.fi ncfcis quo fit emdum:
EnmonlirAho, malm Zoile adito crnccm*
ÂLINGIACI,
loannes Sorer
cxcudebac.
AN.M.D.XL.
Fig. 102.
Title page ok ukanius
in the most commonly read classics of the Renaissance jieriod.

arithmetical operations are given in the book. It begins with the
fractional parts of the as, the twelfth being called the uncia (the Troy
mentioned
No
ounce), the sixth the sextans, the fourth the quadrans, and so on.
RARA ARITHMETICA
2IO
PHILIP
MELANCHTHON.
Ed.
pr.
1540.
Leyden, 1540.
Born at Bretten, Baden, February 6, 1497 died April 19, 1560. Ilis family
name was Schwarzerd; he assumed the Greek equivalent, Melanchthon, when
he entered the university of Heidelberg (1509). He was one of the most
famous classicists of the Renaissance, and a leader in the Reformation.
;
Title.
See Fig. 103.
A T H E M AMTICARVM
DISCI'
PLI N AR VM, T VM
ETIAM ASTROLOC
A E E N C O-
A,
PER PHI I. MELANCHT.

ITEM
Phasnomcnaloachimi Camcrarn>
clcgantifsimo carininc
defaipta.
APVD
SEB.
GRYPHIVM
LVGDV N
I,
1540Fig.
103.
Title page of melanchthon
PRINTKI) IU)()KS
Description.
8,
9.9
15.2 cm.,
llic
211
Icxl bcinj; 7.2
12.2 cm.
30 11. Lcydcn, 1540.

There was no other separate edition.
pp. numb.,
40
Editions.
The work
of
Melanchthon
consists of three letters
Reiffenstein,
M. D. XXXI
dated Menfe Augusto. Anno M. D. XXXVI'
(^rynaeus, dated 'Mtebergte, mefe Augnfto.
'
(2
'
to
to
(3) to
Simon
Johann
Johann
Schonerus (see p. 178), dated Vuittebergce, Mefe Augusto, Anno M. I).

XXXVI.' These epistles are all upon the value and the nature of mathematical thought, and are replete with classical and religious references.
'
As mathematics they have no
value.
loachimi Camerarii Phaenomena ad

clarissimum ivvenem Danielum Stibarum,' relate chiefly to astronomy.
The
verses of Camerarius,
'
MAGNUS AURELIUS CASSIODORUS.

Ed.
pr.
Title.
1550.
I'aris,
1540.
("AssioDoRirs. I'.orn at Scylaceum,

Roman statesman and historian.
c.
470
died, probably at
'Aurelij Cafsiodori Se-//natoris Cos.qve
Rome,
c.
564.
R(>mani//de
quatuor Mathematicis difciplinis // Compendium. // Parisiis // Apud

Vafcofanum, uia lacobaea ad infigne Fontis.// M. D. L.' (F. i, r.)
I
f.
unnumb.
X 20.8
numb.
Editions. Paris, 1540;
The 'Opera' appeared

dium
is
embodied
sentio et
ib.,
25-29
ff.,
11.
17.2 cm.
Paris, 1550.
1550, 4 (here described); ib., 1580.

The Compen1 598 (and 1 584 ?).
in Paris in
in the 'Disciplinarum liberalium orbis,exP.
Magno Aurelio
Con-
Cassiodoro,' published at Basel in 1528.
This brief treatise on the nature of arithmetic, music, geometry, and

astronomy, the four mathematical disciplines, was held in high esteem
in the
Middle Ages.
Othertvorks 0/1540. Anianus, p. 32, 1488 Beldamandi, p. 15, 1483

Paxi,
Benese, p. 182,1536; Borghi, p. 21, 1484; Ortega, p. 93, 15 12
Rudolfif, p. 152, 1526
p. 160, 1530; Scheubel, p. 233,
p. 79, 1503
;
1545; Wolphius, p. 154, 1527; Anonymous (Ortega?, p. 91, 1512),

CEuvre tres subtile y profitable de I'art y science de arismeticque y
8.
geometric translate nouvellement d'Espaignol en Francoys,' Paris,
Works of 154J. Agrippa, p. 167, 1531 Albert, p. 180, 1534 Cardan,
Ringelbergius, p. 167, 1531 TaP- 193. 1539; Riese, p. 139, 1522
'
gliente, p. 115, 15 15
Georg Rheticus, Arithmetic, Strasburg.
RARA ARITHMETICA
212
ANONYMOUS.
Ed.
Title.
pr.
Various authors.
Cologne, 1542.
1542.
See Fig. 104.
ARITHME
TICES INTRODV-T^'^
^
Slio
ex uarijs authoribus con^

cinnata^
,ît^*^*"f
MfCCaaî^JO
ColonicetxcudehatToannesGymnicui
K^nm M. D.
^'w
FiG. 104.
Description.
20
ff.
^(U^v>t~
i'Uwp
XLIL
'Stx^
Cu<U'
wc/yl-
Title page of the 1542 anonymous work

8,
9.7
unnumb., 25-29
X
11.
Cologne, 1542.
12.3 cm.
PRINTED HOOKS
Cologne,
Editions.
mund, 1549,
This
is
one
8 (see below).
anonymous compilations made
of several
century for use in the Latin schools.

It
It
in
the sixteenth
has no merit, save that of brevity.
contains a brief treatment of the fundamental operations, followed by
a chapter
7
213
542, 8 (here described); il).,i546; Dort-
pages
'
Regvla mercatorvm feu de tribus,' and

B 6, v., is an exact copy of
B i, v. This is the same as the work next
I)e Progrefione,' the
'
De
minutijs.'
'
notice that folio
Wolphius (see j). 154) folio

mentioned, published at Dortmund
ANONYMOUS.
Ed
in 1549.
Dortmund, 1549.
1542.
pr.
Brevis // Arithme//ticcs Intro-//dvctio ex Variis //

Authoribus con-//cinnata. Tremoniae excud. Melch. Soter./
Title.
'
Anno M.D.LXIX.'
Description.
48 pp. unnumb.
8,
(i
(P.
9.8
i.)
blank), 25
11.
12.3 cm.
Dortmund, 1549.
See above.
ROBERT RECORDE.
Born
Ed.
pr. c.
London, 1558.
1542.
Tenby, Pembroke, c. 1510; died in .Southwark prison, prolmbly

.soon after June 28, 155S (the date of his will). He was educated at Oxford
and Cambridge, and taught mathematics at the former and probably at the
latter university. He became royal physician and wrote on medicine as well
as mathematics.
Title.
at
See Fig. 105.

'Imprinted
ColopJion.
at
London in Paules churchyard /Vat

//by Reginalde Wolfe.// Anno
the figne of the Brafen Serpent
Domini M. D. LVIIL'
Description.
8,
8.9
(F. 205, v.)
13.
11.8 cm.
unnumb., 31 11. London, 1558.

Editions. There is considerable uncertainty as to the date of
the first edition of this work of Recorde's. It appeared, however,
205
ff.
between 1540 and 1542.
For a discussion
the Dictionary of National Biography, and
The former
of the question see
De Morgan,
p.
22.
says there were twenty-seven editions of the book,
but there were at least twenty-eight (see
p.
214).
On
account of
the influence of the work on English education, the bibliography
RARA ARITHMETICA
214
has been extended through the seventeenth century.
London,
1542; ib., 1543,8; ib., 1549,8; ib., 1551, 8; ib., 1556;

1552; London, 1558, 8 (here described); ib., 1561, 8 (the earliest
c.
seen by
1577;
De Morgan);
ib.
1579, 8
1570; London, 1571, 8;
(p.
217);
ib.,
ib.,
1573;
ib.,
1582, 8 (the Mellis edition);
THE GROVND OF
A R T H
S:
5r!riTci)(nfftt)Ctt)oojl5Cfinb pjacfifc of
îi'tfjinetilie, botf)uiUiJ)olctmmliC5
flitD
irflctions
anD
eftcca moie eafpcc
anyc
crflctcc fozte, tfieii
uev8 ueib
iSIJcDebp
Ip1\c
fiOi
f^.ROBERTB
R E C
O R D
2)otfoj of
^'^tjpftiie.
Swiss
E PACE OE
THE
58 RECOKDE
1586, 8; ib., 1590, 8 (the Dee and MelHs edition); ib.,

1594, 8 (p. 207); ib., 1596,8 (p. 219); ib., 1618, 8; ib., 1623,
ib.,
1636 London, 1646, 8 (p. 219); ib., c. 1646 (p. 220); 1652;
1654; London, 1662, 8 (p. 220); ib., 1668, 8 (p. 221); 1673;
1699. Presumably all of these were published at London.
8;
PRINTED BOOKS
215
ADDITION.
none otbcr cramplcs
f o?
to Icnrne tê
numc
tDisfoimc.
tljie OjaU vcu mat!ic,tljat as pou tJfO
ration cf
But
tn
tl3c otljcc
hrnT) of aritljinctift ict a p:ic!sc
intDcplftCCs oJ tUDufauBcs, mtOisttiooiKc

vou iaU Cct a ttarrcas p ou fee bcfo2c*
S.II^cn If, pcrccauc ]ûmrrattcn but J
bo in tins act to dDte
piapc rou, bott) fl?cU
:
tteoo
dimmc?
031
mo;c togitêr ?
ADDITION.
Maftcr*
toap lu tbis arte,9 to arte
but ttoo fummc9 at ones togrtbcc:
t)oto be it, pou mafc abbe mc?e,as J U)?l tc\
l-ouanone* tbcccfojc tobcnnc pou torllc
abbe tttio fummcs,poufl)Ml fpitte Ctt botime
one of tbem,it fouctb not ti)t)icbf onri tt)cn
bp it biflto a li^ne ccoflie tt)e otbcr IptrtgAlnb
aftccttjacbe icttcbounetbeotbcr fuinmc > fo
tf^
^^
l)C eaficCt
t)attbat
Ipncmapc
l)CbcttbcnetDcm;a0
pou tboulbe atJbt

*^5P to 834* pou
If
Wrion
ttooo
mnned
muafctpoucCumcd
a0pourceberc
t^cu <f pou
pou mapc abDr
anb
Ipft,
tt)c
one
totl)C otber
m tljc iV.mr place. 0: els
poumapatbf tDmDottjrroDitDccin amXo

place tobici) âr,bpcaurc ins mod: plpiica
:
Fig. 106.
Counter reckoning
eroim
the 1558 kecokue
RARA ARITHMETICA
2i6
The
arithmetic to be published in England was that of Tonstall

There must have been several other books published between
that date and the first appearance of Recorde's, because in the preface
to the latter the author says
And if any man obiect, that other books
haue bene written of Arithmetike alreadie fo fi.ifiiciently, that I needed
not now to put penne to the booke, except I wil codemne other mens
writings
to them I anfwere. That as I codeme no mans diligence, fo
I know that no man can fatisfie euery man, and therefore like as many
do efteeme greatly other bookes, fo I doubt not but fome will like this
my booke aboue any other Englifh Arithmetike hitherto written, & namely
fuch as fhal lacke inftructers, for whofe fake I haue plain-ly fet forth the
exaples, as no book (that I haue feene) hath hitherto which thing fhall
be great cafe to the rude readers.' (From the 1594 edition.)
This is, however, the first commercial arithmetic of any note used in
the English schools. It is written in the form of a dialogue between
the master and his pupil, and the language is so formal that it seems
strange that the book should have been so successful. The first part
is devoted to integers, the fundamental operations being followed by a
section on denominate numbers. This is followed by proportion and
the 'golden rule of three, the backer rule of three (inverse proportion),
the double rule of three (compound proportion), the rule of three composed of five numbers, and the rule of fellowship (partnership). The
second part relates to fractions, and includes the same general topics
as the first, together with alligation and the rule of false. Counter reckoning is given (Fig. 106) as well as computation with Arabic numerals.
Among other works, Recorde wrote The Castle of Knowledge (p.
253) and 'The Whetstone of Witte (p. 286), the latter being chiefly
on algebra. His geometry, The Pathway to Knowledge,' appeared in
first
(p. 132).
'
'
'
'
'
'
London
155 1, 4; ib., 1574, 4.

Recorde's works were the most influential English mathematical pubin
Thomas Willsford, in his 1662 edition

Ground of Artes,' was able to say with much truth that this book
was entail'd upon the People, ratified and fign'd by the approbation of
lications of the sixteenth century.
of the
'
'
Time.'
Of/ier 70orks
0/1^42. Albert,
Finaeus, p. 163, 1530-32
Diego
p. 180,
Gemma,
1534; Cardan, p. 193, 1539

J540; Ortega, p. 93, 15 12
p. 200,
'Tratado de quentos,' Salamanca, 4; Giambattista

Verini,
Spechio del mercatanti,' Milan, 8 (Brunet says,
Libro de
Abaco e gioco de memorie,' Milan, sm. 8); Han vanderWehn, ' Exempelrechenschaft der Kegel de Tri, die man nennt die Kaufmanns glildene
Kegel ganz und gebrochen,' s. 1., 8.
el Castillo,
'
'
PRINTICI) I'.OOKS
ROBERT RECORDE.
See
p. 2
Title.
'
Ed.
pr. c.
of
Artes
217
Eoiulon, 1579.
542.
3.
The //Groundc
more eafyer and // exacter
tions, after a
work and
numbers //and Erac-
:// tcachin^^ the
pra-//ctife of Arithmetikc, bothe in whole
forte than
any
like
hath
Made by Mayfter Roberte Re-//

cord, Doctor in I^hyfike, and now of late// diligently ouerfeene
and augmented // with new and neceffarie //Additions.//
hither-//to bin fet foorthe ://
D.
I.
That which my freende hath well begonne,

For very loue to common weale,
Neede not
But
new
all
whole
encreafe
to
new
be
Some thyng heerein, I

And nowe agayne for
once redreft,
thy behoofe,
Of zeale I doe, and at requeft,

Both mend and adde, fitte for all
Of Numbers
done,
do reueale.
proofe.
vfe, the endleffe might,
No
witte nor language can expreffe,

Applie and Trie, both day and night.
And then this truth thou wilt confeffe.
Printed at
London by H. Bynneman.// Anno Domini.
1579.'
i,r.)
(E.
ColopJion.
'
Imprinted at London by Henry // Binneman, and
John Harifon.//Anno Domini

Description.
261
ff.
8,
8.7
unnumb., 27
11.
M.D.LXXVIL'
(E. 261,
r.)
1.7
cm.
London, 1579.
This is therefore one of

It will be noticed that the colophon is dated 1577.
the cases where a large edition was printed, and a new title page was added from
year to year as necessary. The edition is more rare than its date would suggest.
ROBERT RECORDE.
See
Ed.
pr. c.
1542.
London, 1594.
p. 213.
Title.
The // Grovnd of // Artes, teaching // the perfect
worke and practife //of Arithmeticke, both in whole numbers //
and Eractions, after a more eafie and exact //fort, than hitherto
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
2i8
hath been
foorthe.//
fet
Phifickey/And now
with fundry
Made by M. Robert Record,// D.
lately diligently corrected
new Rules and
in
and beauti-//fied
neceffary Addi-//tions
And
further
endowed with a third part, of // Rules of Practife, abridged into

with
a briefer method // than hitherto hath bene publifhed
:
di-//uerfe fuch neceffairie Rules as are // incident to the trade

of // Merchandife.//
Whereunto are
and In-//ftructions that
added diuerfe Tables
alfo
and delight vnto
will bring great profite
Merchants, Gentlemen, and others,// as by the Contents of

Trea-//tife
appeare.//
fhall
By lohn
Mellis.//
Imprinted by T.D. for lohn Harifon,

Paules Churchyard.// 1594.'//
Colophon.
'
in Paules
//the Greyhound,// 1594.'

Description.
8,
10.
// Churchyard, at the figne
(P. 558.)
cm., the text being
15.5
34 pp. unnumb. + 493 numb. 33-525

30-31 11. London, 1594.
cm.
Editions.
Mellis.
Greyhound in//
the
at
i.)
Imprinted at London by Thomas Davvfon, for
lohn // Harrifon, dwelHng

of
(P.
this
At London,//
See
p.
213.
This
blank
j.Gx
13.1
pp.,
528
probably the third edition by
is
In the dedication he says
'
And
feeing that within this
two impreffions of thefe my labors dedicated to your

.', although not much reliance
Worfhip are already worne out
8.
yeares,
can be placed on the statement, since
it
also appears in the
1596
edition.
The
two
parts, covering
404 pp. of this book, are

1558 edition (p. 213). The third part
(pp. 405-557), the work of John Mellis, also appeared in the 1591
edition. It includes the Rules of Practife,' The order & worke of the
Rule of three in broken Numbers, after the trade of Marchants, digreffing fomething from M. Recordes,' Loffe and Gaine,' Rules of Payment'
(equation of payments), barter, exchange, interest, and other business
applications, together with a chapter on Sportes and Paftimes done by
Number.' These mathematical recreations had already appeared in
printed textbooks, and they played an interesting role until the latter
half of the nineteenth century. Those in this treatise related to number
guessing, the rules being easily developed by our present algebra, but
rather mysterious by sixteenth-century arithmetic.
See p. 216.
first
substantially identical with the
'
'
'
'
PRINTi:!) 1U)(JKS
ROBERT RECORDE.
Seep.
Title.
219
London, 1596.
542.
213.
The
Colophon.
Ed.
pr. c.
'
title pa<;e is
missing.
Imprinted at London by Richard //
Harrifon, dwelling //in Pater nofter
Greyhound.// 1596.'
Description.
8,
(P.
9.8
Row
lohn
for
l^îeld,
at the // figne of the
559)
13.3 cm.
30-31 11. London, 1596.

559
Editions. See p. 213. A note on the last page says that this
copy was bought in 1686 for is. 6^., not a very low price at that
time for a book only ninety years old. This edition is practically
pp.,
identical with that of
1594
ROBERT RECORDE.
Seep.
(p.
Ed.
217).
pr. c.
1542.
London, 1646.
213.
Records Arithmetick :// or,// The Grovnd // of Arts

Title.
Teaching
// The perfect work and Practice of Arithmetick,//
//
both in whole Numbers and Fractions, after a more//earie and
exact form than in former time hath been fet forth ://Made by
M. Robert Record, D. in Phyfick. //Afterward, augmented
by M. John Dee.// And fmce enlarged with a third part of Rules
'
of Pra-//ctife, abridged into a briefer
method than hitherto hath
been//publifhed, with divers neccffary Rules incident to the

Trade //of Merchandife with Tables of the valuation of all
:
at this prefent time.// By John

Mellis.//And now diligently perufed, corrected, illuftrated and
en-//larged; with an Appendix of figurate Numbers, and the
Coyns,//as they are currant
Extraction //of their Roots, according to the method of Chriftian

with //Tables of Board and Timber meafure and new
Tables of Intereft //upon Intereft, after 10 and 8 per 100 with
the true value of // Annuities to be bought or fold prefent,
the firft calculated by R. C. but
Refpited, or in ReverV/fion
Vrftitius
corrected, and the //latter diligently calculated by
Rob: Hart-
Philomathemat.//Scientia non habet inimicum nifi ignoranVide.// London,// Printed by

fed
tem.'// Fide.
well,
RARA ARITHMETICA
220
for John Harifon, and are to be fold by //Geo: Whittingand Nath: Brooks, at the fign of // the Angell in Corn-hill.
M. F.
ton,
1646.'
(P.
I.)
27 pp. unnumb.
+ 629
See
Editions.
10
8,
Description.
numb.
= 656
pp., 31
13.7 cm.
London, 1646.
11.
213.
p.
Like the 1594 edition this has the additional 'third part' by John
Mellis. The Hartwell chapter on roots begins on p. 573, and is based,
on the work of
as the title says,
ROBERT RECORDE.
See
Title.
Urstisius.
Ed.
London, 1646
1542.
pr. c.
(?).
p. 213.
This edition
said to have been published in
is
but no date appears in the book
It
itself.
as the one dated 1646, except as follows
are here omitted
has the same
1646,
title
page
The words Records

'
the last lines read
Printed
Arithmetick'
(l.i)
by M.
John Harifon, and are to be // fold at his Shop in
F. for
The number
Pauls-Church-yard.'
in the title
page
is
page
is
the same.
of
words on some
of the
book
of the lines
above exceptions the
different, but with the
The body
'
from the same setting
is
of type as in the other edition of 1646.

8,
Description.
x 15.7 cm., the text being 8.6 X 13.7

629 numb. = 656 pp., 32 11. London, s. a.
10. 2
cm. 27 pp. unnumb.
(1646.?).
See p. 216.
ROBERT RECORDE.
Seep.
Title.
Ed.
pr. c.
London, 1662.
1542.
213.
The
title
page
except as to the imprint
is
:
'
practically the
same
as that of 1646,
Printed by James Flefher, and are to
be fold by Jofeph // Cranford, at the figne of the

Pauls // Church-yard. 1662.'
Description.
8,
cm. 22 pp. unnumb.

See
p.
216.
10. 7
Gunn
+ 536 numb. = 558 pp.,
33
11.
in St.
13.9
London, 1662.
PRINTia) lUJOKS
ROBERT RECORDE. Ed. pr. c. 542.
22
See
p. 213.
The
Title.
title
page of
this edition
that of 1646, except as to the imprint
and are to be
is
by // Robert Boulter,
fold
Description.
8,
22 pp. unnumb.
10.4
ff.
pp., 33
11.
13.7 cm.
L(jndon, 1668.
Nurnberg,
a.
s.
(1543).
of the middle of the sixteenth century.
Gedruckt zu Nurnberg durch//Georg Wachter.'
r.)
Description.
36
558
in
1668.'
See Fig. 107.
Colophon.
(F. 36,
Ed. pr. 1543.
Nurnberg gauger
Turks-head
at the
536 numb.
JOIIANN FREY.
Title.
same as
James Fief her,
practically the
'Printed by
Bishopsgate-//ftreet, next the great James.
London, 1668.
8, 9.5
unnumb., 21-26
Editions.
x
11.
Nurnberg,
There was no other
s. a.
edition.
10.9 cm.
(1543).
The book
bears no
date except in the dedicatory epistle to the reader, which closes
with the words,
'Anno
1543.'
reference to the author,

Johaii
The
part of
who
This epistle gives,
also, the
there speaks of himself as
only
'
ich
Frey/ burger zu Nurmberg.'

subject of gauging occupied a great deal of attention on the
German
writers
on arithmetic
in
the sixteenth century, and
occasionally, as in this instance, separate books were prepared.
It was
England as on the Continent, not appearing, for
example, in as extensive a work as the Dee and Mellis edition of Recorde
mentioned above. It had, however, some standing in the early American arithmetics, and is found as a separate chapter as late as the mid-
not so
common
in
The title page gives some idea of the

work of the gauger before the days of standardization of casks. The
American rule for gauging a cask was substantially as follows Add to
the head diameter 0.7, 0.65, 0.6, or 0.55 of the difference between the
head and bung diameters (according to the degree of curvature of the
staves), and multiply the square of this sum by the length
divide by
359 for ale or beer gallons, and by 294 for wine. Thus a cask with
bung diameter 36 in., head diameter 30 in., and length 48 in., contains
dle of the nineteenth century.
153-65 ale gallons.
222
RARA ARITHMETICA
This particular work
is
interesting because, although
it
was printed
1543, some of the numerals are quite like those of a hundred years
earlier. The mediaeval 4, 5, and 7 are exclusively used in the engraved
in
\nnmWkr
McUcini
man
X>md) t>cn itLviat>utttn
wclcbee inn^dvwic
anffc^ms'^cên \(xnt>6 îch/fin Kitten 3fibc
rettcrt/vnt>4mii>yethcb6Viibclf4ntevag
Vifievm/vnty (olci)e6 mnbrtlt crhm

nen f<^l/2(uff6tcw gebeflcrt
vnt> gem'ert.
Fig. 107.
figures,
forms.
TriLE page of frey
although the types used in the body of the book give the later
These mediaeval figures may be seen in several illustrations in
the second part of this bibliography.
PRINTED HOURS
ANONYMOUS.
The author
Ed.
Paris, 1543.
1543.
of the 'I'lieoloiôuiucna
(Bishop of Laodicea, 270
a. D.)
is
iinkiniwn.
and probably
He
lived after Anatolius
after lamblichus (fourth century).
Sec Fig. 108.
Title.
Description.
7 pp. unnunib.
Greek
1543.
pr.
223
x 23 cm., the text being 9.1 x

numb. (5-65)4-2 blank = 70 pp., 30
4, 15.2
+ 6i
18.1
cm.
Paris,
11.
except the dedicatory epistle, which, being
te.xt,
dated 'Lutitiae Parifiorum 1543.
Calendas
6.
lulias,'
shows
this
to be the first edition.
This edition was unknown to
Editions.
best edition
A work
of
De Morgan.
The
that of Fr. Ast, Leipzig, 18 17.
is
little
importance, on the (ireek theory of numbers.
Gow
88) describes it as a curious farrago.' Cantor {Geschichte dcr Mathcnmtik, Kap. 22) says that the author may have drawn on lamblichus.
The most valuable feature of the work is the light which it throws on
'
(p.
work by Speusippus, nephew of Plato.

Other works of i^4.j. Archimedes, p. 228, 1544;
1540; Glareanus, p. 192, 1539; Recorde, p. 214,
an
earlier
p. 182,
1536
Sfortunati, p. 174,
1534
Rudimenta Arithmeticae
Medlerus,
'
editions:
Wittenberg, 1550;
Tonstall, p.
practicae,'
Leipzig,
1558;
ib.,
s. 1.,
Gemma,
p.
200,
1542; Regius,
134, 1522 Nicolaus
c.
8 (with subsequent
1556;
AV'eissenfels,
1564, 8).
MICHAEL
STIFEL.
Ed.
Stiefel, Stvfel. Born

19, 1567.
sivillful
He was a
pr.
Nurnbcrg, 1544.
1544.
at P^sslingen, April 19. 1487; died at Jena. April
priest, a reformer,
and a
fanatic, but
was one of the most
//apud
loh. Petreium.'
arithmeticians of his time.
See Fig. 109.
Title.
Colophon. 'Excudebatur Norimberga;

(F. 325,
r.)
Description.
cm.
326
ff.
Editions.
4,
(I
15.5
blank, 6 unnumb.), 33
Stifel
wrote
five
works on mathematics,
appearing after his period of religious fanaticism.

with their various editions, are as follows
I.
'
Ein Rechen Biichlein
Apocalysim,' Wittenberg,
vom End
1532.
theory and mysticism of numbers.
^::.
15.1
Niirnberg, 1544.
11.
all
but one
These works,
Christ. Apocalysis in
little-known
work on the
i^TA 0EOAOrorMENA THX APlGMHTIKHr.
Habes hie o
SE
LECTOR,
ffcudio-
NOVVM
OPVS-
culum antehac nufquam cxcufum
Numerorum
ratio explicatur,vt
rum intelligere hanc
, in quo ita
non fit obfcu-
arithmetica ad intenore
lUa de philofophia difputationem,quam
Theologiam veteres vocabant,

conferre piurimum.
ARISIIS.
ApudChriftianumwecIielum
lienfi,in
fiibfcuto Bafi-
vice lacob;Eo:& fub Pegafo,in vi-
coBellouacenfi.
M. D. XLIIL
Fig. io8. Title page of the Theologoumctia
rRlNTi:!) liOOKS
ARITHMETI
CA INTEGRA.
Authorc Michaek
Stifelio*
NorimbcrgJC apud lohan.Pctrcium.

AnnoChrifli md. XLiiiu
Cum gratia Sc priuilcgio Ca-farco

atc^
Fl(i.
109.
Regio ad Scxenniiim*
'riTLE PAGE OF STIFEI.'s
SECOXD AKITHMETU-
225
RARA ARITHMETICA
226
2.
Arithmetica Integra,' Niirnberg, 1544, 4 (here described);
1546; Niirnberg, 1548; ib., 1586, 4.

Deutsche Arithmetica (p. 231), Niirnberg, 1545, 4Rechenbuch von der Welfchen vnd Deutfchen Practick/
1545, 4;
ib.,
3.
'
4.
'
'
auff allerley vorteyl
peln/
vnd behendigkeit/ mit erklerung
'DieCoss',Konigsberg, 1553-54, 4(P-259); ^S7^
5.
Exem-
viler
Niirnberg, 1546.
.',
1615.
which have been

removed from this copy, are dated 'Vuitebergse 1543.' This copy has
evidently been owned by some one unsympathetic with Melanchthon,
The dedication and Melanchthon's
preface, both of
because not only has the preface been removed but the reformer's name
has been crossed out of the title page (Fig. 109). The work is one of
the most scholarly arithmetics and algebras that came out in Germany
in the sixteenth century. It is divided into four books, the first being
an arithmetic and giving not only the theory of the subject, but a considerable amount of practical work. The second book is on irrational
numbers, a chapter which we now insert in algebra, and the third is
on algebra itself, the name of which subject is said to be a Gebro
Aftronomo, auctore eius,' a common opinion at that time. This work
did for Germany Avhat Cardan's and Tartaglia's did for Italy. It was
a storehouse from which subsequent writers drew, and, although not a
practical mercantile book, it materially influenced even the elementary
textbook makers. Stifel himself recognized the demand for such a work,
'
he says
Quanqj autem plurimi de Arithmetica libelli extent, &
quotidie plures noui gignunter, ego tamen adhuc nullum uidi qui Integra
for
artem
'
traderet.'
Stifel
ARCHIMEDES.
Born
makes much use
Ed.
at Syracuse,
c.
pr.
of the plus
and minus
Basel, 1544.
1544.
287 B.C.
signs.
died there in 212 B.C.
The
greatest of Greek
mathematical physicists.
Ttt/c.
See Fig.
10.
Colophon. 'Basileae, per
loannem // Hervagivm, anno ab orbe

(P. 69 of the last part.)
re-//dempto, M.D. XLIIII. menfeMartio.'

Description.
Fol., 21.8
3 1.7
cm., the text being
3.2
23.5
455 pp. (7 blank and 12 unnumb.), 51 11. The work is

made up of four parts, all of the same date, separately paged,
cm.
and bound together. The

sixth
work
'â/u./AiV?;'?,
in the collection.
De
harenae numero,'
Basel, 1544.
is
the
PRINTia) liOOKS
227
APXIMHAOYX
TOY ZYPAKOYSIOV-, TA MEXPI
ARCHIMEDIS SYRACVSANI
i^C G E
PHILOSOPHI
cellentidimi
M ET P^^Ê
EX.
Opera , qusequidem extant,omnia,multis I'am fcculisdefi'
derata,at(j a
quam
paucifTimisliacilcnus
uifa,nunc9
primum ^ Gra:ce &.' Latine in luccm
cdita.
Quorum Catalogum uerfa pagi'na rcperies.
EVTOCII ^SC^LONirÊ
IN
EOSDEM ARCHIMEDIS
bros Connmentan'a,item Greece
nunquam
5<;
LI*-
Latine,
antea excu(a.
Qum C^J. Mate fi.gratia ((J'prmkîo

<td (Quinquennium.
B f^ S
L E <Ê,
Joannes hleruapim exaidificit
An.
Fig. 110.
M D
XL
Title page uf the 1544 akchi.medes
KARA ARITHMETICA
228
Editions.
Archimedes
This seems to be the first edition of the works of

De arenae numero.' This chapter
to contain the
'
1558 edition (below), and separately in Paris

also appears
was not in the
in 1557, 8 (the Hamellius edition, below). It
Tartaglia edition of 1543. It appeared in the elaborate editions
in the
Barrow (1675),
of
berg (1880).
commenti
suoi
Torelli (1792), Peyrard (1807-8), and Hei-
Riccardi says that

alia sfera del
it
'
illustrato dal Clavio ne'
fu
Sacrobosco.'
There are several works of Archimedes extant.
The
'
De
arenae
numero,' included in this edition, is not an arithmetic, but it treats of

of
the numeration of large numbers. It is addressed to Gelon, King
Syracuse, and proposes to show, by geometric proofs which you can
follow, that the numbers which have been named by us and are included
number
in my letter to Zeuxippus are sufficient to exceed not only the
'
of a sand-heap as large as the whole earth, but one as large as the

universe.' Archimedes then proceeds to develop a system of numeration by octads. In this work he incidentally refers to a
would now be expressed by the symbols x x" = x'" + ",
fact
which
ARCHIMEDES.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
Paris, 1557.
1544.
p. 226.
'Paschasii//Hamellii Regii // Mathematici//Commen-
tarius // in //
Archimedis // Syracufani
praeclari
Mathematici
numero arenae, multis locis per //eundem Hamellium

//emendatum.// Lvtetiae // Apud Gulielmum Cauellat, fub pin-
libru //^de
gui Gallina,//ex aduerfo collegij Cameracenfis.//

Description.
48
ff.
8, 11
numb., 23-30
Editions.
11.
557-'
^-
^^^)
12.6 cm.
Paris, 1557.
See above.
This commentary of Hamellius
is
quite as satisfactory as any of the
earlier ones.
ARCHIMEDES.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
1544-
Venice, 1558.
p. 226.
'
Archimedis //opera non nvlla // a Federico Comman-
dino // Vrbinate // nvper in Latinvm conversa, // et commentariis//illvstrata.// Quorum nomina in fequenti pagina leguntur.
HOOKS
PRIN'ri-I)
//Cvni
Description.
cm.
128
ff.
LVIII.'
Fol., 21.
(F. 2,
'
Mami-
text bcin^^ 13.2
X 22.8
With
r.)
x 30 cm., the
(2 blank, 8 unnunib.),
bound the
this is
F.//M
tium, Aldi
229
I'aiiluin
annos X.// Vonetiis,//a])U(l
pi"i\ilci;'i() in
Commentarii //
39
Venice, 1558.
11.
non Nvlla // Archi-
in oj^cra
medis.// Venetiis,// apud I'aulum Manutium,

LVIII.' (F. 60,
F.//
yVldi
contains the book entitled
It
r.)
'
MD
Archimedis //
Liber de Arence // nvmero.'

See p. 228.
JUAN SARAVIA,
Ed.
pr.
Beronese.
la calle
Medina, 1544.
Spanish arithmetician, of Medina, of the middle of the si.xteenth century.
See Fig.
Title.
CFue imprelTa la prcfente: // obrallamada Inftrucio

mercaderes enla muy// noble villa de medina d"l campo per
Colophon.
de
de
1544.
'
Pedro de // Caftro Ipreffor. Acofta d' Antoiio de vrueiia // mercader d'libros. Acabofe atreynta dias // del mes de Julio. Ano
de mil
quinie-//tos
Descriptioji.
cm.
30
ff.
8,
unnumb.
quarenta
14x20.1
quatro anos.'
(F. cvij,
105 numb.
text being
Medina, 1544.
Medina, 1544, 4 (here described);
11.
Editions.
Venice, 1561, 8
(p.
i.)
X 16.9
(Roman numerals) = 107 ff.,
cm., the
12.1
ib.,
1547, 4;
231.)
This rare work was evidently written about 1542 (see f. xcviij, r.).
not a textbook on arithmetic, but it relates to commercial problems,
It is
the topics being curiously interspersed with biblical illustrations to
show
the justice of the customs involved.
Other zvorks 0/1544. Apianus,

Finaeus, p. 163, 1530-32
1518; Kobel,
1492
1522
p.
p. 155,
Gemma,
p. 200,
1527
1540
Breda, p. 131, 152
Cirammateus,
p. 123,
Peurbach, p. 53,
;
Sfortunati, p. 177, 1534; Tonstall, p. 136,
102, 1514; Noviomagus, p. 195, 1539
Riese, p. 139, 1522
Vander Hoecke, p. 183, 1537 H. Bock, 'Kin new RechenbuchJohannes Bogardus, a work on finger reckoning
based on Aventinus (p. 136), Paris; Leonard Hegelin, 'Kin kimstlich
Rechenbiichlin auff Zyffer vnnd andern hii])schen Regeln,' rim(?);
lein,'
Niirnberg, 8
Jlitunf^bf^^ CfjnxOJî^h
PROPTEWEmTSliVVET^
IW-3I:igDAQjaia-\\IVI3IX^
C^nftmcionoemcrcaderes
muy pJOUccboHi^sSnla qual fe cnfenacomo bcuen fo>
iiicrcadcrestractar^-^yDcqiiemiincnifebiinDeeui-
tar Usvfurasê todooFostractos beventcTG-:
com
p2aef21(TiiiIoconmdocomoaloadcfanrado:ralofm
dOfy^clascott1p23sDclcen^03Iqm'C3n)^râcto8c)c
compama:yotrosnnicbo8Contritc?f iBârdciilur
inenfcreb:Jb!a6el tvzcto Dclaclamu^ Z'^rnbicnay
otrotractado>ecimbioD ignclqiiiilfetrsctit bdos
ombios Hci'tos yrepjouados/Ulncnamcntcconi^
pnc^lopo2clôcro20arv^maOeIac^,l(e?i>ero^c^t^
Fig. III.
Title page of saravia
PRINTED HOOKS
231
Antonio Martin, 'Tractado de Arithm^tica y Geometria,' AlcalA, 4;

H. Vuelpius, l)c minutiis phyficis et practicis aftronomicae arithmetit:ae
'
Cologne,
regulis,'
4,
and
Libellus de
communibus
ct ufitatis arithnie-
ticae practicae regulis,' ib., 4.
JUAN SARAVIA.
See
Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1561.
1544.
p. 229.
'Institvtione//de' Mercanti//chc tratta del compararc
Title.
//et vendere,//et della vsvra chepvo // occorrere nella Mercantia//insieme con vn trattato // de' Cambi.// Et in somma fi radi // tutto quello che al Mercante Christiano // (1 conuiene.
// Composta per il Dottor Sarava,// & nuoamente tradotta di lingua spagnuola // dal S. Alfonso D' Vlloa.// Cvm Privilegio.// In
giona
D LXL' (F.
Venetia // Apreffo Bolognino Zaltieri.//
In Venetia apreffo Bolognino Zaltieri //
Colophon.
i, r.)
561.'
(F. 135, V.)

8,
Description.
cm.
135
ff.
Editions.
10. 2X 15.
unnumb.), 29
(3
See
p.
12.2
Venice, 1561.
11.
229.
an Italian translation of the Spanish edition of 1544 (p. 229).

The book was evidently written in 1542 as already stated, for the author
D XLll.'
speaks (f. 109) del capo quefto anno
This
is
'
MICHAEL STIFEL.
See
Nurnberg, 1545.
1545.
'
Zu Nurnberg Truckts Johan
Petreius.// 1545.'
r.)
Description.
cm.
pr.
See Fig. 112.
Title.
ColopJion.
(F. 96,
Ed.
p. 223.
ff.
4,
unnumb.
15.5
20.7 cm., the
92 numb.
= 96
te.xt
ff.,
being 10.8 x 15.5
32-34
11.
Nurnberg,
1545Editions.
See
p.
226.
Deutsche Arithmetica is divided into three parts. In the

Haufsrechnung there are 1 2 chapters, all relating to the arithmetic
of the common j:)eople, there being no household so narrow and poor
that common arithmetic is not both serviceable and necessary to its
welfare.' ('Es ift kein Haufzhaltung/ niendart fo goring vnnd fchlecht/
The
'
'
'
'
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
232
rccljminci t)cr gan^cn 2(ritbmcticf ) bicr ^cn 'cutfcfKn/mit vit

fi-cmbDcrt ttjojtcn/vcrmcngt
vnD vcrblcnD/fcf^nxr tpgctt)crm/(5o
fu ^le mit nctt> crfunt)ncm vonbat vnnD D^cgcln / fc^: fcicljf

nD furl? ^crfur biac^f vnD ^dc ^ it/ t)n^ mti ûtcn ^f uf fcf?cn U
^cê anDcr fo fticrm
f antlicfjcn tt)OJtm t)n ^7(nipc(n crtucpfa.
^clcrt win von Der -Oû^rcc^nwn^ i>nt5 îrcfjcnrccfjuung/ fortgt
fcincti bcnc^f ^nugfam mit ficf).Zlk$ tmcf) -^m S?icfea(l (^ti*
trirt
ft(/auff
cm NfgnPac ncn?c vnD Ccidjfc tvct^
9c(^(l(cf
gu tîirnêr^ true? f $ 3oart 55rcmô

CumPriuflegô ad Qttlnquennium^*
Fig. 112.
Title pagk of stifel's iJcutfchc Arithmctica
PRIjNTEI) 1U)()KS
233
llaulzrechnung odcr gemeine rechnung/ iiirhl niit/.li( h vnnd

dieftlich sey.') Stifel first treats '\'om Algorithmo der Recheiipfenning,'
recommending the operations as being wunderleichtlich (lurch die
(las jr (lie
'
Rechenpfenning gelernet vnd
gelehret.'
largely to arithmetic, although touching
braic operations (Fig.
In
13).
The coss (algebra) relates

upon the most common alge-
Stifel gives the rule for
it
dividing one
fraction by another by using the inverted divisor as a multiplier.
The
('Yonder Kirchenrech-
third part relates to the ecclesiastical calendar
nung/die man nennet Computum Ecclefiafticum'), a subject in which

he acknowledges his indebtedness to Johannes de .Sacro bufto.' With
'
commendable but
his usual
effusive piety Stifel closes with praise not
vnferm Vater im Hymel vnd feinem eynigen

only to the Prince but to
naturlichen Son/ vnferm Herren lefu Chrifto.'
'
JOHANN SCHEUBEL.
Ed.
Bom
pr.
Leipzig, 1545.
1545.
Kirchheim, WUrttemberg, August iS,

1494; died February 20, 1570. Professor of Mathematics in the University
of Tubingen, to which institution he bequeathed most of his manuscripts.
He wrote on arithmetic and algebra, and edited part of Euclid.
ScHEVRL, ScHEUBKLius.
See Fig.
Title.
Colophon.
fakite.//
ff.
14.
Lipfiae ex Officina Michaelis //
'
Anno M. D. XLV.//
8,
Dcscriptioti.
255
unnumb.
Editions.
Strasburg
It is
in
10
i
Idib:
Maij.'
256
ff.,
20-26
sometimes stated that
1540, but
Blum, a
(F. 255,
11.
this
this of
1545.
12
cm.
work appeared
I
at
know
Scheubel also wrote a
246, 1549).
(p.
'
Leipzig, 1545.
cannot verify the statement.
'Compendium arithmeticae
reflittita
r.)
blank
no edition other than
of
at
Murhard mentions
Arithmetica sive de Arte supputandi Liber,' Lipsiae, 1545,

8^ but ho may refer to the De Numeris.' Scheubel also published an algebra (Paris, 155 1), and the seventh, eighth, and
an
'
'
ninth books of Euclid (1558).

This work
is
versant with the
the production of a scholar rather than a
demands
a mercantile arithmetic, the result

the
common
people.
is
written in
Gemma
Frisius,
con-
It carries the
work
in subjects like the roots so
Rechenmeister could not have used it. Moreover,

Latin and is much more extended than the work of
so that it appealed neither to the business school nor
far that the ordinary

it
man
While Scheubel tried to write

was far removed from the needs of
of business.
RARA ARITHMETICA
2 34
-H
vn^ -r
VIL
4!) uk von êpc^cn rcDctt
t)on
t)ifcrt
ieic^m
tDcrbe/foItu
-f- vnt>
mtc^
t)Cf(!(5n
/^cn fomc^crKic^
me/ ettm:oDcr@um:XoDerft.:c'. ^crDcicfe

mc!jt5fr)dênnenncn/fonDcrn/namm/ot)cr bcnrtv
nung ^cr ia(cn.5a}a icij nu rct>c von glcicên icicle/

vnD
2((fo
.
von -f- vni) -f- / oDor von
(juc^/ma tcfe von vngWcfem icjcftmf cDc / fo vcrpcje ce/von -iunb
00 6<it>cn nu t)iTe itvep Sctcljen -hvnD / tin fontttUcf^m
'Îcôiithmum/mkWf^
P^K^ triKauff 4 OCegcfttv 5)cnn er
foltu C0 vcrjicftn
W
vngcrec^ncten
geHiet lum Qilgout^mo
â(cn tvi^Du moU fc^

Dcr
fynmY^/mt>am$wa$ voiBingefagtip vonDiTennamcn fuin:
fum:X jf t)a$ ^tôut aKw ic 5cr / ai$ vntcr an <mi3cn Ziô^
.
rifgmum.
^ erji Sêgcl tôn tern 2(bbtrm

VIII.
vnu 0uttrairm.
big yiid^m/ im Tlbbmn vn ubtral)ircti/

^llem (<> bu im fubtral)it:ctt btc sal / bie
o(>it
b folrc/i fttbttabitrc/iticljt Eanfl fiibtralîrc.

^]ctnvpia vom 2(t)t)iVn.
urn:
0um: -h 7.
18.
0um:
18.
H @um:
^K fi^cj? nu vol mm/m -f- vnt>

Fio. 113.
From
i-
14.
macfec itn rrpcn cr^

cinpta
stifel's Detitfchc Arithmetica
BOOKS
PRINTICl)
A
to the ordinary classical school.
235
great deal of attention
given to
is
exchange, the rule of three, and the extracting of roots of high order.
Attention is also given to problems which would now form part of
algebra,
and there
is
little
The nature
of mensuration.
treatment of geometry from the standpoint

of the work can be somewhat understood
DENVME/
RIS ET DIVERSrS RATIONIBVS
feu rcgulis computationum opufculum,

a loanne Scheubelio compofitum.
Non folum ad ufum qucndam uul

garem/ed etiam cognitionem
S^fcicntiam exquuitiorem
arithmetical acco*
modatum
M. D. XLV.
Fig. 114.
from the
titles of
the five
'
TrrLF.
tractati
'
'
4.
'
De
minutijs phyficalibus
While Scheubel
of his time.
substitute
'
He
is
not
much
proportionibus, proportionalitatibus
bus
ok scîikubki.
i'ac.k
(I^:
'
;
De numeris integris
De minutijs
3.
alijs
5.
'
'
'
De
uulgari-
'
Aliquot regulse.'
appreciated to-day, he was really ahead
tried to banish the expression
rule of projjortion.'
2.
'
'
His ex])Ianation
rule of three
'
and
of scpiare root
is
to
in
RARA ARITHMETICA
236
some respects the best of the century, and he dismisses with mere mention the duplatio and mediatio of his contemporaries. He extracts
various roots as far as the 24th, finding the binomial coefficients by means
'
'
'
'
of the Pascal triangle a century before Pascal
SACROBOSCO.
See
Ed.
pr.
made
the device famous.
Wittenberg, 1550.
1545.
p- 31-
Title.
'
loannis // de Sacrobvsto // Libellus de Sphaera.//
Accessit eivsdem // avctoris Compvtvs // Ecclefiafticus, Et alia

qusedam // in ftudioforum gra-//tiam edita.// Cum Praefatione
Philippi // Melanthonis.' On f. 6^ r., begins Libellvs // loannis
'
de Sacro//bvsto,de Anni Ratione,//sev vt vocatvr vvl-//go Compvtvs Ec-//clesiasti-//cvs.//Cvm Praefatione // Philippi Melan-
//thonis.//Anno M. D. XLV.'
Impreffum Vuitebergae apud // lohannem CratoColophon.
'
nem.//Anno//M.
8,
Description.
cm.
134
ff.
D.
L.'
10.
unnumb.
+2
(F. 134, r.)
15.5
blank

(2
plans)
36
ff.,
26
11.
10.8
Witten-
berg, 1550.
Editions.
The
preface by Melanchthon
is
dated 'Menfe Auguf-
// M. D. XXXVIII,' so that his edition of the book

could not have appeared earlier than that year. The fact that this
volume was printed in 1550, as shown by the colophon, makes it
to.//
Anno
probable that the date

tion.
There
library,
545 on the
title
page
is
that of the
first edi-
are several editions of the 'Sphaera' in Mr. Plimpton's
but this
is
the only one containing the Computus.
properly included in a list of arithmetics than many of

the other computi. Since several others have been included, this, which
but the arithmetical work
is one of the most celebrated, is given place
This
is
less
is
practically
nil.
EUCLID.
See
Title.
pr. (arith.
See Fig. 115.

Stampata
ColopJion.
MD
Ed.
books) 1545-
Rome, I545-
p. II.
XLV.'
'
(P.
12.)
in
Roma
per Antonio Blado Afolano.//
PRINTICI) 1U)()KS
Description. 8, 9.8
112 pp.
(3
237
15.1 cm., llie text bcinj; 6.7
blank, 6 unnumb.),
24-26
Rome,
11.
10. 9
cm.
1545.
Editions. There were several editions of one or more of those

books of Euclid that relate to some part of the theory of arith-
QVINDICI
LIBRI DEGLI ELEMEN

TI
DI EVCLIDE, DI GRE
CO TRADOTTI IN
tINGVA THO-
SCANA*
IN ROMA* M DXXXXV,
Qonimuî^rmXeôiiti
S.
N.
S.
Pj^w/oTcr^,
Ks delta Seretiisfima republica Venetiana

êr cinque anni*
Title
Fk;. 115.
metic.
edition.
p.xge ok
Of these separate books,
Among
others
tmk 1545 faclid

this
is
may be mentioned
the rare
first
Italian
those of Wittenberg,
1549; Paris, 1551-4 (P- 238); ib., 1554. 4 (P- 238);

8 (p. 240)
Wittenberg. 1564,
1555 (by Scheubel) Paris, 1557,
1546;
KARA ARITHMETICA
238
There were very many editions
8 (p. 240).
published before 1600, practically
all
work
Book V, on pro-
of Euclid's
including
and some including the other arithmetical books.
portion,
Euclid's treatment of arithmetic was purely theoretical, no work on

computation being included. This copy has the following note by
book was also printed in Greek

and dedication. There is a Greek
copy in the British Museum. A. De Morgan, Feb. 29, 1852."
Feliciano, p. 149, 1526
Other works 0/1545. Bseda, p. 131, 1521
De Morgan, who once owned
same
it
" This
year, place, size, printer,
1532; Stifel, p. 226, 1544; Sfortunati, p. 177, 1534;

Arithmeticae practicae
WiUichius, p. 197, 1540; Antonius de Barres,
Newgestelt Rechenpiichlin,'
libri IV,' Louvain, 4; Johann Obers,
Augsburg Pedro Espinosa, Tractatus proportionum,' Salamanca, fol.
Psellus, p. 168,
'
'
'
EUCLID.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr. (arith.
See Fig.
16.
162
See
Editions.
This
it,
(Note the signature of Giuliano de Medici.)

X 23.4 cm., the text being 9.5 X 17.3 cm.
20 unnumb.), 29
(2 blank,
ff.
Paris, 1551.
books) 1545.
p. II.
p.
11.
Paris, 155
i.
237.
not the same as the 1545 edition already described, but,

numerical side of mathematics.
is
like
this relates to the
EUCLID.
See
Ed.
pr. (arith.
books) 1545.
Paris, 1554.
p. II.
Evclidis // Elementa qvaedam // Arithmetica.// LvteTitle.

tie,//Apud Vafcofanum, uia lacobaea, ad infigne Fontis.// M. D.
'
LIIII.//Cvm
privilegio regis.' (F.
Description.
cm.
18
ff.
4,
numb., 29
See
Editions.
This work
is
p.
i,
r.)
15.4X 19.4 cm., the

11.
Paris,
text being 11.2
17.8
1554
237.
made up
of certain extracts
from the various books
of
Euclid relating to Arithmetic. It is in Greek with a Latin translation

following each definition or theorem. It consists of such standard old
Numerus autem, ex unitatibus composita multitudo,' and

such theorems as Omnis primus numerus, ad omnem numerum quern
non metitur, primus est.' There are no discussions, illustrations, or
definitions as
'
'
proofs of the propositions.
PRINTED BOOKS
239
Euclidiselemencorum
LIBER DECIMVS, PET RO
Momaureo
intcrpretc.
Ad loannem Bellaium Cardinalcm.
VTETIAE,
ûd WdfcoftnumiUia lacobâ ad injtgne Tontif*
M.
D.
LI.
CVM PRIVILEGIO,
Fig. 116.
Title page of the 155
euclid
RARA ARITHMETICA
240
EUCLID.
See
Title.
Ed. pr.
p.
Paris, 1557.
Elementorvm // Libri XV.
Evclidis //
'
books) 1545.
(arith.
1 1.
cum
omnem
Mathematicae
Grae-//ce
&
// partem, tum ad quamlibet Geometriae tra-//ctationem, facilis comparatur aditus.// E7rt7/9a/.t/xa iraXaiov.l j ^'yr)[x.aTa irevre \\\drw-
Latine,//Quibus,
a IIvday6pa<i
vo<;,
S'
ad
ao-//<j)6<i
evpe.// Uvdaôpa'i ao(ô<i evpe,
dpiSrjX' i8i-//8aêv // EuKXeiSi]^;
(F.
i,
130 numb.
146
ff.,
25
r.)
12.8 cm.
Paris, 1557.
11.
238.
p.
EUCLID.
See
Title.
8, 10.5
unnumb.
See
Cameracenfis.// 1557.'
collegij
Description.
ff.
HXdroJu
rolai K\eo<; 7rpiKaX\e<i
iirl
Lvtetiae,// Apud Gulielmum Cauellat, in pingui Gallina,
erevêv.
//ex aduerfo
16
fcientiae
Ed.
p.
'
(arith.
pr.
Wittenberg, 1564.
books) 1545.
1.
Arithmetices // Evclideae // Liber Primvs.// Alias in

Qui citra //prsecedentium Sex
ordine reliquorum // Septimvs
librorum // Geometricorum
quis duobus // fequentibus,
opem erudite// perfequitur, cum

j.iera
reli-
principia ac // folidiora funda-
menta Logi-//ftices,id eft,ut uocant, // Arithmetices Pra-//ctic3e.

//Per //loan. Sthen. Luneb.//In scholarvm vsvm Kara to on
tractatus ipcorrjfiartKO)^, difquifitione nimi-//rum Dialectica quae
Dialogorum //est propria.// 1564.'

ColopJwn.
'VVittenbergae.//
x
unnumb., 22-24
Description.
107
ff.
Editions.
9.2
8,
See
Title.
11.
la
r.)
1564.'
(F.
106, v.)
1.5
cm.
Wittenberg, 1564.
237.
p.
Ed.
ValladoUd arithmetician of the
first
pr.
1546.
ValladoUd, 1546.
See Fig. 117.
ColopJion.
En
i,
GASPARD DE TEXEDA.
A
(F.
Anno//
muy
'
CFue
noble
tiempollamada)
impreffala prefente // obra d'Arithmetica
//y
En
la
felice villa
ofifici-//na
de Valladolid (Pincia // otro

de F'rancifco Fernandez //de
PRINTIU) IK)()KS
on
Fic. 117.
i:jvmfc^m
Title page of texeda
241
RARA ARITHMETICA
242
cordoua/ junto alas // efcuelas ma//yores // Acabofe a quatro

dias del
mes // de Henero
//entos
quaren//ta
Description.
8,
defte ano del // fenor de mill
feys//Anos.'
13.5
(F.
quini-
Ixiiij, r.)
16.5
64 ff., numb, in Roman, 32-34 11. Title page engraved on

wood. Valladolid, 1546.
Editions. There was no other edition. De Morgan (p. 103)
cm.
gives the date as 1545, which
phon
of his
is
that of the privilege, the colo-
copy having been torn
out.
This rare Spanish arithmetic gives the fundamental processes with

integers, fractions, and denominate numbers, introduces some practical
mensuration under the
title
'
De
Geometria,' and gives a rather extended
treatment of the business rules.
It is interesting
because of the treat-
ment of Spanish and Arab (algoristic) notation, or, as the author says,
'de numerar en caftellano y en guarifmo.' For example, his two methods
of writing 160,462,009,621, are
U462 qs. ix U621

160 U462 qs 009 U 621.
c. Ix.
PIETRO CATANEO.
A
Ed.
Title.
XLVI.'
'Stampato
(F. 64,
unnumb.
Venice, 1546.
1546.
pr.
in
X 20.8
numb.
=64
x 16 cm.
32-35 11. Venice, 1546.

and probably the first in spite
ff.,
very rare edition,
words nvovamente stampate,' for the dedication

'
M. D. XLVI.
1559. 4
{P-
MD
Venetia per Niccolo Bafcarini.//
r.)
-{-63
Editions.
of the
r.)
See Fig. 118.
f.
iiij,
sixteenth-century arithmetician, of Siena.
Colophon.
(F.
(F.
I, V.)
There were two
244), and Venice, 1567, 4
is
dated
later editions, Venice,
(p.
244).
and in many respects is in advance of its

time. Unlike most Venetian books it uses the Florentine name biricvocolo for the common form of multiplication, and gives the 'a danda
division before the galley form, recommending it as molto neceffario.'
The applications, while not numerous, are practical, and throw some
light upon the business customs of Siena and Venice. Cataneo was not,
however, an original writer. His arithmetic is composed quite largely
The work
is
fairly practical,
'
'
'
'
PRINTED HOOKS
243
the works of
and
shows that he could
his predecessors,
of didactic statements to be found in

the fact that he gives four methods of multiplication
not escape the influence of writers like Paciuolo.
PRATICHE DELLE DVB

PRIME
M ATHEMATICHE
Dl PI ET RODE CATANI
LE
DA SIENA
a
LIBRO D'ALBACO
E
GEOMETRIA
NVOVAMENTE STAMPATE,
INVENETIA
Fig. 118.
M P
y.LVl
Title page of the 1546 cataneo
Other works of 1546. Anonymous, p. 213, 1542; Boethius, p. 27,

Helmreich,
1488; Euclid, p. 237, 1545; Glareanus, p. 192, 1539;
Manzoni, p. 257, 1553; Misrachi, p. 180, 1534;
p. 303, 1561
;
RARA ARITHMETICA
244
Rudolff, p. 152, 1526; Sole, p. 143, 1526; Stifel, p. 226, 1544; AnonyAn introduction for to lerne to recken with the pen, or with the
mous,
'
counters accordyng to the trewe cast of Algorisme, in hole numbers, or

in broken, newly corrected. And certayne notable and goodly rules of
false positions
thereunto added, not before sane in our Englysche Tonge,'

London in 1574, sm. 8; Anony-
I>ondon, 8, with another edition at
mous,
'
Ein new kurtz Rechenbtichlein auff der Linien und Federn,'
Frankfort, 8, possibly by Giilfferich (p. 269, 1555); Alfonzo Lopez de

Corella, Secretos de las cuatro mathematicas ciencias,' Valladolid.
'
Works of I^4"/. Gemma,
200,
p.
1540;
Saravia, p.
229, 1544;
Tagliente, p. 114, 15 15.
Works 0/1348, Gemma,
p. 200,
Riese, p. 139, 1522; Stifel, p. 226,
C.
P.,'
'
1521;
p.
132,
p.
114, 1515;
Wolphius, p. 154, 1527; AnonySpecie principali, et primi principii del' Arithmetica di C. de
Uberti, see Tagliente, p. 114, 1515
mous,
1540; Ghaligai,
1544; Tagliente,
Bologna.
PIETRO CATANEO.
See
Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1559.
1546.
p. 242.
Le// pratiche // delle dve prime // Matematiche // di

Geomecon il//pratico e uero modo di mifurar la Terra.// Non piv
Title.
'
Pietro Cataneo // con la aggionta,// libro d'Albaco e

tria
mostra da
altri.//
(Woodctit of
grififin
with motto
'
//comite Fortvna.') In Venetia, apreffo Giouanni

LIX.'
(F.
Griffio,
MD
r.)
I,
Colophon.
di
Virtute dvce
'
In Venetia, apreffo Giouan GrifBo, ad inftantia//
M. Pietro Cataneo,
MD
Description.
X 20.3 cm., the text being 11.4X 15.1

82 numb, -f i blank = 84 IT., 32-35 11.
cm.
4,
unnumb.
f.
LIX.'
(F. 83, v.)
15.3
Venice, 1559.
See p. 242.
PIETRO CATANEO.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
1546.
Venice, 1567.
p. 242.
'
Le // pratiche // delle dve prime //Matematiche // di
Pietro Cataneo Senese,// ricorrette,
ne ag-//giontioni de
lo steffo
&
meglio ordinate, con alcu-
Autore.//Diuife
in libri quattro.//
PRINTED HOOKS
(Woodcut
I,
'
LW'II.'
In Venetia, apreffo Giouan Griffo, ad inftanlia di
Pictro Cataneo,
Description.
cm.
245
Virlvlc (lvc-c,//coniilc For-
r.)
Colophon.
//M.
<;rirrin,
'
In Vonetia, aprcffo Giouanni (}ritTio,//M
tvna.)
(F.
of
with nioUo
88
4,
MD
numb., 32-35
ff.
Editions.
See
p.
LXVIL'
(F. 88,
X 20.7 cm., the
15.5
11.
r.)
text being 11.7
This differs from the
242.
15.7
Venice, 1567.
tion only in the fact that the part relating to
first
(1546) edi-
geometry contains
considerable additional matter.

See
p.
242.
JACQUES PELETIER.
Bom
Ed.
pr.
S.
1549.
1607.
1.,
1517 died at Paris in July, 1582. Tie became principal

of a college, traveled extensively, and contributed both to literature and
to elementary mathematics.
at
Mans
in
L'Arithmeti-//qve de lacqves // Peletier dv // Mans,

Title.
//Departie en quatre liures.Z/Troifieme edition, reucue et augmentee.//Par lean de Tovrnes.// M. DC. VII.' (P. 3.)
Description. 8, 10.3 X 16 cm., the te.xt being T .7 ^ 13 cm.
'
297 pp.
(6 blank,
Editions.
unnumb.), 26
Poitiers,
(Graesse says 155
Lyons, 1554,
i);
these, but the above title
shows
1.,
1607.
4, a
8.
ib.,
1552, 8
Graesse mentions
this edition of
third, possibly the third revision.
an edition of 1567,
S.
11.
1549, 4 (Graesse, Sup.);
1607
to
all
of
be the
have also seen mentioned
Lyons edition
of 1570,
and a Latin
edi-
and 1578.
tion at Paris in 1563
The work is quite practical, although it contains a considerable

amount of medi3eval matter. The first book treats of the fundamental
operations with integers, the second of fractions, the third of roots and
proportion, and the fourth of the applications of arithmetic. It contains
a number of such traditional problems as the hare and hound. Peletier
De fractionibus astronomicis compendium de
also wrote a chapter
'
cognoscendis per
of
Gemma
memoriam
Frisius.
calendis,' that
Graesse mentions an
'
was published
in his editions
Arithmeticae modus,' Paris,
1563, 8, probably the Paris edition referred to above.

wrote one of the first practical textbooks on algebra.
Peletier also
RARA ARITHMETICA
246
JOHANN SCHEUBEL.
See
is
'
Anno
Description.
Sm.
I549-'
8, 8.7
unnumb., 27
ff.
Editions.
lacobvm // Parcvm, expensis // loan-
Basileae, per
nis Oporini,//
87
Basel, 1549.
1549.
'
Colophon.
cm.
pr.
The title page is missing in this copy, but the running

Compendium Arithmeticae.' (See the 1560 edition.)
Title.
headline
Ed.
p. 233.
(F- 87,
r.)
Basel, 1549.
Basel, 1549, sm. 8 (here described);
1.8
11.
1560, 8
ib.,
That this is the first edition is seen in the Epiftola

Dedicatoria,' which bears date Tubingae, idibus Marti] // annni
'
(below).
'
fefqui millefimi // quadragefimi noni.'
(P. 7.)
While open to some of the criticism mentioned in connection with

Scheubel's De mmieris ( p. 233, 1545), this book is more practical
than his earlier one, and was enough in demand to warrant two editions.
It is not, however, a commercial textbook.
'
'
JOHANN SCHEUBEL.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
Basel, 1560.
1549.
p. 233.
'
Compen-//divm Arithme-//ticae
Artis, vt bre-//uif-
longe utilifsimum eru//diendis tyronibus, non folum pro//pter ordinem, quo paucis perftrin-//guntur omnia huius artis
sum
ita
fed // etiam caufa perfpicuitatis, quae plu-//rimum de-
capita
lectat
&
iuuat difcentes,//
fummopere expetedum
per loan-//
nem Scheubeliu adornatum//& confcriptum.//Iam denuo ab ipfo

autore recognitum //
&
emandatum.// Continent autem utrunq5
hoc Compendia,// numerorum
fcilicet
&
calculorum, feu//pro-
anno 1560.'
iectilium (ut uocant) ra-//tiocincationem.// Bafilae,

(P.
I.)
Colophon.
'
Basiliae
// excudebat lacobus Parous,// expenfis
loannis Opo-//rini, anno

Description.
8, 9.5
14 pp.
24
Basel, 1560.
See above.
M.D.LX.//menfe
15 cm.,
the text
191 numb. (3-193)
unnumb.
11.
Martio.'
(P. 205.)
being 6.1
blank
206
12 cm.
pp.,
23-
PRINTED BOOKS
JOHANN FISCHER
Ed.
pr.
(Piscalor).
Stettin,
1549.
A German
247
s.
(1565?).
a.
Rechenmeister of the second half of the sixteenth centui^.
Ein kurtz Rechenbuchlein fur die anfahendc Schulcr

Title.
gemacht //Durch Johann Fifchcr. Gcdruckt zu Alton Stettin//
'
in
Johan Eichorns Druckerey.'

Dcscnption.
16
ff.
9.8
unnumb., Stettin,
(F.
i, r.)
15.4 cm., the

a.
s.
(1565
This work appeared
Editions.
'
8,
te.xt
being 6.^ x
cm.
1.2
?).
first
in
Latin under the
Arithmeticae Compendium, pro Studiosis hujus
artis
title
tyronibus
recognitum/ Leipzig, 1549, with subsequent Latin editions,

1554. 1559. 1582, 1592, 1598, and Wittenberg, 1592, all
Of the German translation there were editions

(1565
s. a.
Leipzig,
.?),
58
8 (here described)
8;
1,
1592,8.
from the
to be different
Rechenbijchlein,'
'
as follows
ib.,
8.
Stettin,
Frankfort an der Oder, 1566
Fischer also published a work, said
Compendium,'
Wittenberg,
entitled
'
Ein kiinstlich
1559, with four editions from
1559 to 1592.
As the
title
suggests, this
is
merely a compendium, designed to serve

It has no more merit than
as an introduction to practical arithmetic.
any
brief primer.
JUAN DE YCIAR,
Ed.
pr.
Vizcayno.
Saragossa, 1549.
1549.
On f. 3, r.,
in 1525.
loannes de Yciar astatis sve anno xxv.'
a large portrait with the inscription
He lived in Saragossa, and was well known as a calligrapher.
IciAR.
Basque arithmetician, born
at
Durango
'
is
Title.
See Fig. 119.
CFue impreffo el prefente libro en la muy noble

ciudad //d'âragoâ en cafe de Pedro Bernuz/a cofta
Colophon.
//y
leal
'
//del auctor y de Miguel de âpila mercader d'libros,// Acabo

fe a .xvj. de Febrero del ano de mil y //quinientos y quarenta y
//nueue.' (F. 61, v.)
Description. Fol., 19 X 28.9 cm., the te.xt being 14.3 X 21.5
cm.
ff.
unnumb.
Saragossa, 1549.
56 numb.
blank
63
ff.,
27-38
11.
248
KARA ARITHMETICA
Fig. 119.
Title page of yciar
PRiNrr:i)
Saragossa,
Editions.
Heredia
(I,
fol.
549,
154) says that this
is
249
(here dcscribccl)
The book probably had
4.
1564,
ib.,
hooks
;
1555,4;
ih.
several other editi(jns, for
'una des plus anciennes
edi-
tions de ce traite.'
There are numerous interesting features

is
part of
it
traditional, as that
Roman
stands for five because
L was
Latin vowel, and part more recent, as that
Among* these
book.
in this
Yciar's fanciful explanation of the origin of the
it
numerals,
was the
fifth
form
for C. U is used instead of M, as with several Spanish writers, and
cuento is used for million as was their general custom.
(See p. 60,
Ciruelo.) The treatment of the fundamental operations is followed by
progressions, compound numbers, roots, mensuration, and such common
applications as las compahias fin tiempo and con tiemjw,' and las
'
half of the old
'
'
de teftamentos.'
Other works of IS49- Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Anonymous, p. 213,
Euclid, p. 237, 1545
Gemma, p. 202,
1542
1540; Glareanus, p. 192, 1539 Kobel, p. 102, 15 14 Recorde, p. 214,
c. 1542
Hans Bock, Ein new Rechenbiichlein aufif der Linien und
Federn,' Niirnberg (probably a second edition of the 1544 book, p. 229)
Joannes Stigelius, Arithmetica,' Leipzig, 8, with a second edition, s. 1.,
reglas
'
'
1554 (Victorinus
4.
VALENTIN MENIIER
Ed.
1563
Strigelius of
metica practica,' Saragossa,
see p. 311)
(Yciar's
Juan Vejar, 'Arith-
work?)
de Kempten.
Antwerp, 1565.
1550.
pr.
Mennher. a German-Dutch
arithmetician of the sixteenth century.
See
also p. 281, 1556.
Practicqve // pour brievement //apprendre a Ciffrer,

Liure // de Comptes, auec la Regie de // Cofs, & Geome//Par M. V. Menher Alleman.// (Woodcut of counting
Title.
'
& tenir
tric.
house.)
Anvers,
I'an
M. D. LXV.//Auec
priuilege
du Roy
pour 4 ans.' (E. i, r.) Bound with this in the third part is
'La Regie d'Algebra,' or 'Cofs.' Also the IVacticqve // des
'
M. D. LXIIIL'
Anvers
Imprime en Anuers par yEgidius Dieft,//rAn
Triangles // Spheriqves.//
Colophon.
'
de noftre Seigneur lefu Chrift.//M. D.

(F. 113, V.)
LXV.//
19.
lanuarij.'
RARA ARITHMETICA
250
8, 9.6 X
5.6 cm., the text being 7.3 X
The algebra contains 120 ff. unnumb.
Description.
113
26
ff.,
11.
the geometry, 102
ff.
'
1.
'
Practique des
tri-
Antwerp, 1565.
angles spheriques.'
Editions.
(part 4), besides the
12.6 cm.
(part 3);
Menher wrote
three or four arithmetics, as follows
Practique briesve pour cyfrer et tenir Livres de compte,'
Antwerp, 1550,8; 1556 (probably the one mentioned on p. 281);

Antwerp, 1565, 8 (here described). Unlike the De Morgan copy
this
does not have 1564 for 1565 in the colophon. Indeed I

De Morgan probably looked at the colophon of the geome-
think
try instead of the arithmetic.
'Arithmetique seconde,' Antwerp, 1556 (p. 281). A comPractique shows it to be substantially
2.
parison of this with the
'
'
In his epistle to the reader,
same work.
the
Menher speaks
of the 1565 edition of the 'Practique' as merely a revision of
noftre feconde Arithmetique de I'an
'
of
M. D. LVL'
8, 1573 (p. 347). I know

no other sixteenth-century edition of this work, although there
'Livred'Arithmetiqve,' Antwerp,
3.
was a Rotterdam edition in 1609,

ent from the Practique.'
The work
8.
entirely differ-
is
'
'
4.
Arithmetica Practice,' Autorff,
560,
8.
know nothing
of this work.
The Practique and the Arithmetiqve seconde,' essentially the

same work, are mercantile textbooks, possessed of the spirit of the
'
'
Livre
'
d'Arithmetiqve
Menher was one
'
(p.
his successors, particularly in
some very
ADAM
See
Title.
196,
RIESE.
ff.
but
not
as
successfully
written,
Dutch arithmeticians, and

the period from 1600 to 1650, produced
the
Ed.
pr.
Leipzig, 1550.
1550.
p. 138.
See Fig. 120.

Gedruckt zu Leipzig durch //Jacobum Berwalt.'
'
r.)
Description.
cm. 4
),
among
practical textbooks.
Colophon.
(F.
347
of the pioneers
4,
unnumb.
15.5
-f-
196 numb.
= 200 ff.,
29-31
11.
10.6
14.4
Leipzig, 1550.
PRINTED
1U)()KS
251
tm3e/aufft>mmtm
5Dariu fotttH
t>n5
bc^mWgf ejft>utc6 W<JOwpotftio*
mW-PMcfica genant/SWtt grflntftcfetm
Cûrc^
2(bam SKwfetu
c:
'-^^
Cum
gratia
& priuikgfo
Cgffarco#
Fig. 120.
Title page of the 1550 kiese
RARA ARITHMETICA
252
See
Editions.
The
date
The
it is
is
the fourth of Riese's books
Isaac Riese's arithmetic of 1580
also given in the dedicatory epistle,
is
forty-six folios contain the treatise
first
counter reckoning.
Feder,' the
This
140.
p.
Bound with
139).
This
common
the fourth the
'
followed
is
algorism.
Vifieren
'
The
(ff.
is
auff
'
365).
im 1550
jhar.'
den Linihen,' the
47-105) by that 'auff der

Practica,' and
is the
third part
or gauging.
mination of Riese's work, and
'
(p.
(p.
'
The book
represents the cul-
the best exponent of the practical
arithmetic of the middle of the century in Germany.

Other works 0/1550. Agricola, p. 171, i533;
Agrippa,
p. 167,
1531; Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Borghi, p. 22, 1484 Cassiodorus, p. 21 1,

1540; Feliciano, p. 149, 1526; Gemma, p. 200, 1540; Glareanus,
Medlerus, p. 223, 1543;
p. 192, 1539; Lonicerus, p. 253, 1551;
Regius, p. 181, 1536; Riese, p. 139, 1522; Taghente, p. 114, 15 15
Torrentini, p. 76, 1501. There was also an edition of Sfortunati, c. 1550
Two other works published c. 1550 should be men(p. 174, 1534).
Anonymous, Opera che insegna a tener conto de libro secondo
tioned
;
'
lo
cosueto di
tutti
li
lochi della Italia al
modo
mercantile,'
s. 1. a.,
with
some mercantile arithmetic; William Buckley, 'Arithmetica memorativa

compendaria Arithmeticae tractatio,' 8, s.
Logic, London, 1572, 1574, 1577, 1584, 8.
sive
JOHANN SCHEUBEL.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
1.
1551.
a.,
but later in Seton's
Paris, 1551.
p. 223.
'
Algebrae//compendiosa//facilisqve descri-//ptio, qua
depromuntur magna // Arithmetices miracula.// Authore loanne

Scheubelio Mathematicarum //prof eff ore in academia Tubingenfi.
//Parisiis,//Apud Gulielmum Cauellat, in Pingui Gallina,//ex
'
aduerfoCollegiiCameracenfis.//i55i.//Cvmprivilegio." (F. i,r.)

Excudebat Lutetiae Parifiorum, Benedictus PreuoColophoji.
'
tius
Typo-//graphus,invico Frementello, fub infigni ftelte aureae.
//1551.'
(F.
numb.
Description.
4,
52, v.)
13.2
15.2
numb., 32-37 11. Paris, 1551.

52
cm.
ff.
the
I have included this algebra because it contains some work in
extracting of roots by the galley method, and therefore shows the persistence of this mediaeval plan.
PRINTED BOOKS
ROBERT RECORDE.
See
pr.
London, 1596.
1551.
p. 213.
'The Castle //of // Knowledge.// To Knowledge
Title.
this
Ed.
253
Castle fet,// All Learnings friends
wil
fupport,//
it
is
So
fhall their name great honour get,// And gaine great fame with
good report. //Though fpitefull Fortune turn'd her wheele,//
To
ftay the
wheele,//
Sphere of Vranie,//Yet doth the fphere
And
flee'th all
Fortunes
villanie //
Though
refift
that
earth do
honour Fortunes ball,// And beetles blinde her wheele aduance,
//The heauens
to
Fortune are not thrall,// The fpheres furmount
Fortunes chance.// London // printed by Valentine Sims,

afsigned // by Bonham Norton.// 1596.' (P. i.)
all
Colophon.
1596.'
(P.
'
Description.
cm.
pp.
Imprinted
London by Valentine // Simnies.
at
236.)
4,
14.4
unnumb.
blank
London, 1596.
Editions. London, 1551
ib.,
232 numb.
1556,
fol.;
=
ib.,
236
17.5
41
pp.,
11.
1596, 4 (here
described).
Recorde's name does not appear on the

letter of
dedication to
The work
is
'
Princesse Marie,'
on astronomy, and
is
page, but he signs the
title
'
Robert Record Phyficion.'
of interest in the history of arith-
metic only in the operations involving sexagesimal fractions. Division

there are no symbols for
is performed by the galley method, and
degrees, minutes, and seconds.
The
arithmetical part includes the rule
Like the author's other works (pp. 213, 286), this

catechism form.
of three.
is
in the
Euclid, j). 238, 1545

Other works of i^î. Borghi, p. i6, 1484
Noviomagus, p. 197,
p. 200, 1540; Glareanus, p. 193, 1539
1539; Peletier, p. 245, 1549; Recorde, p. 214, c. 1542; Tonstall,
Arithmeticae brevis Introductio,'
p. 134, 1522; Adam Lonicerus,
Frankfort, 8, with subsequent editions, ib., 1568, 8
1570, 12 1581
1585 1600, 8 (Tropfke puts the first edition as 1550) Andres Garcia
de Lovas, 'Tratado del computo,' Salamanca, 8 Innocenzo Ringhieri,
;
Gemma,
'
Centi givochi liberali ... in dieci libri descritti,' Bologna, 4, with

subsequent editions, Venice, 1553, 4; Bologna, 1580; Lyons (French
'
translation), 1555, 4 (contains
some number games).
RARA ARITHMETICA
254
MARCO AUREL.
in
Ed.
pr.
Valencia, 1552.
1552.
Aurel was, as he states, a German. He lived, however, for several years

Valencia, and published a work there in 1541.
See Fig. 121.
Title.
4, 14.5 x 19.3 cm., the text being 9.9 X 16.6 cm.

unnumb. + 140 numb. = 144 ff., 31-36 11. Valencia, 1552.
Description.
ff.
Aurel, in his letter to the reader, dwells
upon the unfortunate
state
mathematics in Spain, and says that he feels called upon to assist in

making known a science so necessary to humanity. Of the twenty-four
chapters in the book, the first six may be said to relate to arithmetic as
of
we
ordinarily consider
it,
the rest referring entirely to algebra.
The
arithmetical chapters present the subject in a fairly practical way, but
To
are deficient in genuine problems.
subtract
is
called
'
Restar,' as at
present in Spanish, the same root appearing occasionally in other languages, and our
word rest (for remainder) being a relic of this name.

performed entirely by the galley method, but the figures are
not canceled as is generally the case.
Proporcion is used for ratio,
and proporcionalidad for proportion, as was generally the custom in
the early arithmetics of all Latin countries, a custom derived from the
Boethian books. The proporciones (ratios) are treated at considerDivision
'
'
is
'
'
'
'
'
The
able length after the fashion set by the mediaeval writers.

tions are almost entirely
under the
'
Regla de
tres
'
In the part devoted to algebra, surd numbers are
German
root symbols showing the
first
treated, the
and minus signs

the works of writers like Stifel and
influence.
are also used as extensively as in
The
applica-
(rule of three).
plus
Scheubel, and the symbols for the various powers of
the
unknown
quantity are such as are found in the works of contemporary writers in
other countries.
LILIUS GREGORIUS GYRALDUS.

Ed.
A
Title.
See Fig. 122.
Description.
184 pp.
Venice, 1553.
pr. 1552.
philosopher of Ferrara, of the middle of the sixteenth century.
8, 9.3
(2 blank,
Editions.
15.5 cm., the te.xt being 6.1
16 unnumb.), 29
Venice, 1552, 8;
This treatise also appeared

and Leyden, 1696.
II.
ib.,
12.4 cm.
Venice, 1553.
in his 'Opera,' Basel, 1580,
sm. fob,
?*'LIBRO PR I-
MEÔ, VE J<IilTHMETlCJ
Mgehratica ,nel qualfe contlene

con otras muchas
jflgebra , Vulgarmentellamada
la COfa ifin la qual no fe
elides , ni otros muchos
mo en Geometria
el arte Mercanituol,
^glas del arte menor^ylaêgla
del
Arte mayor ^ o \egla de
podra entendet el dccimo de Eu->
primores , a/Tt en jfrithmetica co*
compuejlo ,ordenado ,y hecho Impri*
mir por iVfarco Aurel, natural Meman : Intitulado, Ve6

jpertador deingenios. Vadiriffdo al
muy maî*
fico fmormoffen Bernardo Cimon, Cm
Jadano dela mi{y infigney co*

ronada
Gudad df
Valencia^
'/^/VC.
feyo>7y^c
^Z^-
^ Con
Priuilcgio de fu Mageftad,
por ticmpo dc dlcz anos
En cafa de loan de Mcy, Mandroi

Fig,
12
1.
Title page of aukel
KARA ARITHMETICA
256
GREGORII
LILII
GYRALDI FERRARIEN. SVAa

R
V M Q.V
ARVNDAM ANN Ob
tationum Dialogifmi XXX. ad Awa

plij?. C(xrd>
Saluiatum,
Item Uurentij frizzolij Solmenfls Dialogifmui unicttt

dc ipjlm Ulij uiu cr opmbm*
V E N E T 1 1 5,
M D
Apud Gmltcrum Scottm,
I.
^1
Fig, 122.
Title page of the 1553 gyraldus
PRlNTI':i)
HOOKS
257
is of interest in the history of mathematics in

and third parts deal with notation and finger symbolism.
Dialogismvs secvndvs de manus & digitorum nominibus d(q; numerandi per eos antiquorum ratione (p. 10) is an almost unknown sketch of
'Dialogismvs tertivs ad Baptistam Lucarinum FR.
finger symbolism.
filium optimre fpei ac indolis puerum, de notis & finguris numerorum,
(p. 20) is an eciually interesting
quibus Latini ac Grseci utebantur
This set of dialogues
that the second

'
'
'
sketch of the Greek and Latin numerals. Gyraldus also published a

Brevis instructio de Grecor:^ numerali supputatione in 15 13, fol.
'
Agricola, p.
Other tvorks 0/1552.
1540; Ghaligai,
152
132,
p.
and
Herman
i533
Gemma,
GiillTerich,
'
203,
p.
Ein new kurtz
with editions ib., 1555, 12, 1568, 8

Peletier,
292, 1559); Ortega, p. 94, 1512
Joachim
Riese, p. 139, 1522
214, c. 1542
Rechenbiichlein,' Frankfort,
(see also p. 244, 1546,
171,
8,
p.
1549 Recorde, ]).

Camerarius, Arithmologia,' i 2 (there was also an edition at Basel, s. a.,
Re16); Dunkel, Arithmetica,' Leipzig, 8; Christopher Falconius,
chenbuch,' Konigsberg in PreufJen, 4 (Murhard cites as a different
work of the same date Rechenbuch auff die Preusche mijntz mass und
p. 245,
'
'
'
'
Gewicht,'
ib., 4).
DOMENICO MANZONL
A
Title.
ff.
S.
pr. 1553.
1.
(Venice),
553.
See Fig. 123.

8,
Description.
16
Ed.
sixteenth-century arithmetician, born at Oderzo.
10.5
immimb., 26
11.
13.4 cm.
except where arranged in sections.
S.
1.
(Venice), 1553.
There was no other edition
Editions.
Manzoni
of this work.
had already pubUshed a textbook entitled Libretto molto utile

per imparar a leggere, scrivere et Abaco, con alcuni Fondamenti
della Dottrina Christiana,' Venice, 1546, 8, 31 pp. of which are
'
He
devoted to arithmetic.
rate treatise,
'
La Brieve
in qualsi voglia negotio,
Venice, 1553,
8,
246
in Vinegia'
doue intcrucnga numero, peso,
little
manual
of the
'
(f.
2)
is
elabo-
&
misura,'
fundamental operations
Abbreviatvre delle monete, Pefi,
The
more
ff.
beautifully printed
arithmetic.
also published in 1553 a
Risolvtione di Aritmetica universale
& mifure,
chi
fi
of
ufano
helpful to students of the history of sixteenthall who are interested in the metrology of the
century arithmetic and to
countries with which Venice traded.
RARA ARITHMETICA
258
Fig, 123.
MICHAEL
See
Title.
STIFEL.
Title page of manzoni
Ed.
pr.
1553.
Konigsberg
i.
Pr., 1553.
p. 223.
See Fig. 124.

'Gedruckt zu K6nigs-//berg
Colophon.
in
Preufse durch Alex-
andrum // Behm von Luthomifl/ Voll //endet am
dritten tag
PRINTl^) 1KK)KS
dcfs
Icrbft-//m<^n^ts/ Als niann
/.alt
lichen //hcrrn Jcfu Chrifti.//' 1554.'
nach //dcr gcburt vnfcrs

(1'.
Fig. 124.
Title
4, 14.7
pac:k
j<jtr
ok stikkl's rudolff
507 pp. (4 blank, 12 unnumb.), 21-26

1553-
505.)
m^mgrptrglttprefilTttt
ftj(tvniy*Uul<m tin
Description.
259
11.
Konigsberg
in
16 cm.
PreuCen,
KARA ARITHMETICA
26o
Editions.
1
57
in Preufien, 1553, 4 (here described);
Konigsberg
See also
1.
226.
p.
Although the book is nominally an algebra (the word cofs coming

from the Italian cosa, thing,' meaning the unknown quantity), the first
part of the book is devoted entirely to arithmetic. This part is intended
as an introduction to the algebra that comes later, and gives the fundamental operations as treated by Rudolff, with Stifel's commentary. It
is entirely theoretical, and it naturally leads into the theory of irrational
numbers, which constitutes the first part of the algebra.
Other works 0/1553. Albert, p. 180, 1534 Boethius, p. 27, 1488
Gemma, p. 204, 1540; Gyraldus, p. 254, 1552 Mariani, p. 181, 1535
Morsianus, p. 182, 1536; Ringhieri, p. 253, 155 i Rudolff, p. 152, 1526;
Bernardu Wojewddki, Algorithm, to jest nauka liczby, po polsku na
'
'
'
<
linijoch uczyniony,'
CLAUDE DE
Cracow.
BOISSIERE.
Claudius Buxerius. Born
He
Ed.
in the
pr.
on poetry, music, and astronomy.
also wrote
Paris, 1554.
1554.
diocese of Grenoble, probably
For
his
c.
1500.
Rythmomacliia see
p. 271.
See Fig. 125.
Title.
Colophon.
'
Acheue d'Imprimer
Description.
2
le
// iour d'Octobre,//
xiij.
(F. 74, I.)
1554.'
10
4,
12.9 cm.
73 numb. = 75 ff., 32 11. Paris, 1554.

Editiotis. Paris, 1554, 8(here described); ib., 1563, 8(p. 262).
ff.
unnumb.
This
is
work
a theoretical
in
two
'
probably written for
livres,'
work which
have noticed that carries the system of numeration as high as thousands
Mille de Quintillions,' although Chuquet, in his manuof quintillions,
students in the University of Paris.
It is
the second printed
'
script of 1484, carries
it
to
'
nonyllions.'
Chuquet in this as in other

names of millions, bimillions
respects.
De
la
Roche
(p.
128) followed
Boissiere's plan starts with the
(for million millions), trimillions, etc.
He
then says that to avoid ambiguity, as of bimillions for two millions, these
names
are abridged to billion, trillion, etc.
He
moreover numerates
in
periods of six figures each, as in England at present, and not in periods

of three figures as
He
first treats
is
now
the custom in France and America.
of the classes of
number according
to the old plan,
distinguishing between digits (1-9), articles (multiples of 10), and composites (articles
digits), of which names we still use the digit. Instead
of extending the
fundamental operations to
six,
or even nine, as his
PRINTED HOOKS
261
contemporaries so often did, he limits them to four, as we do.

in
addition and multiplication
straction
'
is
is
substantially like ours, but his
as follows (1563 edition)
Refte
939973901
1840006503
900032602
Debte on fomme
Paye on a Subftraire
^
A.
]'>.
L'ART
D'ARYTHMETldVE CONTENANT
TOVTE DIMENTION, TRESSINGVLIER ET COMMODE,
tant pour Tare militaire que
autrcs calculations.
Auec priuilege
du Roy.
Im^r'mia ParU,par^nnet Briere,a I'cnfeignefiinH
iehajiian
rue da Voriis
15
Fig. 125.
His work
4-
Title page of hoissiere
'
sub-
RARA ARITHMETICA
262
In division he uses the galley method only.
Boissiere
is
one
of the first
writers, I believe the first in France, to invert the divisor in the division
had done a few years before in Germany. Book I

somewhat extended treatment of the rule of three.
The second book relates largely to mensuration, figurate numbers,
roots, and the mediaeval proportions.
Some of the rules are in verse. Of military matters, referred to in
of fractions, as Stifel
closes with a
the
title
page, there
CLAUDE DE
See
mention.
BOISSIERE.
pr.
Paris, 1563.
1554.
is
except for the following
tion,
Ed.
p. 260.
This
Title.
is little
Reueu
'
:
&
1554
edi-
augmente par Lucas
Trembley Parifien,//profeffeur des Mathematiques.// A Paris,//

Pour Guillaume Cauellat, a I'enfeigne de la Poulle//graffe, deuant
(F. i, r.)
le college de Cambray.// 1563.'
blank
unnumb.
X i6.8cm.,thetext being 6.8 X
71 numb.
75
ff.,
25-30
13 cm. 3ff.
Paris, 1563.
11.
La Declara//
Two other books are bound with this
de // L'inltrument nomme Canomettre,// Par G. des
Bordes, Gentilho-// me bordelois, profeffeur ez // Mathematiques.//
1570.' and Vsage // Dv // Compas // de // Proportion.// Par D. HenSee
p.
260.
'
tion et Vsage
'
rion,
Mathem.//
M. DC. XVIIL'
JOACHIM CAMERARIUS.
Ed.
pr.
1554.
Deventer, 1667.
Bamberg, April 12, 1500; died at Leipzig, April 17, 1574. The
office of chamberlain (Kammermeister) to the Prince-Bishop of Bamberg
being hereditary in the family of Liebhard, he took the Latin name of
Camerariu.s. He was a distinguished classicist, a friend of Melanchthon,
and a professor at Tubingen and Leipzig. Of the various commentaries on
Nicomachus, his was the most important of the Renaissance.
Born
Title.
'
at
Explicatio // loachimi Camerarii // Papebergenfis// in
dvos libros//Nicomachi Geraseni//Pythagorei //Deductionis//
Ad
Scientiam Numerorum.// Et Notse // Samuelis Tennulii //
in
//Arithmeticam // Jamblichi Chalcidensis.//Daventrise.//Typis

Wilhelmi Wier, CID I3CLXVII.' (P. i.)
Description.
cm.
2 pp.
4,
unnumb.
14.7
19.8 cm., the
239 numb.
text
241 pp., 34
being 10.3 X 14
11.
Bound with
PRINTED BOOKS
the
commentary
263
lamblichus on Nicomachus
of
188, 1538).
(jx
Deventer, 1667.
The
Editions.
was Augsburg,
edition
first
was also an edition pubUshed in 1569.

Camerarius also wrote a work entitled
at
Augsburg
in
554
ib..
557, 8
'
De
published
logislica,'
Leipzig
There
15 54, 8.
(?),
1569,
See
8.
also p. 257, 1552.

the theoretical work of
A commentary on
p. 180,
Other works 0/1554. Albert,
Nicomachus
1534; Bseda,
(p.
i86).
p. 131,
1521;
Buteo, p. 292, 1559 Euclid, p. 238, 1545 ; Finaeus, p. 160, 1530-32

Fischer (Piscator) p. 247, 1549; Glareanus, p. 192, 1539; Huswirt,
Nicomachus, p. 186, 1538 Peletier, p. 245, 1549 Psellus,
p. 74, 1501
Tagliente,
Stigelius, p. 249, 1549
Riese, p. 139, 1522
p. 168, 1532
;
Barth. Barchi, 'Tariffe della valuta di tutte le monete,'

1515
Mantua, 4 (hardly an arithmetic) Claudio Bertholio, De numerandi
Ian Gentil (Vander Schuere, in his 1634
ratione aphorismi,' Paris, 8
p. 114,
'
refers to his arithmetic as published at

see p. 424
f. 201
1554); Caspar Hiitzler, Eyn behende und Kunstrik Rekens-
edition,
Paris,
'
boeck op. der Linien und Tziferen,'
PETRUS RAMUS.
Ed.
pr.
Bom
I.iibeck, 8.
Paris, 1555.
1555.
Cuth, Vermandois, 15 15; killed at Paris

the night of August 24-25, 1572, in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. lie
lectured on philosophy at Paris, and for a short time at Heidelberg. Me
wrote on arithmetic, geometry, optics, and mathematics in general.
Pierre de la Ramee.
Title.
at
See Fig. 126.
Colophon.
'
P.
Rami
Eloqventias et Phi-//losophi:E professoris
// Regij Arithmeticae,// Finis.' (P. 1 1 1 .)

Description. 4, 13.8 X 19. i cm., the text being
128 pp.
(2 blank,
16 unnumb.), 26-27
11.
9. 5
17.2 cm.
Paris, 1555.
Editions. Paris, 1555, 4 (here described); ib.,i557,8; Basel,

See also Gleitsman, 1600 (p. 427), and the
1567; Paris, 1584.

'
Libri
Duo'
of
Ramus, 1569
This arithmetic was popular
(p.
330).
in the Latin schools for half
a century.
from the Greek

writers, a little work on the fundamental operations, and the medioeval
theory of ratios. Ramus had not the faculty of putting together a textbook that should be a rival to that of (rcmma Frisius.
It is theoretical, consisting largely of definitions, extracts
264
RARA ARITHMETICA
P. Rami, cloqucntiae
ET PHILOSOPHIC^ PROFESSORIS REGII,ARITHmeticce libri trcs.
Carolum Lothar'mgum Cardinakm,
PART
Apud Andream
S 1 1 S,
'Wêchelum, Tub Pcgafb,in
^nno
vicoBellouacO:,
5-
Cum priuilegio
Fig. 126.
Salutif,
Regis.
Title page of ramus
PRINTED IJOOKS
JACOBUS MICYLLUS.
Ed.
pr.
Basel, 1555.
1555.
MoLTZER. Born at Strasburg, April 6, 1503; died

He was a well-known classical scholar.
28, 1558.
Title.
265
at
Heidelberg
(?),
January
See Fig. 127.
Arichmctjc^
LOGISTICAE HBRI
duo , cx di'ucrfis cius artis fcri^
excmplis
ptoribus coIIe<Sij
&
plurimis, ijfdein'c^
utilifs^
nupcrilluftrati:
PER
lACOBVMMU
Cum gratia K priuilf gio Imperlali

ad decenniiim.
BASILEAE, PER lOAM*

urn Oôrmm.
Fig. 127.
Colophon.
'
Title page of iMicyllus
Basileae, ex ofificina//IoannisOporini, Anno Salutis
humanae//M. D. LV. Menfe Martio.'

Description. 8, 9.3 X 15.2 cm., the
320 pp.
(3
blank, 23 unnumb.),
25-27
(P. 319.)
text being 7.8

11.
Basel, 1555.
1.3
cm.
RARA ARITHMETICA
266
There was no other edition. Treutlein's statement

I, 15) that the book was pubhshed in Heidelberg
Epistola
It probably came from the fact that the
incorrect.
Editions.
{AbhandlitJigcn,
is
'
Nvncvpatoria'
Domini
dated Heidelbergae, 10 Calend. Nouemb.
is
'
Anno
1553.'
The book was
written for the classical schools.
Although Micyllus
gives the fundamental operations in a practical manner, the latter part

of his
book
is
theoretical, presenting
some
of the ancient arithmetic in
The work includes an unusually complete treatment of sexagesimals, De partibvs Aftronomicis, & earum fupputaDe
tione
(p. 201), and a chapter on the computus (see p. 7),
Temporvm svppvtatione, qva Ecclefiaftici utuntur.' The latter shows
that the name Computus had become unpopular, for it begins with the
Est & temporum fupputatio quaedam, quem Comfollowing statement
putum Ecclefiafticum, barbaro nomine, uocant.' (P. 269.) The followthe Greek language.
'
'
'
'
'
ing
a
is
an example
Rhodo
diftare
pafsus efhciant.
'
of his applied
problems
'
MICHAEL NEANDER.
Ed.
pr.
Alexandriam
quot ftadia ijdem
Scribit Plinius,
583000 pafsuum. Cupio autem

Diuido igitur 583000 per 125.'
fcire,
Basel, 1555.
1555.
Born in the Joachimsthal, April 3, 1529; died at Jena, October 23, 1581.
He was professor of mathematics, Greek, and medicine, in the university of
Jena. He wrote on physics and cosmography.
Title.
See Fig. 128.
Colophon.
'
Anno
Basileae, ex Officina // loannis Oporini,
humanse M. D. LV. Men-//fe lanuario.'

Description. 4, 13.9 X 19.5 cm., the text being
104 pp. numb. + 15 unnumb. + i blank = 120
Salutis
(P.
9.1
pp.,
//
119.)
15.7 cm.
25-29
11.
Basel, 1555.
Editions.
patoria
'
is
There was no other edition. The Epistola NvncvDie Pafchalis, Anno LI 1 1 1,' but the book was
'
dated
'
printed, as the colophon shows, in 1555.
This is a historical treatise on Greek, Egyptian, Roman, Arabic,

and mediaeval European weights and measures, and is particularly interesting because of the symbolism which it contains. The origin of our
present apothecary's symbols of measure is seen in the ancient Roman
abbreviations.
TTf.pL
The
text
is
mostly
in Latin,
Mfrpojv Koi Sra^/Awv' are in Greek.
but eight pages of
'
VaX-qvov
SYNOTIE
MENSVRARVM
ET PONPOND E RATI ONI sO
DERVM,
que mcnfurabilium fecundum Romanos,

Athenienfes , yuu^xcyjQ , msu iTmoiiT^cvs , ex
prseilantiTsimis authoribus huius generis
MiCHAELis NEAN^
DRi exVallcIoacfiimica,
Anno M D Liiiu
cotrafl:a,opera
ACCESSERVNT ETIAM, C^VAE APVD

QAlenum hd^lemis cxtabm deponderumcrmenfuriirum rdtione Ue
hmcnter ieprauAtdymnc Grace cr Latinc multo cotY(îor4f
iufdm
MICHAELIS NEAN
Item rcrum dC ucrborum in his omnibus

niemorabilium Index.
LEVITICI XIX.
EASILEAE,
PER
OA
nem Opormum,
Fic. 128.
Title page of neander
.^^
RARA ARITHMETICA
268
ANTOINE CATHALAN(?).
A
A work with
edition.
Title.
The
French arithmetician.
the
same
Ed.
pr.
title is
Paris, 1556.
1555.
name does not appear
author's
in
this
assigned to Cathalan, Lyons, 1555.
See Fig. 129.
LARITHMETIQVE
ET
MANIERE DE >\PPRENDR.E
a Chijfur
^ compter
pat
f>ar la plume
nomhre ent'ter
yam
lesêfiii en
pu,facile A apprettdre,^ tref-
utileatoutes
rrens,
Denouueau reueuc
Sc corrigee.
xy^laquellefont
^.
adioitflees phtfetm quefiions
exemples pour fair e lafaenceplui
facile^^ plus
k^me a (om-
prendre.
PARIS.
Par lehan RucIIejJemournnt en la Rue

fain (ft Iacqucs,a Tenfcigne dc
queue de Regard.
Ja
Fig. 129.
Description.
9.5
cm.
79
ff.
Title page of the 1556 cathalan
Small
numb.
8,
7.3
unnumb.
80
ff.,
27
11.
Paris, 1556.
PRINTED BOOKS
Lyons,
Editions.
16;
1555,
Paris,
269
1556,
sm.
(here
described).
a very good httlc primer of algorism for the lime. ConcernLequel art trouua premierement vn
work the author says
philofophe d'Arabie, nomme Algus. Dont cefte fcience prent fon nom
This
is
ing this
'
d'Algorilme
'
(f. 3).
In multiphcation the gelosia arrangement
given
is
method, under the name Mvltiphcation i)er quarreaux.' In

premier liure covers the
division only the galley form appears. The
four fundamental operations with integers, and a brief treatment of progressions.
The fecond liure' relates to the use of counters ('gectz'),
ICt note que cefte efpece
which the author esteems so highly as to say
il
de addition eft plus vtile & facile aux gectz que aux chifres
as a third
'
'
'
'
'
eft facile
book
is
par
les gectz,
&
difficile
par
The
les chifres.'
'
'
last part of the
devoted to such standard problems as the testament, the pipes
the cistern, and the broken eggs, and to applications like ex-
filling
change and pasturage.
LODOICO BAEZA.
A
'
ad infigne
Description.
2
ff.
Paris, 1555.
pr. 1555.
See Fig. 130.

Excudebat Benedictus Preuotius, via // Fremen-
Title.
Colophon.
tella,
Ed.
Spanish scholar of the sixteenth century.
unnumb.
Editions.
dom found
ever, the
(F. 68,
ftellas aureas.'
8,
^66
10.3
numb.
This rare
in libraries.
r.)
15.6 cm., the

=-(i'$>
first
ff.,
te.xt
26-27
being 7.8 X 13 cm.
P^"s, 1555-
^l-
edition of Baeza's arithmetic
The second
same impression with the
edition (1556), 8,
title
is sel-
is,
how-
page changed.
The book is entirely theoretical, making much of the classification

numbers and of the ancient ratio systems. It is in Latin with numerous Greek quotations.
Finaeus, p. 163,
Other works of 1555. Euclid, p. 237, 1545
Gemma, p. 200, 1540 Glareanus, p. 192, 1539 Herman
1530-32
Ringhieri, p. 253,
Giilfferich, p. 257, 1552; Mariani, p. 181, 1535
155 1 Valturius, p. 10, 1472 Yciar, p. 249, 1549 Jacob Cuno, 'Arithmetica,' Wittenberg, 8
Taddeo Duni, Liber de arithmetica,' Basel,
4
Melchior Goldammer, 'Arithmetica Pratica,' Wittenberg, 8 Jeronimo de Valencia, 'Arte de computo,' in Santaella's 'Vocabularium
of
'
ecclesiasticum,' a separate edition appearing at Saragossa in 1601.

also p. 140, 1523.)
(See
270
RARA ARITHMETICA
N V M E R A NDI
PR
AE
DOCTRINA
CLARA
METHODO
expojita, in qua hreuiter continentur,
exponmtur aperte ea,quxex ynmrfi

rithmetka Junt ad yfim potiora,
^~
ûthore Lodoico Bae:^,
L V T E T I AF,
^pudGulielmum Cauellat yftibphigui
nnjcx aduerfo coilegij Cameracenfis,

J
Fig. 130.
5.
Title page of baeza
Galli
PRINTED BOOKS
CLAUDE DE
See
Pi<i.
8,
Dcscriptioit.
cm.
f.
Paris,
unnumb.
Paris, 1556.
131.
10.4
x 13.1
26-27 11.
16.6 cm., the text bein<; 6.7
numb.
52
blank
54
ff.,
1556.
Editions.
1556,
ib.,
271
Ed. 1)1.1556.
p. 260.
Sec
Title.
BOISSIERE.
Paris,
1556, 8 (here described); French edition,
8.
Of the three standard treatises on the ancient number game of

Rv thmomachia mentioned in this list, the others being the one of 1496
of uncertain authorship and Barozzi's work of 1572, this is the clearest.
It describes very carefully the checkerboard on which the game is
played, the nature of the calculi used, and the general mode of procedure.
Moreover, it is profusely illustrated (Fig. 132), which adds much to the
value of the book. The game was connected with the mediaeval number
classifications and ratios, and could never have been understood by any
save those who were well educated in the ancient theoretical arithmetic.
GALLUS SPANLIN.
An Ulm
Ed.
pr.
Nurnberg, 1566.
I556(.?).
Rechenmeister, as he describes himself on the
page.
title
See Fig. 133.

Colophon. 'Gedruckt zu Nurmberg//durch Chriftoff // HeufzTitle.
(P. 382.)
ler.'
Description.
8,
unnumb.
15 pp.
Niirnberg,
9.2
4 blank
365 numb.
384
pp.,
1.5
cm.
21-25
11-
1566.
The dedication to Den Edlen Ehrnveften/ FiirfichErfamen vnd Weyfen Herren/Eltern Burgermeiftern vnd
Rath/des heyligen Reichs Stadt Ulm' is dated '3 Julij/Anno
Editions.
'
tigen/
Chrifti/ 1556,' so that this

tion.
know
of
is
possibly the date of the
no other edition except
The author devotes twenty-one pages

this
counter reckoning being
still
to
'
first edi-
this of 1566.
Rechnung auff der Linien,'

method at the time he
the popular
He
then (p. 24) takes up the processes with Arabic numerals,

few abstract numbers, but soon, as was the custom,
introducing many practical applications. On the whole the book may
wrote.
at first using a
be said to be a rather good exponent of Riese's school.
272
KARA ARITHMETICA
NOBILISSIMVS ET ANTIQVISStmus ludusPythagoreus

machia nominatur)
fqui
Rythmo
in vrilitatem
& re-
laxationem ftudioforum comparatus
&
ad veram Sc facilem proprietatem

rationem numerorum aflequendam,
nunc radem per Claudium Buxerium

Uelphinatcm illuftratus.
L V
AE,
^pudGulielmum Cauellat.fHhfmgm Gal^

limiiCX adaerfo coUegij Camentcenfis.
^hdCiM O* calculi yxneum in PtiUtio,

aptidloanncm Genu I
M
CVM PRl
Fig. 131.
ILEGIO REGIS.
Title page of the 1556 Boissiere
PRINTED BOOKS
esfiii
13^
BAAAABS
Fig. 132.
From
boissiere's
Rythmomachia
273
274
RARA ARITHMETICA
vn^^f^ctnivozm(An
nicgcfebcrtt
mcyflci! inn
X)Im
/ 5ttb:ii^
yrftc&flmjopft(
;^?^1
Fig. 133.
Title page of spanlin
PRINTED BOOKS
DOMENICO DELFINO.
Ed.
275
Venice, 1565.
1556.
i)r.
A sixteenth-century Venetian. He was born of a noble family, which had

produced a doge, a general of the Camaldoli, and other men of prominence,
and which was later to produce a cardinal and a captain-general of the
Venetian fleet.
Title.
See Fig. 134.
Description.
8,
9.8
pp. (56 unnumb.), 26
416
Editions. Venice,
1568, 8;
ib.,
1556, 4;
1584,
ib.,
12.7 cm.
1565, 8 (here described);
ib.,
and
8,
Venice, 1565.
11.
The
later.
title
date 1565 as stated, and the dedicatory letter
page bears the

Al Mag.ô et
'
Ecc. Sig. Nicolo Crasso,' signed by Ludouico Dolce,

*
MD
In Venegia a VII. di Febraio.
The
author's preface,
'
Intentione
is
dated
LXIIII,' 1565 new
style.
dell' avtore,'
bears no date, but succeeding this there
simo
et
Reverendissimo Signer,
II
which follows,
a letter
is
'
All'Illvstris-
Cristoforo Madrvccio,
S.
Cardinal di Trento, Governator Meritissimo di Milano,' signed
by F. Nicolo Croce, and dated

bre.
MD L
VI.'
accurately, unless
this
it
There
Di Vinetia
di
il
no colophon to
is
primo
fix
di
Settem-
the date
more
appeared on some page after 360, with which
copy terminates.
The book,
'
summary
of all the sciences,' devotes a brief chapter
to the Boethian arithmetic (pp.
inuentori, utilita,
modo,
lauded in Croce's
del fangue,
dottrina.'
& altri
letter as of
non dimeno
43-48)
'
Dell' Aritmetica, de' svio
// ti Cap.
fecre
III.'
noble family,
'
The author
Illuftre
is
//
highly
per lo splendor
uia piu per I'ornamento e per la gloria della
The Delfino family was
at
that period very prominent in
Venice.
NICOLO TARTAGLIA.
Tartalea.
Bom
Ed.
Brescia,
at
pr.
one of the best mathematicians of
Venice, 1556.
1556.
1506; died
c.
his time,
at
Venice
and was the
in 1559.
first
He was
to give a gen-
eral solution of the cubic equation.
Title.
See Fig. 135.
Description.
cm.
285
ff.
Editions.
Fol., 21.1
(3 blank,
29.
6 unnumb.), 52-56
Tartaglia's
11.
works include the
chiefly algebraic, editions of Euclid,
X 23.6
Venice, 1556.
'
Nova
Scientia,'
Archimedes, and Jordanus,
KARA ARITHMETICA
276
H/f
C
N Z
E,
M^G-N IFI CO M E S
D_EL
<:
EJ^
Domenico Deljino y nobile Vmitiano
D AL OVALE
POSSONO IMPARA ^
SI
moIte~cole appartenenti
&
Con
alia
lattola,
al
cogmnon
gr
le
TO
n
Fig. 134.
uiuere
di
humaiio^
pm
FojhUe
delle cofe
FERRAR
E'
T
notahdi
I.
Title page of delfino
LA
PRIMA PARTE DEL
GENERAL TRATTATO
MERI, ET
NELLAaVALE
UBRI
SI
DI
NV*
MISVRE DI NICOLO TARTAGLIA,
IN
DIECISETTE
DICHIARA TVTTI GLI ATTI OPEU;ATIV/,
PRATICHE, ET REGOLE NECES5ARIE NON SOLA'

incntc in tutra
I'arte
ntgoiijria,& mcrcantile.ma anclior
art,fckntia,oucr difciplina,
CON
LI
douc
intcrucnglii
il
m ognialtra
calculo.
SVOI PRIVILEGir.
In Tînegia per Ciirtio Troiam de i Mauo,
Y\v,.
135.
LJyÎ.
Title page ok taktaglia
RARA ARITHMETICA
278
the
ical,
'
Quesiti et inventioni
and the
'
and
'
'
General Trattato
Regola generale,' chiefly phys-
Of
containing the arithmetic.
'
the arithmetic there were editions in Venice, 1556 and 1560,

4 (?)
ib., 1592-93, 4 (p. 279)
Paris, 1578, 8 (below)
Ant;
werp, 1578,
There was
8.
also a
'
Abbaco
Scelta di
ridotto dal
famosissimo Nicolo Tartaglia,' published at Venice in 1596.
The
entire
work
bound
consists of six volumes,
usually in three,
and
the publication extended over a period of five years, from 1556 to 1560
This volume contains the arithmetic, the most scholarly con-
inclusive.
tribution to the subject that appeared in the sixteenth century.
It is
more elaborate than the treadse of Paciuolo (p. 54, 1494), and hke
that work it enters into the various minute details of the operations
and commercial rules of the Italian arithmeticians. For example, Tartaglia gives seven methods for the multiplication of integers, and four
for division
he enters very
numbers and exchange

tri
as
'
and
Indeed, there
unusually elaborate.
is
much
the discussion of denominate
fully into
his treatment of
is
such rules as
no other
'
Regula de
treatise that gives
information concerning the arithmetic of the sixteenth cen-
tury, either as to theory or application.
The
life
of the people, the
customs of the merchants, the struggles to improve arithmetic, are

set forth by Tartaglia in an extended but interesting fashion.
NICOLO TARTAGLIA.
See
Ed.
pr.
all
Paris, 1578.
1556.
p. 275.
Title.
L'Arithmetiqve // de Nicolas // Tartaglia Brescian,//
grand mathematicien,//et prince des practiciens.// Diuifee en
'
deux parties.// La declaration
&
Recueillie,
fe
verra en
la
page fuyuante.//
traduite d'ltalien en Francois, par // Gvillavme
Gosselin de C8en.//Auec toutes les demonftrations Mathematiques
& plufieurs
//en fon
lieu.//
gverite de France,
in-//uentions dudit Gosselin, efparfes chacune

tres-Illustre
Paris,//
Chez
//Avec
Privilege dv Roy.'
Description.
cm.
286
27-32
11.
ff.
&
Vertueufe Princeffe Mar-//
Royne de Nauarre.// Premiere Partie.//A
Gilles Beys, rue S. lacques, au Lis blanc.// 1578.
8,
10.6
(152 in part
Paris, 1578.
(F.
i,
r.)

I,
134
in part II,
13.4
28 being unnumb.),
PRINTED BOOKS
279
The Seconde Partie follows f. numb. 136 of the first

and is of the same date. The Privilege follows f. numb. 122 of
the second part, and is dated Paris le 17. Septembre. 1577.'
This is merely a French translation of the work already described
with notes by Gosselin. These notes are, rather naively, printed in
more prominent type than the original text, but are generally of little
value. They cover such points as multiplying by or dividing numbers
ending in zero, they amplify certain demonstrations (as in the division
of fractions), and they adapt the commercial chapters to French usage.
See p. 278.
'
'
part,
'
NICOLO TARTAGLIA.
See
Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1592.
1556.
p. 275.
Tvtte I'opere // d'arithmetica // del famosissimo //

Title.
NicoloTartaglia.// Nolle qvale in XVII. libri con varie prove,//
'
&
ragioni, moftrafi ogni prattica naturale,
regole da//gli Antichi,
&
cue interuiene calcolo,//peri, denari,
cambi
&
& Moderni vfate
le
artificiale;
modo,
&
mercantile;
nell' arte
tariffe, calmeri, baratti,
di banchieri, e di fiere, faldi, fconti,//giuochi, traffico di
compagnie, compre, vendite, portar mercantie da un paefe //

all'altro, conuertir monete, congiungimento di metalli, & opere
de'zecchieri.//Sopra
&
fiti,
fi
fciolgono
le
le
qual cofe tutte, formanfi bclliffimi que-
dififi-//colta,
genza, per vtile rileuato de

e Matematici,
&
&
479
4,
13.6
(204 in part
ff.
I,
Editions.
This
Trattato
is
'
See
p.
1556
in part II, 8
it
(p. 275),
Title.
p.
6ff.
1.5
(F.
i,
r.)
18 cm.
Venice,
11.
imtil 1593.
as the
except that
Ed.
pr.
first
it
is
volume
of the
'
General
in (juarto instead of folio.
1556.
Paris, 1556.
160.
See Fig. 136.

Fob, 19.6 X 28.5 cm., the text being 13 X 21.4
unnumb. + 136 numb. = 142 ff., 15-34 11. Paris, 1556.
Description.
cm.
unnumb.), 40
was not completed
same
ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
See
Privilegio.
278.
substantially the
of
Con
M. D. XCIL'
275
Riccardi says that
1592.
dili-
te-//forieri, a Capitani,
Aftrologhi, &c. // Parte Prima.//
// In Venetia,// Air Infegna del Leone.

Description.
&
con vgual chiarezza,
mercanti,
ORONTIIFINAEI,
DELPHINATIS.REMATHEMATICARVM PRO-
GII
ES so RIS,
De rebus mathemacicis,
hadenus
Libri
defidcracis,
nil.
C Quibus inter caetcra, Circuli quadratura Centum

inocIis,&fupra,pcrcundem Orontium
rcccntercxcogitatis,dcmonftratur.
LVTETIAE PARISIORVM,
Anno Chrifti Seruatoris,
M. D. LVI.
ExofficinaMichaelis VafcoJfaniiUia lacobara

adinfigneFontis.
Cum Pnuilcgio Regis.

Fig. 136.
Title page of the 1556 finaeus
PRINTKI) HOOKS
Editions.
see
There was no other
281
For
etlilion.
liis
arithmetic,
160.
J).
Akhough
on geometry,
chiefly
arithmetics because
its
this
work
is
included in the Hst of
treatment of proportion
than that of luichd and his followers.

ever, nothing original in
Kf
is
25-29.)
the work of Finaeus.
VALENTIN NAROD.
Ed.
pr.
more arithi-netical
There was, how-
Cologne, 1556.
1556.
Naibod, Naiboda. Born at Cologne; died at Padua, March 3, 1593. He

was for a time professor of mathematics at Cologne. lie wrote on astronomy
as well as arithmetic.
See Fig. 137.
Title.
Colophon.
'
Coloniae, Typis Iohannis//Bathenij.'
Description.
8
ff.
8, 9.5
unnumb. + 92 numb. = 100 ff., 28 11.

(F. 100,
1.9
r.)
cm.
Cologne, 1556.
Editions.
This
a I^tin work, with occasional Greek passages, and was written
is
Germany. Although assuming to be a pracon calculating, it so lacks the merit of brevity as to be

unfitted for use as a textbook. It has few problems, and these are of
no commercial value. In his desire to exalt the classical learning, Nabod,
like other Latin writers of his time, assigns the Arab-Hindu numerals to
for the classical schools of

tical treatise
the Pythagoreans.
VALENTIN MENHER
Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
de Kempten.
Antwerp, 1556.
1556.
p. 249.
See Fig. 138.
Colophon.
'
Imprime en Anuers par Ian Loe //I'An de noftre
Seigneur 1556 //le 20 iour d'Auril.'
184
ff.
Editions.
This
(F.
184, v.)
x 14.9 cm., the te.xt being

unnumb., 27-28 11. Antwerp, 1556.
Description.
is
8,
See
9.8
p.
7.8
13.2 cm.
250.
usually mentioned as the second of Menher's arithmetics.
It
however, the same as the work described on p. 249, 1550, save for a
few minor changes.
is,
282
KARA ARITHMETICA
VALENTINABOD D
NI
CALCVLATORIA
NV-
merorumque naturaSeîones quatuor.
CLMSJSSIMVM ri<^M
GASPARVM DOVCIVM
fLORENTINVM, CAESAREAE
Maieftatis Confiliarium.
COLONIAE AGRIPPINAE,
Apud hseredes Amoldi Birckmannl 1556.

Fig. 137.
Title page of nabob
PRINT]^:i) 1U)()KS
ARITHMETI
SECONDE PAR
QJEVALENTIN MENNHER
M.
de Kempten.
Auec grace & priuilege de I'Empereur pour quaere ans.

Fig. 138.
Title pack ok menher
23
RARA ARITHMETICA
284
PIERRE FORCADEL.
Ed.
pr.
1556-57.
Paris,
1556-57.
died at Paris in 1574. He was (1560) profe.ssor of mathematics in the College Royale, Paris. He also wrote on astronomy, and translated the works of several Greek mathematicians.
Born
at Beziers
The
Title.
title
page of Book
title
page
of this
copy of Book
II reads as follows
I is
1'
Av qvel seront
The
de
P. For-//cadel
Le // Second Livre de // Arithmetiqve de
'
Beziers.//
missing.
declarees les// fractions vulgaires, auec
leurs demonftrations, par les // quantitez continues, & premieres

caufes des egaliffemens // de I'Algebre.// Le tout nouuellement
inuente par I'auteur.// (Woodcut with motto In Pingvi Gallina.)

Paris,// Chez Guillaume Cauellat, a I'enfeigne de la//poulle
:
deuant
graffe,
college de
le
Cambray.//
i5
56.//Avec
Privilege.'
(F. 94.)
The
Le
title
page
of
Book
III reads as follows
// Troysieme Li-//vre de 1' Arithmetiqve // de P. Forcadel de Beziers.// Avqvel sont traictees les de-//monftrations
de toutes fortes de racines, auecques I'entiere pra-//ctique de
'
I'extraction d'icelles, enfemble plufieurs queftions, reigles,//
demonftrations Mathematiques, auecques

I'Algebre.//
Le
tout de I'inuention de
le
propre fubiect de
rAutheur.//A
Paris,//
Chez Guillaume Cauellat, a I'enfeigne de la // Poulle graffe,

uant le college de Cambray.// 1 5 5 7-// Avec Privilege.' (F. i
de,
r.,
of Part III.)
Description.
323
4, 13.2
(5+93, no,
ff.
4+ III,
in the
X 16 cm.
above three books); 25-31
11.
Paris 1556-57.
Editions.
Forcadel wrote four arithmetics, as follows
1.
'
L'arithmetiqve,' Paris, 1556-57, here described.
2.
'
L'Arithmetique par
3.
4.
'Arithmetiqve
'
This
les gects,' Paris,
1558,
entiere et abregee,' Paris,
8.
1565
(p.
316).
Arithmetique demonftree,' Paris, 1570,4.

is
perhaps the most elaborate French treatise on arithmetic

Its three books of about one hun-
published in the sixteenth century.
dred pages each form a work of the nature of the great contemporary
Italian arithmetic of Tartaglia, or rather of Tonstall's Latin treatise.
Of
PRINTED BOOKS
L'ARITHMETICQVE DE
Forcadel deBeziers.
VeU coôijfance (^
285
P.
/
^s
y*r
^'
dljpofitiondes figures ,autrement des
ftombresJimpUs.
o VT
rArithmcticquc confiftca fjauoir cognoi, ou caraderes , proprcs guidons de

route computation Mathemaiicqucqui font cy dcf
E
ftrcdix figures
fousrcngez felon leurpropre nature.
c
^.^'^ o
cr G vs tJi
G N
fS
cr
UAl.
xnapz*
3.
4.
5.
3.
5.
6, 7. 8.
sioijj. 4.
5aatiil)4. 5.
bup 5.
f.
6.
xijtf. 7.
amij 8. p 0.
arg^jnaa^.o.
i.
o.
8.
5>,
7. S.
51.
o.
I.
I.
2. 3.
8 9. o.
5).
I.
2. 5.
0.
I.
1.
2. 5. 4. 5.
1.
2. 3.
2.
5.
4.
2. 5.
4.
5.
e.^ 2.
^ g 3
2 5 a*
5.
4.
1. 5.
4.
5.
4.
5.
6.
6, 7.
6. 7. 8.
6. 7. 8.
?r> ar
2.-^ .
3^
I.
o. x.,i.
<>. 7".
d. 7, 8. p. o.
adaj 7. 8.
a^nunoojazo.
6. 7. 8. p. o. zero.
1.
^ 2.
s).
premieres,
fecondcs,
tierces.
quartes.
quintes.
fixiefines.
feptiefmes.
huitiefmes.
ncufiefincs.
3
S
?*
R?
Fig. 139.
First page of text of the 1556-57 forcadel
RARA ARITHMETICA
286
practical problems
it
has very few, and
theories of the ancient arithmeticians.
it
is
equally deficient in the
simply a ponderous work
It is
on the theory of arithmetical calculations and
rules,
valuable for a
scholar but useless as a practical textbook.
For a biographical study

II,
Boncompagni's
of Forcadel see
Biillctiiio,
424.
Other ivorks of 1356. Baeza, p. 269, 1555 Cathalan (Anonymous),

Gemma, p. 200, 1540 ; Medlerus, p. 223, 1543 ; Medicus,
1555
Riese,
Recorde, p. 214, c. 1542
Psellus, p. 168, 1532
290, 1557
;
p. 269,
p.
Xylander, p. 356, 1577

Ringelbergius, p. 168, 1531
Anonymous, ' Arithmetices Epitome,' Freiburg, 12; A. Lottini, Calculi
Casp. Pauerus, Logise conti per queUi che hanno denari,' Lyons, 8
1522
p. 139,
'
'
Wittenberg, 8
Joannes Pierius Valerianus, Hieroglyphica sive de Sacris Aegyptiorvm Uteris Commentarii' (ancient finger
reckoning), Basel, fob, with editions ib,, 1567, fol, ib., 1575, fol.; Lugconalgunas
duni,i579,fol. Juan Diaz Freyle, 'Sumariocompendioso
tice astronomica,'
'
Mexico (the
reglas tocantes al Aritmetica,'
first
arithmetic printed in
America).
ROBERT RECORDE.
See
pr.
1557.
London, 1557.
See Fig. 140.
Title.
'Cimprinted
Colophon.
Anno
Ed.
p. 213.
domini.
Description.
1557.'
4,
13
at
London, //by Jhon Kyngfton.//
(F. 164, v.)
14.7 cm.
imnumb., 36 11. London, 1557.

164
ff.
Recorde speaks of this work as The feconde parte of Arithmetike,

containyng the extraction of Rootes in diuerfe kindes, with the Arte of
Coffike nombers, and of Surdes nombers also, in fondrie fortes.' It is
'
book is a treatise
For example, the following is one of the defiA Diametralle nomber, is fuche a number as hath twoo partes
nitions
that if thei bee multiplied together, thei will make the
of that nature
faied diametralle nomber.' The treatise on Cossike nombers begins on
and The rule of equation, commonly called Algebers Rule' on
f S I
not, however, purely algebraic, for the first half of the
on Boethian arithmetic.
:
'
'
'
f.
Gg
4.
The
sign of equality,
'
a paire of paralleles, or
Gemowe
bicaufe noe .2. thynges, can be moare

one lengthe, thus
is found for the first time in print on f. Ff i (see Fig. 141).
:
lines of
equalle,'
PRINTED BOOKS
oftoftte,
tofticfte te tfft feconDe
parte of
Arithmctiketcontnfnpng tl^mrac-^
t(on of IJootcs: fiCbc CoJîê p;aaife,
loftb tht ruU of %M4ôn:ano
têtt)oo;te0of5We
Tboiigb manyfiones doe iearegreate price.
The Tvhetttone isfor exerfice
A% neadeful\,ani'm "booths asfiraunge:

0ulle tbinges and harde it "ffillfo cbaange,
jfndmakf tbem/harpe,to right good vfc:
Ml artefinen Ipofi/eytbei can mt cbufe,

Sut i^ft b( helpe.ytt as mmfee,
Koep>arf>nejffefmeth in it to bee.
TAf groundeofartes didhrde tbajlone-
His v/i isgreate/mdmoare tben one.
Here if^ ou liflyour%ittes to 'tDhette,

Mocbejharpenejfe therbjfbally ougette.
J)ulle Utittesbereby doegredtely mtnde,
Sbarpe "^tttes arefinsdto theirfulle (vde,
Kot^proue,andprai/e,asyou doejinde,
jtndtoyourfel/Le notvnkjnde.
GCIiefe ôoKeis are to bee folDe,at

rbe Melt$(oo;e of )aouU5
i>?3iônfe?ngaone.
Fig. 140.
Title page of recorde's
Whctjtonc of wittc
287
KARA ARITHMETICA
288
Theyfrte
as
tljcic luo^fef s
Doe cptcntjc ) to oiamctc it oitclp
fttto
tlDOOpartCf. 2JIl6crcoftI}Cfiiaei0, thenonenomberis

equtllcvnto one other. anOt^C kconnti^.tvbcnonenomf
itrii compared as e<imlley>nto.7t9tbcrnmberi,
toiUgng ?on to rcmrfacr, tl)at pou rcDucc

, tottjetrleaOc ocnominattons , and
fmallette fo?meiJ,befo?e poti pioceuc anp farther.
anD agaiii,if pour r^tt4f/fl>! be fofbc, tl)at tlje grea*
telle ocnommatton 0/?%, be t'oineo to anp parte of a^
compounuc nombcr , pou flâll tournc it To , tbat tbe
nombcroftl)egreateac Cgne alone, maicftanDeas
5llU)aic5
vournombers
cqimllctotberefte.
ano tbts is all tbat neaDctb to be taugljte
conce^-
npngtbisluoojUe.
^ôtubeitjfoj eaCc alteratio tXeâafmi.^ M\\ pô^
potinDe a feloe eraples^bf caufe tbe ertrattton of tiêtc
rootc0,maietbe mo;tc aptlp bee tojougbte. ano to a^
uoiDetbetebioufe repetition of tbefe luooÔes : ise#
U)oo;rfec1jre,a
qualle to : 3J luill fette as 31 Hoe often
paireofparalleles,o;(II5cmoiDc lines of one lengtbe,
ti)us:=...=~,bicaurc noe.2. tbpnges,can be moare
equalle. ano nolo marUe tbefe nombers.
14
PRINTKI) H0(;KS
LUCAS LOSSIUS.
Ed.
A German arithmetician
Title. See Fig. 142.
289
Frankfort
pr. 1557.
a. d.
Oder, 1557.
of the sixteenth century, born at Liineberg.
ARITHME^
TICES EROTE
MATR A PVEI
IN
A.
QVIBVS SEX SPECIES

^
Regula > quam

huius vtilifsimcS arti's ,
vocant, Detri, breuiter Si perrpicue traduntun
GRATIAM ET VSVM SCHOLA=
IN
r\m
puerilitm
Ldtmrum
hem im
coUe^la
cr
iti
recais edita^
A
LFCA LOSSIO
Lunehurgenji.
FRANCOFORDI7E AD ODERAM
IN OFFICINA lOHANNIS
EICHORNL
I'lTLE PACE OF LO.SSIUS
Fig. 142.
Description.
ff.
unnumb.
date see
f.
8,
9.2
27 numb.
4, v.:
'
31
ff.,
Datoe Lunebar,
22-24
Anno
l^-
11.9 cm.
Frankfort.
For
1557. //7- Februarij.'
RARA ARITHMETICA
290
Frankfort an der Oder, 1557, 8 (here described);

1562, 8; Leipzig, 1568, 8; Frankfort, 1569; Magdeburg,
Editions.
s.
1.,
1585,
8.
small book, intended, as the
title states, for
beginners in the Latin
arranged on the catechism plan, a feature not common

with arithmetics printed in Germany at this time, although extensively
schools.
It is
Quid eft Arithused by Recorde in England (see p. 210). It begins

metica? Est bene & artificiofe numerandi & computandi fcientia.'
(F. 5.) The species are treated in a practical way, but the problems
'
'
are
'
all traditional,
part of them being based
upon
biblical incidents.
Other works of 1557. Archimedes, p. 228, 1544; Camerarius,

p. 263, 1554; Gemma, p. 200, 1540; Gutierrez de Gualda, p. 167,
1531 Jacob, p. 298, 1560; Paxi, p. 80, 1503; Psellus, p. 170, 1532
Ramus, p. 263, 1555 Rudolff, p. 153, 1526 Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15
Martinus Carolus Cressfelt, Arithmetica, Reeckeninge op den Linien
end Cyfferen na allerley Hantieringe,' Deventer (second edition 1577)
De Latinis numerorum notis,' Venice, 4 (colophon
Sixtus Medicus,
;
'
'
date, 1556; hardly an arithmetic).
GIOVANNI FRANCESCO PEVERONE.

Ed.
An
Lyons, 1581.
pr. 1558.
Italian
arithmetician of the sixteenth century,
bom
at
Cuneo,
in
Piedmont.
Title.
See Fig. 143.
Description.
4,
15.3
136 pp. (60 on arithmetic), 35-37

Bound with this is
epistle is dated 1556.
cm.
di Geometria.'
The dedicatory
'II
breve Trattato//
Lyons, 1581.
Although the dedicatory
Editions.
X 17.6
11.
epistle
is
dated 1556, and
the portrait of the author bears the date 1550,

edition before 1558, Lyons, 8.
know
no
of
This edition of 1581 seems to
have been the second.
The
is
first
part of the
work
treats of the operations with integers.
not a particularly progressive textbook, as
includes the
second book
'
is
gelosia' multiplication of the early
seen in the fact that
Venetian writers.
The work
is
in
it
The
and
no sense a scholarly production.
relates to fractions, the third to business operations,
the fourth to roots.
It
Fig. 143.
Title paoe ok peverone
RARA ARITHMETICA
292
ALVISE CASANOVA.
A
Venice, 1558.
1558.
pr.
See Fig. 144.
Title.
Description.
136
cm.
Ed.
Venetian teacher of the sixteenth century.
this rare
work
is
numbered), 33-38
There was no other
Editions.
Although
4, 15.5
(partly
ff.
16.
Venice, 1558.
11.
edition.
usually classed as a commercial arithmetic,
As such it was one

most prominent of the century, and it gives an idea of the business questions of the Venetian merchants of its time.
Other works 0/1358. Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Archimedes, p. 228,
Glareanus,
1544 Forcadel, p. 284, 1556-57 Gemma, p. 204, 1540
Mariani, p. 181, 1535 Medlerus, p. 223, 1543 Recorde,
p. 192, 1539
p. 213, c. 1542; Riese, p. 141, 1522; Andreas Clatovenns, 'Arithmetica Bohemice,' Prag, 8 (Wydra, in his Historia Matheseos in
Bohemia, p. 18, mentions it as printed in Niirnberg, 1530). There were
rather a collection of bookkeeping problems.
it is
of the
c.
two arithmetics published
1536
also
Gemma,
p. 200,
s. a.,
but
c.
1558,
viz.
Benese, p. 182,
1540.
JOHANNES BUTEO.
Ed.
pr.
Bom
Lyons, 1559.
1559.
1485-1489; died in a
He belonged to the order of St. Anthony, and
cloister in 1560 or 1564.
wrote chiefly on geometry, exposing the pretenses of Finaeus.
BoTEO, BuTEON, Bateon.
Title.
pp.,
Dauphine,
c.
See Fig. 145.
Description. 8, 10. 4
400
in
23-27
Editions.
11.
13.2 cm.
Lyons, 1559.
Lyons, 1559, 8 (here described);
ib.,
1560,8.
An
edition of his 'Opera' appeared in 1554.
The work is divided into five books, the first treating of the fundamental operations with integers, the second of fractions and the rule of
position, the third of algebra, the fourth of arithmetical problems, and
of algebraic problems. The problems are not of practical
and hence the arithmetic never attained any popularity.
Anianus, p. 32, 1488;
Other 7Vorks 0/1359. Albert, p. 180, 1534
Cataneo, p. 244, 1546 Gemma, p. 200, 1540 Mariani, p. 181, 1535
Johann Fischer (Piscator), p. 247, 1549 Herman Giilfferich, Ein new
Rechenbiichlin auff der Linien und Federn' (perhaps the work menElementa
tioned on p. 257, 1552); Pedro Juan Monzo (Monzoni),
the
fifth
value,
'
'
Arithmeticae,' Valencia, 8, and
s. 1.,
1566, 1569.
PRINTED BOOKS
Fig. 144.
Title page of casanova
293
RARA ARITHMETICA
294
V T
E O
LOGISTIC A,
& Arichmecicavulgo dicicur in
IS
A
Ii-
bros quinque digefta:qiio-
rum index fummatim

habetur in tcrgo.
r ST) E M,
^d locum VttYHuij corrHptHm

de proportioKe
^'esHtutioyiûi ejl
Upidum mittendorumadbalifls
foramefi^Lihro Decimot
L V G
DVN
JifW CrLlELMVM ROVILLIVM^

5VB SCVTO VENETO.
J/i. D. LIX.
Cum
Fig. 145.
priuilegio JRegis,
Title page of buteo
liooKs
PRiN'ri:i)
FRANCISCUS BAROCIUS.
Ed.
Fkancksco Baruzzi. Born at Venice,

on cosmography, and edited Proclus.
Title.
c.
pr.
1538
295
1560.
Pavia, 1560.
He
died after 15S7.
wrote
Francisci Barocii // patritii Veneti // opvscvlvm,// in
'
quo vnaOratio,&cluacQueftionc.s:// altera de certitudine,& altera

//de medietate // Mathematicarum continentur.// Ad Reuerendisfimum Danielcm Barbarum Patriarcham//Aquileienfem
natum Virum
Clariff.// Patavii, E. G.
Description.
40
cm.
ff.
4,
14.
numb., 26
i, r.)
15.3
Pavia, 1560.
11.
edition.
This philosophical discussion has been mentioned because
some reference
defiji^-
(F.
There was no other
Editions.
P.//M. D. LX.'
to the old Boethian arithmetic.
No
it
includes
arithmetical pro-
cesses are discussed.
OLIVIERO FONDULI.
A
Title.
unnumb.
ff.
date
is
pr.
Bologna, 1560.
1560.
See Fig. 146.
Description. 8, 9.9
23
Ed.
Bolognese teacher of the middle of the sixteenth century.
given on
i.i
cm.
24 11. The
die xxv. Septemb. 1560.'
(possibly one missing at the end),

f.
i, v.:
'Dat. Bonoiae
Bologna, 1560.
There was no other
Editions.
edition.
handbook of commercial customs, from the press of

Pellegrino Bonardo of Bologna, is hardly an arithmetic, although it
explains certain arithmetical processes, and gives a considerable number
This rare
little
of business problems.
SIMON JACOB.
Ed.
pr.
Frankfort, 1565.
1560.
Coburg; died at Frankfort am Main, June

of the best-known Rechenmeisters of his time.
Born
Title.
at
See Fig. 147.

Getruckt zu Franck-//furt
Colophon.
'
24, 1564.
He was one
am Main/ bey Georg
Raben///in verlegung Sigmund F"eyerabends/ //vnd Simon

Huters. Sigmund Pêyerabent // Simon Hutter//M. D. LXV.'
(F. 363, V.)
296
KARA ARITHMETICA
PRATICHE
DE FIORETTI MERCHANTILI.
vtilifsimeaciafcheduna perfbna , di mandare
memorialebreuelnuetioni fabrichate fbpi*

altre in
mifure,
jl Valutar de pefi ,
ftruttioni necceflarie da fapere
Ec anchora a quadrare Muraglie , Taffclli , & Coperti
&
&
, & Legne.-Con la decchiaratrone,

Exempli loro come legendo intenderai.
Ttude , Fieno
Ficj.
146.
Title page of fonduli
&
PRINTHU liOOKS
297
extradion Radicum^viT toott hm ^to\}oitionm/mit vilcn f ufîgcn Sragcn vtl

Q{iiffga6f/;f.
*^ff5gIîc^m<mboIIrolrSlKr:5eric^t^fc9vc3cI,'fa[ftmitluutt3ell juuftitio*
MihJ8/^mo(l?i(tpnibu8/bn&ortf><llfn/fo&i|jaitf;crfiirnmftg[ic^gffc^t(3f/3tblttrt/l)fr
I<icên noc^ nU an tag romme.
CDiiC bann Bon Det Ocomctria/ wie man raojicêtk!; 5<U
&cr J>u6 t6nf /auc^ aflerlrt;
nen fol,
(f ospora/TifguJarJa biib
3rregufaria/nKjTcn/2(am pnbcn
t>fi
0imen 3aco6 t>on (ToBurg/ 'burger toiiD 0êcênmi(l(r iu

5rntffiitt am Wain/mit f[ci|j jufanimen getragen / bnb egt
3illf s turc^
er(lmal0grcff.
(Betrucf t ju ^ranctfurr am
Fig. 147.
W7*yn/
Title page ok jacob
rc^
RARA ARITHMETICA
298
354
(349 numb.), 30
Jacob published two works, as follows
ff.
Editions.
1.
'
15
cm.
Frankfort, 1565.
11.
Rechenbuchlein auf den Linien und mit
Ziffern,'
Frank-
1574, 12;
1589; 1590; 15992.

Kin new vnd wolgegrundt Rechenbuch,' 1 560 Frankfort,
4 (below), and in the
1565, 4 (here described); 1569; 1600,
seventeenth century.
fort, 1557, 12;

'
popular books
Jacob's arithmetics followed the general plan of the
and were deservedly well received in the second half of the
they do not
century. They were commercial textbooks, and although
show any mathematical advance they are historically valuable for their
of Riese,
The
applied problems.
title
page
(fig.
147)
is
interesting because of the
variety of mathematical instruments illustrated.
Buteo, p. 292, 1559;

Other works of 1560. Borghi, p. 16, 1484
1526 Psellus, p. 168, 1532 Scheubel, p. 246, 1549
Gasparo Rizzo, Abbaco nvovo molto copioso
Tartaglia, p. 278, 1556
8
Juan Ventallol, Aritm^tica,'
et artificiosamente ordinate,' Venice,
a rare work, s. 1. a., which appeared in Spain about this time.
;
Feliciano, p. 149,
'
'
SIMON JACOB.
See
This
Title.
Ed.
Frankfort, 1600.
1560.
pr.
p. 295.
is
practically the
same
described above.
Getruckt zu Franckfurt am Mayn/ bey // Matthes

Chris-//ftian Egenolphs Erben.// Anno
Verlegung
Beckern/ In
Colophon.
1600.'
'
(F. 360, V.)

4, 15.5 X 19.2 cm., the text being 10.5 X 14.8
unnumb.+ 349 numb. = 360 ff., 28 11. Frankfort, 1600.
Description.
cm.
1 1
ff.
See above.
JOSEPHUS UNICORNUS.
Giuseppe Unicorno.
Ed.
pr.
1561.
Venice, 1561.
Bergomese arithmetician, born
in
1523; died in
1610.
Title.
See Fig. 148.
Description.
I
f.
unnumb.
8,
9.4
78 numb.
79
ff.,
30
H-
Venice, 1561.
12.7 cm.
PRINTED HOOKS
299
lOSEPHI VNICORNI
BERGOMATIS
LIBER
DE VTILITATE MATHEMATICA*
R V. M A K T
V M,
I
In
quocitniidcLeôrmulta quidem fckuperiucun^
dd
admiratione digna,
CT humano
'
ufid
mceffitrU pafsim repcries.
VBNBT
1 1
Apud Dominicum de NicoUnis
Anno Domini,
Fk;.
i4<S.
M D
I.
Title page of unicornus
RARA ARITHMETICA
300
There was no other
Editions.
This work
appearing
is
much
edition.
not an arithmetic, Unicorn's textbook on this subject

later (p. 412, 1598). It is a proHx dissertation on the
and of arithmetic in particular, with extracts from

and mediaeval writers. Like Agrippa's De vanitate scien-
uses of mathematics,
the ancient
tiarum,'
'
it is
interesting but profitless.
NICOLAUS WERNER.
A
//vnd Ulrich Newber.'

Description.
156
ff.
Editions.
This
pr.
c.
Nurnberg, 1561.
1561.
1520.
See Fig. 149.
Title.
Colophon. 'Gedriickt zu
cm.
Ed.
Nurnberg Rechenmeister, born
is
14.2
4,
Nurnberg/ //durch Johann vom Berg/
(F. 156,
r.)
unnumb., 23-31
15.5
Nurnberg, 1561.
11.
There was no other
edition.
a purely mercantile arithmetic,
and
like
many
of the Italian
assumes some preliminary knowledge of the fundamental

operations. It begins with a treatment of Welsch (Italian) practice,
and is composed almost entirely of practical problems of the day, solved
textbooks
by
this
it
method.
Welsch practice
having, ordinarily, unity for the

If
book cost $2, how much
popular with
all
German
differs
first
will 7
from the rule of three only
in
term, as in the following example

books cost? This method was very
:
arithmeticians of the sixteenth century, and

still to be found in English arith-
survived in the chapter on Practice
appeared also in the early American textbooks. The book

good idea of the business requirements of the second half
of the sixteenth century. The value placed upon exchange and profit
and loss may be seen in the fact that twenty-six pages are devoted to
metics.
It
gives a very
'
'
the former and forty-seven to the latter, while partnership also has
twenty-six pages for
its
share.
JOHANNES MONHEMIUS.
Ed.
pr.
Title.
teacher of the second half of the sixteenth centui7.
See Fig.
Description.
22
Diisseldorf, 1561.
1561.
A German
8,
50.
9.4
15
unnumb., 25-27 11. Diisseldorf, 1561.

ff.
12 cm.
PRINTED BOOKS
ttcfau|falkrUpfi?rtuffman6^mt)d/6n^
fottbctlicb fouiel bettTurnbei:0ifcbctt5lrtttb8
attivnb
^cbiiûd)be\AnQtlmit fonbcrm vo:tcyl/x^b be

fecnbistcir aiiff mncl;ct:|ey (^rt pra(flice
^j^
^rc6
jfo^
C^^^T^^^^
Sltcolaum
^4
crmr
Hilrnbers/ eemert I)ifcipclir/ecl)u'(cm

rnb fcnf! memgHid)cn $u niisin
P'iG.
149.
Title PAGE OF WEKNER
30
302
RARA ARITHMETICA
This work is almost unknown to students of arithmetic. It seems to

be the only edition, although the introduction bears the date 1542. It
It gives
is a small work and is based somewhat on the mediaeval texts.
M E T H O-
VrS JÎTHMETICES
COMPVTATORlAE,OMNHM
SVP^
pMUndi dYtem trddcni:tmHUm,qnmU%

nmeroYum.qum qu oUm cakuUs,
nunc nummisfuper que di^M
tesUneas furfum ac dt
crfum
pofiiis,
pcrficitur*
AuSlorelo. Monhemio^
.^^''Si^^'JlIl^^^s^
DVSSELDORPH
Anno
Fig. 150.
^'
TrrLE page of monhemius
the fundamental operations with integers and a brief treatment of the

rules of three, partnership, and false. There is also a brief explanation
of counter reckoning.
PRINTED HOOKS
BENEDICTUS HERBESTUS.
Born
at Novomiasti, Toland, in 1531
He was a Jesuit priest at

Title. See Fig. 151.
8, 9.5
Description.
42
Ed.
pr.
303
Craonv, 1577.
561.
died at Jaroslaw, March
4,
1593.
11.5
cm.
Cracow.
15.3 cm., the text bcinj; 8
unnumb., 27-28 11. Cracow, 1577.

Editions. 1561; Cracow, 1564,8; ib., 1566;
ff.
ib.,
1569;
ib.,
A Latin book intended for the Church schools, and revised, as the
Prosemivm auctoris states, Mariaiburgi in Prufsia, fub finem Anni
Domini 1576.' It consists of two parts, the first being devoted to the
'
'
'
arithmetical operations, chiefly with counters (and this as late as 1577),

and the second to the calendar. Besides the operations, the first part
on progressions
also includes a chapter
and one on the
rule of three
De
('
('
De
Progressione. Capvt VII.'),
tribvs nvmeris integris.
ANDREAS HELMREICH.
Ed.
Eisleben, 1561.
1561.
pr.
Capvt VIII.').
Halle Rechenmeister of the latter half of the sixteenth century. The

dedication of the 1561 edition is signed by Andreas Helmreich Rechenmeifter vnd Vifierer zu Halle,' and the 1588 edition by Andreas Helmreich
von Eifzfeldt/ Notarius publicus/ Rechenmeifter vnd Vifierer zu Halle.'
'
'
Title.
See Fig. 152.

'Gedruckt
Colophon.
(F. Ill,
Ill
ff.
ai
Eisleben/ bey yV Vrban Ganbifch.'
r.)
unnumb.
Editions. This
is
blank
112
probably the
27-33
ff.,
first
II.
X 14.9 cm.
Eisleben, 1561.
edition of Helmreich's arith-
metic, the dedicatory epistle being dated 'zu Halle inSachffen den
Sontag Oculi/ welcher war der 9. tag des Monats Marcij/ nach
Chrifti Ihefu vnfers lieben Herrn vnd Seligmachers Geburt 1 56
Murhard (1, 155) mentions, however, an edition appearing at Halle
.'
in 1546, 4.
The book was
306), and again in 1595, 4
The work
is
republished at Leipzig in 1588

(p.
306), and possibly
an unsuccessful attempt
to
ib.,
1596,
(p.
4.
combine the old and new
a semi-Boethian treatment of
ratios, assuming a knowledge of the fundamental operations with
integers, and then introduces a course in mercantile arithmetic. He
closes with a considerable amount of work on mensuration, including
arithmetics.
The author begins with
RARA ARITHMETICA
304
ARITHMP
TICA LINEA''
RIS
FIGVRATA,
cum quibufdam ex
COMPVTO
neceflfarijs;
auHore:BEtA(ÊVICTO
HEBJSeJloy
Societatis
lESV Trejbytero,
cumfacultate Superiorum.
CVM GRATIA ET
PRlw7fgo
S,
R.
M.
Jn Oficina Mattbai Sicbcncy*

cbcr
i^nno
DOMitU
^577.
Fig. 151.
Title page of the

1577 herbestus
PRINTED BOOKS
toon tjortcil
305
m^ fe^ctttîg
cracntWcên/ MiitWc&cn rn& pnterfcêDWcên proportjen/

fampt0ea?(flcr pn& bet)fn&er art/mancêrley tXHet^
rutl[?cn
pn^ 0c^nilrc/auff alle Ol?me pnO jCicb
5a
mat l?en/5uramen bracbtfeurcb
Fig. is
2.
Title page of the 1561 helmreich
KARA ARITHMETICA
306
A'eangauging (Visierrechnung). It is somewhat surprising that such a wi

some treatise ever went through three editions.
Other works 0/1561. Albert, p. 178, 1534; Borghi, p. 16, 1484;

148, 1526; Gemma, p. 204, 1540; Recorde, p. 214,
Tagliente,
Sfortunati, p. 177, i534
Rudolff, p. 152, 1526
c. 1542
Tipocosmia,'
p. 115, 1515; Wolphius, p. 154, 1527; A. CitoUni,
Ognibene de
Venice, 8 (a synopsis of science, incUiding arithmetic)
Castellano, Opera,' Venice, 4 (principally on geometry, but including
some arithmetic see also p. 375, 1582) Antonio Maria Venusti, Compendio utilissimo,' Milan, 8 (includes some treatment of exchange).
Feliciano, p.
'
ANDREAS HELMREICH.
See
Title.
'
Ed.
pr.
1561.
Leipzig, 1588.
p. 303.
Rechenbuch// Von
'
vortheil
vnd behendig-//keit/ nach
der Welfchen Practica/ mit // jhren vnterfchiedlichen Proportionen.//Grund vnd vrfach der Regel Detri/ // Sampt gewiffer
vnd behender art/ mancherley Vi-//fier Ruthen vnd Schnure/

nach dem Quadrat vnd // Cubo, auff alle Ohme vnd Eiche zu
machen/ alles mit war-//hafftigen perfpectiuifchen/ Geometrifchen vnd Arithmetifchen demon-//ftrationen, aufz den Buchern
Euclidis fundirt/mit fleifz //zufammen gebracht vnd in Druck
aufzgangen///Durch//Andream Helmreich/Rechenmeifter vnd
Vifierer // zu Hall in Sachffen.// (Cut showing dimensions of a
cask.)
Im Jahr
Colophon.
1588.'
(P. 3.)
'Gedruckt zu Leipzig/ //Durch Abraham Lamberg
//Anno//M. D. LXXXVIIL'
(R 336.)
X 19.2 cm., the text being
blank + i6unnumb. + 317 numb. = 342 pp.,
9 pp.
10.
31
11.
14.5 cm.
Leipzig,
1588.
See p. 303.
ANDREAS HELMREICH.
See
Ed.
pr.
1561.
Leipzig, 1595.
p. 303.
Title.
Rechenbuch/ // Erftlich/ Von // Vortheil vnnd Behen// digkeit/ nach der Welfchen Practica/ mit ih-//ren vnterfchiedlichen Proportionibus, Grund vnd vr-//fach der Regel Detri oder
'
proportionum.//n.
Von
zubereitung mancherley Vifier Ruthen/
PRINTIiD HOOKS
// vnnd Schniiren/damit
alle
dcm //Quadrat vnd Cubo auff

Wic man kiinftlich
den.//III.
307
VahlTcr vnnd andcrc Corpora nach

alle
Ohme
vnd Eiche-Vificre
vver-
das Fcld vnd Erdreich/auff man-
//chcrley art/mit gevviffcr Mcliruthcn vnd Schnuren/nach cines
jedcn Landcs//oder Stadt gebrauch/ Gcometrifchcr vnd Jdio-
vnd was hierV/innen dcr Vntcrfcheid fey/ recht
tifchcr weili/
HH. De
meffen fol.//
Diftantijs
Locorum, das
ift/
Wie man
wunderbar-//licher Geographifchcr vnd Cofmographifcher/ nach
Geometrifcher weife/ durch // Arithmeticam, in der gantzen

Welt/zvveyer Stedte oder Wonung Diftantiam, oder//wie weit
von einander gelegen/ nach ihren Longitudinibus, vnd LatiRechncn vnd finden/ Sampt einer Landtaffel
die
tudinibus, // fol
daraus zu //machen vnd zu befchreiben.// V.
Vnnd
wie
man
die
Funff Horologia communia, oder ge-//meine Sonnen Vhrn/ als

Horizontale, Meridionale, Septentrionale, Ori-//t^ntale, vnd Occi-
Cubum, aufzwendig/ oder fonften an die WenVnd das Fundamentum Horologiorum

Item/ //der Sonnen vnd des Monds am Himmel ge-
dentale, auff einen
//de/ Mawer vnd ebenen/

abreiffen.
Vnd auch
fchwinden Lauff rechnen.
eine fonderliche gar kunft-
Sonnen Vhr/ der Cylinder genandt/ darinne alle Stunde

nach der Sonnen fchein del^ Tages grund-//lich zu erfehen vnd
zu befinden/ machen/ vnd fampt andern mehr fchonen Kunften
vnd Vbun-//gen/ nutzlich gebrauchen fol.// Alles mit warhafftigen Demonftrationibus vnd Figuren/ aus den Buchern Euclidis
vnd andern fundirt. Durch // Andream Melmreich von EiPfeldt/
//liche
Rechenmeifter vnd// Vifierer zu Halle

//
Cum
Priuilegio.'
Colophon.
(P.
Description.
17 pp.
Sachfen an der Sahle.
'Gcdruckt zu Leipzig/durch Zacha-//i'iam Berwald.
// Im lahr/ // M. D. XCV.'
cm.
in
i.)
4,
14.5
unnumb.
(P.
645.)
X 187 cm., the text being 10.9 X 15.4

3 blank + 627 numb. =647 pp., 26-34 11.
Leipzig, 1595.
Editions.
See
p.
303.
This edition contains the Rechenbuch of 1561, together with much

additional matter as summarized on the title page, viz. books III, IV
KARA ARITHMETICA
3o8
This includes a considerable amount of work on gaugSphere.' The first 304 pages
(pp. 306-631).
cosmography, and the
ing, surveying,
are practically identical with the

of
first
'
edition, except for the addition
numerous woodcuts.
GUGLIELMO PAGNINI.
A
Title.
gini //
Ed.
Lucca, 1562.
1562.
pr.
Lucca mathematician of the sixteenth century.
Practica// Mercantile// Moderna.// Di Guglielmo Pa-
'
Lucchefe.//In Lucca per
MDLXIL'
Bus-//dragho.
11
(P- 5-)
Editions.
This
cm., the text being
x 20.6
I75 PP-. 19-28

14 pp. unnumb.
161 numb.
15.3 cm.
Lucca, 1562.
have seen that
a commercial arithmetic, the only one
is
9.
H.
appeared in Lucca in the sixteenth century. The author begins with

the operations on denominate numbers, but places division immediately
after addition. The galley method of dividing is not given at all, in
which Pagnini shows a more advanced spirit than most of his contem-
There
poraries.
short division
is
partire per colonna,'

altro
nome
'
the
'
'
'
'
'
partire grande.'
cation, including
and per
Modo di partire ditti partiri piccoli,' or

Modo di partir per ripiegho,' Modo di
and finally the Modo di partire, a danda per
first
then the
regoletto,'
Following division
'
biricuocholo,'
ripiegho.' Subtraction or
'
traction
'
('
the
is
work
crocetta,'
'
'
in multipli-
per colonna,'
Modo di trare, o fottrare
')
same
order. This work in the fundamental operations is followed by chapters on
exchange and mercantile problems, the Regola del tre,' profit and loss
(' Gvadagni e perdite '), partnership (' Compagnie '), barter, interest and
discount (' Meriti e sconti simpHci e capo d'anno'), and a further treatment of exchange. Altogether the arithmetic is one of the most interesting of the smaller books of the time issued under Florentine influence.
follows multiplication.
The author then
takes
up
fractions in the
'
JUAN PEREZ DE MOYA.

Born
the
He
in
Ed.
pr. 1562.
San Stefano (Santisteban del Puerto),
Salamanca, 1562.
in the Sierra
Morena,
in
He
studied at Alcala and Salamanca.

was canon at Granada in the latter half of the century.
first
Title.
third of the sixteenth century.
See Fig. 153.

En Salamanca.//Por Mathias Gaft.// Ano de
Colophon.
(P. 765.)
'
562.'
PRINTED BOOKS
ARITHMETICA
PRACTICA,Y SPECVlatiuadelBachillerluan
Perez de Moya.
Agora nucuamente corregida , y anadidaj

por el mifmo author muchas cofas,con
otros dos libros,y vna Tabla muy copio
fade las cofas mas notables de todo lo
que en efte libro fe contiene.
Va dirigida almuy altoy
muypodero
fofenor don Carlos frincipe

deEfpaiiamefiro
ftnOY*
ConttcmdayfYmlegto âl
EN 5ALAMJINCA
PorlilathiasGafl*
I
^ t
EiU callajo I moco blancas clfUego^

Fig. 153.
Title page of the 1562 moya
309
KARA ARITHMETICA
3IO
Description.
8,
9.3
811 pp. (765 mimb.), 29

Editions. This is the
gida
'
in the title.
Madrid
in
1598,
It
8,
first
Moya
edition of this
words
'
work
that
have
agora nueuamente corre-
appeared again at Alcala
and there were
between 1609 and 1706.
12.1 cm.
Salamanca, 1562.
to find, in spite of the
been able

11.
and
in 1573,
at
at least thirteen editions
For the 1703 edition see below.

works
Reglas para cotar
also published three other
'
pluma y de reduzir unas monedas castellanas en otras,' in

Manval de contadores,' Alcala, 1582, 8, and Madrid,
1563, 4;
Tratado de matematicas,' Alcala, 1573, fol.,
1589, 8; and
containing a section on arithmetic less complete than the Arithsin
'
'
'
metica practica.'
This is an elaborate treatise of 765 pages of text, covering the
ordinary calculating by algorism, the use of counters, business arithmetic, the elements of algebra (of which word he gives the etymological
meaning, adding the rest of the ancient title, almucabala '), practical
geometry (' Trata algvnas reglas de Geometria pratica neceffarias para
el medir de las heredades,' p. 304), and the calendar. Besides all this,
Moya gives a large amount of information concerning matters of historical interest. For example, he treats the subject of notation very
fully, giving the Greek, Roman, Hebrew, digital, and astrological systems,
together with a brief mention of other systems. Altogether it is the
most noteworthy book on mathematics published in Spain in the
'
sixteenth century.
JUAN PEREZ DE MOYA.

Ed.
Title.
chiller //
Barcelona, 1703.
1562.
pr.
See
p. 30S.
'
Arithmetica// Practica,// y Especvlativa,//del Ba-
Jvan Perez //de Moya.//Aora nvevamente corregida,
//y anadidas por
el
mifmo Alitor mu-//chas cofas.// Con otros

muy copiofa de las cofas mas //nota-
dos Libros,//y vna Tabla
bles de todo lo que en efte Libro // fe contiene.//
Con
Licencia
guero.'
(F.
i,
En
r.)
Barcelona, en
la
Ano
1703.
Imprenta//de Rafael
Fi-
PRINTED BOOKS
Description.
8,
15
X 20 cm., the
396 pp. (380 numb.), 39-41

See
p.
310.
It
11.
text bein<^^ 10.7
17.9 cm.
Barcelona, 1703.
shows the popularity of
edition should appear 141
311
this
years after the
Spanish treatise that this

one, and that another
first
edition was published as late as 1761.
ANONYMOUS.
Ed.
pr.
1562.
Paris, 1562.
See Fig. 154.
Title.
Description.
8,
10.5
12.5
98 pp. numb., 24-30 11. Paris, 1562.

cm.
The work
largely theoretical, but
is
it
contains a few applied prob-
was without merit.

Other works of 1^62 Benese, p. 182, 1536 Budaeus, p. 99, 1514
Euclid, p. II, 1482; Gemma, p. 200, 1540; Ghaligai, p. 132, 152
Lossius, p. 290, 1557; Ramus, p. 330, 1569; Riese, p. 139, 1522;
Xylander, p. 356, 1577
Francesco Spinola, De Intercalandi ratione
corrigenda, & tabellis quadratorum numerorum, a Pythagoreis disposilems.
It
'
torum,' Venice, 8.
VICTORINUS STRIGELIUS.
Ed.
pr.
Leipzig, 1563.
1563.
Strigel. Born at Kaufbeurn, December 26, 1524; died at Heidelberg,

June 26, 1569. He was professor of theology at Jena, Leipzig, and Heidelberg, and, aside from the work here mentioned, wrote entirely on that subject.
Title.
See Fig. 155.
8, 9. i X 14.9 cm., the text being 6.3 X

1.8 cm.
unnumb. + i blank = 84 ff., 21-27 ^- Leipzig, 1563.
Editions. There was no other edition. It seems by the preface that the work was written in 1551. See p. 249, 1549. For
Description.
83
ff.
the date of the printing of this work, 1563, see

the preface.
F. 10,
v.,
gives the year in which
it
f.
6, v.,
of
was written,
MDLI.
This comparatively unknown work presents the subject of arithmetic
from the
arithmetic
classical
('
De
standpoint.
The author speaks
dignitate arithmeticae
'),
and follows
of the dignity of
this discussion
by
RARA ARITHMETICA
312
A R
T H
E-
R. I S I I S,
ApudAndreamWcchelum.
15^2.
Cum privilegio Regis.

Fig. 154.
Title page of the anonymous 1562 arithmetic
PRINTKI) BOOKS
-7f^^
Arithmcticus
toV
LIBELLVS
CONTINENS
MODO TBÂECEVTA
'>(,0N
NOT^
VSIT^T^, SED
etiam demonjirationes
praceptorum
E D
T V
>
J.
yidionno Stngelio.
11^-^
Lipfi^,
J
F F
YOE.CELI
Fig. 155.
(^^:>
I C I
^N^.
Title page of strigelius
3^3
^/^
RARA ARITHMETICA
314
a series of definitions from Euclid, a brief treatment of the operations,

the theory of proportion, the operations with fractions, and some of
the Greek theory of numbers. One curious feature of the book is the
notation of Greek fractions after the Arabic manner.
PIERRE SAVONNE.
A
pr.
Lyons, 1571.
1563.
Avignon
at
1525.
c.
L'Arithmetiqve//de Pierre Savonne,//dict Talon,

d'Auignon//comte de Veniffe. // En laquelle font conte-
Title.
natif
Ed.
French arithmetician, born

'
nues pluiieurs reigles briefues

plufieurs pays, mentionnez
&
//en
ference des poids, aunages //
fubtiles,
la table
pour
les traffiques
dudit liure
& monnoyes
avec
de
la dif-
de chaciin defdits
de metaux :// neceffaire pourtous Maistres de monnoyes, Orfeures & // Changeurs, avec le fait & maniement des
lieiix,
alliage
Changes
&
pagne,//
Ban-//ques qui
fe font
ac-//coustumees
les places
Italic,
&
iournellement a Lyon,
comme
571.'
(F.
148,
Descriptioji.
156
ff.
8,
10.8
Paris,
(here described);
This
Pierre Roufsin.//
r.)
(147 numb.), 28-30
Editions.
par
autres lieux.//A Lyon, par Benoist Rigavd.
//M. D. LXXL' (F. I, r.)

ColopJion. 'A Lyon, de I'lmprimerie de //
I
8:
Flandres, Angleterre, Hef-
11.
1563, 4;
ib.,
1585;
13.6 cm.
Lyons, 1571.
ib.,
ib.,
1565, 4;
1588,
Lyons, 1571, 8
8.
one of the early French commercial arithmetics, well arranged

It was so popular that an edition
appeared as late as 1672. Like all arithmetics appearing in Lyons it
devotes much attention to banking and exchange, this city being at that
time the commercial center of France, and the seat of one of the great
is
but with no marked peculiarities.
international fairs.
Other works of 1563.

Feliciano, p. 148, 1526;
Bseda, p. 131,
Gemma,
Ortega, p. 93, 1512

Peletier, p.
niitzhch Rechenblichlein mit viel
;
1
Boissiere, p. 2 62, 1554;
1540; Moya, p. 310, 1562;
245, 1549; Wolffgang Hobel, Ein
fchonen Regeln und Fragftucken,'
5 2
p. 205,
'
Niirnberg, with editions s. 1. (Niirnberg?), 1565 and 1577, 8; Simon

Schweder, Rechenbuch von alles kauffmanschaft der Landt auff der
Feder und Linien,' Konigsberg, 8".
'
HOOKS
PRINT]<:i)
COSIMO BARTOLI.
A
Ed.
Florentine geometer, born
works of Kinaeus
Title.
'
pr.
1503; died
in
315
Venice, 1589.
1564.
lie also translated the
in 1572.
(see pp. 160, 164).
Cosimo Bartoli/Zgentirhvomo, ct//Accademicp
Modo
rentino,// Del
di
Misvrare//le
diftantie, le
&
corpi, le//piante, le prouincie, le profpettiue,
cofe terrene, che poffo-//no occorrere a
vere regole
d'
Euclide,
(F.
Description.
(6
ff.
4,
(F.
15.5
148,
le
11.
Editions. Venice, 1564,4;
Agofto del 1559,'
r.)
x 21.6
unnumb.), 29
one edition after 1601.

10. di
huomini,// Secondo
lodato fcrittori.// (Elab-
'In Venetia,// Per Francefco Francefchi Sanefe.
Colophon.
148
le altre
r.)
I,
//M. D. LXXXIX.'
cm.
//tutte
In Venetia, Per Francefco Francefchi Sanefe.
orate woodcut.)
1589.'
gli
& de gli altri//piu
Fio-
fuperficie,
15.5
Venice, 1589.
ib.,
1589, 4 (here described), and
The dedicatory epistle is dated

so there may have been an earlier
'
di
il
edi-
tion than that of 1564.
Although the book

130,
the
r.) is
is on practical mensuration, the

libro sesto
(f.
upon square and cube root. The galley method is used, and
common
'
sixteenth-century device of annexing
'
n ciphers in square
root and dividing the root by 10" (and similarly for cube root)
ployed.
roots
is
Bartoli also gives a table of squares to 662^.
followed by one on the
'
Regola delle
cofe,
tre
is
em-
The chapter on
ouero ([uattro
proportionali.'
Works of 1564. Albert, p. 180, 1534; Apianus, p. 155, 1537;

Benese, p. 182, 1536; Euclid, p. 240, 1545; Gutierrez de Gualda,
Herbestus, p. 303, 1561
Kobel, p. iii, 1514; Mariani,
]). 167, 1531 ;
;
1535; Medlerus, p. 223, 1543; Riese, p. 139, 1522; Sole,

p. 146, 1526; Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15; Thierfelder, p. 391, 1587;
Ulman, p. 391, 1587 (Thierfelder); Yciar, p. 249, 1549; Barlaamo,
Arithmetica demonstratio eorum quae in secundo libro f>lementorum
(Euclidis) sunt,' Strasburg (see also p. 343, 1572)
Giovanni Camilla,
Knthosiasmo,' Venice, 8 (containing a little work on arithmetic)
Manuel Fernandez Lagasa, Liljro de quentas,' Salamanca, 4, with a
little work on arithmetic
Petrus Nonius (Nufiez), Libro de Algebra
en Arithmetica y Geometria,' with two editions at Antwerp in 1567, 8
the 'Opera' of Nonius appeared at Basel in 1592.
p.
181,
'
'
'
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
3i6
PIERRE FORCADEL.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
Paris, 1565.
1565.
p. 2S4.
See Fig. 156.
Description.
4,
Editions.
See
p.
X 20
14.8
192 pp. mimb., 32-39
Paris, ce 19. de
this is not often
This
284.
published by Forcadel.
x 15.9 cm.
Paris, 1565.
11.
is
the third work on arithmetic
The dedicatory
May. 1565.'
epistle
is
There was only one
dated
edition,
'
De
and
fovmd in dealers' catalogues.
In this book Forcadel does not, as in his other works, take up the
subject of counter reckoning, but he gives a very satisfactory treatment
of the fundamental operations, the rule of three, partnership, alligation,
and the common applications of the day. It is not, however, as practical
as the arithmetics of Savonne and Trenchant.
ANTICH ROCHA
de Gerona.
Ed. pr. 1565.
Barcelona, 1565.
Spanish arithmetician of the second half of the sixteenth century, born

Gerona, lecturer at Barcelona.
in
Title.
See Fig. 157.
Description.
314
date
ff.
'
8,
9.7
(267 numb.), 28
x 12 cm.
Rocha bears the

11.
Hecha en Barcelona,
The
a.
23.
dedication by
de Nouiembre. 1564.'
Barce-
lona, 1565.
Editions.
There was no other
This rare compilation
is
edition.
based upon several Italian books, and the
number of authors. His list

names of Feliciano, Faber Stapulensis, Buteo, Scheubel,
Finaeus, Ramus, Gemma, and various other writers of the time. Rocha
has, however, omitted some of the best textbook-makers who preceded
him. The book is a fairly complete elementary treatise, the writer having taken up the fundamental operations with various kinds of numbers,
writer claims to have consulted a large
includes the
and treated each
Although a considerproblems relating to mercantile affairs appear

in the last half of the work, the style of the writer is so prolix that the
book could never have been well received by the mercantile classes.
Bound with this work is another with the following title
Compendio
able
number
rule in a rather scientific way.
of practical
'
ARITHMETIOJ/E
ENTIERE
ABREG
E E
DE PIERRE FORCADEL,
LECTEVR DV ROY
ES
MATHMATI QJf E S.
PARIS.
Chez Charles Pcrler, rue S.Iean de Beauuais^

au Beilerophon.
Fig. 156.
Title page ov the 1565 fokcadel
RARA ARITHMETICA
3i8
y breue // inftruction por tener Libros de Cuen//ta, Deudas, y de
Mer-
muy
prouechofo // para Mercaderes, y toda gente de negocio.

// traduzido de Frances en Caftellano. En Barcelona.// En cafe de
caduria
-ÂRITHMET^
ca
por Antich Rocha
dc Gcrona compucfta , y de varies

recopilada : pr6uech(
para todos eftados de gentes.
iu^;ores
Vaanadidovn Corapendio,para
ttncr
y re
de Cuenta-.traduzido de lengHa Francefa en Romance Caftellano.
gir los libros
EN BARCELONA
En cafa de Claudio Bornat, a la Aguila fuertr.
1
i.
Con priuilcgio por dicz anos.

Fig. 157.
Title page of rocha

1565.// Con priuilegio por diez
bookkeeptreatises upon the subject in the Spanish
Claudio Bornat//al Aguila fuerte.

anos.' (F. 286.)
ing,
and
is
This
one of the
relates, as the title suggests, entirely to

earliest
HOOKS
PRINTr:!)
language. In the fourth book
one
bra,
appear
of the first to
319
of this second part
is
a treatise on alge-
in Spain,
Rocha speaks of an Aritmetica by Juan Ventallol, of which we do

not know the date, but which must have appeared before 1565 (p. 298).
ERHART HELM.
.V
Ed.
pr.
Frankfort, 1592.
1565.
Frankfort arithmetician and ganger of the middle of the si.xteenth
century.
Title.
'1592.
Erhart
am Mayn/ // von
furt
Helm/// Mathcniaticus //zu Franck-
// Geometrifcher Abmeffung der Erdcn.//
Item :// Kunftliche Vifier vnnd // Wechfelruthcn/ aul5 dem Quadrat/ //durch die Arithmeticam vnnd Geometri-//am/ gerecht
zLimachen/ fampt einer luftigen behen-//digkeit in Weinrech-
nung/ //alles durch obgedachten // Authorem befchrieben/ vnd

von neuwem // widerumb fleiffig erfehen vnd cor-//rigiert.//
Franckf. bey Chrift. Egcn. Erben. 1592.' (F.i, r.)
jetzt
Description.
23
(p.
ff.,
26-27
143).
(p.
9.5 X 15.4 cm., the text being 6.5 X 12.2 cm.

Bound with Adam Riese's arithmetic of 1592
8,
Frankfort, 1592.
The work appears
Editions.
Riese
11.
in the
1565 edition of Adam

I have seen
142), but not with a separate title page.
no separate edition before this one of 1592.

This is a brief treatise on mensuration, and in particular on gauging,
but it contains some explanation of arithmetical processes, including
the extraction of roots, and a table of square roots to the e(iuivalent of
three decimal places.
Other 7uorks 0/1565. Agrippa,

(Jordanus)
1556
p. 314,
Belli, p.
343, 1573
p. 167,
1531
Cusa, p. 43,
c.
Apianus,
1490
p. 62,
1496
Delfino, p. 275,
Fischer (Piscator), p. 247, 1549 Gemma, p. 200, 1540 Hobel,

Menher,
1563 Jacob, p. 295, 1560 Jordanus, p. 62, 1496
;
Padovanius, p. 389, 1587 Riese, p. 142, 1522 Savonne,

1563 Priscian, Rhemnius, Fanius, Bseda, Metianus, Liber de
nummis, ponderibus, mensuris, numeris, eorumque notis, et de vetere
computandi ratione, ab Elia Vineto emendati,' Paris, 8. (Priscian's
De figuris et nominibus numerorum had already appeared in his
works published at Venice in 1470, fob, with later editions in 1488,
1492, 1495, 1496, 1519, 1525. Such books, of which Mr. Plimpton
p.
249, 1550
p. 314,
'
'
'
has several, are not generally included in this
list.)
RARA ARITHMETICA
320
HIERONYMUS MUNYOS.
Born
at Valencia; died in
Hebrew at Ancona, and

The family name
work.
Description.
ff
unnumb.
pr.
Valencia, 1566.
1566.
He was prof essor of mathematics and

Valencia. He also wrote an astronomical
more
strictly
Muiioz.
See Fig. 158.
Title.
later at
is
Ed.
15S4.
4,
j"]
15 X 20.4 cm., the text being 9.3 x 14.6 cm.

numb. + i blank = 82 ff., 27-3 i 11. Valencia,
1566.
Editions.
'
There was no other
edition.
The
'
epistola'
is
dated
Calendis Aprilis, anni M. D. Lxvj.'
The work
The
consists of three books.
first
treats of the funda-
mental operations, including proportion and some work in the Greek

theory of numbers. The second book treats of fractions, including
sexagesimals, these being needed by the astronomers for whom Munyos
was writing. The third book
relates to ratio
work is too theoretical

ment of arithmetic.
to have
IAN TRENCHANT.
Ed.
the
Lyons arithmetician, born
Title.
'
pr.
c.
much
and proportion. Altogether

upon the develop-
influence
1566.
Lyons, 1578.
1525.
L'Arithme-//tiqve de Ian // Trenchant,// Departie en
// liures.//Enfemble vn petit difcours des Changes.// Avec

// L'art de calculer aux Getons.// Reueiie & augmentee pour la
trois
quatrieme edition, //de plufieurs regies & articles, //par lAutheur.

// A Lyon,// par Michel love,// et lean Pillehotte.// a I'enfeigne
du lefus.// 1578.// Auec priuilege du Roy.' (P. i.)
Description. 8, 10. 4 X 15.5 cm., the text being 7 X 13.7 cm.
375 pp. numb, -f 5 unnumb. = 380 pp., 30-31 11. Lyons, 1578.
Editions. Lyons, 1566; ib.,1571; ib., i 578, 8 (here described).
The
9.
dedication of the 1578 edition bears the date
de
luillet 1571,'
Although
edition.
edition,
know
and
this is described
of only
two
'
De Lyon
given as the date of the
this is often
ce
first
on the title page as the fourth

Cantor says that not less
earlier.
than six editions were published at Lyons from 1588 to 1602,
and
have seen mentioned editions of 1608, 1610, 1632, and 1643.
Trenchant was one of the best of the sixteenth-century textbookmakers of commercial arithmetic in France. His work is divided into
PRINTI-:!)
HOCJKS
321
INSTITVTIONES
ARITHMETICAE AD ÊR.
CiPIENDAM
T R O
I,
O G
M BT
Matheinaticas facultatcs neccffarias.
UVCTOJtE
Htercnymo Munyos Valentino Hehdica tij9r
û<e âricer at^
Mathematumin^y'*
mnafio XJalentinofuhlico
cV*^
frofejfor^^
Ex
V A L E N T I AE.
tjrpographia loannis
Anao
Mey.
1566.
ZJJ
Fk;. 158.
Title page of munyos
KARA ARITHMETICA
322
three books, the
dealing with
first
the fundamental operations with
and containing a considerable number of applied

problems. The second book treats of the rule of three in its various
forms together with such applications as barter, partnership, commission, and alloys. The third book treats of the properties of numbers,
including figurate numbers, roots, and progressions, and has some work
integers
and
fractions,
on discount, together with a few recreations. In the 1578 edition the

third book is followed by a chapter on exchange, and an explanation of
the method of calculating with counters.
GEORGIO LAPAZZAIA.
Ed.
pr.
Naples, 1569.
1566.
Lapezaja, Lapizaya, Lapazaia. Probably a resident of Naples, but born

He was a
at Monopoli, a town in the province of Bari, on tlie Adriatic.
priest, and wrote only the worli here described.
Title.
See Fig. 159.
Colophon.
//Con
'
In Napoli // Apreffo Mattio Cancer.
M.D.LXIX.
Priuilegio per anni diece.//Marius Carrafa Archiepifcopus
Neapolitanus.'
(P. 262.)
i X 21 cm., the text being 10.8 X 16.9 cm.

250 numb. = 263 pp., 29 11. Naples, 1569.
Editions. Naples, 1566, Latin edition with the title 'De fami-
Description. 4, 14.
13 pp.
unnumb.
liarite arithmetical et geometriae,' this
privilege,
'Datum Neapoli
date appearing also in the
die vltimo lulii
M.D.LXVI;'
ib.,
1566,
1575; Naples,
There were several editions after 1600, one
Italian edition; ib., 1569, 4 (here described);
1590, 4 (p. 324).

appearing as late as 1784.
The book has nothing
For the 1601 edition see
commend
to
except
it
its
p.
324.
popular
style.
Lapazzaia begins with the fundamental operations with integers, and

then treats of
ratio, fractions,
and progressions.
He
considers also the
rule of three, the rule of five, interest, exchange, partnership, alligation,

rule of false, and the extraction of roots. The last part of the work is
on mensuration.
Other works 0/1566. BeUi, p. 343, 1573 Fischer (Piscator), p. 247,
1549 Gemma, p. 200, 1540 Herbestus, p. 303, 1561 Monzd, p. 292,
1559 Georg Meyer, Rechenbiichlein defs Silberkauffs und gemachter
Arbeit,' Augsburg, 16; Mathaus Nessen (Nesse), Zwei neue RechenMathematicae quaedam
biicher,' Breslau, 8; Johannes de Segura,
Compendium Arithmeticae et
selectae propositiones,' Alcala, 4, and
;
'
'
'
Geographiae
partis,' Alcala, 4.
PRINTED HOOKS
DARITMETTCA
323
E GEOMETRIA DELUABBATE GEOR*

GlO iAPAZZAIA WONOPOLITANO.
Fig. 159.
Title page of the 1569 lapazzaia
RARA ARITHMETICA
324
GEORGIO LAPAZZAIA.
See
Ed.
pr.
1566.
Naples, 1590.
p. 322.
Opera // terza // de Aritmetica // et Geometria. //

Dell'abbate Georgio Lapazaia//da Monopoli.//Intitolata il Ramaglietto.//In Napoli,//Apreffo gli Eredi di Mattio Cancer.//
'
Title.
M. D.
LXXXX.'
M. D.
LXXXX.'
p.
I.)
(P.
4,
Description.
cm.
(P.
'In Napoli // Apreffo
Colophon.
13.9
unnumb.+
gl'
Eredi di Mattio Cancer.//
176.)
blank +174 numb.
= 176 pp., 29
16.5
Naples,
11.
1590.
See
Editions.
p.
322.
Although bearing a different title, this is merely a revision of the

1566 work, with a slight variation in the problems. The preface is dated
1569, when the second edition of the Italian version appeared, but it
not found in that edition. The tide Opera terza' means simply the
second revision, or the third writing of the book. Lapazzaia's work shows
the increasing attention given by the Church schools to the business
'
is
needs of the people.
GEORGIO LAPAZZAIA.
See
Ed.
pr.
1566.
Naples, 1601.
p. 322.
Libro // d' Aritmetica // e Geometria, // dell' Abbate

Lapazzaia // Canonico Monopolitano, e Protonotario
Apoftolico.// Nouamente in queft'vltima imprefsione efpurgato
Title.
'
Giorgio
da molti
errori,
&
arric-//cbite d'vna Prattica d'Abbaco,
non
che neceffaria.// Al Signor Diego d'Aldana,//

Prefidente della Regia Camera della Summ. per Sua Maiefta.//
(Large woodcut, coat of arms.) In Napoli, //Apreffo Tarquinio
meno
vtilifsima,
Longo.
MDCL'
Colophon.
(R
(P.
i.)
'In Napoli,// Apreffo Tarquinio Longo.
MDCL'
15.8 cm.
215.)
216 pp.
(3
X 20
blank, 8 unnumb.),
See p. 322,
30-38
11.
Naples, 160
1.
HOOKS
PRINIICI)
NICOLAUS PETRI.
Ed.
325
Amsterdam,
1567.
pr.
Born at Deveiiter. He taught at Amsterdam from 1567

wrote on algebra and astronomy.
Title.
//Om
'Practicque
te
1635.
lie also
to 15S8.
leeren//Rceckenen/ Cyphercn //
ende Boeckhouwen/ met die regel Cof.s/ //ende Gcomctrie/ fecr
Van
profijtelijcken voor alien // koop-luyden.
nieus gecorrigeert
//ende vermeerdert/ //Deur Nicolaum Petri Daventrienfem.//

L'homme propofe, Et dieu dispofe. A" 1603.// (Woodcut of
author.) t'Amstelredam,//Voor Ilendrick Laurentfz. Boeckvercooper op het// water int Schrijf-boeck, Anno 1635.' (F. i, r.)
x 14.4 cm.
287 ff., 23-32 11. Bound with this
596.// lournael-Boeck // gheteeckent met die // Letter //
unnumb.
ff.
is
'
281 numb.
Anno M. DC. XXXV.,' 10 ff. Amsterdam,

Editions. From the preface it appears that
The other
published in 1567.
Amsterdam, 1576,
The
arithmetic
form
galley
Dutch
of the ordinary
and
of division,
its
first
sixteenth-century editions were
1583; 1591; and Alkmaar, 1596,
8;
is
1635.
the work was
type.
It
8.
uses only the
chief value to the student of history lies
in its business problems.
Other works of ijSy.

Cataneo, p. 244, 1546
;
Agrippa,
Gemma,
p. 167,
p.
1531
205, 1540
Borghi, p. 16, 1484
Nonius (Nuiiez), p. 315, 1564; Ramus, p.

Conradus Dasypodius, Logistica,' Strasburg, 8;
p. 115, 15 15
'
de
la
Toissoniere,
'
Compost
Ed.
Title.
Brescia, 1568.
1568.
See Fig. 160.

*
In Brescia,// Apresso Vincenzo // di Sabbio.//
M. D. LXVIII.'
(F. 34,
Description.
13.5
4,
r.)
unnumb. + 33 numb.
Editions. There was no other
II
ff.
The dedicatory
in
pr.
arithmetician of Brescia, of the second half of the si.xteenth century.
Colophon.
cm.
Guill.
arithmetical,' Lyons.
STEFANO GHEBELINO.
An
Mariani, p. 181, 1567

263, 1555; Tagliente,
October, 1568.
epistle
It
is
shows that
= 44
ff.,
37
11.
16.5
Brescia, 1568-
edition.
this
composed almost
work was written
at Brescia
entirely of tal)les for the use
326
RARA ARITHMETICA
Fig. i6o.
Title page of ghebelino
PRINTED HOOKS
327
and bankers in the north of Italy. There is some explanatory matter in the beginning relating to the arithmetic of exchange,
but the work can hardly be called a school textbook. Riccanli speaks
of it as uno dei primi esempi di tavole di conti fatti.'
of merchants
'
HUMPHREY BAKER.
Bom
Loiulon
at
Ed.
'The Well fpring
Title.
London, 1580.
1568.
pr.
died after 15S7.
of // Sciences.//
Which teacheth
the
perfect // worke and practife of Arith-//nieticke, both in whole
Ntim-//bcrs and Fractions
Londoner,
562.//
and amended
fet
And nowe
// forthe by //
Humf rey Baker //
once agayne pertifed //augmented
in all // the three partes,
by the sayde //Aucthour:
where tmto he // hath alfo added certein // tables of the agree-//

ment of mcafures //and waightes //of diuers places in Europe,
// the one with the other, as // by the table following //
appeare.// 1580.' (F. i, r.)
Description.
8,
9.9
X 14
it
may
cm.
11. 2
(28 unnumb., last folio missing), 24-26 11. London, 1580.

Editions. London, 1568, 8 (written in 1562, which explains
227
ff.
the date on the
described);
title
page);
1583, 8;
ib.,
1574, 8;
ib.,
1591,
ib.,
ib.,
1580, 8 (here
There were several
8.
editions after 1601 (see pp. 328, 329).
For a long time Baker's arithmetic was the only English rival to
Ground of Artes (see p. 213), and it was in many respects
better than that popular work. This edition is more complete than that
of 1568, the book having, as the author states, been rewritten. In
Hauing fometime now
The Prologue to the gentle Rerder he says
twelue yeres fithence (gentle Reader) publifhed in print one Englifhe
boke of Arithmetick, conteyning as I suppose, fundry necfsarie and
profitable documentes for fuch as are A"villing to attayne any knowlege
Recorde's
'
'
'
therein.
have bene often fmce that time, and of very late alfo,
my friendes to perufe the fame worke, and as I
requefted by fundry of
fhold
nowe iudge
it
expedient, to adde fomething
to amplifye the fame.'
He complains of
more therevnto, and
the criticism of foreigners that
For
is not as advanced as that on the continent
perceyued the importunitie of certayne ftraungers not borne
within this lande, at this prefent, and of late dayes fo farre proceeding,
English arithmetic
when
'
that they
aduaunced and extolied them
felues in
open
talke
and writinges,
KARA ARITHMETICA
328
had attayned fuch knowledge and perfection in Arithmetike,

no englifh man the Uke Truly me thought that the fame reporte
not only tended to the (disprayfe) difpraife our Countreymen in genBut touched efpetially fome others & me, that had trauailed
eral
& written publiquely in the fame facultie. For vnto this fame effecte
they haue of late paynted the corners and poftes in euery place within
this citie with their peeuifhe billes, making promife and bearinge men
that they
as
hande that they coulde teache the fumme of that Science in breefe
Methode and compendious rules fuch as before their arriuall hath not
bene taughte within this Realme.' These words, and others in the same
strain, give an interesting picture of English arithmetic in 1580, and of
the work of the teacher at that time. The criticism was a just one, for
the Dutch, French, Germans, Spanish, and Italians were much ahead
in
of the English at that period in the matter of arithmetic.
Baker follows the continental models, giving the usual operations

and the applications to Marchandife,' Felowfhip,' barter, alligation,
He closes his text with Quftions of
false position, and the like.
Paftime.' He still uses duplation, generally uses the form substraction
(following the Dutch books of the time), and makes relatively little of
Deuifion,' which he treats by the usual galley method, but he succeeds
'
'
'
'
'
'
in producing a fairly practical mercantile book.
Delfino, p. 275, 1556

p. 32, 1488
1540; Gulfferich, p. 257, 1552; Lonicerus, p. 253,
Lossius, p. 290, 1557; Riese, p. 139, 1522; Sfortunati, p. 174,
Other works 0/1568. Anianus,
Gemma,
1551
Mauritius
1534;
p. 200,
Steinmetz,
'Aritmeticae praecepta
in
quaeftiones
redacta,' Leipzig, sm. 8.
HUMPHREY BAKER.
See
Title.
perfect
p.
'
Ed.
pr.
London, 1659.
1568.
327.
The // Wel-spring
Work and
// of // Sciences
The
Numbers
// teaching
Practice of // Arithmetick,// both in
and Fractions.// Set forth by// Humphrey Baker // Londoner.//

And now again Perufed, Augmented, and //Amended in all three
Parts, by //the faid Authour.// Whereunto are added certain
Tables of //the agreement of Meafures & Weights //of divers
places in Europe,// the one with the other, as by the Table appear-
eth.// London,// Printed for A.
Kemb,
at St.
Margarets Hill
in
// Southwark, to bee fold by Tho. Brewfter,// at the three Bibles

in Pauls
Church-yard
1659.'
(P.
i.)
PRINTED HOOKS
8,
Description.
8.4
366 pp. (54 unnumb.), 26-27

This
329
13.6 cm., ihc text being 6.3 X
cm.
1.2
Iôndon, 1659.
"
not materially different from the 1580 edition (p. 327). The
The friendly Reader may pleafe to take notice that
is
publisher says that
'
Impreffion of 1659, the whole Book hath been revifed, every

Queftion therein examined, the Faults that were committed in former
this
in
ImpreiTions, Corrected, the whole reftored to

is little
methods of operating or
symbolism.
'
The Fractions
in
(and
It
end
[in the tables at the
common way
were in the
its
improvement
spite of this statement, there
is
integrity.'
In
book either
in
interesting to read that
of the
fo the figure
first
in the
book] which before
being fmall in
many not
difcerned) are put into the decimal parts, and fo the fame with the
integral, but farre more true than the Common Fractions can exprefs
it
in
be,
is
one
if
figure,
and
in the
if
true) then the decimal
one and the fame to
all,
common
is
far
it
more
be expreft in many, (as

eafie,
it
must
becaufe the Denominator
whereas the other is differing.' In fact,

is shown, and when they are employed
very slight knowledge of decimals

the bar
generally used instead of the point.
is
HUMPHREY BAKER.
See
Ed.
pr.
1568.
London, 1687.
p. 327.
'Licenfed,//Feb. 28, i68''.//Rob. Midgley.' (P. 4,

Baker's // Arithmetick :// Teaching // The
print.)
perfect Work and Practice of //Arithmetick both in //Whole
Numbers & Fractions.// Whereunto are Added // Many Rules
Title.
first
page of
'
and Purchafcs,
and Tables
of // Intereft, Rebate,
The Art
Decimal Fractions,// intermixed with
of
& c.// Also//

Common Frac-
Underftanding thereof.// Newly Corrected

and Contracted, and //made more plain and eafie //By Henry
PhilHppes.// London.// Printed by J. Richardfon for William
tions, for the // better
Thackery at the //Angel in Duck-Lane, and Matthew Wotton

at the Three //Daggers in Fleet ftreet, and George Conyers at
the // Ring without Ludgate, 1687.' (P. 5.)
Description. \2 8.3 x 14.3 cm., the text being 6.8 X 12.8 cm.
8 pp. blank + lO unnumb. + 228 numb. = 246 pp., 32-39 11. Lon,
don, 1687.
RARA ARITHMETICA
330
See
Editions.
p. 327.
Baker in his letter

Book, as it was
Subject, and hath had as
Phillippes, the editor, pays a deserved tribute to
To
'
He
the Reader.'
begins as follows
'
This
little
one of the firft, fo it is one of the beft of this

good Acceptance, as any other ; which may appear by the often Impreffions of it. Indeed as long as the Author lived, he was careful to be
and though he be dead, yet his Book is
ftill adding and correcting it
thought worthy to live, and not only to live, but to flourifh.' It certainly
speaks well of the book that this edition should have been published
121 years after the first one appeared. The treatment of decimal fractions is very satisfactory, and, of course, is not found in the original
edition. These fractions, the necessity for which became apparent in
the sixteenth century, were first scientifically treated at any length
:
in a
work by
PETRUS RAMUS.
See
Title.
Ed.
'
Rami
p.
Arith-//meticae
(Woodcut.)
et viginti.//
copium,
& Nicolai fratris
Dcscriptio7i.
4,
17.5
haeredes.//
libri
Basiliae,
// dvo Geometriae //
per Evsebivm // Epif:
Anno M. D. LXIX.'
(P.
.)
18.2
6 unnumb.), 42 11. Basel, 1569.

1569,4 (here described); Paris, 1577,
(2 blank,
198 pp.
Editions.
(p.
Basel, 1569.
1569.
pr.
p. 263.
septem
cm.
(See p. 386.)
Stevin, published in 1585.
Basel,
331); Basel, 1580, 4
(p.
331); Paris (Stadius edition), 1581,
ib., 1591,
12; Frankfort (Schonerus edition), 1586, 8 (p. 331)
ib., i 596, 8 (the
ib., 1 592, 8 (Schonerus)
;
8 (Stegerus edition)
Snellius and Schonerus
'
Explicationes,' p. 333);
ib.,
1599,
fol.
599, 4. There was also published

Arithat Paris in 1562, and in two editions the same year, an
(Schonerus,
p.
333)
Lemgo,
'
two books, without the author's name, attributed to

Ramus, but I do not know whether it is the same as this work.
There was also an English edition of The Art of Arithmeticke
metica,' in
'
whole numbers and fractions ... by P. Ramus

... by William Kempe,' London, 1592, 8.
in
This
is
a better
translated
book than the Libri Tres' of 1555. Ahhough it is

met the commercial needs, it is a nearer approach
'
too theoretical to have

to a practical
work than
its
predecessor.
PRINTED BOOKS
PETRUS RAMUS.
See
pr.
Rami // Profcssoris Rej^ni,// Arithmcticcc // liApud Dionyfuim Vallcnfcm, fub // Pegafo,
dvo.// Parisiis,//
in vico Bellouaco.// 1577.'

8,
Description.
97
Paris, 1577.
1569.
p. 263.
'Petri
Title.
bri
Kd.
331
ff.
(2 blank,
10.3
(P.
i,
r.)
16 cm., the text bein<^ 7.1
imnumb.) with chart; 32
11.
13.1
cm.
Paris, 1577.
See p. 330.
PETRUS RAMUS.
See
Title.
septem
pium,
'
P.
'
(Woodcut.) Basileae, per Evsebivm // Epifco-
Basileae, per
Anno
h^redes.
Description.
200 pp.
Basel, 1580.
1569.
Nicolai fratris ha;redes.//
Colophon.
fratris
pr.
Rami // Arithmeticae // libro dvo // Geometriae //
et viginti.//
&
Ed.
p. 263.
(9
4,
// M. D.
15.9
MD
LXXX.'
X 21.2 cm., the
unnumb.), 28-35
LXXX.'
(P. i.)
Evsebivm Episco-//pium,
^l-
&
Nicolai
(P. 192.)
text being
i.i
17 cm.
Basel, 1580.
See p. 330.
PETRUS RAMUS
Ed.
See
Title.
and
LAZARUS SCHONERUS.
Frankfort, 1586.
pr. 1569.
p. 263.
See Fig. 161.
Description.
8,
16 pp. unnumb.
10.5 x 17.3 cm., the text being 7 x 13.1 cm.

406 numb. = 422 pp., 26-32 11. Frankfort,
1586.
Bound with
Rami, Regii // Eloquentioe et // Philomoribus//veterum Gallorum,//ad

// Carolum Lotharingum // Cardinalem.// Parisiis,// Apud Andream Wechelum.// 1562.// Cum privilcgio Regis.'
Editions. See p. 330. The commentary of Schonerus also
this is
'
P.
sophiae Pro-//fefforis, liber de
in 1596 (p. 333), and without the

There were also editions by Steger pub1591 and at Frankfort in 1592.
appeared with that of Snellius

latter in
1599
(p.
333).
lished at Leipzig in
KARA ARITHMETICA
332
PETRI RAMI
ARITHMETICES
BRI DVO, ET
LI-
AlGEBRÊ
totidemiaLAZARo Schonero
emendati &explicati.
Eiufdem S c H o n e r i
If
hi duo alter , De
De Logiflica
:
Jûmerisfguratis; altera
fixagemrk*
Francofurdi
Apud
heredes Andreas Wecheli,
MDLXXXVr.
(iim S.CafcJlâiefiatupriuflegio adfixenninm
Fig.
i6i.
Title page of the 1586 ramus
PRIN TKI) BOOKS

The
first
of these
retical arithmetic of
works
is
Ramus
333
one of several commentaries on
(p. 263).
It is
more
theo-
tlir
practical than that of
(mentioned below), giving the various operations and making

an attempt at introducing some commercial problems.
I)e numeIn the first part are included two works by Schonerus,
and Lazari Schoneri De logistica
ris figuratis Lazari Schoneri liber
sexagenaria liber.' The former is, as the title suggests, a treatise on
Snellius
'
'
'
is on the sexagesimal
Schonerus writes his sexagesimals
the Greek theory of numbers, and the second

fractions used by the astronomers.
thus
This
Ilae
lee
II
3.
39.
40.
20.
40.,
is
.,
3-60-
for
+
,
one of the early approaches to our symbols
PETRUS RAMUS
Ed.
pr.
and
Title.
".
',
RUDOLPHUS SNELLIUS.
Frankfort,
569.
See p. 263. Snkllius,

Leyden, March 2, 161 3.
4o
+ 7
+ 4" +
00
00
-<^
39-60
l)orn
at
Oudewater, October
154^';
8,
596.
died at
See Fig. 162.
Description.
9.6
8,
12.8 cm.
unnumb. + 154 numb. = 157 pp., 29-30 11. PVankfort,

Rvdolphi // Snellii in //P. Rami
1596. Boimd with this are
Rudolphi // Snellii in
Geome-//triam PraeIe-//ctiones,' and
Sphaeram Cor-//nelii Valerii // praelectiones,' both of 1596.
Editions. See p. 330. The first edition of Snell's commentary.
3
pp.
'
'
Like the arithmetic of Ramus, this work
Only the prominence
practical.
of
efforts as these of Snellius, Salignacus,
PETRUS RAMUS.
See
Title.
septem
theoretical rather than
and
justified
such
Urstisius.
Frankfort, 1599.
pr. 1569.
p. 263.
'
Petri
Rami // Arithmeticae // libri dvo Geomctriae //

:
et viginti.//
cofvrti,//
Ed.
is
Ramus could have
A Lazaro Schonero recogniti & aucti.// Fran-
Apud Andreae Wecheli
& loannem Aubrium.//M.
heredes,// Claudium Marniimi,
D. XCLX.'
(P. 3.)
Fob, 17 x 22.5 cm., the text being 11.9X 17.6

in the arithmetic, 184 \)\>. in the geometry, 39 11.
Description.
cm.
244
i^p.
Frankfort, 1599.
Bound with
this
is
the geometry of
Ramus.
334
RARA ARITHMETICA
IN
P.
RAMI ARITHMETIC
AM
RVDOLPHI
E L L
SN
Explicationes le(aiflimae:
LAZARI SCHOT(ERIy BERT^Hi

Saligmci ,
^ Chnfliam
Vrfiifii ,
com-
mentAttonthmfapm locupleeatdi.
FRANCOFVRTI
Ex Officina Typogtaphica loannis Sautii,
impenfis haeredum Petri Fifcheri.
M.
D.
XCVl.
Fig. 162. Title page of the 1596 ramus and snellius
PRINTED BOOKS
PETRUS RAMUS.
See
See Fig. 163.
Coloplion.
Anno
Salutis
bound with the above, or 534
4,
Description.
16 pp.
Evsebivm Episco-//pium, & Nicolai

humanrc//M. D. LXIX.' (P. 190
'BasilecX, per
hxredes.
of the geometry,
cm.
335
Basel, 1569.
pr. 1569.
p. 263.
Title.
fratris
Ed.
17.5
unnumb.
23.3 cm., the
320 numb.
including the rest of the work), 42
=
11.
te.xt
of the entire book.)
being 12.3 X 18.2
336 pp.
of the
above (not
Basel, 1569.
Editions. Basel, 1569, 4 (here described); ib., 1578 (Schonerus edition); Frankfort (also Schoncrus edition), 1599, 4. The
first three books also appeared at Paris in i 567, 8, under the
title
'Prsemium Mathematicarum.'
extensive and tiresome treatise on the philosophy of elementary
An
mathematics
in general.
THOMAS DE MERCADO.
Ed.
A
Title.
See Fig. 164.

8, 13.5
Description.
277
ff.
Salamanca, 1569.
pr. 1569.
Spanish priest of the middle of the si.xteenth century.
(29 unnumb.), 32
Editions.

11.
16 cm.
Salamanca, 1569.
There was no other
edition.
not a textbook on arithmetic, but a treatise on the applications of the subject to mercantile affairs. It is so prolix and theoretThat it is the first edition appears
ical that it was never republished.
from La Tassa and from the dedication to the king, the former being
This
'
is
'
dated October 6, 1569, and the latter May 6 of the same year. The
license is, however, dated August 13, 1568, and one of the decrees
May 9, 1568. Although the work professes to be of a mercantile character, it is too ponderous in style for the purpose for which it was
intended. It is interesting historically because in several chapters the
author has considered the development of arithmetic and of mercantile
customs. It is also interesting because of its reference to the recently
awakened commerce. For example, chapter 13 has the title De los
'
Chapter 16 is also suggestive of

the methods of trade of the period, the title being De los baratas y
tratos
de Indias, y tratantes en
ellos.'
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
336
hyryyr A'^rttf^
p.
Itmrpt^n ^^/-*^tM4
RAMI
Aiii^^S9v
SCHO'^-i:?
LARVM MATHEMATICAL
TRIGINTA.
BASILS AE, PER

O"
EVSEBIVM EPISCOPIVM,
Njcoldi Trutrif htrtdts.
ANNO
Fig. 163.
M.
D.
LXIX
Title page ok the Li/>n
ry*,^
viii^s
rf tih^nita
ok kamus
TRATOS
Y CON-
TRATOS DE MERCADERES
y tratantes difddidosy determinados,por
el Padre
Prefentado Fray Thomas

de Mercado,de la orden de los
Predicadores.
Conlicenciay priuilegio real.
EN SAL A M ANCJ.
For aMathias (jaFl. aAno de
Efta caflado en
F'iG.
164.
cincorealcs.
TiTLK PACK OF MKKCADo
KARA ARITHMETICA
338
nauegacion de
la
is
more extensive than
The
popular in Spain.
The treatment
of interest and exchange

former having been by no means
part of the book is devoted entirely to legal
las Indias.'
de
usual, the
last
questions.
Other zvorks of i^dg. Belli, p. 343, 1573; Camerarius, p. 263,

1554 Gemma, p. 200, 1540 Herbestus, p. 303, 1561 Jacob, p. 298,
1560; Lapazzaia, p. 322, 1566 Lossius, p. 290, 1557 Mariani, p. 181,
1535; Monz6, p. 292, 1559; Urstisius, p. 361, 1579; Jacob Frey,
Exempelbiichlein allerley Kaufmannshiindel,' Niirnberg (there was also
an Augsburg edition of 1 603, 1 6) Adriaen van der Gucht, Cyferbouck,'
Bruges, 4 James Peele, The pathewaye to perfectnes in th' accomptes
of debitour and creditour,' London, fol. (second edition).
;
'
'
'
HIERONYMUS CARDANUS.
Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
See Fig. 165.
Colophon.
M. D.
tis
Basel, 1570.
1570.
p. 193.
'
Basileae,// ex officina Henricpetrina,
LXX. Mense // Martio.'

Fol., 20.4
Description.
X 30
(P.
1 1 1
Anno // Salv-
of the third part.)
X 24 cm.
291 pp. (4 blank, 16 unnumb.) in this book. Bound with this is

the *Ars Magna' (second edition), 163 pp. numb., and the De
'
aliza regvla liber,
(Ill numb.), 41
Editions.
hoc
11.
est, algebraicae logifticse fuae
120 pp.
.,'
Basel, 1570.
There was no other separate edition
of the
'
Opus
Novum.'
This work is particularly interesting in its application to physical
problems, these being well illustrated. The only reason for including
it in a list of arithmetics is that it contains some work on proportion
less
geometric than that given in Euclid.
See also p. 193, 1539.
Other works of 15^0. Belli, p. 343, 1573; Boethius, p. 27, 1488;

Feliciano, p. 148, 1526; Forcadel, p. 284, 1556-57; Gemma, p. 200,
Recorde,
1540; Glareanus, p. 192, 1539; Lonicerus, p. 253, 1551
AnonyRiese, p. 139, 1522 Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15
p. 214, c. 1542
Johann Weber,
mous, Briefue arithmetique fort facile a comprendre
Gerechnet Rechenbiichlein auf Erfurtischen Wein- und Tranks-Kauff,'
;
'
'
'
Erfurt, with a second edition in 1583.
Works of 1571. Digges,

Riese, p. 139,
p.
1522; Savonne,
343, 1572;
p.
Gemma,
314, 1563;
Stifel,
p.
p.
206,
1540;
260, 1553;
HIERONYMI
MEDIO
CARDANI
LANBNSIS,
CIVISCIV'I- B O N O^
NIENSIS, PH ILO S O
P.ll I.
MCDICI ET
Maihcniatici ckirifsimi
DE
OPVSO NOVVM
V NVM
O V
MO
P R O P O RT I
V VV M, P O N D E
13
O NOR
M.
M,
R R V At
menfurajiclarumjnon foliim Gcomctrico more ftabiliium/cd ctiatu
uarrjs cxocrimcntis 8(f obfcruationibusrcrum innatuia,rolcni
P.
\'
;.1
A R V
Q_V'
F:
dcmon(lranonci:lii(lratuiTi,acl multipliccs ufus acs
commodatum,& in Vlibros digcflum.

P R AE T E R E
A,
ARTIS MAGNA:, SIVE DE REGVLIS

ALGOBRAlClS, LIBER VNVS, ABSTRVSISSIMVS
dC inexhauflus plane totius Anthmetlca: thefaurusjab
authorcrccens nuihis tii locis rccogni-
lusSâi'dus,
DE ALIZA REGVLA
1 T P. M.
LIBBP., rtOC EST,
ALGEBRAIC AE
recondita numcrandi fi'.btilitate.fcciindum

metricas quantitates I'nquircp.ris , nccolliru Coronis,
logifticir fiiafjiiumcros
nunc deimtr.i
in
Gco^
lucem c jita.
Op; thyficii cr Mathematicis Inprimis

utile Cf-ncceffaiinn.
Cum Ca^fMaicft, Gratia & Priuilcgio.
BASIL
Fig. 165.
>E.
Title page of the 1570 cakdax
RARA ARITHMETICA
340
Les principaux fondemens

320, 1566; Anonymous,
Nicolaus Eschenburg, Arithmetica logiftica,' Frankd'arithm(tique
Trenchant,
'
p.
'
'
fort
Alex. Vandenbussche,
'
Arithmetique
FRANCISCUS BAROCIUS.
See
Title.
Venice, 1572.
See Fig. 166.

4,
unnimib.
ff.
pr. 1572.
p. 295.
Description.
3
Ed.
militaire,' Paris, 4.
Edition.
13.9
23 numb.
26
ff.,
There was no other
was published
17-36
11.
edition.
17 cm.
Venice, 1572.
German
translation
in Leipzig in 16 16.
This is an attempt to popularize the mediaeval number game of

Rithmomachia (Rithmimachia, Rythmomachia), set forth in Latin possibly by Shirwode or by Faber Stapulensis, in an edition of Boethius in
1496 (see p. 63), and afterwards amplified by Claude Boissiere (see
p. 271, 1556). The game was often, with no authority, attributed to
Pythagoras.
Barocius (or Barozzi) amplified the treatment attributed
Faber Stapulensis, and his discussion of the subject is clearer than

that of the latter, although hardly equal to that of Boissiere already
described. He had already published a philosophical discussion of
arithmetic as stated on p. 295.
to
LEONARD
Ed.
THOMAS
AND
DIGGES.
London, 1579.
pr. 1572.
Leonard Digges came of an ancient family whose seat was Digges Court,
Barham, Kent. He studied at Oxford, and was an expert mathematician for
He died c.
Thomas was a son
the time.
at Oxford,
Title.
and died
1571.
See Fig. 167.

Imprinted
ColopJion.
Thames
Anno
(P.
1579.'
Description.
35
at
'
dwel-//ling in
16 pp.
was born in Kent.

London, August 24, 1595.
of Leonard, and
in
Lon-/Alon, by Henrie Bynneman,
Street, neere vnto //
12.8
Baynardes Caftle.//
191 numb.
London, 1579.
Editions. London, 1572, 4;
ib.,
educated
192.)
4,
unnumb.
He was
207
pp.,
and one plan
14.7 cm.
(p.
176),
11.
1585, 4;
ib.,
1590,
4.
ib.,
579, 4 (here described)
The 1579
edition
was
a revision,
IL NOBILISSIMO
ET ANTIQVISSIMO
GIVOCO PYTHAGOREO
NOMINATO
Rychmomachia
CIOE BATTAGLIA
DE CONSONANTIE
DE NVMERI.
Rilrouttle
jer 'vtilita,&
foW^ delli Studiop.
Etal prefente per Franccfco BarozziGentil'huomo

Venetiano in lingua volgare in modo di
Paiaphrafi compofto
IN VENETIA.
j^f>preJ[o
Cradofo Pcrchacino,
Fig. 166.
157*'
Title pack ov bako^zi
RARA ARITHMETICA
34-
i*
An Arichmeticall Militare Treati*(e,named
STTÂ^riOTICOS:
Compendioufly teaching the Science of^Jûbers,
as well in Fracflions as Integers, and fo much of the Ru>
Jesand yquations AlgebraicalJand Arte of Numbers
Cofsicalljas are requifi'tefor the Profersionofa Soldiour*
Together with the Modcrnc Militare DifciplineÔFficeSjLawcs and
Puctics in cucry vvel goucrncd Campc and Annie to be obferued
i o g e s Gentleman,
Long (Incc attepted by L b o n a a d
Au2;mcntcd,di2:cftcd, .ind lately [iniOicd,
Thomas D
gge
s,
hii
by
Sonne.
he hath alfoadtoyr.edccrtiiiire QueTliofis ofgreat OrdinAmc^^

refeluedwhis other Treataôf i^yr^techny and great
Artilierie, hereofter to bee publifhed.
IVhei'cto
ViVET Post Fvnera Virtvs.
ayfT
Printed
jitfiic
Fig. 167.
LONDOKT:
by HenrieBynacman*
Demini,
1 5 79 >
Title page oe the 1579 digges
PRINTED BOOKS
for the preface
'
To
the Reader
343
a 2) states that
(f.
'
it
was
'
fin-
ifhed the 13. of October. 1579.'

Considering
its
date, this
study of arithmetic.
The
work
is
a very good introduction to the
arithmetic proper extends, however, only to
page 32. Then follows a brief treatment of algebra (pp. 33-51), after
which are certain problems (to p. 70) relating to military matters.
Pp. 81-19 1 are devoted entirely to miUtary affairs.
The father and son wrote several mathematical treatises, but none
Pantometria of 1 5 7 1 which
directly on arithmetic. One was the
De Morgan includes, and which is in Mr. Plimpton's library, but which
I have omitted because it is in no sense an arithmetic.
Other zvorks of 1572. Buckley, p. 252, 1550 Gemma, p. 200, 1540
Grammateus, p. 123, 1518; Mariani, p. 181, 1535 Barlaamo, Aoyio-riKT;,
(in a work on spherics), Strasburg,
sive arithmetic?e, algebraicte libri VI
'
'
'
'
with later editions at Paris, 1594, 4; 1599, 4; 1600, 4 (see also p.

John Seton (see Buckley, p. 252, c. 1550).
315, 1564)
;
SILVIO BELLI.
Born
Ferrara,
Title.
He
and wrote on
Venice, 1573.
1573.
died
in
1575.
He was
an architect at
4,
This
Editions.
15
X 20.6
is
11.
'Libro del misurar con

:
1566,4; 1569,4; Venice, 1570,4;
4.
This was united with the 'Delia Proportione'

'
Quattro
is
it
Venetian
1573,4;
in
ib., 1595,
595 (Venice)
geometrici.'
list
because of the treatment of mediaeval
Ed.
pr.
1573.
Venice, 1573.
jurist of the sixteenth century.
See Fig. 169.

Fob, 20.5 X 29.5 cm., the text being 15 X 24.5
8 pp. unnumb -\- 93 numb. + i blank = 102 pp., 50 11. Venice,
Title.
Description.
cm.
ib.,
la vista,'
contains.
LUCAS PAETUS.
A
libri
included in this
proportion which
cm.
Venice, 1565, 4;
ib.,
form the
15.1
the only separate edition of this semi-geo-
which passed through the following editions
This work
Venice, 1573.
Belli published a
metric work.
to
Rome and
practical geometry.
(40 numb.), 19-21
ff.
pr.
See Fig. 168.
Description.
46
Ed.
at Vincenza.
1573-
RARA ARITHMETICA
344
SILVIO BELLI
V
N T
C E
N O
E L,LA
T>
PROPORTIONE, ET PROPORTIONALITA*
Communi Paflioni del

L I B RI T R
Z)uli,
(^
necejpirij alia ruera
tutte le Jcicntie
Magnanimo
(^
In
T>
VtN eti a, j^pprejfo
E.
Jkctle intelligentia^
Geometrio-^Ô* di
dell' Arithmetico-^ydella
Al
^
^
Qjianto
arti.
AlefTandro Farnefo Card.
L E G
0.
Francefco de rmncefchi Sanefc^,
Fig. 168.
Title page of belli
1575,
PRINTKI) HOOKS
345
PAETl
LVCAE
VRISCONSVL
I
ET
MENSVRIS.
DEPONDERIBVS
ROMANIS,
ET GRAECIS,
cvM
HIS <iyAE
HODiE romae svnt
LIBRI
Q_V
collatis
N QJÊ.
BirSDEM yjUtti^HyM LECTIONVM liber VNiTS
AD SANCTISSIMVM OPTIMVMCLVE PRINCIPEM

PIYM C^VINCTVM PONT. MAX.
MAXIMILIANl.il
Fk;. 169.
Title page of paetus
RARA ARITHMETICA
346
Editions.
Venice
There were two editions

(See next
in 1573.
Ahhough not an
of this
work pubUshed
at
title.)
work
arithmetic, this
is
a scholarly and interesting
contribution to the history of the weights and measures of Greece and

Rome, and the symbols inherited by the Middle Ages. It also contains
several illustrations of ancient measures.
LUCAS PARTUS.
See
This
page
is,
is
Ed.
pr.
a different edition from that just described.
The
title
18.5
however, substantially the same.
Description.
FoL, 17.5 X 23.2 cm., the text being
144 pp. (127 numb.), 38
cm.
Venice, 1573.
1573.
p. 343.
11.
1.6
Venice, 1573.
See above.
VALENTIN MENHER.
Ed.
See p. 249.
Edited by Michiel Cognet,
Title.
bom
c.
Antwerp, 1573.
pr. 1573.
1549 at Antwerp; died at Antweip.
See Fig. 170.
Colophon.
'
Description.
Antverpiae // Typis Ant. Dieft. 1573.'

8, 9.3
13.6 cm., the text being 6.^
11.8 cm.
unnumb., 24 11. Antwerp, 1573.

Editions. I have no doubt there was an earlier edition, although
Cognet may have edited this from a manuscript left by Menher.
141
ff.
This is one of the best of the purely business arithmetics of its time.
shows, better than most works of the kind, the state of commerce in
the second half of the sixteenth century in Antwerp, then the most proIt
gressive of the mercantile cities of the North.
In
it
may be
studied the
merchandise, the trade routes, the customs of merchants and bankers,

and the prices prevailing in that period. It was to the Netherlands
what Riese's book had been
to
Germany and
Borghi's to Italy.
As the
page shows, it also took a progressive attitude with reference

(On Cognet see p. 365.)
practical geometry.
title
to
Other works of iJYJ. Kobel, p. 102, 15 14; Moya, p. 310, 1562;

Arithmetices praxis,'
Recorde, p. 214, c. 1542; Peter Beausard,
Louvain, 8 Simon Kopfer, Grundblichlein der Regel Detri,' Niirnberg Bartolomeo Piccini, Trattato de' Cambi,' Florence, 4.
'
'
'
PRINTED BOOKS
Works 0/ Jjy^. Anonymous,
Buckley,
252,
p.
p.
244, 1546;
347
Baker, p. 327, 15C8;
1550; Jacob, p. 298, 1560; Riese, p. 139, 1522;

Seton (see Buckley, p. 252, c. 1550) Lorenzo
c.
Rudolff, p. 152, 1526
D'ARITHMETIQVE,
conrcnant pluficurs belles queftionsSc de-
mandcSjpropres
& vtiles a tons ccux
<jiii
hantcntla Trafiqucde Marchanciifc.

CorApoJe par feU Vaicmin'^ênnhcr^llcmand:
rcuiU^corrige,&aiigmevte enflujicurs endrous
parMichielCognet.
ENSEMBLE
Fne am^lc
declaration fur
le
fait des
Changes
ITEM
Vn petit difcours dc Lien (jdeiiementdlfconter^diicc
la Solution fur diucrfes opinions
y propofees
AVEC
La Solution
des cjneftions Mathcmatiques
parla fiipputationde Siniisîlluftrces

piificcs paries
demonftrations
&am-
Geome-
triques neceflaires a icelles.
AN VER s
Che:^ lean waeshergheâhfcu de Flandres,
AVEC PRIVILEGE,
Fig, 170.
Title page of the 1573 menher
Breve et universale risolutione d'aritmetica,' Brescia (Ven1597 Milles de Norry, Arithm^ti(iue,' Paris, 4; Johann
Sekgerwitz, 'Rechenbiichlein auff allerley Handthierung,' Breslau.
Bonocchio,
'
ice ?), 4; ib.,
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
348
DIOPHANTUS.
A
Ed.
Toulouse, 1670.
pr. 1575.
Greek mathematician,
c.
He was
300 a.d.
the
great writer
first
upon
algebra.
Diophanti // Alexandrini // Arithmeticorvm // libri

Title.
sex,// et de nvmeris mvltangvlis // liber vnvs.// Cvm commen'
tariis
C. G. Bacheti
obferuationibus D. P. de Fermat
V.C.//&
Tolofani // Acceffit
senatoris
nouum, collectum //ex
varijs
Doctrinae Analyticae
inuentum
eiufdem D. de Fermat Epiftolis.//
Obloqvitvr nvmeris
(Engraving Rabault Facit,' with motto
septem discrimina vocvm.') Tolosae, // Excudebat Bernardvs
Rose, e Regione Collegij Societatis Iefu.//M. DC. LXX.' (P. i.)
'
'
x 36.3 cm., the text being 15.1 x 23.9

unnumb. + 341 numb. + 48 of notes = 400
Description. FoL, 23.4
cm.
pp. blank
pp.,
50-55
+6
Toulouse, 1670.
11.
There was no other sixteenth-century
Basel, 1575.
Editions.
edition.
Athough
entitled an arithmetic this
is
on algebra, the
really a treatise
however, a good deal of

matter upon the Greek theory of numbers, notably the Clavdii Gasparis
Bacheti Sebusiani, in Diophantvm Porismatvm, Liber Primus,' Liber Sefirst
It contains,
systematic one ever written.
'
'
cundus,'
and Liber Tertius.'
the treatise
'
itself,
but this
is
A certain amount of this work also enters into

generally algebraic in character, the standard
problem requiring the finding of a number satisfying given conditions.

This leads to numerous indeterminate (Diophantine) equations. This
edition, by Bachet and Fermat, is one of the best that has been published.
FRANCISCUS MAUROLYCUS.
Venice, 1575.
Ed.
pr. 1575.
Francesco Maurolico. Born
Messina, September i6, 1494; died near

there, July 21, 1575. He entered the priesthood and later became professor
chiefly on astronomy, and edited
He
wrote
of mathematics at Messina.
several works of the
Title.
See
Colophon.
Fîg.
Greek mathematicians.
171.
'In monafterio S. Maria //a parte
$. II. Indictionis,// 1553.'
Description.
cm.
at
8,
15.7
20 pp. unnumb.
Venice, 1575.
19. lulij die,//
(P. 305.)
+ 285
numb.-f
blank
306
pp.,
17.5
39-40
11.
PRINTED HOOKS
349
FRANCISCI
MAVROLYCL
ABBATIS
D.
MESSANBNSIS,
Opufcula Mathematica
y^^Qmc frimti?n tn lucem Aditn cum rerum omnium

notutH dtgnamrru
,
INDICE LOCYPLETISSIMO.
n?AGELLA HFIC PROXlME CONTlGÂ,
CO rum Catalog us
etl
CVM PRIVILEGIO.
Venetijsj
Aoud
M
Kic.
FraiicifcumFiancircium Senenfcm
D L X X V.
Title page of the Op ii sen hi of maurolycus
RARA ARITHMETICA
350
There was no other
Editions.
edition.
(See below.)
appears from the colophon that this work was composed in 1553,
although it was not published until 1575. It includes (pp. 26-47) a
It
Compvtvs
'
ecclesiasticvs in
svmmam
collectvs.'
The
rest of the treatise
forms the first of two volumes on mathematics, the second being the Arithmeticorum libro duo (see below).
is
chiefly astronomical.
It
'
'
FRANCISCUS MAUROLYCUS.
Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
Venice, 1575.
1575.
p. 348.
See Fig. 172.
Colophon.
'
Libri fecundi Arithmeticorum Maurolyci
//decimaoctaua,
cum multo
diei Sabbati, qui fuit lulij 249.
pontis
&
finis:
bora
Cum // Meffanse
arcus // apparatu expectaretur
lo.
Cerda,//
Methynenfium Dux,//Prorex. Indict. 15.//M. D. LVII.// Venetiis, M D LXXV.//Apud Francifcum Francifcium Senenfem.'
(R
183.)
Description.
4,
15.9
X 20.9
17.2
200 pp. (175 numb.), 40 11. Venice, 1575.

Editions. This is the first edition, and from the colophon it
appears that it lay in manuscript from 1557 to 1575. A second
edition appeared in Venice in 1580. The 'Arithmeticorum libri
cm.
dvo' formed the second volume of the 'Opuscula Mathematica

(Venice, 1575;
The work
is
p. 348).
mediaeval, dealing solely with the Boethian theory of
numbers. It was one of the last of the extensive sixteenth-century

Italian works of this nature, and shows considerable originality in the
treatment of figurate numbers. Maurolycus was by no means a mere
compiler, but a man of creative power.
HENRICUS BRUCiEUS.
Ed.
pr.
1575.
Rostock, 1575.
Born at Most, Flanders, c. 1531 died at Rostock, December 31, 1593.

He was professor of mathematics at Rome, and later professor of medicine
;
at Rostock.
Title.
See Fig. 173.
Description. 8, 9.5
76
ff.
(i
blank), 25
11.
Rostock, 1575.
1.6
cm.
FRANCISCl
MAVROLYCL
ABBATIS
D.
MESSANENSIS.
Mathematici celcberrimi
ARITHMETICOKVM
>
LlBRl DVO,
NVNC PRIMVM INLVCEM
EDITI.
(um rerum omnmm nomhtlmrru
.
INDICE COPIOSISSIMO.
CV M PR VI
Veneujs>
I
L EGIO.
Apud FrancifcumFrancifciuni Sencnfcm.
M D LX X V.
Fig. 172.
Title page of the Lib ri duo
o\-
maurolycus
RARA ARITHMETICA
352
There was no other
Editions.
This
is
edition.
a Latin-school manual, in two
of arithmetic,
and
chiefly of mediaeval
'
books.'
ratios.
The first book treats

The second treats of
algebra, the equations being considered from the standpoint of geometry,
HENRICI
B
RV
CiÎ
BELGiE,
MATHEMaTICA1{VM
exercitationv m
LIBRl DVO.
ROSTOCHII
IKCVOEBAT IftCOHVt tVciVi
TRANSYLVANVS.
x^nno M. D.
Fig. 173.
LXXK
Title page of BRUc.tus
and some attention being given to surd numbers,
roots,
and the
rule of
false.
Other works of 1^75. Gemma, p. 206, 1540; Kobel, p. 102, 15 14;

1566; Mariani, p. 181, 1535; Salignac, p. 359,
Lapazzaia, p. 322,
PRINTKI) HOOKS
1577: Xylander, p. 356, 1577: Mauriciiis
metices praecepta,' Leipzig, 8.
Works of 1576. Gemma,

gliente, p. 115, 15 15
353
SumiiiikjI/,
(icrsbach,
'
Arilh-
200, 1540;
j).
Joseph Lange,
'
Petri, j). 325, 1567

'I'aArithmclica,' Copenhagen, S.
;
GIRJKA GORLA Z GORLSSTEYNA.

Ed.
pr.
Czcrny, 1577.
1577.
Polish Rechenmeister of the huter half of the sixteenth century.
See Fig. 174.

'Wytifftenow // Starem Hefte Pra^ kem// v Girijka
C.serneho.//Letha Pane///M. D. LXXVII.' (F. XC, r.)
Title.
Colophon.
Dcsci-iption.
ff.
Editions.
8,
9.5
+ 89 numb.
unnumb.
(Roman)
There was no other
= 98
ff.,
21
11.
cm.
1.7
Czerny, 1577.
edition.
in the Fohsh language published

and is very rare. There was a copy in the
Boncompagni sale, but the book is seldom mentioned by bibliographers.
It consists of five parts, the first dealing chiefly with the fundamental
This
is
one of the few arithmetics
in the sixteenth century,
operations
with
counters,
the second with
written operations,
the
and the
fifth
third with fractions, the fourth with business arithmetic,
with the rule of false and allied topics.
DIONIS GRAY.
A London
126
ff.
Editions.
This
pr.
London, 1577.
1577.
See Y\g. 175.
Title.
Description.
cm.
Ed.
goldsmith of the second half of the si.xteenth century.
is
(8
Sm.
8,
8.8
unnumb.).
12
London, 1577.
London, 1577,
8 (here described);
ib.,
1586,
a practical arithmetic, consisting of four parts.
containeth foundrie partes of Arithmetique, that
is
'
The
8.
firft
to fay,' the funda-
I'he feconde
mental operations with integers, including progressions.
parte, containeth the faid partes feruyng for practife of broken numbers
The third part containeth the fondrie Rules of proor fraccions.'
'
'
portion, furthered
and the
by
rule of false.
breuetie,'
vfe of the forefaid partes,'

'
The
or short processes.
and includes
alligation
fourth parte containeth fondrie Rules of

It
is
one of the
earliest
metics to contain rules and definitions in rhyme.
English arith-
For example,
in
KARA ARITHMETICA
354
M.
1^
D.
LXXVIL
. -^--
Fic. 174.
Title page of girjka gorla
-'J
z
gorlssteyna
PRINTHl) HOOKS
And
speaking of addition (".ray says

here a fewe lines in verie
355
for lo amplilie the clfecle, lake
^ i^Theftore-hoiifeof W.
Breuitie in <-v'-uoorkes of\Acontainyng
^r^
foHndrie fanes ofthe Science tn m hole
y^
tt
i
anDb?oUcn numbcr0, Uiicb cljc
V^w-.
lc0 of p?opouton,funfji rcu to pôS^
table ufc
3s
alfo fiinuerie rules of
a5?emticofU)ojhe,ofrdrc,plea--
Sj
faunte. anD commoDiouisf
c.y
c{fcctr,fecfo?tlKbp
KK
Vi
"DioyjisCrayQf
lonbon
CoiDfmitf;.
1577.
fflmpriKtcd at LZdonfor jVtlUam
Narto-^yVidlhon
Har.-fo.'7y
dv:ellyng'tn lâulcs
Church-yard.
Fig.
'
f.
afvvcll the
rithcmctikc
75-
.K
W
fc
^
h^
>X).-
\^
^'
PAGE OK GRAY
C.0 fondrie fommes perticulars, one totall for to frame,

Set them doune right orderly, as worke doeth beft require
What place ye giue to any one, the reft let haue the fame.
So maie you well performe the 'ffecte, of what you doe defire.
:
The
rule
is
then continued in a series of verses.
KARA ARITHMETICA
356
GUILIELMUS XYLANDER.
Ed.
Heidelberg, 1577.
pr. 1577.
WiLHELM HoLTZMANN. Boin at Augsbuig, December 26, 1532 died at

Heidelberg, February 10, 1576. He was professor of Greek at Heidelberg.
;
See Fig. 176.

Excudebat lacobus Mylius, impenfis // Matthaej
Harnifch.//M. D. LXXVII.' (F. 52, v.)
Title.
Colophon.
'
4, 14.9 X 19.2 cm., the text being 10.5 X 16. i

unnumb. + 50 numb. = 52 ff., 31 11. Heidelberg, 1577.
Editions. There was no other edition of this work. Xylander
translated several Greek works into Latin, among them Euclid
Description.
cm,
ff.
(Basel, 1562) and Diophantus (Basel, 1575, fol). The 'Opuscula'

appeared a year after his death. Xylander also edited Psellus
(Basel, 1556).
As the title states, this work is divided into four parts. The first
and most extensive (ff. 1-22) relates to astronomy. The second is
purely arithmetical (ff. 22-36), and treats of common fractions, giving
the usual operations and the rule of three. The arrangement of this
part is peculiar, addition and subtraction being treated together, after
which division is explained, multiplication coming last. This order
would be justified if Xylander had reduced his fractions to fractions
common
having a
denominator, but he merely follows the usual rule of

The third section is De svrdis, qvos
(f. 29, v.).
cross multiplication
vocant, nvmeriis
iis,
'
qvi a qvadratis
primo nafcuntur,
Inftitutio
do-
cendo explicanda,' a chapter now conventionally placed in our algebras. The fourth section relates to the celestial globe and the astrolabe
(ff.
46-50).
PIETRO ANTONIO CATTALDI.

Ed.
pr.
Bologna, 1577.
1577.
Cataldi, Cataldo. Born at Bologna in 1548 died at Bologna, February

Professor of mathematics and a.stronomy at Florence (1563), Peru1, 1626.
gia {1572), and Bologna (1584). He wrote several mathematical works, and
is
due
the beginning of the theory of continued fractions (1613).
to him
;
Title.
See Fig. 177.
Description.
cm.
ff.
4,
14.3
unnumb., 40
X 19.6 cm., the

11.
text being 10.9
Bologna, 1577.
16.7
PRIN'l^:i) I'.OOKS
357
VSCVLA
OPMATHEMATIC
DOMINI
AVGVSTAKL
tyi/fhrifmi CofmogntphicUiierL
t)e Surdorum Numerorum natura
Ve yfu Glohi & TUnis^harij
& tmUatme Uheu
era^dtut.
ffKrn.
HE
D E
L3
j^
Excudcbatlacobus Mylius , impenfis

MatthaeiHarnilch.
Fig. 176.
Title page of xylander
RARA ARITHMETICA
358
LETTIONI
DVE PIETR
ANTONIO
DI
CATTALDI BOLOGNESE
fATTE NELL/ICADEMIA
dei Dt[jegno dt
Pemgta,
ALLI GENEROSI,ET VIIITVOSISSIMI

Signori Academici , il Signer Caualier Paciotto,
il Signor Caualieio Anallagi
&
In Bologna.
PerGiouanni Rofsi
Con Ikentia de
Fig. 177.
mdlxxvi
f.
Supertcri
Title page of cattaldi
PRINTED BOOKS
There was no other
Editiois.
pseudonym
the
Aritmetica
fetti
cal
'
Pcrito Annotio, a
Prima Parte
'
(Bologna, 1602) and a
(Bologna, 1603), but like
'
'
under
his
dclla
under
Pratica
Trattato dei numeri perstrictly
mathemati-
The second
part of the
of his
all
works they appeared after 1600.
'Pratica' appeared
359
Cattalcli wrote,
edition.
own name
1606.
in
This book hardly deserves to be ranked in a list of arithmetics. I

have included it, however, because in his first address Cattaldi treats
somewhat of numbers, and in the second address he applies arithmetic to
mensuration.
book
is
The treatment
a typographical one
numbers,
all
is
of the fractions have
Other uwrks of i^yj.

Capella, p. 68, 1499
and the
mediaeval,
for,
chief interest in the
the printer not being able to set such
been written
Borghi, p. 16, 1484
Cressfelt, p. 290,
in
by hand.
Buckley, p. 252, c. 1550

Herbestus, p. 303, 1561
1557
Hobel, p. 314, 1563 Ramus, p. 331, 1569 Seton, p. 252 (see Buckley,
Miguel Berenguer, De
c. 1552); Anonymous, Arithmetica,' Debreczin
numerorum antiquorum notis,' Saragossa (ieorg Gehrl, Ein nutzlich
and kiinftlich Rechenbuch auff der Federn,' Prag, 8 Johann Jung, an
\
'
'
1557 (no copy extant?); Bernhard Salignacus,

Tractatus de Arithmetica Partium et Alligationis,' Frankfort (Peacock
Regula veri,' Heidelberg, 1578, and Arithmeticae
says 1575); also
arithmetic, Liibeck,
c.
'
'
'
Libri II, et Algebrae totidem,' Frankfort, 1580, 4;
ib.,
1593, 4-
JACQUES CHAUVET CHAMPENOIS.

Ed.
pr.
Paris, 1578.
1578.
Professor of mathematics
the sixteenth century.
Title.
in the
University of Paris, in the second half of
See Fig. 178.
Description.
8,
10.
14 cm.
392 pp., 28-29 11. Paris, 1578.

383 numb.
9 pp. unnumb.
Editions. There was no other edition. The privilege is dated
'
a Paris
le
huictiefme iour de Septembre, M. D. LXXVII.', and
the dedicatory epistle
The
a
'
De
chief interest in the
man who was
Paris ce 28. de
book
lies in
Nouembre
the fact that
it
1577.'
was written by
so interested in military matters as to take a large
ber of his applied problems from
army
life.
The arrangement
num-
of the
is not peculiar, but the great array of military problems is unique,

and, having been j)rei)ared especially for this work, would form an
book
RARA ARITHMETICA
36o
LES
INSTITVTIONS
DEL'ARITHMETIQVEDB
I
A C C^V ES
CHAVVET CHAMPE-
nois,ProfelIeUr es Mathcmatiques ea
rVniuerfite de Parisjdiuifecs en
quatre parties.-auec vn petit
Traide des fradlions

Aikonomiques.
A PARIS,
CheT. Hierofme de Marnef,au
mont
S.Hilaire,arenfeigne du Pelicaric
1578.
AVHC PRIVILEGE DV
Fig, 178.
ROY..
Title page of chauvet champenois
PRIN'ri^) IU)()KS
361
army conditions
interesting source for the study of
in
1^'rance in the
sixteenth century.
Other works of i^jS. Capella, ]). 66, 1499 Oemnia, \). 200, 1540
p. 355, 1569; SaHgnacus, \). 359, 1577; 'Jarlagha, p. 278,
1556 Trenchant, p. 320, 1566.
;
Ramus,
;
JOHANN OTTO.
A
1
Ed.
pr.
and
579,
.signed
is
'
Leiivjg, 1579.
1579.
Freiburg Rechenmeister, born
c.
The dedicatory
1529.
Johan Otto. yEtatis
f ua; 50,'
epistle is dated
which approximately fixes
the date of Otto'.s birth.
See Fig. 179.

Getruckt zu Leipzig/ bey Johan // Rhambawcs
Seligcrs hinderlaf-//nen Erben/ I579-' (? 423-)
Title.
Co/ophon.
'
Description.
cm.
424
4,
14.5
19.
pp. (381 numb.),
Editions.
The book
There was no other
17.5
Leipzig, 1579.
11.
edition.
entirely of tables, although the
composed almost
is
11.7X
cm., the text being
28-38
first
few pages give a brief treatment of counter reckoning.
CHRISTIAN URSTISIUS.
Ed.
pr.
Basel, 1579.
1579.
Allassiderus, Allassisiderus, Wursteisen, Urstis. Born at Basel in

1544 died at Basel March 30, 1588. He was educated at Basel and became
professor of mathematics (1565) and aftei-wards {1585) of theology in that
;
university.
Title.
See Fig. 180.
Colophon.
//ricpetri,
'
Basileae Helve-//tiorvm,//per
An. hvmanitatis //
Menfe Augufto.'
(P.
Editions.
11.
On
p.
Sebastianvm Hen-
Dei, CI3. ID.
LXXIX.//
192.)
192 pp., 25-28
Filii
1.2
cm.
Basel, 1579.
192
is
a woodctit with the date 1569, evi-
dently used from some earlier work of the printer's. Murhard

Zwey Biicher von
(vol. I, p. 173) mentions a work by Urstisius,
'
der Rechenkunft, defsgleichen in der deutfchen Sprache nie aus-
gegangen,' Basel, 1569,
been used.
He
4,
in
which
this
woodcut may have
also mentions an edition at Basel in 1595.
English translation by T.
Hood appeared
in 1596.
An
Calculator.
bttc^ fut^dllc/ foArithmeticam ItCb ^(ttett/

3tifbttt)cr^rit a6rr ffirKaufRcut / 2fmpt$perfoitctt/
J:34nD(cr/jâmatJttDalIefampt (îefden5fcoDafau|5(cJn^ffc6<
aaff
We aa?as:tnêwf<ôb^dt^terKt>tic^m
^5d etoot
itdpiiflrgetf
2ri!cljanC>ctn0rfbtm gWôfrtrofctcnflUcfe/otd iu 5rancffort art dcr

C6cr/ û 5f f i&er0 / ^rcf^w/ 2vmiptni^ ^n^ 2fitttkr0 / etc- vnb in fumma
(left:
aHcntfjalbctt/ tt>o()fr(rcnfcrauff
no. ffun5mw0etcUrt<(l. X>atimmaVU
eums
f cuff miff (Tcntiier gut/ n& anborcr fantcmfcflw tvârm attdtta^cnfef

gar be()en6 on? Muliipliciren tn^ Diui<liren , alWtt tttrt^ bkaUorWc^ttPc
ma
fpecies
ter Addition ob^reumtnirettd/ Vitôttc^ andttemHatceUc^^ttiu
fccrj tattfoit
ExcmplaVtt55ra0m^ttpn&w/im&
atttfittiafm fdii-
SQôd
a&frmf&r<rdittM^r{m;Crttrt0O?rtflf/ iftrtuff^
fiittftcStudiofam^^tt ^rdBrrîtt êrattm
Pfalm.90.
iMandmiVOMlKVS angeiisjuisdeu^'vifupfidmt
U m ommbus vjjs tuis^
^dpUsI
Fin. 179.
Title page of otto
PRINTED BOOKS
363
book written by a gymnasium teacher, who was filled with a

love of the classical learning, and yet who recognized that the old
Boethian arithmetic must give way to the practical treatment demanded
This
is
ELEMENTA
AR
T
HMETlCiE, LOGU
I
CIS. L E G IB VS
DED VC
T A,
In ufum Academiae
'
Bafil,
Opera Grfiudio
Christian! Vrstisit,
Mdthemat'icdrMri profffi^
forls.
BASILED,
PER.
Sebastianvm Henri CPETR.U
Fig. 180.
Title
i-acik
of urstisius
As a result it is a somewhat heavy treatment of

operpart of the old theory of numbers, together with the fundamental
of three,
ations, roots, and certain commercial applications of the rule
by modern conditions.
of partnership,
and
of alligation.
Urstisius expresses his indebtedness
RARA ARITHMETICA
364
a very extensive
Gemma
Ramus, Salignacus,
chiefly to Euclid,
list
and Scheubel, not
Frisius,
for 1579.
Other works of 1579. Digges, p. 340, 1572 Gemma, p. 200, 1540;

Mariani, p. 181, 1535; Riese, p. 139, 1522; Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15;
Anonymous, Nouvelle et facile methode d'arithm^tique,' Lyons, 16;
Miguel de Eleyzalde, Guia de contadores,' Madrid, 4.
;
'
'
GIAMBATTISTA BENEDETTI.
Ed.
Turin, 1585.
1580.
pr.
Bom at Venice,
August 14, 1530; died

Philosopher and mathematician of the Duke of
Johannes Baptista Benedictus.

at Turin,
January
20, 1590.
Savoy.
Title.
'
lo.
Baptistae // Benedicti // Patritij Veneti Philofophi.
//Diversarvm Specvlationvm // Mathematicarum,

// Liber.//
Quarum
&
Phyficarum
feriem fequens pagina indicabit.//
Ad
Sere-
nissimvm Carolvm Emanvelem // Allobrogvm, et Svbalpinorvm

//DvcemInvicti.ssimvm.//(Large woodcut.) Tavrini,ApudHaeredemNicolaiBeuilaqu3e,MDLXXXV.//Superioribuspermiffum.'
(F. 3-)
Fol., 20.7
Description.
numb.
425 pp.
part devoted
Editions.
X 30
10 unnumb.
to arithmetic),
Turin, 1580,
Venice, 1599,
42-46
fol.;
X 23 cm.
ib.,
blank
11.
436
pp. (118 in the
Turin, 1585.
1585,
fol.
(here described);
fol.
This work is composed of six parts, of which the first is entitled

Theoremata Arithmetical The other five parts relate respectively to
perspective, mechanics, Aristotle, Euclid's book on proportion, and
'
physics.
The
of theory,
and
arithmetic
is
is
a scientific consideration of various matters
best illustrated by the following theorems, which, as
is
'Theorema IIII. Cvr

multiplicaturi fractos cum integris, recte multiplicent humerantem
denomifracti per numerum integrorum, partianturque productum per
nante fracti, ex quo numerus qusefitus colligitur.' 'Theorema XXIX.
Qvid caufffi eft, cur fubtracto duplo product! duorum numerorum ad
inuicem multiplicatoru ex fumma fuorum quadratorum, Temper quod
usually the case, are stated in the
form of questions
All such
fuper eft duorum numerorum quadratum differentiae fit?
questions are answered by the aid of diagrams, quite as Euclid would
have done. The graphic treatment is even applied to such problems as
'
that of the couriers
(/Theorema CXIIII').
There
is
an interesting
HOOKS
PRINTr:i)
'
ApiK'mlix
spccvlalione regvlac
(Ic
falsi,'
which
365
aiilhniclK
close-s the
an elaborate explanation, with grajihit aids, of the nde of

false which was then so common.
As a specimen of graphic arithmetic, combining the ICuclidean theory with the Renaissance practice, Benedetti's book is worthy of more
attention than it has received. It may be inferred from some of his
and
sets forth
statements that, although purely a theorist himself, he recognized the
much
obsolete nature of
It is
that the practical arithmetics
common
possible that the
had
to offer.
partnership problems were already con-
sidered too traditional, for he says
'
:
Svpponunt antiqui aliquot merca-
tores dantes pccunias lucro in diuerfis vnius anni tcmporibus,' etc.
ISAAC RIESE.
One
Ed.
pr.
of the five sons of
Leipzig, 1580.
1580.
Adam
Kiese
(p. 138).
See Fig. i8i.
Title.
'Gedruckt zu Leipzig // ben Mans
Colophon.
Jar//M. D. LXXX.'
Description. 4, 14.
(P.
X 17.9 cm., the
Rhambaw/ //im
402.)
text being 11
16.5 cm.
36 pp. unmimb. + 366 numb. =402 pp. Leipzig, 1580.

Editions. There was no other sixteenth-century edition.
Although
is
largely
this
book contains a
made up
not a textbook, and

(Leipzig,
brief treatment of the operations,
of tables for the use of merchants.

1 believe
it
it
It is therefore
went through only one other edition
61 9).
WILLEM RAETS.
Ed.
pr.
1580.
Antwerp, 1580.
arithmetician of Maastricht. The privilege is dated May 22, 1576,

and mentions only the name of Raets. Coignet (Cognet) in his preface, however, speaks of his particular friend ('mijn zoderiinge goet vrient ') Raets as
dead ('meynen ouerlede vrient '), so that he very Hlcely died between i 576 and
A Dutch
1580.
Title.
Coignet was also the editor of Menher's arithmetic (see
Description.
88
p. 346).
See Fig. 182.

8,
9.8
1.9
cm.
unnumb., 27-31 11. Antwerp, 1580.

ff.
one of several elementary business arithmetics ap]:)earing

It is a small book of no special
merit save as it shows the style of commercial problems of the period.
The similarity of the title page to that of Menher's 'Arithmetiqve
This work
in
the
Low
is
Countries about this time.
seconde' of 1556
(p.
283)
is
interesting.
RARA ARITHMETICA
366
5tS^
S
farii o.^^f^nt)tgctt)ir^tgct/ târinticn Die ^câlutige
^cc^nung
in (inf auffcn mt) t?crf auffcn/ one fonDctc irciilc ufftiac
c*
ârbf ênD û ftntcn : Zmfi t>on aUctlc 9 a)?a^ / dUn I t>nt)
wfc^t fauff. amp( me^r angc^cngtcn a jfc(n auff t)<c C5)?a=
(ttjfc^f gcrtc^tef.
ixeslctc^m
cine
^cc^fel $)^cc^nun3 auff
În^^nb 0101/1?. ^m&aufflcutm/

:^potC(fcm/
c^#rn/ 1?.
O^tit)
^cntJlcrn/
Dcm 9cm<i*
nm 0)?<nn fc^r Df cnfltic^ a3^^

^(b^mfejlci0att|ft>ieSJWWcf;eSyfiJnftctnib
au cipMg/ "SoriiMt^ Der ^cfwrt in

S)?ltWilt|IHcêre^firc^Q5c3ttaMtti3t)nt>
Fig.
181.
Title page of isaac riese
PRINTKD BOOKS
Apiamis,
Other ivorks 0/ ij8o.
p.
(lemma,
367
155, 1527; Baker, p. 327, 15C8
200, 1540; Gyraldus, p. 254,

1552 Mariani, p. 180, 1535 Maurolycus, p. 35o. i575; Ramus, p. 331,
1569; Ringhieri, p. 253, 1551; Salignacus, p. 359, 1577; J. Ammo-
Cassiodorus, p. 211, 1540
p.
.JpnHÎMETICA
^^
Oft
etn nteib Ciiffetboecft/ftaii

mikm
aaets/
iHEâcftncljtec.
7Var in die Fondamenten feer grondelijck verclaert

eR met vccl fchoone qucflien ghcilluftreert worden,tot nut ende oorbaer van alle CoopUede
ende licfhcbbers der feluer Conftcn.
Met noch een Tralaet vande VViJfclroede, met Amo^
Coimi
fatten verc'tert, door Mich'iel
T'hantwerpen,
Ztn bupfe tjan 1ênD?ich l^cnUucreu/ intrc

tdicbiocme.
Met Priuilcgic van
Fig.
nius,
'
182.
<>
and
ratiocinationis,' ib., 8;
o.
Title page of raets
Isagoge Arithmetica,' Wittenberg, 8
introductio,' Cologne, 8,
um
thicn lacren.
'
Compendium
C. Zuccantini,
'
H.
Flicker,
'
Arithmetices
calculorum, seu projectili-
Libro d'Albaco,' Siena, 12.
KARA ARITHMETICA
368
ANTONIO MARIA VISCONTI.

Ed. pr.
Brescia, 1581.
581.
latter part of the sixteenth century.
See Fig. 183.
Title.
Colophon.
mathematician of Piacenza, of the
'
Brixiae.// apud lacob.
D L XXXI.//Svperiorvm
Description.
4,
14.8
X 20.2
in
Murhard
is
Policretum de Turlinis.//
(P. 301.)
304 pp. (289 numb.), 37 11.

cm.
date 155
&
Premissv.'
15.6
Brescia, 1581.
edition.
a misprint.
Riccardi believes the
find
no such edition.
is a combination of algebra, advanced

and the mensuration of river lands. The arithmetic is designed to be an application of the algebra, and includes
roots, equation of payments, proportion, and a little bookkeeping.
Other works of 1^81. Anonymous, p. 195, 1539 Fischer (Piscator),
Lonicerus, p. 253, 1551;
p. 247, 1549; Gemma, p. 200, 1540;
Peverone, p. 290, 1558; Ramus, p. 330, 1569; Riese, p. 139, 1522
Johann Kandleon, Arithmetica,' Regensburg (referred to in the carelessly prepared Boncompagni sale catalogue, but probably the Kaudler
This rare and curious book
arithmetic, geometry,
'
of 1 591). There was also 'A short Introduction to Arithmetic'

published anonymously in London c. 1581-90, 8.
book
JULIUS CAESAR
Ed.
pr.
of Padua.
1582.
Frankfort, 1678.
German-Italian teacher of the sixteenth century.
Julii Caesaris // von Padua // Arithmetifche // PracWelche in alien Landern // fehr nutzlich kan gebraucht
// werden/ bey Kauff- und Ver-//kauffung allerley Wahren/
auch//die grotlen Muntz-Sorten in //kleine/und die kleine in
groffe // zu verwandeln :// Samt der Erklarung/ wor-//inn ein
Jedweder/der nur die // Ziffern kenet/alfobald fehen kan///
wie diO Buchlein zu verftehen ift.// Nebenft Morgen- und Abend//Gebehtenund Gefangen/den//reyfenden Perfonen gar bequem
Title.
'
tick/ //
// bey fich zu fuhren.// Und dann letzlich/ eine kurtze Be-//

fchreibung/ der denckwurdigften // Sachen/ fo von Anfang der
Welt/ biO // zu diefer Zeit/ vorgangen.// Franckfurt am Mayn/

//Druckts Blafius Jll^ner/im Jahr 1678.' (P. i.)
PRINTED BOOKS
369
ANTONII MARIAE
V
C E C O
CIVIS PLACENTINr,
Pradica Numerorum,
& Menfurarum, ac Alluuionispatticioneni,

& vc in Indice fcquenti
iaueftigandi
B R 1 X 1 AE
APVD lACOBVM, ET POLYCKTVM
dcTurlinisFratrcs.
Fig.
181.
158*'
Title pace ok
isconti
KARA ARITHMETICA
370
Description.
12, 4.7
11 cm., the text
504 pp. (239 and 258 numb.)
tables 28
being 3.9 x 9.8 cm.

other pages 22 11.
11.,
Frankfort, 1678.
Strasburg, 1582, 16;
Editions.
ib.,
1583;
ib.,
1585;
ib.,
1592, and after 1600 as late as 1679.
The
part of the
first
work
is
devoted to multiplication tables.
is
followed by a chapter on chronology.
is
a separate book of prayer,
same date (1678).
of the
'
Chriftliche
There
is
The
last
This
part of this edition
Morgen- Und Abend Gebeht,'
nothing arithmetical in the work
except the tables.
GASPARO SCARUFFI.
An
Title.
Ed.
pr.
Reggie, 1582.
1582.
Italian jurist of the sixteenth century.
See Fig. 184.

'In Reggie,// Per Hercoliano
Colophon.
LXXXIL'
Description.
cm.
65
ff.,
32
FoL, 21 X 30.2 cm., the text being 12.7 x 19.5

Reggie, 1582.
is
the only sixteenth-century edition of Sca-
work, the privilege being dated July
catory epistle
The work
monete,' and
slightly
M.D.-
11.
This
Editions.
ruffi's
Bartoli. //
(F. 65, V.)
is,
however, dated at Reggie,
15, 1582.
May
called in the running headlines a
is
is
a historical treatise on
money and
'
The
dedi-
16, 1579.
Discorso sopra
le
coinage, touching
on exchange.
GASPARO SCARUFFI.
Ed.
pr. '1582.
Reggie, 1582.
See above.
Title.
'
Breve Instrvttione // sopra
il
discorso // f atto dal Mag.
M.// Gaspare Scarvffi,// per regelare le cese delli //danari.//

(Woodcut representing a bishop, surrounded by these words: S.
Prosper // Episcopvs // Regii //.) In Reggie,// per Hercoliano
Bartoli.// M. D. LXXXII.' (F. i, r.)
Colophon.
'Di Reggie
il
xvij.
Aprile.
M.D.LXXXI.'
(F.
The colophon and title page do not agree as to date.

Description. FoL, 21 X 30.2 cm., the text being 12.8 x 20 cm.
9 ff., 27-30 11. Bound with the preceding work. Reggie, 1582.
9, r.)
PRINTKl) BOOKS
DIM.GASPARO SCARVTFI REGIANO

PER FARE
RAGIONE.
ET CONCORDANZA D ORo'
E I>ARGENTO; CHE SERVTRA IN VNIVERSALE;

TANTO PER PROVEDERE A GU INFINITI ABVSI
EEL TOSARE, ET GVASTARE MONETE; Q^MsJTO
PER RZGOLARE OGNI SORTE DI PAGAMENTl
ET RIDVRRE ANOO TVTTO IL MONDO
ADVNA SOLA MONETA.
Fig.
184.
Title page ok scaruffi
RARA ARITHMETICA
372
There was no other
Editions.
edition.
verbose commentary on certain parts of Scaruffi's work.
See
p. 370.
JOANNES THOMAS FREIGIUS.

Ed.
Basel, 1582.
1582.
pr.
Swiss educator of the sixteenth century.
loan. Thomae // Freigii I. V. D.// Paedagogvs.// Hoc

libellvs//ostendens, qva ratio-//ne prima artivm ini-//tia
pueris quam facilli-//me tradi pof-Z/fint.// Basileae,// per SebasTitle.
'
est,
tianvm//Henricipetri.'
Colophon.
(P.
i.)
Basileae,// per
'
Sebastianvm Hen-//ricpetri, anno

XXCn.//Menfe Septem-
salvtis//noftre inftauratae CI3. 13.

bri.'
(P. 383-)
Description.
cm.
8,
10.
unnumb.
17 pp.
blank
366 numb.
384
pp.,
12.4
30-3
11.
Basel, 1582.
Editions.
There was no other
edition.
a general summary of the subject-matter of education, published, after the author's death, by his two sons John Thomas and John
Oswald (Joannes Osualdus) Freigius. The section devoted to arithmetic begins on p. 144 and ends on p. 156, and p. 145 is reproduced
This
is
Only the fundamental operations with integers, fractions,

and compound numbers are given, save for nine lines on the Aurea
in Fig. 185.
'
Regula
uulgo uocatur regula Detri.'
MATTHEW
HOSTUS.
A German
Title.
Ed.
pr.
Antwerp, 1582.
1582.
educator of the sixteenth century.
See Fig. 186.
ColopJion.
'
Matthaeus Hoftus Francofordiae ad Qderam haec
obferuata congerebat
gratificaturus.
Anno
& edebat elegantioris literaturae // ftudiofis

Chrifto nato CI3. 13.
(On map
LXXXI.'
at end.)
Description.
61 pp. numb.
(colophon
Editions.
8,
10
14.6 cm., the text being ^.6
blank
= 64
pp.,
20-32
581).
There was no other
edition.
11.
13.3 cm.
Antwerp, 1582
PRINTED BOOKS
373
AHITHMETTC A.
DE
Quid' eft AiithiiK'tica
H^
bene nmiera.idiSubicdi^m Igitur Arithmicie
T^fl ars
tfmmtm.
Q2pt funt confidcrandain nuiuero?
Vuo: }ôta(ioonumerailo.
Quxnam eft Notatio
UmminahacofcnbendicTnotandidtccmnotafunt^
,j_, .^.5. 6.7.8.9.0.
CircKfMi per /erMfjj!/i^rM//cdf,Hd-
Ut tmtn ad alien notai
amplijiccidm fro uarijigrudibui.
Htie.ioo.iooo.ioooo.
Qusnam fuerunt notx Roma*

noriim?
^. D.
I.
X.
to.
C.
xoo.
?oo-
lo.
CXD-
I.
00. C
L.
CMd. v^
Qiimgentd.
D.
103.
J,
XImx.
5000.
iD3D-$0'
CCCIooD-
4.
uJzioe.Deccmrrnllidt
Q}tlncûagmtamilU(i.
to6ooo.Cn<fmmiI/id*
<ooooo.Q}<wgen<4wJf^rf.
i-^dO.
CCCCIDD3D.
M'lUe.
Quf'ti^Mcmj/fj*/.
CCiDD. 10000.
iooo.
CCCClDODD.xOo6ooo.Dmej
nomam nmen non j;>rogredmtur ultra
decks cemen<t
milliaillancuplurdfigmficareuoUmt,dufUcamr.otAv.ut,
CO
<* 1000.
CIO. ClO- CIO. 30'

CIO, 10. ijoo. CO D.
B'
k
Fig.
85
From the Fccdagogvs of
loo
fkeigius
RARA ARITHMETICA
374
NVMERATIONE
EMEI^DATA,
VETERIBVS
LATINIS
tx'GRitClS VSITATA,
<5Matth<co
HoHo
Antverp
Ex
auoiore.
i/e,
ofHcina Chrifloplum Plancini.
M. D.
Fig.
86.
X X X
I.
Title page of hostus
PRINTED BOOKS
375
on the various numeral systems found

This is
in Renaissance literature. It includes the Arabic system, and the (Jreek,
Latin, and Hebrew (' gens ludaica,' as Hostus sjjeaks of it) systems,
a semi-historical treatise
and a chapter
a
Numerorum Aftronomicis
I)e notis
'
astrological
mediaeval
of
set
numerals
also
(luibufdam
vfitalis,'
dcscritjcd
fully
by
Noviomagus.
MAFFEO POVEIANO.
A
92
pr.
Bergamo, 1582.
1582.
See Fig. 187.
Title.
4,
Description.
cm.
Ed.
Veronese arithmetician of the sixteenth century.
15.1
(83 numb.),
ff.

22-26 11. Bergamo, 1582.
There was no other
Editions.
10.3
15.6
edition.
An
ordinary treatment of the fundamental operations, with a few

applications to mercantile affairs. The book had not enough merit to
warrant a second edition. The second part of the work treats of elementary mensuration. The book is little known, and, like many others
list, is not mentioned by De Morgan.
Other works 0/1582. Gemma, p. 200, 1540; Moya, p. 310, 1562
Clement, Summa del
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488 Stevin, p. 386, 1585
Ognibene de
arte arithmetica, de Fr. de Sant Clement,' Barcelona, 4
in this
'
Castellano,
'
lineamento i)ertinente aU' intendere facilmente quello,

altri Eccellentiss. Mathematici ha trattato oscuramente,'
II
che Euclide &

Vincenza, 8 (contains some theory of numbers see also p. 306, 1561)
Mellema, Arithmetique composte de plusieurs inventions et problemes
;
'
nouveaux,' Antwerp,
2 vol.,
1582 and 1586.
CHRISTOPHER CLAVIUS.
Christoph
Ki.AiT.
Born
at
Ed.
Bamberg
in
pr.
Rome, 1583.
1583.
1537; died at
Rome, February
2.
He was a Jesuit priest, and taught mathematics in the
Rome. He wrote a number of treatises on mathematics.
161
at
Title.
6,
Jesuit college
See Fig. 188.
Description.
219 pp. numb.
13
Rome, 1583,
Editions.
Rome, 1585,
tions after
X 16.6 cm., the text being 8 X 13.3 cm.

unnumb. = 232 pp., 38 11. Rome, 1583.
8, 10.5
1600
translation of
of Clavius in
8 (here described)
8 (p. 378); Cologne, 1592.
378 for the 1602

mentioned on p. 378.
(see p.
1586 is
five volumes appeared
Cologne, 1584;
There were
edition).
The
also edi-
The
Italian
collected works
at Basel in 161 2, fol.
RARA ARITHMETICA
2,1^
FATTOKE
LIBRO D'ARITFIMETICA.
ET
GEOMETRIA PRATTICAXE.
MAFFEO POVEIANO
DI M.
VERONESE.
Opera noua
& vtiliflima->
Vdk pl^brm y& generdli pTAttkhe

necejpirie
IN
che ufar ft poffano i
ad ogrimo .
Con Hcenza de' Supcrlori.
BERGAMO LANNO
M D
Per
L X.X X
DI
N.
I.
Comln Ventura , Stampatorein cila Citta.
Fk;.
187.
Title
pa(;e
of poveiano
SIG.
PRINTED HCKJKS
in
CHRISTOPHORI
C L A V
BAMBERGENSIS
E
SOCIETATE
I
BPirOME ^ RltHMEticx Pra6itca,
PER.MISSV SVPEarORVM.
Ex Typographid D om'mk'i B.tfa,
ÔM*AE
Fig.
188.
Title PAGE OF CLAVIUS
1 5g j
RARA ARITHMETICA
378
Clavius was an excellent teacher of mathematics, and his textbooks

were models of good arrangement. This work is an attempt at a pracIt is conservative in treatment, the applications being
tical arithmetic.
confined, as was the custom, largely to the rule of three. It was too
scholarly to be popular in schools under the mercantile influence, but
it
was
influential in the classical schools.
See
Ed.
pr.
Rome,
1583.
1585.
p. 375.
Title.
'
Christophori // Clavii // Bambergensis //e Societate
// lesv // Epitome Arithmeticae // Practicae nunc denuo ab ipfo

auctore//recognita.// (Woodcut with I. H. S. in center.) Permissv Svperiorvm //
Romae Ex Typographia Dominici
Bafae. 1585.'
(P. I.)
Description.
8,
10.3
337 PP- (321 mmib.), 31
8x
16 cm., the text being
11.
Rome,
13 cm.
1585.
See above.
See
Ed.
pr.
1583.
Rome,
1586.
p. 375.
Title.
Aritmetica // Prattica // composta dal Molto //Reuer.
Padre Chriftoforo Clauio // Bambergenfe della Com-//pagnia di
'
E S V.//Et tradotta da
Latino
in Italiano dal
Signor// Lorenzo
Romano.// Con Licentia dei Svperiori.//

S in center.) In Roma,// Nella Stamperia di
Caftellano Patritio//
(Woodcut with I H
Domenico Bafa.//M. D.
Description. 8, 10.3 X
302 pp. (275 numb.), 39
Editio7is. See p. 375.
This
is
LXXXVL'
i
11.
(P.
i.)
Rome,
13.3 cm.
1586.
merely an Italian translation of the 1583 edition (see p. 375).
Clavius was unable, however, to popularize the
book
in the mercantile
schools of Italy, although several editions appeared after 1600.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
1583.
Rome, 1602.
p. 375.
'Arithmetica//Prattica//composta dal Molto //Reuer.
Padre Chriftoforo Clauio // Bambergenfe della Com-//pagnia
di
PRINTED BOOKS
379
tradotta da Latino in Italiano dal Si^^mor Lorenzo//
lESV.// Et
Caftellano Patritio
Romano.// Reuifta
medemo Padre
dal
Clauio
//con alcune aggiunte.//Con Licentia de Svperiori.//In Roma,

//(woodcut with LH.S. in center.) Per li Meredi di Nicolo
i
Mutij//M. DC. IL' (P. I.)

In Roma,// Per
Colophon.
'
li
Ileredi di Nicolo Mulij
MDC
(P. 312.)
II.'
312 pp. {281 numb.), 39 11. Rome, 1602.

Editions. This is the second Italian edition
8.3x1
(p.
3.3
cm.
375).
See p. 378.
NICOLAUS REYMERS.
A German
schluss'
Title.
is
surveyor,
dated
'
bom
Ed.
at
pr.
1583.
'Henstede
Leipzig, 1583.
Dietmar.schen.'
in
zu Hattftede in Diethmarchen,' September
The
'
Be-
14, 1583.
'Geodjesia//Ranzoviana.// LandtRechnen///vnd Feld-
meffen/ fampt meff en aller-//hand gr6ff e. Alles auff eine leichte/

behende/ // vnd vormals vnbekandte newe art/ kunft-//lich/
vnd deutlich // befchrieben/ // Zu Ehren // Dem

Beftrengen
Edlen/
// vnd Ehrnuehften Herrn/ Heinrichen //
Rantzouen/ Herrn Johans feligen Sohne/ der // Kon. Mayft.
zu Dennemarcken/ etc. In den // Furftenthumben Schlefewick/
grundlich
Holftein/vnd Diethmar-//fchen/Stadthaltern/ Rhat vnd Ambtauff // Segeberge/ Erbgefeffen zum // Breitenberge/ etc.//
man
Durch//Nicolaum Reymers/von Henftede///in Dietmarfchen.
//Cvm
(F.
Privilegio.'
Colophon.
'
i, r.)
Gedruckt zu Leipzig bey // Georg Defner/ // Im
Iahr//M. D. LXXXIII.' (F. 44, v.)

Description. 4, 15.1 X 18.6 cm., the
44
text being 9.7
14.5 cm.
unnumb., 25 11. Leipzig, 1583.

ff.
Although nominally a book on surveying, this work may properly rank

an arithmetic, the Erfte Buch being entirely devoted to that subthe second,
ject.
Of this book the first chapter is entitled von zahlen
the fourth, 'von vielthe third, 'von fummieren
'von brfichen
the fifth. von
feltigen,' multiplication thus directly following addition
as
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
38o
von Theilen (division) the seventh, von den

von der gevierten Wurtzel.' The rest of the
work is devoted to mensuration, and in particular to surveying. The
chief interest in the first book is in the use made of the compound
numbers then needed in surveying. Like most such manuals, it shows
no insight into educational problems, and the treatment is very unsatis-
abziehen
Wurtzel
the sixth,
'
'
'
the eighth,
'
'
factory.
Other works of 1583.

p. 200, 1540;
Gemma,
Anonymous,
Weber,
'
Baker, p. 327, 1568

Petri, p.
Rechenbiichlein auf Erfurtifche
Ein new Kunstlich Rechenbuch
'
Caesar, p. 370, 1582

Reisch, p. 82, 1503;
325, 1567;
auff
weifs,' Erfurt, 8
den
und
linien
Johnn
ziffern,'
Leipzig, 4 (see also p. 338, 1570).
PETRUS BUNGUS.
Bom
at
Bergamo
of the cathedral in
Title.
Ed.
pr.
Bergamo, 1584-85.
1583-84.
died September 24, 1 601, at Bergamo. He was a canon

that city. He wrote only on the mystery of numbers.
;
See Fig. 189, which gives the
title
page of the
first
MysBound with this is the second part with the title

ticae // nvmerorvm // significationis // pars altera,// lo. Petro
Bongo Canonico Bergomate //avctore,// In qua de Numeris in
part.
Sacris libris potiffimum repertis,
&
tentia,
e.x
Theo-//logorum ma.xime
probatorum aliorum cuiufuis //
ita exacte, dilucide,
&
'
fen-
facultatis Scriptorum,
accurate differi-//tur, vt ferme
nil addi, aut.
detrahi poffe videatur://Opus varia fane, et multiiuga adeo re-
fertum doctrina, vt non Theo-//logis folum; fed etiam Philofophis, Mathematicis, atque alijs ftuV/diofis omnibus, tam vtile,
quam iucundum fit futurum.//De Svperiorvm licentia.// Bergomi CID ID XXCIV.//Typis Commini Venturse, eiufdem Vrbis
typographi.'
Description.
cm.
Fob, 20.6 X 30.4 cm., the text being 17 x 28.9

in the first part
198 pp. (177 numb.)
276 pp. (245 numb.)
in the
second part;
36
11.
Bergamo,
first
part
1585, second
part 1584.
Editions.
typis
title
The
first
edition appeared in 1583-84,
Comini Venturae.'
page shows,
is
tion of the first part
The second
therefore of the
'
Bergomi,
part of this work, as the
first edition.
The
first edi-
was evidently exhausted before that
of the
Y S
C AE
NVMERORVM
SIGNIFICATIONIS
LIBER
IN DVAS DIVISVS TARTES,
R.
PETRO BONGO
D.
CANONICO BERGOMATE
A V C T O R
Opus maximarum rerum
&
E:
plurimarum
do(ftrIna^, fua-
uirato,copia^, &uarictate refcrtuiiu,

Theologis ,Thilo[6phu y Mathematicis y atcfue
aliji fiudiojis
omnlbtiSj tarn vttlitatemy quam iumnditaternj
DE SVTERIORVM
BERGOMI CD
D X X C V.
Typis Comini Vcncurae

Img.
89.
Title
pal;e
LICENTIA,
^Socij.
of thk 1585 bungus
382
RARA ARITHMETICA
second part was
sold,
and hence the
first
part of the present
work is the second edition.

There were also editions as follows: Venice, 1585, 8; Bergamo, 1590; ib., 1 591, 4 (which De Morgan incorrectly calls
the second edition);
ib.,
1614
(p.
Romanorum
384).
It
appeared under the
PRINTED HOOKS
and
it
indudes
all of the allusions to siu
li
383
nialtcrs as the mystic three
that Bungiis could find in ancient literature.
He
takes uj) the various
numbers from one to ten in the same way, together with a few of the
more interesting larger numbers. For students interested in popular
number mysticism the book still remains the classic in its way. It is
also of
much
value in showing the nature of the
in the sixteenth century.
Fi(
(See Figs. 190, 191.)
Roman
numerals in use
RARA ARITHMETICA
384
PETRUS BUNGUS.
See
Title.
Ed.
Bergamo, 1599.
1583-84.
pr.
p. 380.
Bongi // Bergomatis // Numerorum myfteria.//
Petri
'
Opvs maximarvm rervm // Doctrina,
refertvm,// In
et copia
idemq perpetuus Arithmeticae Pythagoricae

cum // Diuinai Paginse Nvmeris confenfis, multiplici ratione probatur.//Poftrema hac editione ab Auctore ipfo copiofo Indice, &
ingenti//Appendice avctvm.//Cum Superiorum approbatione.//
in primis,
quo mirus
Bergomi, Typis Comini Venturse, eiufdem vrbis Typographi.//
(Xl3 XCIX.'
(P.
4,
Description.
I.)
17.5
See p. 382.
Although the
18.8
this is the
work
770 pp. (676 numb.), 32
cm.
11.
title
is
Bergamo, 1599.
slightly
changed,
already described.
PETRUS BUNGUS.
See
Title.
p.
Petri
'
Ed.
Bergamo, 1614.
1583-84.
pr.
380.
Bvngi // Bergomatis // Nvmerorvm myfteria //
Ex abditis plurimarum difciplinaru fontibus haufta://Opvs maximarvm rervm //Doctrina, & copia refertum In quo mirus in primis,
:
idemq; perpe-//tuusArithmeticaePythagoricecumDiuinaePaginae
Nu-//meris confenfus, multiplici ratione probatur.//Poftrema hac
editione ab Auctore ipfo copiofo Indice,
&
ingenti //
Appendice
Virtutum omnium, ac difciplinarum

//genere ornatifQmo //Ranvtio Gambarae // Comiti Virolae. & c.
// Bergomi, Typis Comini Venturse. 1614.' (P. i.)
avctvm.//
Illuftriffmio viro,
Description.
cm.
970
4,
17.5
X 23.4
pp. (753 numb.), 32
11.
18.8
Bergamo, 1614.
_
See p. 382.
PETRUS BUNGUS.
See
Title.
Ed.
pr.
1583-84.
Parma, 1689.
p. 386.
'Praecipuae //
Secundum
Numerorum //Notae,// Et earum valor,//

Ex Typographia Du-
// Petrum // Bungum.//Parmae,
cali.//CL3. I3C.
LXXXIX.'
(P.
i.)
PRINTED BOOKS
4,
Dcscripiioii.
i.i
385
17 7 cm., the text hcin<; 7.9
X 12.6cm.
16 pp. (12 numb.), 13-19 11. rarma, 1689.

Editions. See p. 380. This is simply an extract from the later
editions of the
and interesting
Numerorum
'
The treatment
Mysteria.'
numerals by Bungus is the most elaborate

be found in any of the works of Renaissance writers.
of
to
Roman
MONTE REGAL PIEDMONTOIS.

Ed.
Lyons, 1585.
pr. 1585.
The
title
was professor of mathematics in the University of

the second half of the sixteenth century.
states that he
Paris; evidently in
See Fig. 192.

32, 5.3x9.8cm.,
Title.
Description.
printed on vellum in double col-
umns, each
jlNVENTlONl
NOVVELLE ET
9.5 cm.
144 pp.
(ioonumb.),27-2811. Lyons, 1585.
1.8
The
edition.
August
6,
privilege
581, but
is
admirable, pour faire route

forte dc coptc , tant de marchandife , commc dc chager
monnoyes,pids,mefures,dc
dated
the work
does not seem to have been pub-
The book is exceedingly rare, and is unknown to

most bibliographers. The author
dinerfe mauicrcpoucvendre
acheter,laqiieUc feruiia en
&
tour le
monde
facilite,fans
auec grande
gecos ne plume.
lished until 1585.
a. Ufn le moyen de meiire vn

exercU en batatlte , de cent
iHjfjues
a quatunte mille.
speaks of having published part

of the tables in
Venice
in 1575.
iLe lout noiiucllcmfut compofe 8c

mis en Utmieie par le Moote Regal Picdmontois , Profelfeut de
Mathemaaque en I'Vaiuerfitide
Vm'h.
j
a collection of tables, largely

for multiplication, beautifully printed
on
This
is
split
vellum.
products of
The
1000.
These
numbers
tables give the

to
of arrangement of
table
order of battle
100 times
ten pages contain a
last
'
soldiers
Le moyen
in
!
et ordre
L Y
N>
lile vend enrueMcrciere i

Tcnfcgne de la SpKcie.
ciui fe
doit tenir pour mettre en or-
donnance
les batailles
de dix soldats
iufques au nobre de quarante mille.'
This
is
dedicated
Seigneur
le
'
pvissant et illustre
Baron de Mont-clar.'
Auec
pr'iuY.c^c
da Uny,
Title page of monte

regal piedmontois
Fig. 192.
RARA ARITHMETICA
386
SIMON STEVIN.
Born
at
a soldier,
8, 10. 5
Description.
1
pp.
I
1585.
pr.
in 1620.
Leyden, 1585.
He was a merchant,
See Fig. 193.
Title.
Ed.
Bruges in 1548; died at the Hague

and an officer in the civil service.
unnumb.
blank in
'
La
X 16
cm., the text being j .6
12.7 cm.
blank + 642 numb. + (203 numb. + 1 2 unnumb.

Pratiqve d'Arithmetiqve ') = 890 pp., 29 11.
Leyden, 1585.
Stevin's
first
work was an
His arithmetic
first
appeared
Editions.
1582.
and was reprinted
The French
in that
translation,
in
interest table,
language at Gouda in 1626 and in 1630.
which
here described, appeared at
is
1585 and again in 1586. The

editorship of Girard appeared at Leyden
Leyden
tion of
Antwerp,
Flemish, at Leyden, 1585,
in
edition under the
first
For the
in 1625.
edi-
1634 see below.
This work consists of three distinct parts
(i)
'
L'Arithmetiqve,' in
two books, the first treating of powers and roots, and particularly of
surds, and the second of operations on numerical and algebraic expressions and of the solution of equations
Les qvatre premiers Livres
(2)
d'Algebre de Diophante d'Alexandrie,' translated by Stevin, apparently
from Xylander's text (3) La Pratiqve d'Arithmetiqve,' an attempt at
'
a practical textbook, but too scholarly for
its
purposes.
The
Pratiqve
contains 'La Regie d'Interest avec ses tables,' the 1582 work above
mentioned,
La Disme.
Enfeignant facilement expedier par nomfe rencontrans aux affaires des

Premierement defcripte en Flameng, & maintenant conuertie
'
bres entiers fans rompuz, tous comptes
Hommes.
en Frangois,' and a
first
'
Traicte des incommensvrables Grandevrs.'
La Disme,' in which decimal fractions are

time treated in any elaborate way (see Fig. 194).
interest centers in
'
The
for the
SIMON STEVIN.
Ed.
pr. of the arithmetic,
Leyden, 1634.
1585.
See above.
Title.
'
Les //CEuvres//Mathematiques//de// Simon Stevin,
//Augmentees// Par Albert

Page
Girard.'
(P.
i.)
Les // CEuvres // Mathematiques //de Simon

Stevin de Bruges.// Ou font inferees les // Memoires Mathema3 reads
tiqves,// Efquelles s'eft exerc6 le Tres-haut
& Tres-illuftre
Prince
PRiNri<:i) I'.ooKs
387
I'ARITHMETIQJVE
DE SIMON STEVIN
DE BRVGES:
Conrcnant Ics computations des nombres
Anthmctiques ou vulgaires
Auft ['Ahebr:, auecles equations de cine qudntitez^.
Enlemblclesquarrc premiers liures d'Algebrc

dc Diophante d'Alcxandric,maintenant pre-
miercmcnt craduidls en Fran9ois.

Encore vn linrepamculier de la Pratique d'Aritbmetique,
(omen^::t cntre amres,Les Tables dlniere^, La Dtfm;
Et vn
tr.iicle
des hicommenfm.ibles (irandcms
Aucc i Explnatiou
dit
A L
Dc
E Y
E,
I'lmpiimcriedeChiiftophlc Pkitin*
do.
Fig.
Dixiefme Liure d'Eudide.
193.
Title
Id.
paop:
lxxxv.
of thk 1585 stkvin
KARA ARITHMETICA
388
SECONDE PARTIE DE
JLA
DISME DE
It
A T
L'OPE,
O N,
PRpPOSlTION
L'A D D
DE
I,
N.
EStant domez. nombfes de D'lfme a ajonJier
Trouver Uut
fomme
Expfkatioh du donni. II y a trois ordres de nombres de,
Difmc, dcfquels le premier 17 i@8
4 @7 (CU^ deux-
iefmc 57
@ 8 7 (i)5,le troiiipfme 875 @7 (y)S@t,
Explication durequis.
Ilnousfaut
/-\r>r^r\
a 7 8 4 7
On mettra les nombres donnez

ea ordre coramc ci joignant , les
aiouftant felon la vulgaire manierc
Z
^757^1
d'aiouftcr nombres entiers-jCncefte
p 4
<^
forte:
Donne (bmme
(par Ic
problems de rArithmeti-
que) 941304, qui font fee que dcmooftrent les (ignes

o Q) 4. Ic di, que^
deflus ics nombres) 941
3
les mefmes font la fomme reqiiifc. Dmen^ration. Les"
27
(o)
^7 1%,
4@7
jh^ TZ->
donnez, font (par la

enfcmble zj ^^^,
7 @ salient 37
@ @4 feront 87s rs'^
raifon les 37 (0)6

8
87 5
7
(i)
36
definition^
^J^'^^^^f^
les
rs^,
&
lefqucls trois
nombres,comme 27 At?,
37 -Hh,^ ^{5 irh^/^J^^

piobleme de 1 Arith.} 941 -fSVo*
o
4 (L\
nuis autant rauc aufli la fomme 94
5
cnfemble Cpar
le io<=
cefF
Fig.
194.
From the 1634
edition of stevin
BOOKS
PRINTl'I)
389
Maurice //dc Nassau, Prince d'Aurenge, Gouverneur des Pro

Mer & i)ar Terre, &c.//
vinces des // Pais-bas unis, General par
& augmente // Par Albert Girard SamieMathematicien.// A Leyde // Chez Bonaventure & Abraham
Elfevier, Imprimeurs ordinaires //de rUniverlUe, Anno cLt Io c
Le
tout reveu, corrige,
lois,
xxxiv.'
Description. Fol., 21.7 x 34 cm., printed in double ccjlumns,

each being 8.1 x 28 cm. 910 pp. (232 on arithmetic, 10 unnumb.),
63
Leyden, 1634.
See p. 386.
11.
Editions.
Other works of 1585. Benedetti, p. 364, 1580; Bungus, p. 382,

Uigges, p. 340,
Clavius, p. 378, 1583
Caesar, p. 370, 1582
1583
1572; Gemma, p. 200, 1540; Lonicerus, p. 253, 1551; Lossius,
Savonne,
Riese, p. 139, 1522
Psellus, p. 168, 1532
p. 289, 1557
lo. Frans. Fulconis, Cisterna Fulconica, libro d'abaco in
p. 314, 1563
Rechenlingua provenzale,' s. 1. (Lyons?), 8; Thilman Ofenlach,
biichlein mit der Ziffer und auf den Linien mit Zahlpfennigen,' Basel,
;
'
'
Johann Schreckenberger, Rechenbuchlein auff den Linien und der

Samuel Eisenmenger (pseud. Siderocrates),
Cyclopaedia Paracelsica Christiana,' s. 1., with a section on arithmetic.
'
Federn,' Strasburg, 8
*
Works of 1586. Clavius, p. 378, 1583; Gray, p. 353, i577

Ramus, p. 331, 1569; Riese, p. 139, 1522;
Mellema, p. 375, 1582
Schonerus, p. 331 (Ramus, 1569); Stevin, p. 386, 1585; Stifel,
Anonymous (Sterner mentions
Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15
p. 226, 1544
;
a Rechenbiichlein without
title
page, Magdeburg)
(ieorg
Hciflein,
Rechenbiichlein mit der Ziffer und mit den Zahlpfennigen auf der
Rudimenta,' Greek and
Paulus Alexandrinus,
Linie,' Strasburg, 8
'
'
Latin, Wittenberg, 4 (with
some notes on Jewish
JOHANNES PADOVANIUS.
Ed.
pr.
arithmetic).
1587.
Giovanni Padovani. A Veronese mathematician
Verona, 1587.
of the second half of
the sixteenth century.
Title.
Sec Fig. 195.

4, 14.4x20.4 cm., the text being 9.6 X 15.7
unnumb. + 73 numb. = 80 pp., 29-32 11. Verona,
Description.
cm.
7 pp.
1587.
Editions.
Padovani published a work in Venice in 1565 conDe Arithmetica.'

f)f which was
sisting of six parts, the fourth
'
390
RARA ARITHMETICA
lOANNIS PADOVANII
VERONENSIS,
DE ARITHMETICA OPVS,IN QVO NON
folum omnis generis numerandi ars am Latino
rermone,quam Grxco pcrdifcitur: ucrum
ctiam qiiicquid ad quafcunque ratiocinationes pertinet
facili
doftrina apcritur.
Omnibus, &in primisreipuhlkaliteraria
E R O
ftudiofts perneceffariunu
N AE,
ExTypogmphia Sebaftiani a Donnis.

Delicentia Siiperiorum.
Fio.
195.
Title page of padovanius
15S7.
HOOKS
PRINTr:i)
That work
first
is
probably. the same as
and only separate edition, and
This
is
in
no sense a
very rare.
practical treatise, but
arithmetic in a learned way, at
first
This seems to be the
this.
is
391
it
discusses the subject of
rather on the Greek plan.
It
then
considers the Arabic arithmetic, taking up the four processes, roots, pro-
and two or three other applications. 'l"he style

such that it would hardly have appealed to the
Yor Padovani's
practical merchant even if it had not been in Latin.
other works see Riccardi, I, i, 251.
portion, partnership,
in
which
it is
written
is
CASPAR THIERFELDER.
Ed.
Nurnber(, 1587.
pr. 1587.
German Rechenmeister
T/t/r.
of Steyer, born
c.
1525.
See Fig. 196.

Gedruckt zu Number^/ // durch Leonhardt //
ColopJion.
Heufzler.'
'
(P. 369.)
8, 9.4 X 1 5.2 cm., the text being 7 X 13.3 cm.

30
369 numb. = 399 pp., 25-26 11. Nurnberg, 1587.
Editions. There was no other edition. Thierfelder also published a book with Ulman at Freiburg in 1 564, 8, entitled Neues
Kunft-Rechenbuch auf der Linie und Feder dergleichen weder
Description.
pp.
imnumb.
'
in lateinifchen
man
noch deutfcher Sprache ausgegangen.'
a commercial arithmetic, based on Rudolff and other Gerwriters, and with no particular individuality. It contains eighteen
This
is
upon mathematical recreations, Von der

Schimpff Rechnung/vnd Erfindung derfelben Regeln,' a subject that
began to come into prominence about this time.
chapters, the last one being
Riese, p. 139,
Other works of ijSy. Finaeus, p. 160, 1530-32
1522; Michael Gempelius, Arithmetik,' s. 1., 8; Aurelio Marinati,
Delia prima parte della somma di tutte le scienzc,' Rome, 4 (with a
Conr. Poeppingius, Neues Rechenbrief treatment of arithmetic)
;
'
'
biichlein auf
Jnien und P'edern,' Braunschweig, 8 (four editions after
1600).
Works 0/1588. Gemma,
p. 208,
Rudolff, p. 152, 1526; John Mellis,
how
1540; Helmreich,
'A
p.
brief instruction
306, 1561
and maner
keepe bookes of Accompts,' London, 8 (containing a short

Heinrich Striibe, Arithmetica oder new kiinfthches Rechenbuchlein,' Zurich, 8, with an edition ib., 1599, 12.
to
chapter on arithmetic)
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
392
ej^>^-^'^
gfuff
bm 2mm m^ "îffmi
mit1iott^tt)hnb ^t^mU^fclvanf
Cur* i2^%^^
e&rucf 1 5u 7?i5mkr3/brc$
LXXX.VII,
M. D,
Fig.
196.
Title page of thierfelder
BERNAERT STOCKMANS.
Ed.
Dordrecht, 1609
pr. 1589.
French schoolmaster
at
Dordrecht (Dort),
m the
second half of the
six-
teenth century.
7>V/r.
'
Een
corte ende een-//vuldige Inftructie/om lichtelij-
cke // en by hemfelve/ fonder eenige meefter
oft onder\vij-//fer
PRINTia) HOOKS
te Iceren cijffercn.
393
Secp nut en protijlclijckcn //alio nienfchen/
die in de Confte van Arith-//metica heel ftccht/oncrvaren //

ende eenvuldich zijn.// Geftelt endc by ccn vcrgadert, door
Bernaert // Stockmans lanfz. F"ran9oyfche Schoolmeefter //inde
vermaerde Coop-ftadt Dordrecht.// Hier zijn ooc bygevoecht de
Differentien van de co-//i'en-Mate der voornaefte ftede in IIollant/ t'Sticht/ // Zeelant/ Brabant/ Vlaenderen/ Gelderlant/
En-//gelant/ Vrancrijck/ eii Ooftlant/ tot dienft // van alien
Graen-coopers.//
Van
nieus overfien ende verbetert door C. P.
Boeye.// Item/ noch van nieus bygevoecht een clare onder-//
om de tafelen van Intereft te leeren maken/ //alles tot

vanden onervarenen.// Sapiente 1 1. verf. 22.// Maer ghy
hebbet alles in Mate/ Tellen/// ende Ghewichte gheordineert.//
Tot Dordrecht // By my Pieter Verhagen/ woonende inde Drue
wyfinge
dienft
// kerije/teghen over de Wijnbrugge. 1609.'
1609.'
ff.
i,
r.)
(F. 214, v.)
Description.
(F.
'Tot Dordrecht.// By Adrien lanfz Bot.//Anno
Colophon.
blank
8, 9.
211 unnumb.
This book was
Editions.
catory epistle
is
dated
was no other edition
'
215
first
ff.,
31-33
11.9 cm.
Dordrecht, 1609.
11.
printed in 1589, and the dedi-
den 20. defer Maent
Julij
589.'
There
in the sixteenth century.
This is one of the noteworthy arithmetics of Holland, and it went

through a number of editions after i6or (see p. 394). It is a commercial work, and like Vander Schuere's book it gives an e.xcellent view of
life of Holland in this period.
Other jvorks of i^Sg. Jacob, p. 298, 1560; Moya, p. 310, 1562;
Hebdomades, sive septem de septenario
Fabio Paolini (Paulinas),
libri,' Venice, 4, containing a little arithmetic, and ib., 1598 (?).
Works of 1590. Bungus, p. 382, 1583; Digges, p. 340, 1572;
the mercantile
'
Jacob, p. 298, 1560; Lapazzaia, p. 324, 1566; Psellu.s, p. 170, 1532;

Recorde, p. 214, c. 1542; Heizo Buscher (Boscherus), 'Arithmetics
libri
duo,' Helmstadt, sm. 8, with editions,
ib.,
1591, 8; Hamburg,
Franciscus
1597, 8; Frankfort, 1600, 8, and later;
Cyprian Lucar, A
Brasser, an arithmetic, Liibeck, with later editions
Librode
treatise named Lucarsolace,' London, 4; Bartolom^ Solorzano,
1592, 8;
ib.,
'
'
caxa V Manual de cuentas de Mercaderes,' Madrid.
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
RARA ARITHMETICA
394
BERNAERT STOCKMANS.
See
Ed.
pr. 1589.
Gouda, 1644.
p. 392.
Aritmetica,// Door Bernardus Stockma // eertyts

Title.
Franfoyfche fchool-//meefter inde vermaerde coopftadt // Dorderecht nu van nieu* curieus // gecorigert ende verbetert noch is
'
// hier by gevoecht een tafelken cm te // rabatteeren op fulcken

tyt of te intereft // men begeert door // Abel. W. Waesenaer //
Rekenmeefter
tot
Vtrecht // (Portrait of author.)
Gedruckt
tot
Vtrecht by //Efdras Willemfsen Snellaert.//boeckvercooper //
Anno.
1637.'
(P.
I.)
Ter Govde,// Gedruckt by Pieter Rammazeyn,

Boeck-// drucker in't vergulde A B C.//Door Efdras Willemfz
Colophon.
'
Snellaert, Boeck-//vercooper tot Vtrecht
by de waert-poort 1644.'
421.)
(P.
Description. 8, 9.3 X 13.9 cm., the text being 7.5 X 12.4 cm.
429 pp. (410 numb.), 32-33 11. Gouda, 1644.
Editions. See p. 393. The engraved title page of the 1637
edition has been used with this edition, which, as the colophon
shows, was printed in 1644.

See p. 393.
FRANCESCO PAGANI.
An
Ed.
pr.
1591.
Italian arithmetician of the sixteenth century,
Ferrara, 1591.
born at Bagnacavallo.
See Fig. 197.
Title.
4, 14.2 x 17.9 cm., the text being

210 pp. (200 numb.), 38 11. Ferrara, 1591.
Description.
10.
X 15.9
cm.
This rare and almost unknown work

(see p. 16)
which served
for so
many
is
based upon the Borghi model
of the best Italian writers.
It
was written, as the dedicatory epistle states, at Bagnacavallo, and is one

of the few books on mathematics published in the sixteenth century at
Ferrara. It has no merit saVe as its applied problems give a view of
the business life of the time. In its numerical work it is reactionary,
making, for example, a strong plea for the galley as opposed to the
a danda or modern method of division.
'
'
PRINTED HOOKS
395
ARITHMETICA
PRATTICA VTILISSIMA,
ARTIFICIOSAMENTE ORDINATA
Da M.Francesco PAGANidaBagnacauallo,
JÛa quale ft cont'tene il'vero^ ^facile

modo
Conmoiti
di conteggiarc^ .
Quefiti importanti,&i>eccnanj
a Ragionieri,a MercantijcS: ad ogni
per{ona,in tutti
Paefi.
^L mOLTO JLLVSTRE SIGNOR

il^ F
F^ ELE K^ STO 2^/,
(/
(T^^^
&c.
c-Tcn*./
ApprefTo Vittorio Baldini

Con liccnza
'ic.
197.
dc' Supcriori. M. D. xci.

Title page of pag
RARA ARITHMETICA
396
RENE BUDEL,
et
Ed.
al.
Cologne, 1591.
1591.
pr.
For biographies, see below.
See Fig. 198.
Title.
4,
Description.
x 23.6
18.2
38
pp.
unnumb.
798 numb.
271-350 are not in the volume, and if they were

ever bound in any copies they must have constituted a section by
themselves.) 46-49 11. Cologne, 159 1.
836 pp. (PP.
This rather massive treatise on the history of monetary measures contwo books by Budel (Budelius), director of the Bavarian mint,
and several appended chapters by the following writers Albertus Brunus
sists of
to Louis of France,
(1461-1541), counselor
Aquila, friend of the astrologer Stoffler
and ambassador; Johannes
who
died in
53
Bilibaldus
Pirkheymer (1470-1530), a celebrated humanist; Martinus Garatus

Franciscus Curtius,
Laudensis, who writes a chapter De monetis
and Joannes Regnaudus of Avignon, who write on the same topic
Didacus Covarrubias (1512-1577),
Caroius MolinKus (1500-1566)
Henricus Mameranus, a Belgian printer
bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo
Franciscus de Aretio (1418-1483), a celeHenricus Hornmannus
brated lawyer of Arezzo Nicolas Everardus (1473-1532), a celebrated
Dutch lawyer, of Middelburg; Jacobus Menochius (i 531-1607), an
It is a monumental work, and is
Italian lawyer, and various others.
helpful in the investigation of the history of monetary tables.
Other works of ijgi. Baker, p. 327, 1568 Bungus, p. 382, 1583
*
'
Buscher,
393, 1590;
p.
Gemma,
p.
200, 1540; Mariani, p. 181, 1535
325, 1567; Psellus, p. 168, 1532; Ramus, p. 331, 1569;

De Monade
Vincent de Beauvais, p. 10, 1473; Jordanus Bruno,
numero et Figura liber,' Frankfort, 8 Johann Kaudler, Arithmetica
Oder Rechnung auf der Linien und mit Ziffern,' Regensburg, 8 Hans
Jacob Mewrer, Bericht von dem Rechnen mit den Zahlpfennigen oder
Petri,
p.
'
'
'
auf der Linien,' Zurich, 8.
THOMAS HYLLES.
An
Title.
5 ff
end; 40
pr.
London, 1600.
1592.
See Fig. 199.
Description.
cm.
Ed.
English mathematician of the latter part of the sixteenth century.
11.
4,
14.2
unnumb.
19.6 cm., the text being 10. 8
270 numb.
London, 1600.
285
ff.,
X 16.9
with 2 charts at the
PRINTED BOOKS
397
MONETIS,
NVMAETRIA,RE
LIBRI
DVO:
QVORVM PRIMVS ARTEM CVDENDAE MO

NETAE: SECVNDVS
VEHO QVAESTIONVM MO-
NETARIAKVM DECISIONBS CoNTINET.
HIS ACCESSERVNT TRACTATVS VARII ATQVE

VTILES,
NECNON CONSlLIA,SINGVLARF.S(iyH ADDI-
tionc tam vcternm, quain Neotericorum
Authorum.qui
deMonctis,c3rundcmqiievalore,!iga,pondere,
poteftate,mutationc,variatione,fallitate,
aciimilibusfcripferunt.
Quorum oimiium Cataloûmpa^hu duodecinu indicat.
AVTHORE ET COLLECTORE
CLARISS.
Vjro Renero Bvdelio Rvremvndano, IC. Necnon Revereadirs.atqucIlkiftrifs.Principisac D.Domini Erncfti Elcdloris
Colonien BauariaeDuc.&c. MonetarLim,tani
nciilium,
quam V vcftphaticanim
Rhc
Archie,
pifcopaliiim Prsfcdo.
CVM SVMMARIIS
ET InDFCE COPIOSO.
COLONIAE AGRII'PINAE
APVD lOANNEM GYMNICVAT,

SVB MONOCEROTE.
ANNO
CVM PRIVILEG.
Fig. 198.
M.
D.
L X X X X I.
AD SEXENNIVM.
CAES. MAIEST.
Title page of budel et
al.
RARA ARITHMETICA
398
The Arte of vulgar arithmeticke
both in Integers and Fradions,
dcuidedinto two "Boo/êsnvhereofthefirU
is
called
UomodidacltisNumerorum,2.u(X the fecond PoriusFroportiomnj. vvitlx

cciteineDemonftrationSji educed into fo plaine and perfedMcthod,as the l\e hath not huhmo beene fuhhfhed in Engliih
j
Wherevvto
saddcd a third BookCjCmituIcd t-^1/^ -^f'îT '^<"'W.

prehending aJl the moll
rcceflo-rie
Com-
and profiiableKuks
vfed in the Udde tfMcrcbaidifc,
In
which three Bookes the RuIeSjPrcceptSjandMaximSjare not

cnclj comôfedinmeeterfor the better ret a'mtng ojthem in mcmor'te^
:
all
but alfo the operanons, cKaniples.denionlirationSj and qucftions,

axe in Tnofheafie wife ocpoHnded and exflaned,itt theforme
ofa Diahcucfoi the Readers more dcert
v(-dcrltar ding.
i^ hcivhdgeple/ijantfor GentUmev, comniendahlefor Captuna

and Soldiers,
profitable for Merchants, and e^cnerally
mcejfatie for allejlatex and degrees.
Newly colIe(5led,digefted, and in fomc part deuifed by

a 'êl'^tlUr
to the
MathematicaU,
Ecdcfiafticus,
cap. iff.
Learning vntofodes is as fetters on their feeteandManiclcs vpcn

thcirnghthand: buttothc wifcitisalcwcllofgoldcjandhke
a Bracelet vpon his right arme.
Boctiuslibr. i. Arith. cap. t
Omnia^juacutique afrlmma nAturaconflritEiafHtit^NuMmruw
videmw
radmefoiwaeafHoccmTifMtprinctpalewarjfmocondmuexiimflar,
Imprinted at
London by Cal;riclSimfatt,dVic]!iit^g
ioflceiclanc,
Fig. 199.
xtfoo.
Title page of the 1600 hylles
PRINTED HOOKS
London, 1^92;
Editions.
399
1600,4 (here
ib.,
This rather ponderous work of 570 pages
is
dcscribctl).
written in the form of a
dialogue, following the popular textbooks of Recorde.
Hylles intro-
duces his rules and definitions in verse, presumably with the idea that
they can be more easily memorized in this form. An illustration of this
feature
seen in the following description of the
is
now
or Truc([ues,' a chapter
reminder
words
in the
'
first
case of
obsolete, but one of whic h
barter
'
and
'
truck
'
Barters
we have a
'
:
trucciucs, there are diuers kindes,
Of Barters or
when the Trucquers take.

by agreement of mindes,
No partie grating, greater gaines to make,
Thequalitie of which exchange of wares.
Whereof
the
But ware
for ware,
firft, is
The compound
The author seems
rule afcending fole declares.' (F. 255.)
to take
up every
rule
known
to the English arith-
a good source of information

concerning British commerce of the period. It was not a popular work,
probably because it elaborated its rules too much to be usable.
meticians of the time, and his book
is
JOANNES ANTONIUS MAGINUS.

Ed.
pr.
Venice, 1592.
1592.
Giovanni Antonio Magini. Born
Padua, June 13, 1555; died at

was professor of astronomy and matheat
Bologna, February 11, 1617. He

matics at Bologna, and wrote numerous works on these subjects.
Title.
'
lo.// Antonii // Magini
Patavini //
Mathematicarvm
almo // Bononienfi Gymnafio prof eff oris.// Dc Planis Triangvlis // Liber Vnicus.// Eitifdem // de Dimetiendi ratione //per
Quadrantem, & Geometricum Quadratum,// Libri Qvinqve.//
in
Opus valdevtile Geometris, Aftronomis, Geographis, Mechanicis,

Ar-//chitectis, Militibus, Agrorum menforibus, & denique //om-
Cvm
nibus Mathematicarum profefforibus.//

tiis,
Colophon.
'
orum
permiffu.'
Description.
ff.
unnumb.
(F.
Vene-
i, r.)
Bononiae,// apud lannem Baptiftam Ciottum.//
Typis Victorij Benacij,//
Privilegio.//
apvd Robertvm Meiettvm.// M. D. XCIL'
(F.
4,
Anno Domini, M. D. XCn.//Superi-
114,
6 X
v.,
1
110 numb,
.6
and 132,
v.)
cm., the text being
(in
the
first
book)
1 1
.8
18.2 cm.
124 numb,
-f-
RARA ARITHMETICA
400
unnumb.
(in
the second book)
242
34-38
ff.,
Venice (but
11-
printed in Bologna, as the colophon states), 1592.

Editions.
There was no other
edition.
Following some other bibliographers,

plane triangles, because of the
have included this treatise on
Expositio, ac vsvs tabvlae tetragonicae,
'
feu Quadratorum numerorum cum fuis radicibus iuxta fequentes octo

Canones (f 5 r.) which it contains. The Tabvla nvmerorvm quadratorum begins on f. 41 and extends to f. 64, inclusive. It is the most
extensive table of squares and roots that had appeared up to 1592.
'
'
'
THOMAS MASTERSON.
Ed.
An
Title.
pr.
London, 1592-95.
1592-95.
English mathematician of the latter part of the sixteenth century.
See Fig. 200.
Description.
12.8
4,
18.
255 pp. (230 numb.), 34-35

(148 pp.) bears the date 1592
cm.
II
Book
London, 1592-95.
11.
x 15.6
Book
III (78 pp.) bears the
date 1595.
Editions.
There was no other edition. There was, however,

First Booke published at London in 1594.
an addition to the
'
'
The author says in his dedicatory epistle, dated London this

20 Auguft Anno. 1592,' that he has vnder taken to write and publifhe
with this order and methode,
fixe bookes of the Art of Arithmeticke
that the firft, third, and fift bookes, fhalbe as a fummarie and ground,
teaching, the true ingenious, inuentions, and the perfect figuratiue and
'
'
caractericall operations of the
and
fixt
fame Art
the application of the definitions,

of the
Then
the feconde, fourth,
bookes, fhalbe of Arithmeticall queftions and demaundes, with
firft,
third,
and
fift
bookes.'
common
fenteces
The plan was not
and
inftructions
carried out beyond
the publication of the three books and the supplement mentioned above.
Book I is on the fundamental operations with integers and fractions,
and makes no advance
in
the
ordinary
textbooks
of
the
period.
a collection of practical problems representing the mercantile activities of London at the close of the sixteenth century
Book III would now be classed as part of algebra (see
(see Fig. 201).
Book
II
is
Fig. 202), since
it
refers chiefly to irrational
works of isg2. Buscher,

Clavius, p. 375, 1583; Fischer
Othei-
p.
numbers.
393, 1590
(Piscator),
p.
Capella, p. 68, 1499
247,
1549; Gemma,
PRINTED HOOKS
401
THOMAS
MASTERSON
HIS
FIRST BOOKE
OF ARITHMETICKE.
Shewing ihc ingenious inucntions , and figuratiuc operations by which to caiculaie the tnie folution or anfwcres
of Arithmetical! quelHoos: after a more perfect, plainc,
,
briefc, well ordered Anthmecicall
way
then any
other heretofore publifhed : vcric

ncccflarie for all
men.
Nothing without labour.

\^ll things with reafon.
Imprinted at London by Richard Ficld,dvvelling in

the Blacke nriers ncare Ludgatc.
i5Pi.
o'c.3 4-FiG. 200.
Title page of masterson
RARA ARITHMETICA
402
p. 200, 1540; Nonius, p. 315, 1564; Psellus, p. 168, 1532; Ramus,

p. 331,
1569; Riese,
Cosentino Benicansa,
lit
p.
'
139, 1522; Tartaglia, p. 279, 1556; Rutilio

di tutte le scientie de Abaco,' Naples,
Corona
THOMAS MASTERSON
5
HIS
PRINTIlD 1KK)KS
THOMAS MASTERSON
hauin'' here their

I.
2.
4.
403
HIS
number written oUcr them.

?
^'
8.
7-
lo.
9.
II.
12.
The firftcaraacr written thus z^, doeth fignific anynumbcr before which it is written, to be the firft number giuen,
taken, or imagincd-,and is called radix, or rootcfor that all the
other caraftcrshaue their original! or of-(f>ring of ir. The fccond written thus^, is called
any number before which it is
firft
two
^^^-^ or fquarc,
and doth fignifie
written, to be the
produd of
the
multiplication of the roote by it fclfe : that is of the roote

times taken and multiplied. The third written thus c^, is
and doth fignific thenumber following the fame

to be the produft of the fecond multiplication of the roote.three
multiphed by the
times taked and multiplied, that is of the
called cnê,
z^.
The fourth is called z^nje:zen/e^ and dothfignifie the num.
bcr following the fame,to be the produft of the third multipliis the produft of thc^ fourc times taken and mul-
cation,that
tiplied.
The fift is called /r/S/;ii/<f, and doth
fignific the
number
following the fame, to be the produft of the fourth raultiplication.
The fixt is called Kenfecnbe , and doth fignific thenumber
following the fame,to be the produft of the fiift multiplication.

The feuenth is called bfurfolide ,. or {econd furfolidc , and doeth
fignifie the number following the fame,to be the produft of the
fixt multiplication. The eight
fignific the
feuenth multiplication.
fignifie, the
is
doth
The
ninth is called cubecube , and doth
number following the fame,to be theprodufc of the
eight multiplication. Xiie tcntli

fignifie the
called KjenfcK^nfezênfe^ 6c
number following the fame,to be the produft of the
is
called iênfefurfoUde,
& doth
number following the fame , to be theprodud &c.
The eleuenth, is called cfurfolide.ox third furfblide.Thc twelfth

is called Kjenfezênjecube. The thirteenth is called d/urfolide^ or
fourth furfolide. You may proceede further at your pleafure, if
you marktthat the fift carafter is the firft furfolidc, the feuenrh
the fecond furfolidc, and thenexcvncompound number following,thcnextfurfolide,5c fo infinitely cucr
tlie
next vxicom-
pound
Fig. 202.
Fkom masterson, showing algebraic
sv.mbols
KARA ARITHMETICA
404
SIGISMUNDUS SUEVUS.
A German
Ed.
priest, living at Breslau.
pr.
Born
Breslau, 1593.
1593.
c.
1550.
See Fig. 203.

Gedruckt zu Brefslaw/ durch // Georgium Bawmann/J. Jn Mitvorle-//gung Andreae Wolcken. Jm lahre ://
M. D. XCIIL' {P. 523)
Description. 4, 14.8 X 19.5 cm., the text being 11.2 X 15.8
Title.
Colophon.
'
524 pp. (455 numb.), 28-31 11. Breslau, 1593.

cm.
Editions.
This work was probably intended to be a practical arithmetic, but

the author's theological interests unfitted him for the task of writing
such a book. Although the fundamental operations and the common
rules of the day are treated in somewhat the usual way, the problems
are largely biblical, or mystical. The size of Goliath's armor and Gematria
used to foretell the famine of Poland represent the applications.
ALESSANDRO ALAMAGNI.
Ed.
pr.
Title.
See Fig. 204.

12, 8.7
Description.
I
unnumb.
f.
30
Venice, 1593.
1593.
Venetian arithmetician of the sixteenth century.
+ 96
numb.
15.4 cm., the text being6.3
= 97
ff.,
13.2 cm.
printed in double columns,
Venice, 1593.
11.
There was no other
Editions.
The word
chants to
'
tariffa
'
edition.
books means a table used by mercomputations involving the measures and awk-
in these early
assist in their
See Paxi, p. 77 Mariani, p. 180.

200, 1540; Tartaglia, p. 279,
Giochi di Carte,' Venice, 8, with an edition
ward monetary systems of the time.

Other works of i^gj. Gemma,
p.
1556 Horatio Galasso,

Verona in 1597, 12, and a French translation in 160^ (containing
giochi d'abbaco ').
several
'
at
'
MIGUEL GERONIMO SANTA CRUZ.

Ed.
Madrid, 1643.
pr. 1594
Spanish merchant and arithmetician of the second half of the sixteenth
century,
bom
at Valencia.
He
lived at Seville.
Libro de // Arithmetica // especvlativa, y pra-//tica,

intitvlado, el Dorado // Contador, contiene la fineza y reglas de
Title.
'
PRINTKD BOOKS
405
RITHMETICA
HISTORICAL
Mrd& a\W
im't f(5ottctt
Species t?nt)
fflrnrmafe 9?rfldn/
ît)ct\(tttmm îfictkn
mi gjccmp.crtt /
auclj inie ^fbraircfjf r / ridjifc^r/ Dnb tK^miTc^fr 9J?anep/@f

(ic^ onD eSjap/ Derm in ^filigcr (Scftnfff PnD ûffrn fFcîc^r^
QSilcfjfrn gfDof^c
3Iucfe
6fnm
wirb/ 5)fr lictm 3ugtn& iugutu (ttltrsu

Wrnim/ Wf^rn eir(fr
Die nid^t rrcfenm
am
lufiiB
f nJ)
liV^lic^ Jii Irfftt*
irreyi
am Freyftadicnrem,
Sigifmundum Sueuum
pf^rtljcrc ja S. Bernardin tn Dec ncai|lt;ot.
OnD @croiC^(C-
Sapientai,
CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO.

Fig. 20^.
Title
vxc.v.
of suevus
^^^
RARA ARITHMETICA
4o6
TA R
F F
N V O V
T>
dull Cccchini
,
A>
V ALVT fi^
ELLA
dieci
^j Lire
efaldt vno^
Fino a ^ 12 / 8. Laqual fcriC

anco per oy;ni (brtedi
Mcrcantie,-
FATTA DA
M.
Alcflandro Alamagni.
O^
IN V
^ret*c4-
A,
AppicfTo Gio. Ant. Raaip.uecto.
15 pj.
Fig. 204. Title page of alamagni
PRINTED BOOKS
contar//()roy
407
Aneagcs de // Flandcs.//Por moder-
plata, y los
no y com-//pcndiolo cl'lil<).//Compvesto por Migvcl Gero-//nim()

de Santa-Cruz, natural de la Ciudad, y // Reino dc Valencia, y
vezino de // Seuilla.// Al Lô Don Pero de Baraiz,//Teniencc
mayor de Corregidor de la infigne Villa de // Madrid, Corte del

Rei nueftro Senor.//Ano 1643 //Con licencia.// En Madrid, Por
Francifco Martinez. //A coftade luan BautiftaTabano, Mercader
de
libros,
vendcfe
ff.
unnumb.
Editions.
al
// lado del Colegio de Atocha.'
(F.
i, r.)
X 20 cm., the text being 9.9 X 16.8 cm.

= 244 ff., 32-34 !! Madrid, 1643.
numb.
238
4, 13.8
Description.
know
inal privilege is
of
dated
no sixteenth-century edition, but the
May
orig-
This edition of 1643 seems
1594.
8,
by the dedication of Tabano to have been published after the

author's death. There was an edition as late as 1794.
The work
follows the general plan of the Spanish and Italian merIt is not, however, a very
cantile arithmetics of the sixteenth century.
practical book, the author having

theoretical side of
works
been too much influenced by the
like Tartaglia's.
Masterson, p. 400,
Other works of I^g4. Barlaamo, p. 343- i5 72
Recorde, p. 217, c. 1542 Reisch, p. 82, 1503 Wenceslaus, p.
Thomas Blundevile, 'His Exercises, containing sixe Trea421, 1599
there was an edition ib.,
tises,' London, 4 (the first being on arithmetic
1597,4, and others appeared after 160:) Smiraldo Borghetti, 'Opera
;
1592
d'abbaco,' Venice, 8
Jerdnimo Cortes, 'Arithmetica practica,' Valencia,

p. 343, 1573; Helmreich, p. 306, 1561
Works 0/1595. BelU,

Masterson, p. 400, 1592
Urstisius,
JOANNES BILSTENIUS.
A
si.xteenth-centuvy
German
i).
Ed.
361, 1579.
pr.
Basel, 1596.
1596.
educator.
Syntagma // Philippo-//rameum // Artium Li-//beraMethodo brevi ac per-//fpicua cominnatum //per // loan.
Title.
lium,
Bilstenium // Marfbergianum.// In // Gratiam Tyronum partim

// vocibus Germanica adiecta // est explicatio.//
difficilibus
Basilese,// Typis Conr. Wâldkirch.//
Description.
10
16.
CI3 ID XCVI.'
586 numb. = 602 pp., 26-28

16 pp. unnumb.
Editions.
8,
11.
(F.
i,
r.)
12 cm.
Basel,
596.
RARA ARITHMETICA
4o8
This work consists of twenty parts, treating respectively of the leading branches of knowledge as considered in the sixteenth century. Of
these the eleventh is I)e Arithmetica,' and gives in 43 pages a succinct
'
Quid est
account of algorism. It begins with the catechism form
Arithmetica? Arithmetica, die Rechenkilft/est ars bene numerandi.
Subjectum Arithmeticae eft Numerus.' There is nothing progressive in
:
'
the treatment, division, for example, being performed by the galley
method
only,
and the applications being confined
largely to the
'
Aurea
Regula' (the 'Golden Rule' of three).

Hood (translator
Other wo7'ks of 1596. Helmreich, p. 303, 1561
Ramus, p. 330,
Petri, p. 325, 1567
see Urstisius), p. 361, 1579
1569 Recorde, p. 219, c. 1542 Snellius (see Ramus), p. 333, 1569
Anonymous (William
Urstisius, p. 361, 1579
Tartaglia, p. 278, 1556
;
Parley (?), translator), The Pathway to Knowledge,' London, 4 (conAnonymous, Arithtaining 'Thirty days hath September,' see p. 33)
Sebastian Brandt, Plenaria artis Arithmeticae
metica,' Frankfort, 8
'
'
'
Arithmetica practica,'
C, M. Glysonius,
Frankfort, 8
Giacomo Trevisano, MeVenice, 4, with editions as late as 1783
moriale di abbaco,' Venice, 8 (title page 1597, colophon 1596)
refolutio,'
'
'
Reglas breves de Arithmetica,' Barcelona, sm. 8

Bernardo Vila,
Antonio Rodriguez, Aritmetica pratica y theoretica,' Salamanca, 8.
'
'
ANONYMOUS.
Ed.
Luyck, 1597.
pr. 1597.
Tot Luyck
Cleynen // Catholyken // Catechismvs.//
by Jan Voes.// M.D.XCVII.// Met priuilegie van fes laren.'
Title.
(F.
'
I, r.)
Colophon.
'Tot Luyck by Ian Voes, 1597.' (F. 12, v.)

4, 9 X 14 cm., the text being 6.2 x 11.8 cm.
Description.
12
unnumb., 16-21
ff.
This
is
one
of
many
Luyck, 1597.
11.
similar children's
books
in
Mr. Plimpton's
library.
introduced here merely as a type of those primers that taught some

work in number in connection with grammar or the catechism. In this
It is
book the
Roman and Arabic numerals to 84. There

numerous Latin and Greek grammars of the sixwhich numeration is taught, but these have been
child learns the
are also in the library
teenth century in
omitted from
this bibliography.
Bonocchio, p. 346,
i^g"/. Blundevile, p. 407, 1594
1574 Buscher, p. 393, 1590 Galasso, p. 404, 1593 Gemma, p. 200,
1540; Trevisano, above, 1596; Francis Meres, 'God's Arithmetique,'
London, 8.
Other works of
;
PRINTED HOOKS
HENRY DE SUBERVILLE.
Ed.
409
Paris, 1598.
1598.
pr.
French scholar of the close of the sixteenth century. lie describes

himself as canon of the cathedral at Xaintes,' and Aduocat en la Cour de
Parlement de Bourdeaux,' and signs his name with the birthplace HretonBearnois.' The dedicatory epistle is dated at Kimpercorentin.'
'
'
'
'
Title.
'
L' Henry-metre,// instrvment
ct // vnivcrscl,
royal,
avec sa theoriqve,// vsage, et pratiqve demonstree par //

pofitions Elementaircs d'Euclide,
metique
&
auffi
les Pro-
regies familieres // d'Arith-
Arithmetique
fans
mefures Geometriques,
&
Lequel
prend
toutes
Aftronomiques, qui luy//font circu-
8z
lairement oppofees tant au Ciel, qu'en la Terre,//svr vne sevle

station, par
place,
eft
ny
vn // feul triangle Orthogone, fans le bouger de fa

// mefurer aucune diftance de ftation, ainfi qu'on
aller
con-/Arainct de faire auec
triques.//
De
les autres
D'Henry de
I'inuention //
Inftruments Geome-
Suberuille Breton, Cha-
noine en I'Eglife Cathedrale S. Pierre //de Xaintes
en
la
&
Cour de Parlement de Bourdeaux.// Item,// Vn
fur la Theorique,
&
Pratique que de
quarrees,//pour dreffer
Scadrons,
les
1'
Aduocat
petit traicte
Extraction des racines
&
Bataillons quarres.//
Dedies au Roy.// Diev a difpofe toutes chofes en Poids, Nombre,
& // Mesvre.
Sap. 11. 2 1 .//
en
fainct laques
Auec
la
du Roy.'
Priuilege
Description.
4,
39 pp. unnumb.
Paris,// Chez, Adrien Perier, rue
//boutique de Plantin au Compas.// 1598.//

17
(F. i, r.)
225 numb.
264
Editions.
There was no other
Although
this is primarily a treatise
pp.,
39-42
1.8
11.
and denominate numbers.
17.8 cm.
edition.
on mensuration by the use of a
trigonometric instrument somewhat resembling a quadrans,
included in this Hst because
Paris, 1598.
it is
properly
contains several chapters on fractions
it
These are of no special merit, and are
introduced as a preliminary to the calculations involved in the use of the

Henry-metre which the author invented. The book is an interesting
'
effort to
'
perpetuate an inventor's
ship describing an instrument of
a value in the general study of
them are
all
of
particular value.
no special scholarThere is, however,
of these early instruments.
Many
of
quadrans for example, and their more

the teaching of trigonometry would be very heli)ful.
easily constructed, the
extensive use in
name by a work
no
RARA ARITHMETICA
4IO
JOHANN FRIDOLIN LAUTENSCHLAGER.

Ed.
A
Title.
Freiburg
1598.
pr.
Uchtland, 1598.
in
Freiburg Recheiimeister of the latter half of the sixteenth century.
See Fig. 205.
in S|en)C0
Dm
anfahcitDcrt Arithmeucts ug<brau.'

prcceptt/
M)\ tKJl(fc/mit gar f ur^cn
<j5en
(edd(eic^mt>o2ma(0nie
3urc^ 3oanncm JriDolmum
fauten^
Magtllro VVilhelmo Mxfs. Anno
1598.
Fig. 205.
Title page of lautenschi
PRINTED BOOKS
Dcscnptioi.
8,
4 pp. unnumb.
9.4
411
14.7 cm., the text Xmixw^ 6.9
58 numb.
62
\^\>
21-30
II.
12.3 cm.
r>cibur<,^
in
Uchtland, 1598.
oDi'rdwlDcnCHcjjul*
cnannt aurca propcuionum

;Oariim& &a6
3m
fTe
gat
teguenriicf)
2lauff/bfgert ^rei[^ttIg/lMmlic^
as 21?mb foU (?f
)?<* n
"*
5)cr2lauffoo:n/Cje5M9 64in&n/
.îtib<ti('o:ucn gUicl>
^le llnii
&
07ame.nd)t
e gro)"; all jdt jerferlcfit /
O0?ult plicier 6ie ftin&cr ool)I
Wit
Jficil
Ocr mittlcrcji aUema^fl
spromifttmit CcmwortieritaB
o fpm&t Dr bein ^r^jg ^"^ 2(uffga&

1)erFch:^?iegultt)ifteem
prob
f^rtêr^r
ZUas erj!Iicl)g|Ianl>cn if? babinDcn

'3}?iir^
to:iicn^cfo:&et fjinbcn fte^cn/
e^.-fafit
îc
muf;
m &ie mitten gef>ctt/
mitlcr oaljlrau^
;j\om()t jlc
f"?
fommcnfcU/
(?^l^s getroffcn tv Jl,
C5 X
Kk;. 206.
Editions.
This
rhyme.
is
the
From lautenschlager
There was no other

first
Various
arithmetic that
others
3m
edition.
1
have seen composed entirely

verses, but this
had already contained
in
is
RARA ARITHMETICA
412
substantially
65443 by
6.
Like
meter.
all in
in subject matter, the
The
most
all
206) shows the rule of three
(Fig.
illustration
CASPAR SCHLEUPNER.
A
such educational vagaries, it is weak

example in division being that of
difficult
Ed.
Title.
Leipzig, 1598.
1598
pr.
Breslau Rechenmeister, born at Niirnberg
in
1535.
c.
See Fig. 207.
'Gedrtickt zu// Leipzig/ bey Frantz // Schnellboltz.

//Typis haeredum Beyeri.//(Woodct;t.) Im lahr// M. D. XCviij.'
Colophon.
(F. 99, V.)
Description.
99
ff.
8,
9.3
unnumb., 22-26
14.7 cm., the
11.
te.xt
being 6.9 X 12.2 cm.
Leipzig, 1598.
Editions. Leipzig, 1598, 8 (here described); Breslau, 1599,8.

Schleupner was one of the last serious advocates of the old line
reckoning' with counters. He was a disciple of the Newdorffer school
of Niirnberg Rechenmeisters, as he states in his preface, and had himNeyfe and Brefzlavv for many years when he decided
self taught at
'
'
'
'
'
He makes
an attempt at an easy method of presenting the fundamental operations, hoping, as he says, to set forth the
doctrines of Adam Riese and Johan Seckerwitz (another Niirnberg
Rechenmeister) in simple fashion. The work is made up of a series of
impossible questions and answers between a father and his son. The
to write this book.
Geliebter Vater,' and the father's replies,

latter always begins with
while always clear, are often very extended, the entire 99 pages covering little more than the four operations, together with a few insignifi'
As a simple presentation
cant problems.
of line reckoning, however,
the book has few equals.
JOSEPHUS UNICORNUS.
See
Title.
'
pr.
See Fig. 208.
in one,
Colophon.
Senefe.//M
'
f.
204, the two being
and the pages being numbered consecutively.

In Venetia,// Apreffo Francefco de' Francefchi
D XCVIIL'
Description. 4,
ff.
Venice, 1598.
1598.
Parte Seconda,' of the same date, follows
bound
12
Ed.
p. 298.
unnumb.
5.5
(F. 413, v.)
21.6 cm., the text being 10. 4X 17.6 cm.
395 numb.
= 407
ff.,
29-39
11.
Venice, 1598.
PRINTED BOOKS
413
Un btmn
ôraug
ficifs^cr efcr/ rte(p

i?ier mat
citt
d)er aCctne fern
^m ma<&in^ btf aaff
CQeune/auf^weiiDig fan/ obne einiêc CO?unbIicf)Cn bc^

/ bie inien 9vccftiumg Icrnni Ian/
Ifidjt/ fu' fid) felbff
IiUil3fcl)a)ci5cn'bcr/ ivelc^cr juu.or
fcfeott
feme (;5pccic8 aafftex Jclicm ge^

Ternet ât.
Scrogleic^cn lienor) In iDcntfc^cr
urc6 Safpar cfjlcupncr/

von TJilfmbcr^
j](r
/Scul>fcfjcn cfjutmciV
ju^rc^laii>. 'iDJennivjIictjcn/ vnD

beucv bet
Iiebc n
ô^cnti/ ju nutj
t)erfet(igct.
3w vorlesun^ 2(n&rc^ <;Bo[cf en <5r6(n / i>n5

Fig. 207.
Title page ok schleupner
LARITHMETICA
VNIVERSALE
DEL
SIG.
lOSEPPO VNICORNO,
MATHEMATICO
ECCELLENTISSIMO.
Parte Prima:
Ndlaqualefi conticnenon folo laTheoricadi tutdi Humeri.

ma ancoralaPratrica appartenente a
tuminegotijhumani.
trattata
& amptifcatacon fimma eruditions , cm

modi chiareâ^
&
CON PRIVILEGIO.
noui,
tfquifiti
di
InVmtfa.apprefo France/code
Frarjcefchi
Con licen^^deSuperiori,
Fig. 208.
Title page of unicornus
//;^.
PRINTED 1500KS
There was no other
edition.
one of the most elaborate
treatises
Editions.
This
is
in Italy in the sixteenth century.
making up Part
I.
The
first
funtlamental operations.
on arithmetic published
the
There
is
downward
books, the
It consists of six
book
treats in a detailed
four
first
fashion of the
Unicornus, for example, gives
multiplication, a treatment that recalls those of

glia.
415
six
methods
of
Paciuolo and Tarta-
a good discussion of the two general methods of dividing,

('a
danda') method having as much attention
as the
Book II deals with

Book III treats of
the theory of numbers after the Boethian method.
Book IV, of the rules of three and false
roots, surds, and proportion
and Book V, of business arithmetic, including exchange, interest, and
galley plan.
Fractions are also treated in Book
I.
alligation.
The work was too theoretical to be popular, but it is an excellent

source for the study of the development of elementary mathematics.
Unicornus gives a number of interesting historical references.
Other laorks of isqS. Cassiodorus, p. 2 1 1 1 5 40 Fischer ( Iîscator),
Moya, p. 310, 1562 Paolini, p. 393, 1589 Raymundus
p. 247, 1549
Lullius, Opera ea quae ad adinventam ab ipso artem universalem
,
'
commentariis,' Strasburg, 1598, 8 (see also

Le proposition! di Mordenti,' Rome, 4
p. 457); Fabricio Mordente,
(geometric, but wdth a little arithmetic).
pertinent
cum diversorum
'
ANTHON NEWDORFFER.
One
Title.
'
of the
Ed.
pr. 1599.
Niirnberg,
599-
famous Newdoiffer family of Nlirnberg Rechenmeisters.
Kunftliche vnd Ordentliche An//\veyfzung der gantzen
Practic vff // den Jetzigen fchlag
vnd derfelbenn // herlichcn
gefchwinden Exempel // vff s kurtzt ziifammen getzogen &c.//
Meinen lieben Difcipeln zu fon-//derlichem Niitzen geftclt.

Durch // mich Anthonium Newdorffer//Rechenmaifter vnd Mo(F. 2, r.) On f.
dift der//Statt Nurnberg// Anno .M.D.IC
I, r., is
an engraved frontispiece with figures of Euclid and Py-
On
thagoras, and a triangular multiplication table.
14
11.
of verse
ColopJion.
ff.
i, v.,
are
'Gedruckt zu Nurnberg/ //durch Paulum Kauff-
mann.//M. D. XCIX.'
Description. 4,
5 X
65
f.
Stvdiosos Artis Nvmerandi.'
'Ad
unnumb., 22-32
(F. 65,
r.)
11.
Nurnberg, 1599.
1.4
15.5 cm.
RARA ARITHMETICA
4i6
Editions.
There was no other
edition.
This is an excellent illustration of the work of the celebrated Niirnberg Rechenmeisters. It is divided into twelve books, of which Das erfte
Buchlein handelt von der Venetianifchen oder Kauffmennifchen Practic,'
'
usually called
Welsch practice by the German writers. It is composed

and explanations being left for the master.
chiefly of problems, the rules
Directions are given, however, in the case of fractions.
Book
II relates
denominate numbers and the Regula de Tribus.' Book III treats of

the weighing of commercial products. Book IV Handelt von der Rechnung eines Caffierers,' including exchange. Book V is entitled lornates,
Das ift/ Rechnung von allerley Handtierung,' and consists of practical
problems relating to the purchase of goods. Book VI Tractiert von der
'
to
'
'
'
Regel Converfa vnd Quinque,' inverse and compound proportion. The

rest of the twelve books are devoted to practical business questions of
the day.
OBERTO CANTONE.
A
Title.
Genoese arithmetician
Ed.
pr.
Naples, 1599.
1599.
of the sixteenth century, residing in Naples.
See Fig. 209.

FoL, 14.5 X 20.1 cm., the text being 10.4 X 157
Description.
cm.
304 pp. (292 numb.), 34-3/ H- Naples, 1599.

This is the first edition of this work, three other
Editions.
editions appearing in the seventeenth century.

Arithmetics written by Genoese masters in the sixteenth century
are rare, even in manuscript form, and this is probably the only such
work printed in Naples. Genoa was a mercantile center, but its dialect
was not conducive to the success of a textbook, as is seen in the case
Naples was too far from the path of

produce many mercantile works. But
although Oberto Cantone was a Genoese, he was a professor delle disin Naples, and he dates his dedicatory epistle
cipline matematiche
Di Napoli li 15. luglio 1599.' Naples, however, had a commerce of
by
its own, even if not as extensive as that of Venice or Florence, and
of Zucchetti's treatise (p. 425).
international
commerce
to
'
'
'
was natural to expect works of this kind.

is based upon Borghi and similar writers
It gives our present method of multiplication, but makes
of the North.
no use of the Venetian or Florentine names, with the exception of per
colonna.' Two or three short methods are given, but no such extended
the close of the century
The book
is
it
mercantile and
'
treatment of varied forms appears as in Tartaglia, or his great predeDivision, except in simple cases, is postponed to p. 142,
cessor Paciuolo.
L VSO PRATTICO
DELUARITMETICA
OBERTO CANTONE
DAG ENO VA,
PROFESSOR DELLE DISCIPLINE

Macematiche.
nÊL QVALE CON NVOVA INVENTIONE

/in/e^na tn materia di conti , I'vfe tanto delLi Regia Camera dtUa
iSommaria, quanta di Negottantiy MercadantitC^Jrtegiani.
come Napoli cambyi recambij in ciajcunapazza,
CON PRIVILEGIO.
P
<
Q
en
I
^ppreffo
Si
T^
7^.4"
T A K Qiy
vendono dal
Fig, 209.
til
ir.edcfiiriO
V L ly
Long ho. M.
D. IC,
Aucorc a Banchi nuoui.
Title fagk of cantone
RARA ARITHMETICA
4i8
and
book
Most
modern form, a danda.'
there treated in the
is
'
of the applied
exchange, although a few other types are given. The

poorly constructed, being too prolix in the treatment of the
problems are
is
in
and too narrow
operations,
in its applications.
JOANNES MARIANA.
Born
at
He
1624.
Ed.
pr.
Toledo, 1599.
1599.
Talavera de la Reina, in 1536; died at Toledo, February

was a Spanish Jesuit and a famous historian.
17,
See Fig. 210.
Title.
'
Colophon.
Toleti,
Apud Thomam Guf-//manium, Anno
599.'
(P. 206.)
Description. 4,i4X 18. 6cm., the text being 9. 3X 15.6cm. 6 pp.
blank
+8
unnumb. + 192 numb. = 206 pp., 26

Toledo, 1599.
11.
Editions.
The author
is
not the same as the Giovanni Mariani mentioned on
p. 180, but a Spanish Jesuit of
some
fifty
years later.
The work
is
on
the history of the weights and measures used in Spain in the sixteenth
It traces these
century.
sources,
and
measures from the Roman, Greek, and Hebrew
valuable for the study of the history of the subject.
is
It
closes with a table of comparative measures.
MARTIN WENCESLAUS.
A
Title.
Dutch arithmetician
Ed.
pr. 1599.
Middelburg, 1599.
See Fig. 211.
Eynde defes onfes eerften Vo-//lumens Ghedruct

Hee-/Aen 1599. In defe vermaerde Coop-/Atadt
Colophon.
'
int Jaer ons
Fin de ce
van Middleburgh in // Zeelandt.'// Also in French
noftre premier Volu-//men: Imprime I'An de noftre Seig-//neur
A la tref-renommee // ville Marchande de Middel-//bourg
1 599.
:
en Zeelande.'
Description.
(F. 157,
4, 15.2
'
r.)
one in Dutch and the other in French, the Dutch being ^.J
X 15.7 cm., the French 5 X 15 cm. 4 ff. blank + 18 unnumb.
+ 137 numb. = 159 ff. Dutch: 30-41 II.; French: 16-26 11.
Middelburg, 1599.
Editions. This is evidently the
tion is dated
'Den
10.
first edition,
dach van Decem.
ftijlo
since the dedica-
nouo.
Anno
Chrifti.
PRINTED BOOKS
JO
419
^'Hn IS
MARIANAE
Hifpani.
E
DE
SOCIE. lESV,
P O N'D E Rl'BV S
ET
menfuris.
uimo
^W^
CVM PRIVILEGIO.
Fig. 210.
Title page
oi'
makiana
RARA ARITHMETICA
420
T/FONDAMEKT
B^n ^nt\mttm:mtttt%w
imntcht
J5?acti)tlt
nittitrsaDera
DalUt
noonnmDuPr ftuthm bmi&mUrsgdban

Smettil.
:j5p&t0ln ji^cbrtDupt0cntietn jfrancjôts/

met rcDelicUe ouerccnacnmungê ofte
XllCff
^C0^
MARTINVM VVENCESLAVM,
AQVISGRANENSEM.
LE
DE
FONDEMENT
L'ARITHMETIQYE AVEC
LAPR.ACT1CQVE ITALIENNE
N S E M.
blelcs pieces , les plus necefsairesde la R.cglc
d 'Inter eft.
ENSEMBLE EN BAS ALLEMAN ET EN

Jranôis , avcc raifonnable Harmonie on
Concoidancc.
IE
Pan
TOVT
C^fJKTIirî^rM
WE NCE S LArM,
MIDDELBVRGH^
^ji SymoK mroulm, bjoonrriDnntit^ûcltenir. 1599,
te tooge/ bp Adiiaen Dan be Vivere . Tdotth'otuoopct/
Ujoonenbe bp be nicuUJc 72>mfc/int>tn bcrgulbcn 23pbeU
Cntft menljintfe
Fig. 211.
Title page of wenxeslaus
IJOOKS
PRINTl-:i)
1598,' 'Ic 10. lour dc
Dcccmhrc
421
nouo. Anno. Chrisli- 1598.'
ll\ lo
The long and
stupid preface is tlaled November 30 of the same

Wenceslaus had already i)ublished two works before this
year.
one, the
Proportionale ghesolveerde Tafelen van Interest,'
'
and the
8,
The book
and French
'
Boukhoudens
is
594,
Instruction,' 1595.
interesting, both because of
its
arrangcnienl of the Dutch
texts in parallel columns, thus serving a purpose in lan-
guage teaching in a bilingual country, and because of the mercantile

problems which reveal, as is particularly true of the Dutch books, the
contemporary life of the people.

Other works of IS99- St. Augustine
Barlaamo,
p.
Reisch), p. 82,
1499
(see Reisch), p. 82, 1503

1572; Benedetti, p. 364, 1580; Boethius (see
1503; Bungus, p. 384, 1583-84; Capella, p. 66,
;
343,
Clichtoveus (see Reisch), p. 82, 1503; Faber Stapulensis (see

Finaeus (see Reisch), p. 82, 1503; Gallucci
Reisch), p. 82, 1503; Jacob, p. 298, 1560; Jordanus (see
;
Reisch), p. 82, 1503;

(see
Reisch), p. 82, 1503; Ramus, p. 330, 1569; Reisch, p. 82, 1503;

Schleupner, p. 412, 1598; Striibe, p. 391, 1588; Johann Heere,
Rechenbiichlein von allerhand gebraiichlichen Fragen,' Niirnberg,
'
Andreas Reinhard,
'
Drey Regifter Arithmetifcher Anfang
zur
Leipzig, 8, with a second edition in 1600.
Practik,'
JACOB VANDER SCIIUERE.

Ed.
Haarlem, 1600.
1600.
pr.
Dutch arithmetician of Meenen,
c.
550-1 620.
See Fig. 212.
Tit/c.
Description.
8,
9.4
12.6 cm.
unnumb. + 202 numb. = 204 ff 22-23 l^- Haarlem, 1600.

Editions. That the date of the first edition is 1600 appears
in the Voor-Reden of the 1625 edition, where his son, Denys,
says that the book was published by the father eerst in't laer
1600. ende dit is al de vierde mael dat het gedrukt is.' There
2
ff.
'
were
various editions in the seventeenth
the following: Haarlem, 161

(p.
(p.
423)
Haarlem, 1625
8 (p.
c.
including
Amsterdam, 1643, 8
Amsterdam, 1675.
425)
424);
century,
Rotterdam-Schiedam, 1624, 8
1630, 8 (p. 423) Gouda, 1634, 8
1
(p.
424);
Rotterdam, 1653,
RARA ARITHMETICA
ARITHMETICA,
Btttîtumtt
Mtti rcôone
<LêmpeIen/ftec nut ttoo? alle Cooti^

lUtm/ fmtmfi/ CaffietiS / <ntfan*
lAQVES
VAN DER SCHVERE

VAN MeENEN.
Nutei: rildtFrancoyfche School-meeftcr

tot Haerlkm.
a5p
te Slawîm aooman oetfebjucfeet/f iôo.

tt
69ne-fliatt/iniKbCTSul0e|&atf?if,
Fig. 2 12.
Title page of vander schuere
PRINTED HOOKS
423
Vander Schucre's work on bookkecpinf^ is mentioned under

the later editions (p. 424), although it was not published in the
sixteenth century. No effort has here been made to complete
the
of seventeenth-century editions.
list
one of the many practical arithmetics that appeared in

Holland about this time. It takes up the fundamental ])rocesses, rule
This
is
of three, fractions, the rule of practice, partnership, commissions, in-
heritance problems, profit and loss, interest, exchange, barter, alligation, and the various other rules in use
most successful Dutch textbooks.
at that time.
was one of the
It

Ed.
Rotterdam-Schiedam, 1624.
1600.
pr.
See
p. 421.
'Arithmetica//Oft// Reken-konft;//Verciert met veel
Title.
fchoone // Exempelen/ zeer nut voor
alle vlijtighe
cnde leer-ghierigheAenvanghers //defer Konft/
Nu
door // lacob Vander Schuere, Meenenaer,//
// Oeffenaers
Ghemaeckt
etc.
tcr tijdt Fran-
Haerlem.//Ende nu int hcrdrucken

(Woodcut of Vander Schuere with
den Grond.)//Tot Rotterdam,// Voor Pieter
foyfche. SchooI-meefter//tot
overfien ende ghebetert.//
motto: Door
siet
//Anno
van Waefberghe/
1642.'
(F. i,
r.)
Colophon. 'Tot Schiedam, //Ghedruckt by Adriaen van Delf .//
Anno
1624.'
(F. 208,
Description.
cm.
ff.
8,
8.7
r.)
unnumb.-f 206 numb.
= 208
ff.,
22-27
y .6
12.9
Rotterdam-
11-
Schiedam, 1624.
See above.

Ed.
Title.
1600.
pr.
See
p.
'
Arithmetica
This edition
isprobably
7.3
S.
1.
a.
(.?),
c.
1630.
421.
c.
is
F.
1630.
12.2 cm.
oft Rekcn-konst.'
without date, the
ff.
is
missing.
unnumb.
-F
title
page being missing, but
9 x 15.6 cm., the text being
252 numb.
257
ff.,
35
11.
RARA ARITHMETICA
424
JACOB VANDER SCHUERE.

See
Ed.
pr.
Gouda, 1634.
1600.
p. 421.
'Arithmetica// oft //Reken-konft. //Door lakob vander
Title.
Schuere, Meenenaer // Eertyts Frangoysche Schoolmeefter//tot

Haerlem,//En in't herdrucken by hem ouerfien // verbetert en
vermeerdert, en noch by-//geuoecht een kort onderricht van //
'titaliaens Boeck-houden // ter Goude // By Pieter Rammefeyn,
Boeck-verkooper //inde Korte Groenen-dal, in't Vergult A, B, C.

//ao 1634.
Akerfl fee' (The title page is elaborately en-
graved, with a portrait of the author surrounded by the following:
'Doorseit den Grond lakob Vander Schvere

8,
Description.
ff.
unnumb.
8.8
208 numb.
216
ff.
Bound with
;
37 numb. = 38 ff., making a

Gouda, 1634.
11-
total of
etc.,
254
with
ff.
i, r.)
12.7 cm.
this is
onderricht //over het // Italiaens // Boek-houden //
ghebracht // Door lakob vander Schvere,'
(F.
aet 50.')
Kort
'
Nu int
f.
licht
unnumb.
in the
book,
28-33
See p. 423.
JACOB VANDER SCHUERE.

Ed.
pr.
See
Title.
Amsterdam, 1643.
1600.
p. 421.
'Arithmetica //oft // Reken-konft.// Eneen kort onder-
richt van't Italiaens
Boeckhoude // Door lacob vander Schvere
Meenenaer. // By den Autheur overfien, verbeetert en vermeerdert. //Tot Amsterdam, //voor Michiel de Groot Boeckverkooper
// op de nieuwendyk inde Bieftkens Bybel. 1643.' (Engraving of
lacob vander Schvere Meeauthor with the following wording
'
nenaer.
Out
67. laer. Doorsiet
Description.
8,
9.5
denGrondt. Annoi643.')
(F. i,r.)
12.5 cm.
272 ff. (216 numb + 8 unnumb. in the arithmetic), 26-31 11.

Amsterdam, 1643. Bound with this is Kort onder-richt //Over
'
het //Itahaens // Boeck-houden.// In't Licht gebracht // door //
Jacob van der Schuere.// t'Amsteldam,// By Michiel de Groot,
HOOKS
PRINTlÎ)
Boeckverkooper //oj)
lemmer Sluyfcn.
See
p.
clc
425
Nicuwcndijck/tulTchcn dc twee Ilaer-//
A". 1675.'
(F.
i,
of the bookkeeping.)
r.,
423-
JACOB VANDER SCMUERE.

Ed
Rotterdam, 1653.
1600.
pr.
See
p. 421.
Title.
'
En
Arithmetica // ofte // Reken-konft, //
onder-richt van't Italiaens // Boeck-hoiiden.//
der Schuere Meencnaer.//
By
tlen
Autheur
ecn kort
Door // lacob van
over-ficn, verbetert
en // vermeerdert.//Tot Rotterdam, //Gedruckt by Pieter Wacfbergc, woo-//nende op't Steyger/ in de gekroonde // Leeuw/
Anno
1653.'
(F.
Description.
8,
i, r.)
8.7
14.
12.1
cm.
275 pp. (219 numb. + 8 unnumb. in the arithmetic), 26-33 11Rotterdam, 1653. Bound with this is 'Kort onder-richt // over
het // ItaHaens Boeck-houden. // In't Licht gebracht // door //
Jacob van der Schuere.// Tot Rotterdam,// Gedruckt by Pieter

van Waefberge,//Ordinaris Drucker/ woonende op't Steyger//
in
de gekroonde Leeuw/
Anno
1653.'
(F.
i,
r.,
of the book-
keeping.)
See p. 423.
GIOVANNI BATTISTA ZUCHETTA.

Ed.
pr.
Title.
di 30. di
444
See Fig. 213.
'
is
M.
Genoese arithmetician.
The
privilege
is
dated
'
In Genoua nel
CCCCCC
FoL, 24.2 X 33.4 cm., the text being
pp. (412 numb.),
Editions.
Parte
21, 1550.
Genaro.
Description.
cm.
Brescia, 1600.
1600.
Born April
33-37
11.
17.
X 26
Brescia, 1600.
There was no other edition. Brunet says
this
'
Prima
the only one that appeared.
The work has
several interesting features, not the least one being the

Al generoso lettore,' in which the author speaks of the criticism
liable to be directed against a Genoese author on account of his pro-
apology
'
vincial Italian.
The
'
Prologo
'
is
a curious dissertation on the
'
Arti,
426
RARA ARITHMETICA
Fig. 213.
Title page of zuchetta
PRINTED BOOKS
&
Scienze,
on the part
for arithmetic
427
with some ninety-eight arguments to show the need
altro,'
The
of all classes of humanity.
musician, the thief, the cook, the prelate,
all
are
shown
farmer, the
need of
to have
number; and Nature, Intelligence, and even God himself make use of it.
The book presupposes a knowledge of the arithmetic of integers,
and opens with a treatment of fractions. The rule of three, in all of
its forms, and with most unbusinesslike numbers, is then discussed at
great length, and this is followed by various complications of the Regola
del Cattaino, cosi detta da gli Arabi inuentori di quello, ch' in lingua
nostra fignifica falfa pofizione.' The latter part of the book treats of
such topics as partnership, barter, and alligation. The work was not of
a nature to have any influence on Italian arithmetic.
'
WILHELM SCHEY.
A German
4,
15.1
pp. (470 numb.),
That
Editions.
cation
pr.
Basel, iCoo.
1600.
at Solothurn.
Born
c.
1560.
See Fig. 214.
Title.
Description.
486
Ed.
Rechenmeister
36-37
11.
this is the first edition
'Datum den
Septembris.
12.
15
cm.
Basel, 1600.
appears from the dedi-
Anno Domini
1600.'
complete commercial arithmetic, but is

not well constructed. The author likes to arrange his computations in
a bizarre fashion, for effect. He extends his explanations unduly, and
for so large a book the mercantile information is not as complete as it
The book
is
an attempt
at a
There is a curious arrangement of the figures

by casting out nines, as here shown, although
should be.
in the proofs
whether
there
is
typographical matter or a notion of Schey's
this is a
In the
nothing to indicate.
Re'gula Falsi
there
'
is
a rather early use of -^ for the minus sign. In general the

book is reactionary, giving only the galley division (with
much attempt at effect), and mentioning, although not
treating,
and Mediatio.'
Buscher, p. 393,
Other works of 1600. Barlaamo, p. 343, 1572
1590; Chambers (see Barlaamo), p. 343, 1572 Herodianus, p. 60,
Jacob, p. 298, 1560 Lonicerus, p. 253,
Hylles, p. 396, 1592
1495
Duplatio
'
'
'
Reinhard, p. 421,
383, 1584; M. van den Dycke, Chyfer-Boeck
(second edition, I do not know the first), Antwerp, 8, and La vraye
(a translation of the other?), ib., 8; Georg
reigle d'Arithm^tique
Gleitsmann, Kiinftlirhes Rechenbuch fowohl auf Linicn als mit /.iffern
1551
Ramus,
p. 263,
1555
Reisch, p. 82, 1503
'
1599; Schulze,
'
p.
'
'
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
428
ARITMETICA
Uûbc/ittma^tn/iM tin |c&<r|tm(tc^c0 Vnânbta/

(it
9W ûnMidên êrid^t/bon im itlbs/wet
?)urc^ 2Btldmum6c|^9/ 5:eut^
f^n c^wl ^"^ 9?cc^ctttiiciffer

n<n anfafxnDm @cl)ul<rn/n>
j @olo^
mm K&m êgi^tidm
Un&et/t>n^ in Xruct txtfctn^ct.
Anno M. DC.
P
Fig. 214.
Title page of schey
PRINTED BOOKS
429
nach defs Rami Arithmetica geftellt,'

M. Johann Taf,
Schones neues
Rechenbuch,' Cologne, 4. There was also published, s. a., but c. 1600, a work by Vincenzo da Bergamo,
Arithmetiche instruttioni.'
There were many other arithmetics published in the sixteenth cenFrankfort, 8;
'
'
Anonymous, Art et Science

(Boncompagni sale); Anonymous,
LivTC des gects,' s. 1., 4 (see p. 130, 1520) Anonymous, Abbaco di
Anonymous, (Q)ui
succincte dimostrazioni,' s. 1. (Milan?) (Brunet)
tury without date, including the following
de Arismetique,'
Paris,
12,
96
'
ff.
'
'
apresso e inaci col
nome
di dio intedo di tractare e scriuere
alquatimo
numero altrimeti chiamato algurismo,' s. 1.,

cum
Joachim Ammonius, Isagoge Arithmetices
praefatione P. Melanchthoni,' Wittenberg; Angelus Mutinens, p. 140,
Sarafino da Campora, Delia ragione dell' Abbaco,' and a work
1525
on the calendar (Messina, 1559, and Rome, 1560) (Riccardi); Lauro
Matteo Ricci, T'ung-wen suanQuirini,
De mysterio numerorum
chih (Practical arithmetic in 1 1 books, the work of a Jesuit missionary
di e regole sopra larte del
33
(Riccardi)
ff.
'
'
'
'
'
'
in China, b. 1552, d.
1610; possibly not published during
his lifetime).
PART II
MANUSCRIPTS
?tmomic tmlîr.ai^tiimttciDera
ttiZa^tmiao T<53;tittmtitC5fli45 f
\.
KkoM
TA.Ml'ANUS MANISCKII
MANUSCRIPTS
EUCLID.
See
Latin MS.,
'In hoc libro otinet' gcomct'a cuclklis //cu .:mento
Title.
magri campani.'
Colophon.
campani.'
'
(F.
i,
v.)
CExplicit geometria euclidis cu comcn//to magiftri
(F. 165, v.)
Description.
Fol.,
17.8
x 25.8
cm. besides the marginal figures.

vellum
Editions.
list
(except for
is
165
ff.,
H-
17.2
^^'I'itten
on
have not
Book V, on proportion) are not included

p.
that
in
this
237.
a Latin manuscri])t of Euclid, with the
is
For the arithmetical books, which
Campanus, written on vellum about 1260.
theorems
23-44
This work being primarily a geometry,

of the editions.
manuscript, see
This
cm., the text Ix-ing 8.5
1260.
c.
given a
of
1260.
c.
p. II.
made by Adelard
the early printed editions of the
commentary (proofs)
The
translation of the
(.Tthelhard) of Bath,
'
Elements
'
it is
c.
120, but in
generally referred to
Campanus.
Of Campanus himself not very much is known. His first name was
probably Johannes, and he is known to have prepared a set of planetary tables, and to have been chaplain to Urban IV. (See Boncompagni's
Bulledno, I, 5, and XIX, 591.)
as that of
This manuscript has been studied by Mr. C. S. Peirce {.Seieiiee, x.s.,

XIII, 809), who believes it to be the copy given by Campanus himself
to Jacques Pantaloon when the latter was Patriarch of Jerusalem, hence
before August 29, 1261, when he became Pope Urban IV. He bases
his belief on a sentence written in a cursive hand just below the colo-
phon, containing the words 'Jacobus Dei gratia Patriarcha Jerusalemitorum.'
The complete sentence
is
433
'In noie
dm ame
Jacobus del
g''
RARA ARITHMETICA
434
In
patriarcha Jerufalemitar omibus xpi fidelibus falutem defiderium,'
the name of the Lord, amen; Jacob by the grace of God patriarch
'
and love.'
seems more of a blessing or quasi imprimatur than a mark
of the Jerusalemites to all the faithful of Christ, greeting
While
this
On f i r.,
it is equally valuable in serving to iix the date.
the inscription in a fourteenth-century hand, 'mgri adolphi di Werda,'
and a statement that the manuscript belonged to the Phillips collection,
of ownership,
is
f. 165, v., is an inscription in an English hand of c. 1400,

This book belonged to Dominus ArmaDi armachani,'
(For a page of this MS. see Plate IV.)
On
no. 4633.
'
lib^ ifte fuit
chanus.'
'
ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS BOETHIUS.

Latin MS.,
See
The manuscript begins
Title.
(F.
boetii.'
'
Incipit prolog in arithmetica
'
ad fymacu9 patriciuc.'
Explict arifme^^ // boetij
FoL, 19.8 X 27 cm., in double columns, each being

Written on vellum c. 1294. Bound
ff., 41 11.
28
20.1 cm.
r.)
Description.
7
1294.
i, v.)
Colophon.
(F. 28,
c.
p. 25.
with the Euclid described below but in a different hand. It is

The contemporary pigskin
beautifully written and illuminated.
binding has the inscription,

is
practically that followed
(See Plate
1867).
Editions.
'lib'
The
arifmetice boecij.'
text
by the Friedlein edition (Leipzig,
I.)
For printed editions see
p. 27.
See p. 27.
Latin MS.,
EUCLID.
See
c.
1294.
p. II.
Title.
The work begins without
title
'
:
Punct^
eft cui9 ps ne.'
(F. 29, V.)
Colophon.
'
Explicit geometri euclidis
cum comto
campani.'
(F. Ill, V.)
Description.
cm.
Ill
ff.
Fob, 19.8 x 27 cm., the text being 17.5 X 19.5

of Boethius
ff. being the arithmetic
(the first 28
MANUSCRIPTS
described on
434),
p.
44
beautifully executed figures and
the mediaeval scribe.
It is
of the Boethius with
which
435
W'riUen on vellum,
11.
is
e.
1294.
has
a fine specimen of the work of
written in a different hand from that

it is
bound.
The
cover, which seems
contemporary with the manuscript, has the number

possibly for the date
It
1294, the
being omitted as
cclxxxxiiij,
is
the
(;flen
(See Fig. 215 and Plate V.)
case.
ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS BOETHIUS.

Latin MS.,
See
The manuscript begins: Tncipit

Fol., 13 X 18.6 cm., the
Title.
1300.
c.
p. 25.
Description.
libr
arismetice art
.'
.
X 14.
The work
text being 8.9
37 ff., 32-36 11. Beautifully written on vellum.

complete, and, like the manuscript described on p. 434, this
shows a text very similar to that followed by the Friedlein
cm.
is
At
edition.
the end of the manuscript are two folios of com-
mentary, closing with two almost
words
'
Com
campani
,'
.
containing the
illegible lines
referring to the
commentary
of
Campanus. Roman numerals are used throughout the text,

which was not always the case in manuscripts of this date. (See
Plate VI.) The commentary, which seems to have been added
about a century later, has some Hindu-Arabic numerals.
PAOLO DAGOMARI.
MS.,
Italian
1339.
c.
Paolo dell'Abaco, Paolo Astrologo, Paolo Geometra, Paolo ArisMETRA, Paul ok the Abacus. Bom in Prato, c. 1281 died at Florence
;
according to some writers, in 1365. He was a celebrated Florentine arithmetician, 'geometra grandissimo, e peritissimo aritmetico
diligenti.ssimo osservatore delle Stelle, e del movimento de'cieli,' as Villani
{I.e Vite iV Uomini ilustri Fiorentini) calls him.
in 1374, or,
Title.
rali
//e
'
Trattato d'Abbaco,
medicinali.'
Descriptio7i.
cm.
138
ff.
(F.
Fol., 21.7
(7 blank),
natu-
i,r.)
X 29.3 cm., the
32-35
(possibly copied later).
d' Astrono-//mia, e di segreti
11.,
text being 15
clearly written on paper,
X 21.4
c.
1339
RARA ARITHMETICA
436
"
'
-c1K#ft|^r<i1mr4'-6^<f.^-^md&^t-CIn^1ilc^4
'J2.*
'}y
'
af ciocmquo(pfefitnbni
-^^
1-^
>
v-t-=
^t
^^
^lU
l^
\^^
'
/^'
^^
b
'
j-i
ir^
^mttd
^^
^^dwr
>2'(~.
?^
v>>.v^sa.-^
tlPlQ*dO CtOrClTr Olt -^
<êr^v-
pr^jftir- :jjSiw
>J^lm^^â*;v^f8 eicif tmunr'
MiuWini- mcSiifnrae cm*!* iw5i
m'Kr-ftf.pfm ^Droino <rtr^^' e>ûf vrn*
Vimi* ni?mcMetad^r^rn^^4ratniniiVtirin8 4ttVdtnmf
eeJPV-tmpiR-qucfiTO^
-mJartniftti-^^lfanTmipVnnW
vmoa -a.tc- >
IP 4lv}vu>
f- imfji". qju'tfl
:{.t.fac?k**^tmjicrf>
Cfb^tf tn^m*--
-iW-d'*^tiBjto^lr<^tbmjn'tn4SiRihTfmip
/f^ft-fivUftra-eiraiitS-^Hpn-mknî-^micrd
Jfrtft^tiVCfvJ^m ^^-r- <ti t- *if c<iS -A- ^.<- m'uirt- fkraxpr-niW- J- citr
'
^ nwcncxae
^k_
on
Fig. 215.
tft-par
eft-
4ûobcu^m<*^nei^l\r^fmarfal
-facoipfttt^fin^^Tinpint-sircra
cfiftmkra- li<iiuijTt5
f-Vmornifl itqjifo ifff
__>
From the 1294 manuscript of euclid
the esteem in which the author of this

Di patria Fiorentino fu Pauolo
words
il quale, per 1' eccellenza ch' egli hebbe ne le Matematiche, lasciato il
Come apunto fra
proprio cognome, fu chiamato da tutti il Geometra.
gli antichi auenne ad Apollonio Pergec'
This manuscript is primarily a treatise on arithmetic. The writer,
however, left a number of blank pages at the end, and these have been
Bernardino Baldi
work was
filled in
testifies to
held, in the following
'
from time to time by various owners.
Hamii-iiiTTUir'iivrx-MvT'Vfl'^'"!. )l'"'-"llTiT C;'iiii,irMolilofti(J5.iMqni.,il)nd

iugl>ÎVttmlâi^>l.7ullllr gK""""''""!-''' <'>'" ""'jr,''"" O'l-i- )thniotniijr''iniir
,"'.
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y^jlrtiurr.aiiiwqiiiniiiif srIiU
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f i5<-VMM-iiii5ri'"l-^" "11 "fr-l'U V 'i5-^''r.';<llt'
icfia-vtaaawnlliiHit- irtmojA.)
<v. Iftfiii c<ii3iftuiniori Urtu.,i i.

f f\^\gut utojrii
plto.^<f.Ali;^lU)Von/*')ftlDll^ûHft^^^(^f^ll Anjr.r.irflinjjwnT- jjir
mia'r'inra: iiii!amriiiiiiiai'*Mtymui
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< 1A.ihrJirur^"ai{>idbna(rir.jiiulij>Ai-i)ir7t4liiirj'iit>iiitrir^,'i>inmu_
rî^^t^hlâ.U>.^lOlumucqllt1l\^ll>ll^lr^la4l^<i^;^W^:l'^^llJI 0<li>iihiuJ..i(7icrr
ptno.uig'rvtti ('iitnuuf j>re.iv)ni-v*itti'iic h^m'.HOOni
incrim ûcto d:tJAinir cnuc Cuob? ac>?(ino riuc criuoli;

yii>rrTiuj(ir.iil'r-nii'(iii{p.i,in-rvrtul>'
i^{irro,<ir.fiiiii'On>[U)q'i.\Hitr>
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('ittvuniiin
i\i<i(irui
HlCT.llMW^SchuTkâll*^-tn vhTicrif-rrt1'<.q^'''5?nrirtTKUiiii>.i<v.<i\V(v^
til TigrticuiiraiWS.iiiic.jn'nquidiioWrTMaCinifrniMjt^jîHUjr.AiiiB.tî'JiioO'iujj'&iiasaj'hiunutiootîiiio^bûifctTXTlinTOJmf^ppiniiijralKlOM.CT'iqiirTqii'Hioi)
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S*
'
<pqihtmitt=tfomoriMam*
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qhn^lMllfJ^^^!^lUrI^'^l*ll'^l^"<qluli^<Jy^t^lli^lul^:tl^>^^dan5t-aXfÛll0>^^
m 'fCno<t.jjiVaaTMiicA>.mtW^/Vur- iwK'giliUniii'cjdîmiiiiîrlili.vv i'lv)HiIIct<J).

^Jq^'m),mlomn5{laTÎllfeûcto4^ll^fcauM't^SWy(te(t^^
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'*^ " <V^^Jml^lAco0^^n^rl n'vrign,in-.ijirraiittto-.i?-rrir(vqtfini<m>"
Tlrf /..
UIO OftuUinn*- ar oqlf qCijmid>uoiumi.iMUsvctvrui-iiTch8.l>iro.uia^^^
l.mlrf\lr>!lÔTIfc<rert^l,etIr0lrt^ê^3l^Û>_vttlOllHMlb^^l^lnUilKf^llUUl
^lu^jOTiov-qioawj>ima)luimOrairq;('j\trt*re.qi-miitir.qi^^
nm 4ujm (ham
q oirtH f^vw- l.i.vuf. qmqTni fuH-qu.i

<q-|cu-!nr.Nr,ninr
tiV9njrli.i,jFui.r.ctCTtiie-q-ytorinTTfmfvnr'>jtit,j>^^7
v.-
f-
^^
^,
:i[e V.UCUO tonrtrnid^'UiMuiiuh

^'itrMJri4>f<u rrf^-r i
Plate V.
From
mo
i>i
i({^
a manuscript of euci.id, c. 1294
Vv
MANUSCRIPTS
The
arithmetic begins
(f. i, r.)
'
VA
nome
437
sia di
Dio
et a revcrentia
Kt dello fuo madre //
//della fuo potentia et della fanta trinitade.
Al
uirgino fempre fanta maria Et del beato Sco Giouani batifto //
.'
On f. i, r., is a table of
chominiciamento del noftro trattato
.
j^ j*<o vm
<
\bf
r^p-vtA^n^ I4^dt^; C^ cfJ>-^^p^^f*^t<r'^')r')\^<^S
7^ cVc-jW- -P^vwrrvo
r^r-t^m^* ^'icr-^f^^Vc-w^r- AMVh)4r-i<'
V
T>frm.M' avtA0 ^-Vtixn^*lx^ i\*vn^*l t'W>'^^'>-'n<p'
lc.o t<*rm<.
vn<û vftn*-JX^ -L^'^n.-mvn
money.
F.
2, r.,
f.
3, v.,
and
is
a table of contents
this states that the
gholvzze del Maestro Pagolo Astrologo.'

part of the volume
l^
;^/^^t(-^,ô^fc-vu^lc-lAt-
^>*
From the dagomari manuscrift
Fig. 216.
del noftro tractato,'
t'TJir/V-no y
is
(ff.
'
Quefti sono echapitoli
work includes
121,
r.,
131,
the
r.).
'
Re-
This
an ordinary commercial
arithmetic such as the Florentine teachers pro-
duced
The
in the fourteenth
and
fifteenth centuries.
writing and the forms of the numerals indi-
cate this period,
and are not unlike
that of a
fourteenth-century computus (see p. 445) in this

This may, however, be a fifteenth-century copy.
library.
The exam-
ples in division are unique, since they follow neither the galley nor the
'a danda' method, as
The
is
cates
=2143.
The o indi-
here shown in the case of 49289-5-23
peculiar position of the remainders should be noted.
no remainder, and the
2, 2,
and
are excesses of y's in the proof.
KARA ARITHMETICA
438
plan (the forerunner of

this the a danda
our present long division) appears in his use of this name immediately
after. Another odd feature is the placing of the divisor second in the
That the author considers
'
'
ctil|>ipv-lh>ron<-
linn pcpr/<J/eKMV- n\--VWlnt-*ttt
mc'Vc.y>o[V-/')/<mflV-/f\>Ml.|>U<^/-/9/vvi^1->-fU'.Ii~i.5
rr'
ll.4^>/-MSnc4^t4><jMAW-r-
Fig.
217.
'Vl*^'
cfAiiu{jf_-
f-i^pl*-
-^>>w^/ Srwti*! pf<n(^
fnnc-t^>' in^tmth> fefaÂnhr^ net^f^n^
From the dagomari manuscript
The
fractions, it usually appearing first in that period.
problems are of the usual Florentine mercantile character. The first
few are followed by a treatise on 'Nvmeri perfetti (f. 67, r.), and this
division of
'
MANUSCRIPTS
(f.
73,
r.)
439
The wurk
by further business i)rol)lenis.
contains several
curious illustrations (Figs. 217, 218).
The most
interesting feature of the treatise
is,
however, the internal evidence as to its date. It is

usually possible to determine (juite accurately the
date of a Florentine manuscript on arithmetic by
the examples in equation of payments, a favorite
application with the Tuscan arithmeticians,
requiring the year to be stated.
where the dates
in
This
P,
and one
the case here,
is
these examples are
all,
save two,
1339. The writer has also used approximately these

dates in other examples, in part as follows: 132913101332 (a problem on the calendar, f. 27, r.)
;
1404 (an astronomical table, which would naturally

extend well into the future, f. 79, r.)
1330 (f. i i6,r.),
;
and 1339 frequently.
table of the 19-year cycle
123, V.) begins with 1337, as
(f.
is
easily
computed
from a marginal note in a different hand bearing the

dates 1394 and 141 2. This part of the work ends
on f. 131, r., and there can be no doubt that it was
written about 1339, the date so freciuently used in
the problems.
F.
r.,
begins
'
Regholvzze del Maestro Pagolo
Dagomari being referred
Astrologo,'
to in the table
Regholuze del
The Regholvzze
Maeftro pagholo delabacho
was first published in Libri's Histoirc, vol. Ill, p. 296.
Dagomari is included in the list of Bernardino
of contents as Paul of the
Abacus,
'
'
.'
'
Baldi's (1589) biographies, published
in
the Bon-
compagni BiiUctino, XIX, 600.

Ff. 131, v., and 132^ r., are in a different hand.
These and the following leaves were originally blank,
and after ff. 132, v., 133, v., had been written
upon, some owner used these two blank pages. He
has also
left his dates, viz. 1400, 1402, 1406, 14 12,

1435, the 1402 being used several times. This was
therefore written about 1 400-1 435. In this occurs
the
first
which
per-cent sign
is
unknown
in
have met, other than
p. 100,
the earlier part of this volume.
writer of about 1425 uses a
This
symbol which,
by natural stages, developed into our present %.
Fk;.
21S.
From
THE DAGOMARI
MANUSCRIPT
RARA ARITHMETICA
440
commonly
Instead of writing 'per loo,' 'p loo,' or 'p cento,' as had
been done before him, he wrote 'p ^' for p c,' just as the Italians
wrote 1,5,... and i, 2, ... for primo, secundo, etc. In the manuscripts which I have examined the evolution is easily traced, the
becoming ^ about 1650, the original meaning having even then been
'
8c
<^
Fig.
Of
lost.
From the addition
219.
late the
'
1400-1435) to dagomari
(c.
per' has been dropped, leaving only g or
See
%.
Figs. 219, 220.

Ff. 132, v., and 132, r., are in a different hand. They refer to the
calendar, and contain the dates 1380 and 1382, each twice. F. 133,
v., is
in a
still
of this part
is
different hand, although also

fixed
by the expression,
'
et
on the calendar. The date
ifto prefeti
aho.
f.
1447
finit
circuluf anni.'
EUCLID.
See
Title.
Latin MS.,
Fragments
None.
Description.
4,
16.5
of the
'
Elements.'
X 21.4 cm., the
cm., with marginal drawings.
6ff.
text being 10.5
unnumb., 32-41
manuscript, written on vellum in a hand of
The manuscript
III
1350.
c.
p. II.
and IV, and a
is
a fragment of 6 folios,
list
c.
11.
15.8
Latin
of
Books
1350.
and includes part
of propositions evidently based upon, but not
identical with, Euclid's sequence.
intf a^
liito
ai.'-\
iyiti.)i4f4--
wU- luK
ilifli.i; .^(c ,\e ,j,ii
im n,.,# ^.,<^ .^y y.,n viVi
nn\1\-'-"tti nK\lioracrfo<a>mvi'lirU-nKliltwûi .]loiiouri'..riTi\tl
r^-.^'nif 4'
huim
MTi.Mi (\\n -'d'''iccrii.vlUv vltihtioit'iur.'n
re.lJpôl^.^lIc:^(utc111C.f^..rt1..lyvl1l.^.^^
iîMlCTj>jiroo.
Unwivul co^citi .S-tî.K
A -r c^ \mi<c'f\it> ciTniitruiV idttn .?. vt ojiwi
w.y ht c rd Tio^-cicf ig-.cmui ct^
.rtirojcntt tunxfy?.
avf
f.iTil if i- ij.Toinc
fie
^^
-v,nT.iW"-
fr mtilor
-
it'i/iiif.^VV'iii.
^-^>
t- 1
rc.Txr
:;tl>-J.
aplc r.5.H.U5Vcnfrnuriu.>.rii:faosf.jiviu.cV!l
tiouoiAnomMw
"'Sk
Plate VI.
From
manlsckut of hoethius,
c.
1300
MANUSCRIPTS
-2-4-4^
441
66 00
o
n.
Fig.
cj
a0^
220.
From
/a.
1684 .manusckii'T, not hkkk catal()(;iki)
RARA ARITHMETICA
442
ALBERTUS MAGNUS.
Latin MS.,
c.
1350.
Albertus Teutonicus, de Colonia, or Ratisbonensis. Bom at Lauingen, Swabia, c. 193 died at Cologne, November 25, 1280. He was Count
1
priest, and Bishop of Regensburg. He studied at

Padua and taught at Bologna, Strasburg, Freiburg, Cologne, and Paris. He
was so prominent as a philosopher that he was known as Doctor Universalis.'
of Bollstadt, a
Dominican
'
'De C^lo
Title.
X 32
22.4
Description.
Mundo.'
et
(F.
r.)
i,
21.3 cm. with-
out the marginal notes, and arranged in double columns, each 6.5
90
cm. wide.
This
ff.,
50
11.
a fourteenth-century
manuscript, in
a beautifully written
is
The first folio contains

part of the calendar, and a few random memoranda, including an old
price mark of three ducats. The twenty-ninth folio is blank except for
hand, with fine
some crude
initials in red, black,
circles,
and one
here in the manuscript,

tractatus of liber I
'
f.
a'
v.,
blue.
been cut
folio has
28,
Rei
and
There
out.
is
a break
closing with these words from the fourth
gnate e ultilh
tpr aut actu aut po.
finis in
adhuc corrupt'.' (' Rei autem

quia
generatse est ultimum et finis in tempore aut actu aut potentia
et si est adhuc corruptabilis
si est corrupta, tunc habet actu finem
quia
e corrupta
si
tiic
ht actu fine
2 si
'
the rest of
being
the sentence
'
habet finem
After the
potentia.')
folio, f. 31, r., opens with these words from tractatus I of liber II
que eft f b'a sepata (' quae est substantia separata,' the preceding missing words of the sentence being quae tamen non limitant operationem
formae ejus ') Aside from this the manuscript is complete. F. 89 closes
in col. I with the words Explicit liber de celo et mildo fratris alberti deo
blank
'
'
'
'
agamus gratias.' F. 90, r., is blank, but 90, v., has the zodiac and
There is a brief reference to Pythagorean arithmetic in
tractatus
The
caput
I,
best edition of this
work
in
is
'
B. Alberti
Magni // Ratisbonensis
.
cura ac labore //
MDCCCXC
Augusti Borgnet.// Volumen quartum // Parisiis

first edition of the Opera Omnia appeared in Leyden in 165
.
EUCLID.
Title.
39
uscri])t,
The
1.
Latin MS., 1375.
p. II.
The work begins

Fob, 20.9 X
:
Description.
cm.
liber I,
II.
Episcopi,ordinisPraedicatorum,// opera omnia,//
See
planets.
ff.
unnumb.
-f
'
Functus
blank
written on paper,
c.
eft cui^ ps
no
= 40
1375.
ff.,
44-47
11.
e~.'
1
1.9
19.5
Latin man-
MANUSCRIPTS
hooks of
443
iMiclid.
This manuscript includes the fust five

lowed by a treatise upon astronomy and mensuration, also in Latin, in a
The mensuration includes some w(irk
different but contemporary hand.
I'his is fol-
on areas and volumes.
ANONYMOUS.
ff.
C()mi)utus manualis.
40-44
(3 blank),
4, 13.3
Description.
33
Latin MS., 1384.
None.
Title.
11.,
13.3 cm.
written on paper.
The first written folio has been torn, and the opening lines are missThe work is that particular kind of mediaeval computus (see p. 7)
which a finger mnemonic system is used (see p. 34). It is a copy of
ing.
in
an older
treatise, the text of
which
is
here written in Gothic characters,
most computi,
and in the
ano
twice given, as follows (f. 19, r.)
the copyist's notes appearing in a smaller hand.
the numerals are generally in

comi-nentary, but the date
is
Roman, both
As
in the
in
text
'
1000.300.80.4'; 'anno dnj 1000.300.80.4' (see Fig. 221). The

text is in Latin, except for one page which is in French. A later owner
has written the date of his ownership, 1600 (f. 2, r.).
diij
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
folo
'
Italian
CQui chomincia
ilpologho
Itmo// Prolagho.'
d-lla
Description.
(F. 3,
d-1
r.,
70
ff.
d-1
Fig. 222.)
FoL, 22 x 29.7 cm., written
MS., 1393.
conpoto //ddcorfo
in
(6 blank), 35
double columns,
11.
an excellent example of a computus (see p. 7). The verse

Thirty days hath September,' the only relic of the old com])uti now
familiar to most people, appears in this manuscript in the following
Trenta di a noumbre apile // giugno & fettenbre di
Italian form:
(See
uentotto (
) vno tutti glialtrj fono trentuno.' (F. 12, v.)
This
is
'
'
also p. 33.)
GIOVANNI,
The son
on
Title.
ff.
Luca da Firenze.
Italian
MS., 1422.
mentioned
p. 468.
'
Trattato di aritmetica.'
Description.
145
the .son of
of Maestro Luca, a celebrated Florentine arithmetician,
27-30
4,
11.
14.9
(F.
X 21.9 cm., the
i, r.)
text being 9. 3
16.3 cm.
KARA ARITHMETICA
444
r^^
ip<>1
Jti?
ami ttfu
ptr ttiatttif
ttiSttt-to^^wgitef?^
m^tu^ nt^nt^ ctjtttu) |*f
^STuTBln/t^t tit tHflpEie fintttl^ Vmnti
Fig.
22
1.
From the 1384 computus
MANUSCRirrS
445
one of the best examples of an early fifteenth-century commercial arithmetic known. Florence was at this lime an imjjortant
financial center, and the arithmeticians of the city were highly esteemed.
This
is
Several of the applications found in arithmetics for the next three cenSubjects like equation of payments and
turies had their origin here.
partnership involving time, customs like 'days of grace' in exchange,

like time drafts in sets of two or three can be studied to good
and forms
advantage
in the arithmetical
manuscripts of this period.
e^
-Tiry^ f^c
veoro Jfvfl tJorjy>
%,7vf>v*<
iU
^c
First pace
oi-
.fWn9cC. -f^TMvyt 9vfto^
ore )<^
fvrt .î^Trn+i?^"^
^PwtvoG: .^n< 2'C-^'^
yC^
Fig. 2 2 2.
fti^ >
***<
'"^
S-^^W f COp.^^^ ^'^^

cPn- -g^."
the 1393 computus
KARA ARITHMETICA
446
On
f.
v.,
the writer says he proposes to treat of arithmetic or the
The word
had come at this time, in Italy, to mean simply arithmetic,
the original meaning having been lost. Following a custom of Florentine arithmeticians, Giovanni gives an extensive multiplication table, for
purposes of reference, and then begins at once with examples in compound numbers and fractions, thus presupposing a knowledge of the
fundamental operations. These examples are of a mercantile character
and constitute the entire portion devoted to arithmetic. The examples
in the equation of payments serve, as usual, to fix the date of the manuscript. They all refer to the years 1418-1426 (ff. 1 13-122). The
date is, however, fixed exactly by the closing lines of a folio near the
quefto libro Ifcriffe Giouannj del maeftro lucho dellabacho e
end
finillo quefto d dottobre 1422
(f. 136, v.).
In the first page is the
date 'ad 28 dottobre 1422.'
The book also contains a section on mensuration and the calendar,
with curious illustrations of the months (PI. VII). The last five folios,
originally blank, seem to have been written by a different hand about
the same period.
abacus:
abacus
'
'
arifmetricho volgharemente e chiamata abacho.'
'
'
'
ROLLANDUS.
A
Latin MS., 1424.
native of Lisbon, canon of Sainte-Ciiapelle, Paris,
Title.
'
c.
Scientia de niimero ac virtute numeri.'
1425.
(F. 3,
1.)
FoL, 21 X 29.8 cm., the text being 15.5 X 21.5

28-31 11.
Description.
cm.
168
This
is
ff.,
an exceedingly interesting manuscript, written in the year
1424. It was prepared at the command of John of Lancaster, Duke of

Bedford, son of Henry IV of England, at one time Protector of England
and Regent
of France.
To him Rollandus
triffimo ac fereniffimo principi
dedicates the treatise
'
Illuf-
metuendiffimo domino domino lohanni
patruo domini noftri regis ffrancie et anglie regenti
Regnum
ffrancie.
duci bethfordie Rollandus fcriptoris veftre celfitudinis phyficus vlexbonenfis
fe
ipfum ex debito iuramenti.'
In 1423 Lancaster issued an
ordinance for the restoration of studies. in the University of Paris, and

it
was probably as a result of
this that this
Portuguese physician, Rollandus,

Chapelle in Paris.
textbook was written by a
who was then a canon
The dedication
of Sainte-
sets forth Lancaster's interest
learning in France and the status of mathematics at that time.
landus covers
all
of theoretical arithmetic as then
no practical problems.
He
in
Rol-
known, but takes up

numbers, a topic
also treats of irrational
MANUSCRIPTS
447
doubtful if there is a
which is now
manuscript extant which throws more light upon the nature of Frenc h
RoUandus also
university mathematics at the time this was written.
lie may possibly
wrote a work on surgery and one on physiognomy.
be the RoUand who in 14 10 was rector of the University. Since this
manuscript is evidently a copy, others must have existed, but I have
considered part of algebra.
found no reference to them. Fig. 223 shows

the forms of the numerals used at this time.
It should be noticed that the numerals that
have changed materially in form since the
twelfth century are 4, 5, and 7. These are
shown opposite the

spectively, in Fig.
the other forms have
due
and /,
re-
The changes
in
letters
223.
l>,
i,
been more evidently
to the fashion in handwriting.
All of
It
is
r\,
(tZ C2îi'/,
"
*-^^^)iy<
"72^^"$
tions of India.
y^x
Italian
and Latin MSS.,
c.
1430
and 1478.
Title.
The
first folio is
Fol, 17 X 22.1 cm.,

11.2X14.4 cm. 183
Description.
text
being
25-28
missing.
the
ff.,
11.
tl
O
W
ANONYMOUS.
^* Â
^7^?^-
\'
the primitive ones found in the cave inscrip-
the forms are, however, quite different from
iojie(jf\c~
^r
> '/C
B I ^2.
S.o^C
*t^
^^^
61 i
l^^
^Q
'^
c
'
/^'
;5^
This volume consists of two Florentine

manuscripts, one on commercial arithmetic
and the other on the computus. The portion on arithmetic was probably written
between 1420 and 1444, these being the
extremes of the dates in the examples in
equation of payments.
It is
not unlike the
other contemporary Florentine arithmetics
i^.
\y
2.
..
Fk;. 223.
From tmk
1424 koli.andus
described on pp. 443 and 464. The author

assumes the student's ability to perform the fundamental operations
with integers, although, after numerous multiplication tables, he gives
example under 'Multiplicha p modo de barichocholo

for our present method), and one under 'Multiplicha p modo de Quadrato (the 'gelosia' method of the Venetians).
(see Fig. 224) an
(the Florentine
name
'
RARA ARITHMETICA
448
.fc-i.%i
^<e
M'"

90 f
'111/0/
^'
Fig.
CO 8i^
224.
^^^
f ]J9_
^9
^V^">ôc(;.
From the anonymous manuscript ok
c.
1430
MANUSCRIP'IS
In the latter part of the work, as
introdiuetl
if
were
it
126, v.) a chapter entitled
(f.
449
new
topic
I'artire a
'
the author has
He
danda.'
chjses
with several folios on mensuration.
The second
part (beginning on
f.
154, v.)
is
hand.
in a different
It
a computus, and from the dates it would seem that it was written in
1475. 'Inhere is a third i)art (beginning on f. 172, r.) consisting of a set
is
of religious verses, in a
language
Italian,
is
different hand, bearing the date 1478.
still
excepting for the computus which
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
do
c()mi)()siti()nc cpiadralis ct
'Ihe
Latin.
Latin MS.,
De tempore
'
is
c.
1435.
compositicjnc
astrolabii plani,' etc.
Description.
Boinid with the 'Comptitus cyronictralis of 1476.

'
Written on paper,
German
in a
Some
hand.
dates which
it
con-
book was written about 1435. It is related

arithmetic only in the forms of nimicrals used.
tains indicate that the

to the history of
JOANNES DE GMUNDEN.
See
Title.
p.
None.
Colophon.
Latin MS.,
c.
1439.
17.
On
treatise
on the computus.
17, v., are the
f.
words,
'
Exphcit kalendariCi
nii^rl
Joh'is gmijnd.'
Description. Fol., 19.

14.
18.5 cm.
Latin manuscript.
1439, as
25.7 cm., the written part being about
(The tables vary and are

Written on vellum,
shown by the dates on
f.
16.
Although entitled a Kalendarium,'

computi as to have a place in this list.
'
treatise
is
it
It
Title.
None.
Description.
number
script, c.
The
so
is
much
like the
mediaeval
really a semiarithmetical
on the Church calendar.
ANONYMOUS.
the
20 ff., 32-38 11.

and black, about
larger.)
in red
first
It relates
Latin MS.,
c.
1441.
computus.
Fol, 21.5 X 28.5 cm.
of lines to
each
(varies),
10
folio varies considerably.
ff.
(i
blank);
Latin manu-
44 1.
j)art of this
manuscrijit
rather to the calendar
is
itself
computus, not very extended.
than to the computations ui)on
KARA ARITHMETICA
450
which
tables
it
founded. The last folio is in a later hand, and from the

it contains it seems to have been written c. 1524.
is
which
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
Latin MS.,
None.
c.
1442.
on the planets.
treatise
Bound with the Computus cyrometralis' of 1476.

German hand. It contains the date 1442
Description.
'
Written on paper, in a
in
is
two places (f. 102). Its value in connection with arithmetic

confined to the forms of the numerals used.
See
Title.
Latin MS.,
An
algorismus, beginning with the words,
'
a primeua rerum origine processerunt.' (F. 3. r.)

Description. 4, 14. i X 20 cm., the text being 10.5
21
ff.,
The
c.
1442.
p. 31.
25-39
first
17.6 cm.
11.
folio has a picture of
and the name
Omnia que
of the student
an astronomer with a celestial sphere,

the MS., hainricus muglinchk
'
who copied
'
name
again appears,
On the next page

(f, I, r.).
together with three dates: 'Item hainric'J mugling aftronim9,' 1442,
Omnia que a pri1443, 1444. The Algorismus begins on foho 2, r.
(f.
orign5,'
Mugling's
'
'
'
meua //rerii
i, v.)
and ends on
f.
10, v.
'
Explicat algorafmus.'
Then
his
follows a picture (PL VIII) in colors, representing a master teaching
pupil the Hindu numerals from a kind of large hornbook, with a motto
:
'Ich pin algorifm9 genant//Das ...(?)... hau ich in mein//nes

Beginning
hant.' A table explaining place value is given on f 1 1 r.
.
another treatise on arithmetic, giving the fundamenwith a multital operations and some work in progression, and ending
plication table (ff. 18, V. ; 19, r.). A later hand has added three pages
on
f.
II, v.,
is
rule of three, partnership, and interest. (Ff. 1 9, v. 20.)

Sacrobosco's algorismus was the first arithmetic, based on the new
numerals, written by an English scholar. It consists of eleven chapters,
viz. Numeratio, Additio, Subtractio, Mediatio, Duplatio, Multiplicatio,
Divisio, Progressio, Perambulum ad radicum extractionem, Extractio
on progressions,
For the various editions of this work see p. 3215 10 is Opvscvlvm de praxi numerorum
the work consists merely of four folios
containing the chapter De arte numerandi.' There was also pubhshed
at Antwerp in 1547 (with later editions, Paris 1550, Venice 1564,
radicum
in
cubicis.
The title of the Paris edition of

quod algorifmum vocant,' and
'
'
MANUSCRIPTS
Wittenberg 1578), Sacrobosco's
Computus
vulgo,
tiir
As stated on
It
is
p. 31, the
tlic
p. 13.
date of the death of Sacrobosco
1244 or 1256, according
either
tomb
For a discussion of the authenticity of
De Morgan,
Algorismus, see
451
de aiini ratione: sen vl vex aHis work on the Sjjhere was ])iib-
Libellvs,
ecclesiasticus.'
at Venice.
1488
lished in
as
we
is
uncertain.
interpret certain lines on his
M. Christi bis C ciuarto dcno {|uater anno

De Sacro Bosco discrevit tempora ramus,
Gratia cui dederat nomen divina Johannes.'
'
MARO ANTONIO
Title.
ROZINO.
ologie magri et papie
99
This
legentis.'
on the theory
spective.
it
semi-mathematical and
it is
of proportion.
It is
(F.
i, r.)
11.
not an arithmetic, and
is
because
32-33
ff.,
phiam
FoL, 20.3 X 28.1 cm., the text being 13.7 X 24
Description.
cm.
Latin MS., 1447.
Qoiies Marci Antonij rozoni artiu // doctoris sacro thc-
'
It is a
has been included in this

is
list
bound with Bradwardin's
only
treatise
Latin treatise on the theory of per-
written in a clear Italian hand, and was part of a volume
numbered 493
in the
Boncompagni
sale,
containing four manuscripts.
Some dealer has removed the first of these manuscripts, the Perspectiva
communis of John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury. A memorandum in the Boncompagni catalogue, probably from a leaf removed
'
'
with the
'
first treatise,
scripte per
The other manuscripts bound with
M"ccccxlvij.'
diii
shows that the manuscript was copied in 1447

confaronesium ut (vocatur?) de lavilata Anno
me antonium
below and on
p.
THOMAS BRADWARDIN.
See
Title.
15
None.
'
Latin MS., i447-
treatise
on proportion.
thomi brardi //scripte p me.'
Expliciiit propores
r.)
Description.
cm.
described
p. 61.
Colophon.
(F. 115,
this are
452.
ff.,
33
Fol., 20.3
X 22.8
11.
This forms part of the volume last mentioned, and is written in the
Bradwardin's treatise on proportion was published in
same hand.
Paris,
1495
(p. 61).
KARA ARITHMETICA
452
ANONYMOUS.
Title. A treatise
FoL, 20.3 X 28.1 cm., written
Description.
X 22.9 cm.
each being 6.6

on
Latin MS., 1447.
on lenses.
7
ff.,
24-33
in
two columns,
H-
This rather early work on optics forms part of the volume mentioned
p. 451, and is written in the same hand.
BERNARD OF
ST.
SIENA.
Latin MS.,
1450.
c.
Massa, Tuscany, in 1383; died at Aquila in 1444. He was a

zealous founder of monasteries, and wrote various religious treatises.
Bom
at
This book of sermons begins as follows: S"! .33.9 .de

.q. in quadrageffla ordo dicendo:^ p feptimana
'
Title.
reftitutioe.// Doiii
fequetes
I li
de x'ana re//ligione
(F.
mino:^ edito.'
Colophon.
Bnardini5
(?)
Explicit tra//ctatuf de ufsif
'
de
de fenif ordonif
5ctib5
(F. 129,
fenif. ordlf minor:^.'
5115
Bntu5 //
13.8 cm.
r.)
part vellum and part paper.
After
129
arranged in double columns, each being
ff.,
S. B."^
.a. R'!" p.
i, r.)
f.
60 the pages are
44-46
i4-5 cm.,
11.
This beautifully written manuscript of c. 1450 is included in this

mercantile
list because it contains several sermons bearing upon the
customs of the time, including De usuris,' De cambiis,' De contractibus,' and De mercatoribus.'

Part of this work was translated into Italian in the fifteenth century,
as appears from a codex in the BibUoteca Comunale at Siena. One of
the sermons was published by Riccomanni, in the Scelta di Curiosita Letrare (no. 13) of Romagnoli, Bologna, 1862. This serterarie inedite
'
'
'
'
mon,
'
Sulle Soccite di Bestiami,' contains considerable information as
to the business
tury.
copy
problems of monastic institutions of the fifteenth cenmade by one Eustachio da
of several of these sermons,
Feltre in 1469,
is
mentioned on
p. 466.
ANONYMOUS.
Description.
47
pp.,
This
18-40
is
paper, in a
Latin MS.,
On
None.
Title.
4,
c.
1450-
the Quadrivium.
14.7
17 cm.,
11.
a Latin manuscript on the Quadrivium. It is written on

German hand of about 1450. It includes a brief treatment
MANUSCRIPTS
453
of arithmetic (5 ff.
i
blank, the text occuj)ying ff. iS
brief treatment of the calendar and the zodiac (ff. 15, r.
22, v.), and a

17, v.), 'I'he
geometry begins with modifications of Euclid's definitions

pars
no
prim9
eft/I-inea e longi^"
liber euclidis
fii
latitu"^
pfuditate.'
Title.
(F.
'
'CKxplicat
cu ometo capani.'
Seep.
Pvncf eft c^
'
It closes
Latin MS.,
c.
1450.
31.
Spera mundi .secundum J()ha//nnem dc facrobofco.'
I, r.)
Colophon.
am.'
'
Explicit tractat'^ dc fpa I'm //
Johem de facrobofco
(F. 35, V.)
Fui. 225.
Description.
From sacrobosco's
Fol., 35
ff.,
Spera., c.
1450
written on vellum.
Printed works of this kind have not been included in
tliis
catalogue.
This manuscript, however, shows the state of the numerals about 1450,
and therefore is mentioned.
The
treatise begins (f.
gui9 // dicentes p'mo quid

/et quid fit po//lus.'
The
first
a later hand.
i, r.)
fit
'
De
fpera in quatuor capitula diftin-
fpera/quid eius // centrum/ quid axis fpere
four folios have a marginal commentary, closely written in
The
figures are carefully
drawn throughout
(see Fig. 225).
RARA ARITHMETICA
454
There is nothing to show the exact date of the MS., but the handwriting
and numerals indicate the last half of the fifteenth century.
Sacrobosco's Sphere was published in 1 488, and often thereafter. It
was the great mediaeval work on astronomy.
'
'
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'
Description.
70
ff.
man
4,
unnumb.
hand,
This
Latin MS.,
Incipiut floref Arifmetrice.'
c.
15
x 21.8 cm., the
2 blank
72
ff.,
45
(F.
text being 8.4

11.
1450.
c.
i, r.)
Latin MS.,
15.5 cm.
in a
Ger-
1450.
a theoretical treatise on arithmetic and algebra, written
is
respectively on the Boethian
and Al-Khowarazmian models.
Only a
elementary treatment of the fundamental operations (chiefly multiplication) is given, the writer devoting most of his attention in the
first part of the work to subjects like progressions, ratios, and proporlittle
The latter part of the book is algebraic and may prove to be a

some mediaeval work of importance. It resembles in some
tions.
copy
of
places the
one
in the
work of al-Khowarazmi, a manuscript

same volume.
MOHAMMED
IBN
of
which follows
this
MUSA AL-KHOWARAZML
Abu 'Abd Allah Mohammed
ibn
Latin MS., 1456.

Musa al-Khuwarizml Born in
the province of Khwarazm (whence his name), died c. 831. The most celebrated algebraist of his time, and the first to write a book bearing the title
Algebra. Yxom. his name comes the word algoristn (see p. 7).
Title.
et oppof.'
'
Liber mahometi de Algebra et almuchabila x comparif

(See Fig. 226.)
Colophon.
There
is
none, but
f.
numb. 85 bears the date 1456,
and the forms of the numerals and

Description.
23
ff.
man
unnumb.
4,
15
letters are of that period.
X 17.2 cm.
MS. in Ger-
blank
24
ff.,
44-48
Latin
11.
hand, 1456.
This interesting manuscript of the first book bearing the name algebra is more complete than the one found by Libri in the Bibliotheque
Nationale
(^ffistoire des sciences
mathhnatiijues,
I,
note XII).
It
more
found in the Columbia University

Library in 1904, and showed to be in the handwriting of Scheubel.
The two deserve to be edited and compared with the Rosen translation
nearly resembles the one which
MANUSCRIPTS
cf^r^
ft
,*r-**^
Jf^JJZ.*^
Fig. 226.
W^^
^^^'^
-^.
T-**^
' -^^
t ~.ni^.*yi*^/&V*
or~/i.
455
^^,^ ^^^ i-sAK^r^
First page of thk 1456 al-khowarazmi
RARA ARITHMETICA
456
(London,
831
This manuscript
).
is
particularly valuable because, unlike
has the Arabic numerals and the mediaeval

as to
algebraic symbols. The et used for plus so closely resembles the
Like
leave little doubt that the latter was derived from this Latin word.
the one published by Libri,
it
Regiomontanus, the writer uses
for minus.
i9
numb. 97) by a brief treatise on rhetoric, and

by three manuscripts on mathematics of 1501, c. 1475, and c. 1550,
This
is
followed
(ff.
described on pp. 480, 468, 486.
ANONYMOUS.
Title. A treatise
Italian
MS.,
c.
1450.
on mensuration, roots, and algorism.

21.6 X 30.3 cm., the text being 10.5 X 15.8
FoL,
Description.
cm. 177 pp. (2 blank), 20-25 11. Written on paper, in a Florentine hand,
c.
I450-
a general treatise on mathematics, with divisions as follows

(ff. 2-1 1); fractions (ff. 13-16); square
'praticha de Geometria
This
is
'
root
(ff.
algebra
cube root (ff. 19, v., 21); ratios (ff. 22-26);

26-30); mensuration (ff. 31-46); algorism (ff. 47-177).
17-19,
(ff.
r.)
and
is evidently the work of some Florentine teacher,
It
the handwriting is that of the middle of the fifteenth century.
includes the usual applications of the period, such as profit and loss,
partnership, and interest, and it makes prominent the rule of three and
The algorism
the rule of false position.
PETER PAUL VERGERIUS.

Born
at
Capo
sibly in 1444.
Title.
'
De
d'Istria,
Venice,
Bishop of Capo
c.
1350
Latin MS.,
;
died in
Hungary
c.
1450-
1420, or pos-
c.
d'Istria.
Ingeniis Moribus et liberalibus Studiis.
Francis-
cvs//fenior auus tuus cui9 ut extant //plurime res magnifice gefte

.'
ita//et multa paffim ab eo fapieter i// dicta memorantur.
.
(F.
i,r.)
Colophon.
'
Petrj pauli uergerij de uiftinopoli ad uber-//tinu5
Cararienfem de ingenijs moribs

liber felici-//ter.
Description.
Explicit.//
4,
14
//liberalibs ftudijs adolei'centie
Amen.'
(F. 23, v.)
13.6 cm.
23 ff. (10 vellum, 13 paper), 26-36 11. The first 10 (vellum)

in
folios are in Gothic script; the last 14 are plainly written
cursive characters.
MANUSCRIPTS
The
treatise refers to
the Hberal arts.
It is
'
arifmelicha
bound with
and
'
'
Title.
on
as
'
I.ri.i,.
Latin MS.,
Born
in Palnia,
Majorca,
1450.
c.
c.
Doctor ilhiminatus.'
'
Ars
A note by a somewhat later hand, written
Brevis.'
reads
I, r.,
15, r.) anioiif,'
(f.
1234; died
was a Catalan alciieniist, pliilosojiher, and missionary, and was
l.i;i.i,Y,
He
in 1315.
known
Ramon
'
several other manuscripts.
RAYMUNDUS LULLIUS.
R.WMo.M)
457
geumetria
quam
'Ars breuis Raymundi Lull
scripsit Pisis
//in monasterio Sancti Dominici anno 1307. a. c.23.' The Ars

brevis begins on f. 5, r.
'Deus cu tua gra fapla et amore Incipit
:
que
ars breuis
fb'tili
eft
Colophon.
ab intelectu
ifta fata
Raymundus arte breuen pifis

Anno ab incarnati(jne diii. 1307.//
'Finiuit
dominici
citer.'
{. 23.)
Description.
24
This
the
Na
artis ghalis.
et fun//dato ipe pot fcire gnale arte.'
fric//ti
cm.
//ymago
4,
28
ff.,
15.4x20.8 cm., the
in monaft'io
E.xplicit feh-
text being 9.9
13.2
11.
the second part of a manuscript of 59 folios, of which
is
the Sensnale of Lullius.
first is
The Ars
This and several other man-
bound with the Vergerius already described
uscripts are
(p.
456).
was originally written in 1307 this copy was made

Although not an arithmetic, the work contains several
brevis
about 1450.
mathematical definitions.
JOHANNES
A
Title.
es unus
ROS.
Valencian
Artificium artis arithmeticac.'
'
Latin MS., 1450.
priest.
InciJD artifi"V atis alfmet'ce
Colophon.
'
Ad laudem
De
(F.
i, r.)
'[DJEusqui
alphabeto.'
(F. 24,
// olpotentis dei et uirginis marie
r.)
.
Johanis ros de Valencia puincie aragonii hoc //

arifmetice pad ... I loco fratrum mino^ de ofpitali //
fi//niuit frat'
artificiQ
1450 die
.5.
Januarij
Description.
uigilia
4, 15.1
x 19
epiphanie domini.'
(F. 14
37,
r.)
13.7 cm.
36 ff., 28 11. Bound with the Lullius and Vergerius described

above and on p. 456.
RARA ARITHMETICA
458
This rather early Spanish monastic treatise on algorism is the third

same hand, written c. 1450, of which the
It begins on f. 24, r., and
first two are mentioned on pp. 456, 457.
of three manuscripts in the
ends on f. 37, r. After some definitions, tables, and computus figures,

None f'biecta ponut i arifthe author takes up the nine subjects
metica (f. 3 = 26, v.). These are treated very briefly. This is followed
by a religious work, in the same hand (to f. 57).
'
'
'
'
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'
Colophon.
plicit lib. 9
'
Cdeo
ff.
mundi.'
grat.
aiij.
(F. 2,
(amen
})
r.)
Aiio. dnj. 1442
de ymagine mundi deo grat

8,
Description.
158
Latin MS., 1442.
De ymagine
14.5
1 1
ff.
CEx-
in the entire manuscript,
.'
.
1.5
in this portion.
x 19 cm.
The other
portions are described on pp. 477, 478.

This
is
the
in
manuscript
first
in
a collection of 156
folios,
H. S.//Cde ymagine Mundi (f. 2, r.).

Latin and treats of physical and descriptive geography.
with the lines
'
I.
'
and begins
It
It
is
written
has some
Roman numerals which

employed except in the case of large numbers. This manuscript and the others bound with it are described in Narducci's catalogue
of the Boncompagni manuscripts (Rome, 1862, no. 81 ). As there stated,
at one time it belonged to Alessandro Padovani, a celebrated collector
interest in the history of arithmetic through the
are generally
ANONYMOUS.
The
Title.
Description.
Ill
ff.,
Italian
title is
4,
MS.,
c.
1456.
missing.
14.6
21 cm., the text being 11
(12 with drawings), 30
11.
No. 168
in the
15.6 cm.
Boncompagni
sale catalogue.
This
is
a business arithmetic, written in northern Italy, and
pleted, as appears
from a note, July
ness arithmetics of the period, the
15, 1456.
first
As
in
most of the
combusi-
pages contain a set of tables,
these being followed by a discussion of the fundamental operations with
denominate numbers. Although written in 1456 it is probably a copy

of an earlier work of about 1420, for the examples in the equation of
payments involve dates from 1418 to 1425 (ff. 78-84). The work is
also interesting because it contains the early form of the sign % (see
Fig. 227) already mentioned on p. 439. The column tables used by
MANUSCRIPTS
459
per colonna,'
merchants in their multipHcation

Italian manuscripts of this nature, are shown
'
and common
in
the
in Fig. 228.
^2.
^
From an
Fk;. 227.
ANONYMOUS.
Italian arithmetic ok c. 1456
Italian
MS.,
c.
14C0.
Possibly by Raffaele Canacci, a Florentine mathematician.
There
Title.
is
none given, but the work
is
a general treatise
on mathematics.
Description. FoL, 28.2 x 39 cm., the text being 16.5 X 28 cm.
2 blank + 322 numbered ff. = 324 ff., 51 11. Italian manuscript,
c.
1460.
an Italian manuscript, beautifully written on vellum, with

initials in colors and gold at the beginning of each of
BonIt belonged at one time to Libri, and later to
its sixteen books.
compagni. Narducci describes it in the catalogue of the latter's manof the
uscripts (no. 14). The author begins (f. i) with a description
Come e in che modo eldetto trattato e diuifo/ cioe cio che
work
This
is
executed
finely
'
lopa cotiene.'
The
successive chapters are as follows
RARA ARITHMETICA
460
-2^
>
'i-)
MANUSCRIPTS
461
Qui chomincia el pimo libro del detto trattato, & pima ]K)ne la
diuifione del detto primo libro/ lacjuale e achapitoli/cioe c diuifo
.4.
'
I.
(F.
capitolj.'
The
I, r.)
four
'
capitoli
'
are as follows:
'El primo capitolo del pimo libro/ done fimoftra lordiiie e modo
(F. i, v.) In this
le fighure chelufano afcriuere enumeri.'
1.
del numerare
are explained the Hindu-Arabic notation, the nine
and the
The
2.
left
che
'
title
The method
r.)
primo
trattato/
modo &
is
wanting,
3 having for
f.
the addition of integers and
pimo libro/ done fitratta

numero minore del numero maggiore.'
terz(;o capitolo del
el
is
some reason been
compound numbers,
el
that
Doue
capitolo
quefto
di
libro
del
fitratta
0chare
The
v.)
hordine del
e numerj.'
(F. 6,
column form
cation
figure fignifichatiue,'
and repaying.
quarto
'El
4.
del
of chapter 2
hordine del trarre
of borrowing
'
arabia fidice gero.'
'Qui chomincia
modo &
(F. 5
It related to
blank.
3.
del
0,
of the multipli-
table
is
given,
first
and is followed by various

methods of multiplying. The
names El berichuocholo (f.
10, V.) and 'p quadrato
II, r.) show the work to
(f
'
'
be Florentine
than
rather
Venetian, and the handwriting and the
numerous
ences to
Florence
this fact.
The method
229. Multiplication 'per

quadrato,' c. 1460
refer-
confirm
'
per quadrato
'
is
of multiplication tables are given, such
been rather
treated in
common
Book
shown in Fig. 229. Five pages

an elaborate treatment having
in the arithmetics of that
city.
Division
is
not
I.
Nelquale fi conticne la
prima come e diuifo ^: aprj lontel(F. 17, r.) This is divided into two chapters:
letto.'
1.
'El pimo capitolo del fjo libro/ Nelqual fitratta la natura che a
(F. 17, r.) This relates to such ancient
ife el nuo con diffinitionj fapute.'
classifications of number as odd and even, prime and composite.
2.
El fecondo capitolo del f>o libro/ Doue fitratta de numerj nomi(Figurate numbers.)
nati per nomj apropiati alle fighure geometre.'
'El fecondo libro del detto trattato.
II.
&
natura
'
proprieta
De
numerj.
&
KARA ARITHMETICA
462
'El terzgo libro della praticha darifmetricha. Nelquale fitratta el

modo di partire p nuj. & pima 1 che forma e modo el detto libro e diuifo.'
(F. 23, r.) The subject of division is now taken up in three chapters
I. By the use of the table, el modo di partire per gli numerj fcripti
III.
'
(F. 23, v.)
fulle librettinj.'
The
2.
'
ripieghi
'
method
(f.
28, v.), by the
successive factors of the divisor.
Long
3.
(F. 32,
division.
The author
r.)
gives not only the galley method, but an early
description of the
tially
method
'
a danda,' substan-
our present plan (see Fig. 230).
This treats of
IV.
V.
Ratios,
'
common
quantita
(F.
fractions.
(F.
proportional].'
46, V.)
Mercantile arithmetic
VI.
numerous references
tine merchants.
to the
58, v.), with
(f.
customs of Floren-
Sixty-six large folios (132 pp.)
are given to this book.
VII.
libro
The
rule of false position
diquefto
modo
delafoluere de chafi
delchatain che
From an
230.
italian manuscript
Fig.
OF
1460
C.
nelquale
trattato
'
El feptimo
del
fitratta
p lofemplice modo
moltj fidicono principij del
chatain.'
(F. 124, v.)
VIII.
Simple and
compound
interest
(f.
134, v.), with 2 pages (4 incomplete) of tables

giving the interest on ^100 for 1-21 yrs. at
(f.
100. laiio (f. 140, v.) to 40 p 100. lafio
'
from 5 p
Equation of payments is also presented in this book (f. 152,
v.), the dates ranging from 1458 to 1464.
v.)
IX. False position as treated by Leonardo of Pisa. (F. 170,
rates varying
150,
'
'
'
v.).
Leonardo
is
mentioned
in PI. IX.
(F. 176, r.) These are largely tradiand include the hare and hound, finding numbers satishusbands, and
fying given conditions, problems about eating, the jealous
X.
Miscellaneous problems.
tional examples,
the testament complication.
XI.
Proportion, based on Euclid V.
(F. 225,
r.)
della regola della algebra.' (F. 233, v.) Unfortunately

few of the figures for this book were drawn. The treatment is rhetorical, practically no symbolism being used.
XII. Algebra,
'
CCUx^v
^^
anui/c uiU|[vnxt <^\*Aî cornc vL5u.nto
rvclla l\T,*-a..'
"'
1
0-bi*inE (Vruj ^tt
-nui (\T\pUce/'?po
^ cattle (IcopoTigoTui ftilamSVc Vv
-^
,
^.-
LL
.
^\
TiA atCo riflertto iUiCC^/ Tveall* ti( c-uoe >>> K-V-nvio ftofc)
Wl
lo-nvCo (Vr^pliet ctx>>>wifr :aHt
mbotMAtJa.eio'r rop>
c*>rtpaToU ^l*<
6>ICTV<^ (^LLOftUoTlO
i>\,T>r.*o
fpC- U^TltWb. C^vU^^-
t\o loc!uiV <lLaiialiTn>rnVo
fmÛo-
papuK U
woV
O^Vul*j-\ ct>tipc(Vi
(\pv\P fa
Otv^^
vnai'bx'tK
Platk IX.
From an anonymous manlsckif
1460
MANUSCRITTS
Algebra continued,
XIII.
This
r.)
mo
de
'
la
regola dc Algebra amiuabale.'
a very interesting treatment of the subject
is
and
lunis'
'
Lionardo pifano,' and
bra as studied in the fifteenth century.
('
463
it
'
K. 279,
fecondo ghugliel-
throws some
light
upon
alge-
(See Plate IX.)
XIV. Algebra continued (f. 295, v.), according to Master Hiagio

che ferine m? biagio nel fuo trattato di i^ratica') of 1340,
certj cafi
Master Gratia de Castellani
and Leonardo
('
fecodo che ferine
m.' gratia
de
caftellanij,
of Pisa.
(f.
312, r.), according to certain maeftrj
Maeftro paolo,' m? Antonio,' ' m'.' giouaiij,' leonardo
m'.' paolo fiorj che
pifano,' 'm? biagio che circha al. 1340. anj morj,'
circha al. 1360. duro,' m'.' michele padre di m mariano,' ' m" lucha,'
XV. Algebra continued
antichi,' viz.
'
'
'
'
'
and
'
un
altro
m'.'
XVI. This
is
biagio.'
f.
i, r.,
there
is
mentioned the
chapter, and this might have contained the
work been
name
Title.
'
had the
of the author
finished.
EUCLID.
See
Book XV not
fedecimo e ultimo'
missing, the manuscript ending with
On
quite completed.
Latin MS.,
c.
1460.
p. II.
The
None.
ColopJion.
first
book of the Elements.
CExplicat prim'
'
liber euclidis cii
omcto
capani.'
{F. 14, V.)
Description.
22
ff.,
18-40
4,
14.7
2 1.2
5.8
cm.
11.
This manuscript of the first book of Euclid, with the commentary by

Campanus, has been included on account of the forms of the numerIt is written in a German hand of c. 1460, and is bound
als used.
(fif. 1-14) with the two manuscripts next described.
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
None.
Description.
of the
Latin MS.,
treatise
c.
1460.
on the calendar.
See the preceding manuscript.
This
is ff.
15-17
volume
This manuscript, bound with the Euclid just described, was probably
It is a brief treatise on the calendar, and
written by the same hand.
was intended, as
1460.
usual, for the
Church
schools.
In
it
occurs the date
RARA ARITHMETICA
464
ANONYMOUS.
None.
Title.
Descriptio7i.
This
is
a chapter
Latin MS.,
On
See
463.
This
is ff.
18-22
of the volume.
a general treatise on the quadrivium, and therefore contains
on arithmetic,
Florentine arithmetician of the
Title.
'
Inchomincia
Italian
first
el trattato
didio.'
(F. 11,
MS.,
c.
1460.
half of the fifteenth century.
darifme//tricha efpelialmete
quella pte // che e fotto pofta alia mercatatia // e
alnome
1460.
the Quadrivium.
p.
BENEDETTO DA FIRENZE.
A
c.
r.)
>
-t
comminciando
MANUSCRIl'
preceding the printed works.
The author
rs
465
with several
Ijcgins, as usual,
pages of tables (see Fig. 231), the multiplication table including the
prime numbers below
fifty.
There
is
also a table of scjuares
compound numbers.
the multiplication of
and one
for
Benedetto presupposes that
the reader is able to perform the fundamental operations with integers,

and he begins at once with operations on compound numbers and fractions. The a])plications include exchange, partnership, and ecinatioii of
(iUiW^V>>Axa*;U7>i'ntt
Fig. 232.
payments, the dates
in the
y*bu.(i>t?.i-iuj^M80o
"bile
From Benedetto da firenze

problems including the years from 1460 to
1464. The latter part of the book contains a number of such traditional
problems as those of the grains of wheat on a chess-board, the couriers,
the hare and hound (see Fig. 232), the jealous husbands, and the testa-
ment
of the
dying man.
The author
closes with a brief treatment of
mensuration.
ALBERT OF SAXONY.
See
7/V/r.
Latin MS.. 1462.
p. 9.
'
Tractatus proportionum.
dno albertutio.// [ ] Roportio coitr da

unico//ad imiice hitudo.' (F. i, v.)
Colophon.
'
Incii)iut pportioef copo^^ a
duo^
;Dperito^ in a^" t'rio
Explicat pportioef ppo'*^ // p reucdo
defifona // Finis //
'
(F.
12, v.)
nirt)
alberto
RARA ARITHMETICA
466
4,
Description.
cm.
(varies).
19
ff.,
14.5
23
11.
Bound with the Vergerius and
Lullius
13.8
mentioned on pp. 456, 457.

This
is
the treatise on proportion that was printed without date, probc. 1478 (p. 9). It is followed by another treatise in the
ably at Venice
same hand, 'De
ST.
latitudinibus formarum,'
BERNARD OF
See
Title.
ff.
SIENA.
Latin MS., 1469.
p. 452.
None. Sermons
Description.
130
which bears the date 1462.
4,
15
(12 blank), 28
Editions.
of St.
X 20.6
Bernard (Bernardinus) of Siena.
cm., the text being
1.5
X 14 cm.
11.
The works
of
St.
Bernard were
first
printed in
Venice in 1591, 4, and again in Paris in 1636, 2 vol., fol. Some

of his sermons were, however, printed in Florence, and some in
Venice, in 1495.
This manuscript, containing several of the sermons of St. Bernard,
was copied by one Eustachio de Feltre in 1469. Two dates are given
showing the completion of parts of the work, September 22, 1469, and
October 6, 1469. For the reasons for including this manuscript, see
p. 452.
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'
Description.
cm.
190
Italian
Trattato della Arithmetica.'
ff.,
35
Fol.,
16.7
(F.
i,
MS., 1473.
r.)
16.2
11.
This treatise was composed, as the first folio states (P'ig. 233), in the
1473. I^^ the examples in partial payments the dates given are
about 1490, and this particular manuscript may have been copied about
year
that time. There is, however, one example with the date 1392, which
would seem to indicate that at least part of the book was copied from
some earlier writer. There is also (f. 183) a brief treatment of the
calendar with two dates 1443. On f. 180 there are also the dates 1452
and 1453. In the margins some sixteenth-century dates have been added
by a later owner.
The work is beautifully written on vellum. The first part consists
entirely of arithmetic, treated from the mercantile standpoint. That it
is a copy of an earlier work also appears from the fact that a few pages
MANUSCRIPTS
/LAverruD ovinctpio
nt<iAva AX $CA
AlnOWC
MM'i\
c-Ii
467
dio "^clc wfAnijxiniX
'^dai bcxtfo
(lie
m^ ic^ Gioiuixmi
bciîlh. '^c-lelo axX)oihAo o^clcl aaan(7o.lifh\-'^clcl q\o
i-iQ(?XiTno
iondpc_ddi ctôihoU Aî^Scb
pu'.ti-o
Sfo CvcfoLntio AtxCxyio SAxtino <=')f\xttovio
poxA
J310
vncxa. jyiA
h uttxtCL ?
^nciipnn'pio mcô
titWx c|itjJ!i n-iodt
QytcTo
i(i^^rrJ>fxmX. i-CJuiierLfxX di
<^fTTia acDnoidi-no ai-dtix
<=\dal
KtHa I^^
Jthinae-
cb fitno dllovo UtttlaQ^ve.tte.renj/\ $Hn+i)a"'
/?A
co/Jji! -ftittL Iuntrji;i li
R^Komlt
liijrjifi
iitimc
_tD cUIa. ncifiii-xJiiiolcve. ifhi built: uLovo'\)i
rlt+Jtuii
êza'HA_xliiic2yLjTi'i(| ita.lt .illino hcz,e
M-nti
rvecMi
e.-
V)iii.'/rA fill.lCJi
nicnhi dmturio Uiiofit-mjofcv di cmdlj
piiv clj(e.(7niuv(z.cjuGlLo cF/i^ loi'o
WiU
wlormiA
iootuTviiA_-c(Wc?iidL.
cLa_dG.viofpcim\Ynenhi.
iG.
233.
c>i
fpivi
d^fo dA
(cmpic
Un<^'K\.iv\
cociala
iia?ia_j<ujii(ulx
(omio cIcLbiUTmijmo
First page of the 1473
^^\
ciypohi.-z.tf-
Tmttato
KARA ARITHMETICA
468
are left blank for subsequent insertions, the scribe having written
'
Hie
quatuo // chartse q non funt//i exemplario (f. 65, v.) The

second part of the work consists of practical geometry and mensuration
The third part (f. 129) relates to irrational numbers.
(ff. 103 to 128).
'
dificiunt
On
135 begins the Regole de la Arcibra,' a chapter on algebra.

nothing to indicate the name of the author or the copyist.
'
f.
There
is
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'Be
Description.
(varies).
ff.
1 1
man hand
of
Mohammed
Latin MS.,
duplirj Arti Viforir.'

4,
X 21.8
blank
Musa
(p.
ff.,
c.
1475.
i, r.)
=12
1450-1475.
c.
ibn
15
i
(F.
40-45
Written
11.
Bound with
the
17 cm.
in a Ger-
manuscript of
454).
This manuscript gives some account of gauging, and closes with a

The medifeval numeral forms are used
throughout. A copy also appears in the 1501 manuscript described on
brief treatment of trigonometry.
p.
480.
LUCA DA FIRENZE.
Italian
MS.,
c.
1475.
and was the son

of the celebrated Florentine arithmetician Matteo, who was born in the
Maestro Luca da Firenze lived
in the fifteenth century,
fourteenth century.
Title.
*
'
Inprencipio darte dabaco.'
Inprencipio darte dabacho fecondo
eftro luca di
Matteo da
Description.
cm.
46
ff.,
29
4,
16.8
fiflrenge.'
(F.
loftile
i,
r.)
F. 2 begins:
dinfegniare del ma-//
(Fig. 234.)
13.8
11.
Although Fabbroni's Sforia dcIP Universita di Pisa (I, 97) says that
Luca's son Giovanni went with Lorenzo dei Medici to the University
of Pisa in 15 15, thus putting his birth about 1495 and Luca's birth
perhaps about 1450, I feel that either this is incorrect, or it is to some
other Giovanni and Luca that he refers. One of the best evidences of
the date of an arithmetic is found in the dates given in its problems.
Authors usually mention years that are not remote from the time when
they write, and in the examples in equation of payments (f. 29, v.) Luca
I therefore think that either he copied
uses dates from 1410 to 1441.
a problem from his father (Matteo), or, what
is
more probable, he him-
wrote about that time, say c. 1425, and that in either case
vanni was a descendant but not a son.
self
this
Gio-
MANUSCRIPTS
469
arithmetic resembles numerous others written in Florence about

The author
this time, such as those described on pp. 443 and 464.
begins with the fumlamental operations and follows thc-se by a treatment
The
trxotfa roflt crocz. 'rrwtlh-a'tAen-zJc, Jivii<iat.a ZCTcji/Mg-nicto. p>tfr-
tnnno-tt dliWj
JVmocjUo -no
2.^'^^'^
-pn-ic.
''*''3*'^'^ "'^^''^"^
in. .\_
rrvo
Jrja.iU^'
avitntv
maAa.^rmo/ âprv\Âyn^
f^T<vio*\icvno ftMpexA jvntB/nda-ia fa J irfa

noV'Tw.hflticifllno
ctjcUw
Fig.
of fractions
l>'2A7r<v
:34-
^^ww
ttat-'
tvioga <vrr<M-io 'nevrtcl)Fu prttvicndo i-jvm*
fticB-ntitvprh,
fâna.
doUcp
-7
)a^\a'mo l^patA
fa-
Pclja^ qiie-fHi r+jofi-
cDO'""pgvic. Jx.nt+fZa.Tno p-ziTntv
nK.(Ji.Jte
ttof>n/ <ifvmcvn<i1^/^^^^
I'CA
^cv '\-nirt,
-p^yrra. rorifoTo ^îSjv
Bopa pa-lo-tdvnc vnfVnc

^M-^n-
îcoio
evndciTiio M<n-(i
DA FHÊNZF,
and denominate numbers, closing with a
series of applica-
the business problems of the time. Subjects like ecpiation

of payments, partnership, and exchange are given the most attention.
The handwriting indicates that the manusc-ript is a copy made about
tions
to
RARA ARITHMETICA
470
may
some light on the

one seriously considers
such fanciful theories as the combination of U and S, or the Spanish
banner about the Pillars of Hercules. The symbol first appears in print
in T/ie American Accomptant, by Chauncey Lee (Lansingburgh, ijg"]),
but in a very different form from that now used. It was common
among merchants for some time before it was cast in type form, for
a note in one of the early American arithmetics says that the symbol
was in use, but that there was no type for it. The third edition of
Pike's arithmetic (1798) uses m., c, d., D., and E., for mills, cents,
dimes, dollars, and eagles, but DaboU's School)nafter''s Affiftant (4th ed.,
1799, p. 20) gives the symbol % very nearly in its present form. Now
whence come symbols like this ? If they are invented de novo it is
usually easy to find their first appearance, as in the case of symbols like
But mercantile symbols usually develop slowly,
TT, c, and / (for \J \).
from libra, /- from the old s (/) from soldi or solidi, and d from
like
denarii. So it is probable that $ was simply developed from some
earlier symbol of value, such as that for pounds or reales. Now the
symbol for pounds (libra, lire) has various forms, appearing in England
or lb., but generally in Italy as L, or lb. with two bars across. The
as
former is seen in Fig. 243, from a manuscript of 1545, and the latter in
Fig. 216 from Dagomari's work. The latter form, in the fifteenth and
1 47 5-1 500,
The symbols
in Fig.
235
also throw
disputed origin of our symbol for dollars, $.
No
sixteenth century manuscripts, appears as practically our dollar sign, as
shown in Figs. 235, 237, 246, and it is not improbable that our early
American merchants used it for the new unit of value, the dollar, just as
the /- for shilling is still used in many parts of our country for 12^ c,
although the original meaning is entirely lost. The symbol came into
general use in printed books between 1800 and 1825.
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'
Latin MS., 1476.
Computus
Description.
4,
cyrometralis.'
15.5
X 20.9 cm.
volume
of
180
con-
ff.,
sisting of four treatises, the other three being elsewhere described.
The
first
of the four manuscripts
is
a computus of the usual fifteenth-
(See Fig. 236.) In it the Latin original of the verses

Thirty days hath September appears (f. 6) as follows
century type.
beginning
'
'
'
ma.
iul.
mar
aug. oc. de. deca-
trib9. et.
f3.
Ja.
vno.
alij. trigeta.
februus. octo. viginte.'
MANUSCRIPTS
<
471
RARA ARITHMETICA
472
Fic.
236.
From the 1476 Computus
cyromctralis
MANUSCRIPTS
(Sec also p.
least as far as
(see p. 45
) it
473
not start here, however,
(iocs
It
:^;i.)
Sacrobosco (13th cent., see

appears as follows
]>.
Ni
f.
31), in whose Coniinitus
fit
ma,i;is iino.
Februus minor efto duobus.'
Biffextus,
6.)
JACOBUS OBERNHEYM.
A
Niirnberg computist of
yVV/r.
'
goes Ixick at
'Sep. No. lun. Ap. triginta dato, reliquis
(1545 edn.,
l)ut
Latin MS., 1476.
1431.
c.
Computus norembergensis.'
Colophon.
'
Anno
Description.
dni 1476 completo.'

See the preceding manuscrij)!, with which
it
is
bound.
This
ing.
is
It is
German computus
statement appears on
judica
written by the same hand as the preced-
work written
evidently a copy of a
finit<)
f.
65
e liber ifte per
'Anno
in 143 1, for the following

mcccc"xxxi" quarta feria p9
diii
me Jacobu Obernheym.'
ANONYMOUS.
Latin MS., 1477.
None.
Title.
belo caro decagolo

Deseription.
cm.
14
ff.,
17
The
calendarium.
first folio
begins 'Albeto
ca'' nobilis.'

Bound with the Vergerius and
4,
15.4
11.
10.5
16.4
Lullius de-
scribed on pp. 456, 457.

This
is
a manuscript of 14 folios on the calendar, and has two dates,
M.cccc'Mviij" and M.cccc.lxxvij, on the
first
It also
folio.
has some
lunar tables for 1364-1381, the treatise having probably been copied
about
45 8-1 47 7 from another one of a century earlier.
NICOLO DE ORBELLI.
Title.
cipit.
Matematica
Colophon.
lis
Latin MS., 1478.
'Incipit op9 fratris
On f
(F.
'
132,
26, v.
// doctoris eximini fup
'
(.?)
dorbelli fup
.'
.
(F.
i,
r.).
'
In-
r.).
Explicimt Scripta
.
//
Deo
f fs
gratias et
nicolai
de orbel-
Amen
xp6 ihu
//M?478.'
Description.
270
ff.
6, 10.5
(6 blank), 41
11.
Latin
MS. on
]-)aper,
1478.
1.9
cm.
RARA ARITHMETICA
474
The first part of the book is devoted to dialectics and logic. The
mathematics begins on f. 132, r., and consists of two folios on the theory
of numbers and three on geometry. On f. 140, r., begins a treatise on
philosophy, containing
On
fubtihs.'
liber
&
de // celo
general.
193,
f.
r.,
(f. 184, v.) a drawing of

Johs fcotus docts
begins a treatise on astronomy:
Hie // Incipit
'
'
The
mundo,'
rest of the
work
(See p. 23, 1485.)
LEONARDUS MAYNARDUS.
A
fifteenth-century mathematician of
Title.
latio.
Leonardi Cremonenfis
'
Primus
tractatus.'
Description.
24
ff.,
relates to science in
25
4,
(F. i,
x 24.4
17.2
Latin MS.,
Cremona,
artis
c.
1488.
Italy.
metri//ce pratice compi-
r.)
10.8 cm.
figures on the margins.
11.,
This is a treatise on trigonometry, and has been included in this

catalogue because of the arithmetical nature of some of the problems.
Favaro's careful investigation of the time
He may
leaves the matter in doubt.

fifteenth century, or
may
he
when Maynard
have lived
lived
still
in the latter part of the
possibly have been the 'Leonardus de
Antoniis de Cremona, ordinis minorum, bacalarius
'
who
lived early in
the fifteenth century.
In the catalogue of the Boncompagni sale another Latin manuscript

of
Leonardo
XIV.'
is
See also Enestrom
before 1400.
p. 290,
given as 'in pelle di 33 carte membranacie del secolo

which is doubtful, Leonardo must have lived
If this is correct,
and Favaro
in the
in Bibliotheca
same journal IV
Mathematica IV
The
(3), p. 334.
(3),
latter gives
a bibliography, with some quotations.

In 1902 M. Curtze translated and edited one of the three manuscripts of this
work known
to him.
This
is
in the
Venetian dialect,
He
also consulted
the two Latin manuscripts formerly belonging to the
Boncompagni
and belongs
library,
of
to the University library at Gottingen.
which
this
is
the later by a few years.
This manuscript
belonged to the advocate Cav. Carlo Morbio, in Milan, before Boncompagni secured it. A note on f. 15, r., shows that in 1655 it belonged
to Bonifacio or Josefifo Aliprandi.
work by Franciscus
Another note, on
f. i,
refers to a pas-
Parma
in 1702. This
1488) Leonardus Maynardus
Insignis Astronomus, Physicus et Mathematicus, cuius opusculum M. S.
Mediolani servatur, mihi indicatum ab eruditissimo Viro Lazaro Augstino
Cotta I. C. amico meo nequaquam satis laudato, cui est initium (Here
sage in a
passage
is
as follows:
'
Arisius, printed at
LXXXVIII
(i.e.
MANUSCRIPTS
475
work, so nearly identical with the

follow the first
manuscript as to show that Arisius probably had this very one at hand.)
Fuit ante Blasium Lconanius Mayiiardiis, qui sue tempore non tan-
few lines of
inter nos, sed etiam inter
tum
tliis
omnes
in lis studiis tenuit principatum.'
similar passage ajjpears in the manuscript Bio^:;rafia Crcmotiese of
Vincenzo Lancetti, now
may
in the civic library at
infer that he lived before
Cremona, from which we

Cremonese
Battista Piasio, of a noble
family, a philosopher, physician,
and
astrologer,
who
flourished about
This manuscript of Maynardus is described (no. 254) in Narducci's catalogue of the Boncompagni manuscripts (Rome, 1862).
1500.
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
Italian
None.
on
manuscript
elementary
MS.,
c.
1490.
mathematics.
'Choncio fiachofa che fono noue fighure nellaba//cho.' (F. i, r.)

Description. 4, 14.5 X 21.5 cm., the text being 9 X 15.2 cm.
158
ff.
(5
blank), 26
11.
commercial type, and includes the

fundamental operations together with a considerable range of business
The
arithmetic
is
of the ordinary
It follows the general style of the Florentine arithmetics
applications.
and uses the Tuscan herichiiocholo instead of the Venetian scachero to

Volendo multiprichare .2. numeri
designate our present multiplication
p berichuocolo (f. 17). The dates in the problems in equation of payments indicate that it was written about 1490 (ff. 83-86-129). The
per-cent symbol % here appears as p c, p c", p <^, as well as p 1 00
:
'
'
(fif.
84, 86, 134,
The second
V.
See Fig. 237).
part of the
work
(f.
91) relates to algebra
fcriuerio lareghola dellarabre (dell' algebra),
'
:
Qui aprffo
m^'ochabiln" (e muqabala).'
is rhetorical, there being practically no symbolism employed.

This part of the work closes with the words, Voglia hora fare fine
enondire piu fopa a que//fta reghola delagebrem"ghabile ... (f. 109, r,).
The geometry begins on f. T09, r., and is confined to simple mensuration. The work closes (ff. 123-153) with a series of miscellaneous
The work
'
l)roblems.
ANDREA
DI
GIOVANNI BATTISTA LANFREDUCCI.

Italian
An
Title.
officer of the
None.
Republic of Pisa
treatise
on arithmetic.
che fono noue figure nellabacho.'
MS.,
c.
1490.
fia
chofa
in 1505.
(F. 3,
r.)
'Choncio
476
RARA ARITHMETICA
cdvuslU clvn^Lilcnc frtiifejpituic/^^w
i[4
ciJucllo irmis? Jtmcictc \llo ftpcî AllajpxmA.

yJvchtzx caiiclU
'nclU
^^
QiAJ Utia
ncl
4tf
vnUti^fvJj
WcTc C^J)
.^ct*-*
l^^<f*
Jrfe
ckfi utcnc <vxij<^fr
<^
3 ifcffcn ore
237.
S^
A-t<3J? CC(JCA'-L^^<44-tttl1C
if at. Ota
del
^-
Ticlf.
wcfi -^di 4i<>
mcrimvc ôt <iir-
pC
coc
A'-L<^4t~
iicdcr^ û^srihp fxmpj ccialU^vrna
Fig.
nc(li>
yatUtadU
From the anonymous manuscript of
c.
1490
MANUSCRII'TS
Colophon.
Qvefto Libro.
'
Lanfreduccj.'
96
This book
10
'
16.8
up the
'
23.4 cm., the text being 12.1 X 16.5

11.
After a brief treatment of notation the author
1490.
Librettine minore,' or the smaller multiplication table to
10, following this
le libretine
an Italian commercial arithmetic of the Florentine type
is
written about
takes
4,
(15 blank), 29
ff.
477
popia ajano. andica.
(F. 96, v.)
Description.
cm.
aitritto. tlilua.
maggiore
'
by several examples.
He
then gives
or larger table, with multiplication
'
(f.
9, r.)
pquadrato
'
names showing the work to be Tuscan.

and p
Division is followed by a large number of problems, per cent (il c-^ and
p 100) playing a large part. The problems in ecjuation of payments show
the book to have been written between 1489 and 1491 (ff. 72-74).
berichuochulo,' these
'
JOHANN NEWDORFFER.
A
Niirnberg Rechenmeister,
c.
German MS.,
1492.
14 50- 1500.
'HannsDimpfel// (Multiplication table) //Johann Ncwvnd Modift zu N.// 1492.' (F. i, r.)
Description. 8, 10.5 X 13.9 cm. 11 ff., 20 11. Written on
Title.
dorffer Rechen-//maifter
vellum.
This is a beautifully written primer apparently done under the guidance of one of the celebrated Rechenmeisters of the Newdorffer family
It was written in 1492 and is evidently the work of a
beginner in commercial arithmetic. It opens wdth the addition and
multiplication of compound numbers, and this is followed by the rule
of Niirnberg.
of three, with
some applied problems.
is doubtless that of the pupil whose work

was done under the direction of Newdorffer. As to the latter, it is not
improbable that he was the father of the celebrated Schreib- and Rechenmeister Johann Newdorffer, the founder of the German calligraphy,
who was born at Niirnberg in 1497, and died there November 12, 1563,
and whose son Johann (b. February 22, 1543, d. October 28, 1581)
was also a well-known Rechenmeister.
The name Hanns Dimpfel
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'
De comutata
Description.
This
is
Latin MS.,
pporfie.'
(F.
c.
1500.
14.)
Fob, 14.5 X 21.5 cm., the text being- 1.5 X 19cm.

ff. 14-32 (p. 458).
the second part of the 1442 manuscript,
RARA ARITHMETICA
478
This
1500.
is
It
numbers.
ing
'
a Latin treatise
on arithmetic, apparently written about 1450-
almost exclusively to Boethian ratios and figurate

closes with a few pages on the circle, including the follow-
relates
It
Rem
quadra//tura
noiia mirabile5.
circuli velut ifcritabilej.//
apud doctof ppli' olim. f. fabile. // pure cernut ocuU vere demra//bilem
C.de quadratura circuli (f. 32, r.). The
nuc i fine feculi (f. 30, v.)
table in Fig. 238 shows some work in series such as is common in arith'
<a.
'
'
MANUSCRIPTS
479
rtmn/
tiUOJj
KTomn dcUxtt- qz ^f dL
c^ntth
.^y^;
rU'
y
niKi^
htnihxJc
ot.
4-
"ff
<j>#/ rt
/iirfu-in'i
-V;
^6
'^^l'
"V
^
'S
?i
2A \;j-
}o
4^
'^
4*
ff"' L\tT\lr- .ifint
/TO
.+>
cr-4
|]K|/|(WC
cr^
lj
-I
liw/J
/\-
Uc
wmhMv- Tap" <: -T^-nniuj u) tietho- ^.nr
Fig. 239.
From
Tdto
yma c>lJnu
n"V
>e conmtata pponie, c. 1500
/-î
r/t
^x>wl
KARA ARITHMETICA
48o
The
fifth
and the
portion of the volume
sixth
(ff.
consists of a set of Latin,
45-52)
(ff.
The seventh
set of Italian verses.
53-58) of a
The
60) contains a brief reference to astrology.
There
a literary or astrological character.
(ff.
book
rest of the
59is
of
are, in all, thirteen different
manuscripts in the volume. For details concerning the non-mathematical

portions, see Narducci, 1. c, p, 31.
ANONYMOUS.
Italian
MS.,
c.
500.
Regole per far Orologi da sole //con le sue Figure.'

Description. 4, 16.8 X 22.3 cm. 22 ff. Bound with the VergeTitle.
'
manuscript described on
rius
p.
456, but written in a later hand.
hand
of the
Several other
sixteenth century, with well-executed figures.
scripts, not of a mathematical character, are also bound with it.
manu-
This
is
an Italian
treatise
on
dialing, written in a fine
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
Colophon.
'
Latin MS., 1501.
None.
treatise
There
is
on mensuration.
none, but one of the folios bears the date
501 adj feptembr In Niirnberg.'

Description. 4, 15
89
ff.
in a
ibn
unnumb.
German
Musa (p.
-f
= 96
7 blank
Bound with
hand.
27-30
ff.,
17.1 cm.
Latin MS., written
11.
the manuscript of
Mohammed
454).
This is a treatise on mensuration, of no particular merit save as it

shows the nature of the work at the opening of the sixteenth century.
It contains a copy of the c. 1475 manuscript described on p. 468.
STEPHANO DI BAPTISTA BELLI STEPHANI DA

1522.
Italian MS., Mercatello,
MERCATELLO.
c.
An
Italian teacher,
born
at Mercatello,
and
living there in 1522.
He was
a pupil of Paciuolo.
Title.
'Svmme//Arismetice.'
(F.
i, r.)
'
Stephano.D.B.Del-
listpha//ni damercatello atvtti qve//ili liqvali in arte

.
tile.exercitare.sidilectano.'
Description.
9.1
14.3 cm.
problems show,
153
at
f.
i,
which
Mercatello,
mercan//
i, v.)
13.5x20.7 cm., the written

ff. numbered (5 blank), 29 11.
8,
on paper, except
(F.
is
c.
on vellum.
1522.
part
being
Italian
MS.
Written, as the
MANUSCRII^TS
This
is
481
manuscript on commercial arithmetic, unusually
in its appHcations,
and
also unusually well written.
Florentine type, but, as appears from a date on

at Mercatello, a
town south
of Ferrara
and east
omjilctc
of the general
It is
loi,
f.
<
was written
r.,
The name
of Florence.
of the author appears not only in the dedicatory epistle, but also at the
end of a
bill
of
exchange dated '1522
(Mercatello), in the latter case as
'
25/maggio
di./
M"
The
in
Stefano di Bap'^ Stefanj
fj.'
examples in equation of payments are dated 1371-72, showing that

these were copied from some earlier work, and in fact they were taken
from Paciuolo (' Diftinctio nona, tractatus cjuintus '), who in turn
borrowed them from some predecessor.
Stephano states in his dedicatory epistle that he was a pupil of
and that he
Paciuolo,
maxime
This
is
dal mio
R''".
is
et
chiefly indebted to
affme
ex'^'
&
him
for his material
M. Luca
pceptor'.
quite evident on comparing certain passages
for,
'
:
et
dal Borgo.'
while Stephano
does not usually copy his master verbatim, there is often a great similarity between them, and sometimes (as in the chapter De le. 2. falfe
Stephano, however, omits most
pofitioni ') there is evident plagiarism.
'
be found in Paciuolo, and confines himself to

These cover barter, partnership, various forms
of discount and exchange, and other similar topics. There are also given
of the theory of
numbers
to
mercantile applications.
a
number
of mediaeval puzzles, including the testament problem, the sale
of the eggs, the
work
in
hound and
and the guessing
hare,
mensuration and the calendar
BARTOLOMEO ZAMBERTO,
A
Title.
Venetian scholar of
'
c.
1500.
is
numbers.
of
little
given at the end of the book.
Latin MS.,
editor.
He was
born
c.
c.
1525.
1473.
Evclidis // Megarenfis graeci philofo-//phi ex
Theone
graeco com-//metare Interprete Zaber-//to veneto triplex prici-
pioru //gentis pn'mu diffinitiones: // Signv//est cuius pars nulla:
// Linea vero, lon-//gitudo ilia tabilis.// Lineae autem limites, funt

figna. // Recta linea, est quae ex aequa-//li fua interiacet figna.
Superfi-//cies, est
habet.
quae longitudinem latitu//dinemq5 tantuni
Super-//ficiei extrema, funt lineae.
est quae ex aecjua-Z/li,
Description.
12,
fi-ias
8x
Pla-//na fuperficies,
(F. 2,
interiacet lineas.'
11.7 cm.
152
ff.
r.)
(2 blank),
16-20
11.
Written on parchment.
This beautifully written manuscript has been included in
alogue of arithmetics without
much
justification,
since
it
this cat-
does not
RARA ARITHMETICA
482
contain even Book V.
It is,
however, valuable in showing the influence
upon written numerals. It is a copy of a translation of the

first three books of Euclid made by Bartolomeo Zamberti of Venice in
1513. The complete translation was first printed in Venice in 15 13,
the statement of some bibliographers that it appeared in Paris in 1505
of printing
being unsupported by any evidence.
It also
appeared in Venice in
1517, in Paris in 1516, and in Basel in 1537, 1546, and 1558. See
Riccardi, II, i, 644; Weissenborn, Die Uebersetzungen des Euklid
durch Campano taid Zamberti, Halle, 1882. This manuscript was evidently written about 1525 for some noble family, for
three illuminated coats of arms,
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
it
has
(f.
Latin MS., 1533.
Declaratio Calendarii et // Almanach huius
'
2, r.)
Cifte.'
Ars supptitandi cum Denariis.' (F. 66, r.)

Description. 4, 16.6 X 23.3 cm., the text being 11.8x16.3 cm.
(F.
81
I, r.)
ff.
'
unnumb., 18
11.
Latin MS., written on vellum, in 1533.
This beautifully written Latin manuscript consists of two distinct

works. Of these the first is a computus in twenty-three chapters, written
apparently in Salisbury cathedral in 1533. The second part is a treatise
on counter reckoning, and consisted originally of six chapters, De

Numeratione, Additione, Subftractione, Multiplicatione, Diuifione, Frac'
tione minutiis.'
is
was used
in
last of these
England early
being written in
is
The
chapters
particularly interesting because
illustrated
it
The manuscript
missing.
in the sixteenth century, the
Roman when
they are not represented
by numerous diagrams representing the
manuscript closes with five pages

De Proba regule Detri.'
and
is
gives the counter reckoning as
De
'
'
numbers
on the
line.'
line abacus.
it
all
It
The
proportione vel regula Detri,'
'
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
Description.
148
ff.,
Italian
'Trattato d'Aritmetica, e del Misure.'
23-27
MS.,
(F.
c.
1535.
i, r.)
FoL, 18 X 23.8 cm., the text being 14.5 X 21 cm.

11.
This is an Italian manuscript, written, as the dates on folios 67, 68

show, about 1535. It is a commercial treatise, beginning, as was frequently the case, with the fundamental operations with compound
numbers. The method of division a danda is preferred to that per
'
galea,'
although both are given
'
II
'
partir a galea e
'
molto legiadro et
MANUSCRIPTS
fpeditiuo,
danda'
(f.
ma non
tanlo ficuro per un
il
partir a
problems are generally of a practical

merchants' apprentices in the north of Italy. (Fig. 240.)
Qipm^9tC^.
Sut.
(|]piBf?9ffx Air
(afif8^ 9ff ;*
Pur
ûmn">f -^ôvfi
34.
();
o.
-i.
-u-
Fig. 240.
8b-
-I.
5
J
Much
([uanto
'I"he apjjlied
19, v.).
type useful to
483
])riii(i|)iantL'
T.
P'rom the anonymous Trattato ok
c;
c.
% 4 ^
1535
of the latter part of the treatise relates to mensuration.
A set
and some notes are given at the end. Among the notes
celebrated problem of the horseshoe. (Fig. 241.)
tables
is
of
the
RARA ARITHMETICA
484
A ^^^
ok
^vi^^ c/:<.^'^^ ^ û^c^^/ j^^
A/^x/s '^'^^y
y ? 'tr/c
n.0
A^ /^^ /u 2^ e
^^ S >o
"^^
Notes
The manuscript
in
^:
the anonymous manuscript of
^;^; r^
c.
no. 23 in Narducci's catalogue of the
is
pagni manuscripts (Rome, 1862,
LUDOVICO ALT
Title.
jcÂ
^.^
'ir'tir-
Fig. 241.
c,
V<^
1535
Boncom-
p. 16).
DI SALISPURGO.
Italian
MS., 1545-
sixteenth-century student.
'.M .D.
Description.
XLV.// Ludouicho alt
8,
12.6
17.8 cm.
92
de Salifpurga.'
ff.
(F.
i, r.)
MANUSCRIPTS
This
author
is
485
some stmlent in 1545. 'I'he

the fundamental operations with denominate num-
a business arithmetic written by
first
treats of
bers, following this
by a treatment
(Fig. 242.)
of fractions.
The
last part
'ciu
^5%l..lii,V.
^^^l ^*
Fic. 242.
of the
work
is
'
praticha
arithmetic of the time.
'
^'^^
ru^tc^
(toe
oPCo
x^
From the ludovico alt

(f.
48), and considers the ordinary business

uses almost the same form of the per-
The author
(see
cent symbol as the writer of 1456 referred to on p. 458, viz. p
Fig. 243). The manus( ript is described in Narducci's catalogue, p. 152.
RARA ARITHMETICA
486
^<^
l\
1
/^
fl
^^-
îl^^l,.^'^?^-?'^^-^'
Fig, 243.
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'
ff.
man
unnumb.
hand,
Latin MS.,
c.
1550.
Introducoriu breue fup elementa Euclidis.'
Description.
23
From the ludovico alt
c.
4, 15
X 21.8 cm., the text being 14.2 X 19 cm.

= 25 ff., 28-33 H- Written in a Ger-
2 blank
1550.
MANUSCRIPTS
This manuscript
of
Mohammed
book, to
MSf
(for
is
the last one in the volume containing the algebra
Musa
books I-XV of
ibn
It consists o( introductions, book by

(p. 454).
(for -), ^T", and
Euclid. The symbols +,
are used.
Latin MS.,
IIONORATUS.
A
Venetian
Title.
monk
'Optts Arithnicticfi
(F.
Fk;.
Description.
Ill
8,
c.
550-1600.
cocnobij S. Latirclij.'
15.8 cm.
487
10.9
D. Ilonorati vcnc-//t-i
nionachj
i.)
Yuo-si
2.
HONOR.VrUS
16 cm., the text being about 9.5
ff.
This manuscript was written by a pupil of a \'enetian monk named

Honoratus evidently about 550-1 600. It is a practical arithmetic,
1
KARA ARITHMETICA
488
the author taking up rather fully the fundamental operations with integers and denominate numbers. He also treats of such common applica-
The illustrations are those which a

and prove the manuscript to be the work
of an immature hand. The common galley method of division is given,
with the ship in full form (Fig. 244), and the sign % appears as per
tions as partnership
and
barter.
pupil would be likely to make,
cr-
(see p. 439).
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
'
MS.,
Italian
c.
1560.
Dichiarazione per intelligentia de Principiantj // del
vso, che merchantilmente tiene la Citta dj Firenze // sopra le

pesi, e Misure.'
monete,
of the Angelotti
Description.
166
cm.
Fol., 18.7
(3 blank),
ff.
(F. 2,
family
(.?)
is
8-42
r.)
On
f.
the coat of arms
i, r.,
painted on parchment.
x 20
11.
a very clearly written Florentine manuscript on commercial

The 8's are all made like S on its side, thus (c/D), a feature
not infrequently seen in the second half of the sixteenth and even in the
seventeenth century. As was often the case, the author presupposed a
knowledge of the fundamental operations, reviewing them only briefly
This
is
arithmetic.
compound numbers. The problems are of the common mercantile

type of the period. The manuscript seems to have been written about
1560. (See Fig. 245.)
with
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
Latin MS.,
Description.
Sm.
4,
1.9
16.8 cm.,
c.
1565.
(Cover.)
'Trattato d'aritmetica mercantile.'
279
ff.,
20-25
11.
appears by the problems that this mercantile arithmetic was

written at Bologna about 1565. Like so many similar treatises, it opens
It
with a set of column multiplication tables. The first operation is parreductiri piccoli,' or short division, this being necessary for the simple
tions in the addition of denominate numbers. This is followed by the
'
addition of pounds, shiUings, and pence ('Sommare di lire e fs e de').

The next operation is multiplication, several methods being given. The
') ! the second, from
first is cross multiplication (' modo di mcare p
left to
right
ing as
'
('
modo
multriply,'
'
erence to the tables

'
bericuocolo
'
di multrip''S per la dirieto,' multiply always appearmultripich,' in this manuscript)

('
p colonna
')
the fourth, our
of the Florentines, but here called
'
the third, by ref-
common
modo
form, the
per bilicuocolo
'
ir
MANUSCRIPTS
\ no
^la
489
n'cearo d'^nv^rzssf
fi opbi_ib-cr,
pzvo a ragione di^y

^J'^'* ^-oo-sj domaru
cLa ciunûe quanro joi il JTJndo.
xoo 00
1000
-100
7-^
I^
o>fr.jfco'
^'.
C/y ..-4-
070
000
(To o o
100
>
Cyo
6^00
CofzcOS- f3
CO
4:
/X IIQ.0:^ >
3 7
IJ
2^0
^^B
Fin. 245.
From an
Italian manuscript of c. 1560
RARA ARITHMETICA
490
This is followed by the subtraction of denominate

by a more extended treatment of multiplication.
Division follows, at first per ripiegho,' and then per danda' (Fig. 246),
the galley method not being given. This is followed by a treatment of
fractions, percentage (' Commicano e centi dalcuna merchantia '), the
rule of three (' Commica lareghola del tre '), profit and loss, equation of
payments, exchange, and the other mercantile rules of the period. Altogether it is one of the best of the sixteenth-century manuscripts on the
commercial arithmetic of Northern Italy.
(also
'
bilicocolo
numbers, and
').
this
'
'
GAUDIOSO FRASCADA.
A
MS., 1568.
Italian
schoolmaster of Brescia, about the middle of the sixteenth century.
Title.
'
Libro
Colophon.
'
di
Arithmetica //et Geometria.'
j5nte libro cioue
II
to ad // instantia de
opera
di
(F.
i, r.)
abaco et geometria
scrit-
m Bertholameo
sachetto //
habitante nella terra de' I'orala algise' scritto per mi // Camillo
figliolo di
sachetto I'anno 1568 a honor de dio et della // iiergine maria laus
deo
'
43,
(f.
But
v.).
5, v.,
f.
has the following:
Gaudioso frafcada cittadino
e ftato fcritto p
4 Nouembrio lanno 1555 laus

Description.
cm.
46
ff.
di
Questo libbro
;
// Bressa a di
dei.'
FoL, 20.2 x 28.6 cm., the text being 14.7 x 24.2
(3 blank),
17-29
made
11.
1568, of a treatise composed by Frascada,

a schoolmaster of Brescia, in 1555. The author uses both the Florentine and the Venetian forms and names for the operations, as in the
This
is
a copy,
expression
'
in
Multiplicar per fchacchiere feu baricocolo.'
of multiplication are given, as in the
only the galley method appears.
work
The examples
ordinary business nature, and the rules include

cioe position false.'
The
'
Von
are generally of the
Raggioni p lo cattayno,
few folios refer to practical geometry.
last
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
Several forms
of Paciuolo, but in division
German MS.,
KiiftHcher
Abmeffung
c.
1575.
aller groffe,//ebene,
oder
nidere, in die lenge, hohe, breite vnd//tiefte als graben Cifternen,
vnd Brunnen.'
Description.
(F.
i,
r.)
12, 10.2
30 ff. unnumb. -f 4 blank = 34 ff., 24 11. Written

hand and in the German language, c. 1575.
in a
13 cm.
German
MANUSCRIPTS
491
<âx^C'yn"^^'>^^7Sig>o\t^M
'2::isy
ôo.
--^|.
if^
0-0.3.
-'"
It 6$ 8
Fig. 246.
From an
Italian manuscript ok
c.
1565
RARA ARITHMETICA
492
This manuscript contains a few numerical problems in connection

with mensuration. The work is of no merit save as it throws light upon
the mensuration of the sixteenth century in Germany. Like most books
of this kind, written at that time, it has little or no explanation of the
rules used.
DOMENICHO DA BIEN DE VALSUGANA.

Italian
del //
.9.
An
None.
Title.
On
Colophon.
a di
MS., 1579.
Venetian student of 1579.
mese
elementary algorism.
21 there
p.
di
marzo
is
this
statement:
in liedolo
'
L'anno. 1579-
// Per Domenicho da Bien
de Valsugana.'
12, 9.5
Description.
12.5
cm.
48
or near Venice.
14.5 cm., the text being about 7.5
pp., varying
number
Probably written at
of lines.
1579.
a student's manuscript on commercial arithmetic. It opens

with the fundamental operations, the treatment of Multipticare Per
scachiero (p. 12) showing the Venetian instead of the Florentine influ-
This
is
'
'
ence.
Division
is
performed only
Galera' Domenicho
form not appearing.
'
per galia, ouero per battello
calls it elsewhere), or
The examples are wholly mercantile, most
applications being in the rule of three.
'
('
'per Collona,' the modern
The work
also contains
of the
some
simple examples in mensuration.
FRANCESCO GIUNTINI.
Italian
MS., Lyons, 1579.
Italian student or teacher of astronomy. I judge

that he was born November 14, 1522, at Florence.
An
Title.
None.
'Di Lione adi
Colophon.
13.
di
from
his
horoscope
Maggio 1579: Francesco
Giuntinj.'
Description.
4,
15.5
21.8 cm., 32
ff.
(2 blank),
26-30
11.
Written on paper.
This manuscript
is
clearly written in Italian,
in particular to Giuntini's
arithmetic
lies
own horoscope.
and
relates to astrology,
Its interest in the history of
wholly in such symbols as that for degrees, and in the
forms of numerals.
MANUSCRIPTS
JOHANNES KLUMPIUS.
Title.
Varij Tractatus Mathematices
'
philfse/Zftudiofo excpt Ingol-//ftadij

(P.
493
Latin MS., 1598-99.
//a Joanne
Anno // 598
i
Klum])i(>
ct fequcnlj.'
I.)
At
Colophon.
the end of the
'
Arithmetica
i)ractica
are the
'
words 'Abfokum') 15 Januarij // Anno 1599.'

Description. 4, 15.3 X 20 cm., the text being 10.5 x 16.5 cm.
+ 442
70 pp. blank
(varying).
This
pp. written
German hand,
Latin MS., written in a
=512
pp.,
19-21
11.
Ingolstadt, 1598-99.
a set of lecture notes on general mathematics, including geomand astronomy. The arithmetic consists
is
etry, trigonometry, arithmetic,
of
it,
treats of the four
first
common
two courses of lectures.

fundamental operations with integers and
parts, probably the result of
two distinct
The
fractions
although
it
the second of practical arithmetic, as
roots, and a few rules

and the rule of false.
like
German MS.,
A German
Title.
'
student of
Das
c.
Flinfft Capitel.//
Not
1599.
1600.
von dem Algorifmo //oder Cofs.'

Colophon.
calls
the rule of three, partnership, alligation,
ROTH.
B.
Klumpius
simply gives the fundamental operations, j>rogressions,
entirely legible.
Item Im FunlTten Capitel

(F. 4,
It
ift
r.)
contains the date, August 4,
1599Description.
cm.
321
This
is
4,
18.8
X 24.6
19.8
(13 blank), the lines varying.
ff.
German manuscript
containing the solutions of the problems
in Stifel's edition of Rudolff's Coss, beginning with
Chapter
5.
(See
This manuscript was written, as the colophon shows, in 1599.

The name of the writer is not entirely legible, but it seems to be Britenus Roth. The solutions are written in a very clear hand, and furnish
p. 258.)
an excellent example of the symbolism of that period.
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
None.
Description.
13 cm.
80
pp.,
Dutch MS., Louvain,
A
Sm.
treatise
8,
33-46
10.5
11.
c.
1600.
on mensuration.
x 16
cm., the text being about 8
Written on vellum.
RARA ARITHMETICA
494
is a Dutch manuscript on gauging and general mensuration.

gauger's tables are as clearly written as in the best Florentine
This
The
manuscripts.
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
None.
Description.
Latin MS.,
treatise
Sm.
4,
c.
1600.
on arithmetic.
10.5
14.
cm., the text being about
numb, (there have been added 8 ff. in the

back, written on vellum, making a total of 205 ff.), 22 11. (varies).
Latin MS., written in a German hand.
6x12
cm.
197
ff.
This manuscript begins with the fundamental operations after the

of algorism, and then takes up the theory of numbers according
to the Boethian system. Figurate numbers and proportions (ratios) are
treated at great length, as in the arithmetic of Boethius, although this
manner
not a copy of that work. It is not common to find manuscripts

written as late as this that go so fully into the ancient theory of pure
arithmetic. At the end of the book the author has placed eight folios
of Arithmetica tabulais et formularis,' clearly written on vellum, conis
'
taining multiplication (or

'
evenly odd
'
numbers, of
area
'
')
tables of primes, of
solid numbers,'
and the
ANONYMOUS.
Title.
oddly even
'
and
German MS.,
c.
1600.
Gebrauch//Der Weldt Kugel.' (P. 3.)

FoL, 20.5 x 33 cm., the text being 19.5 x 27 cm.
'Niitzlicher
Description.
(varies),
'
like.
160 pp. (several blank), 24-29
paper, in German,
c.
11.
(varies).
Written on
1600.
is on the terrestrial sphere,

on arithmetic as needed by cosmographers. This includes the fundamental operations, including square
and cube roots. The galley method of division is used exclusively.
Although the
first
part of this manuscript
the second part, beginning on p. 83,
is
ADDENDA
Since the completion of the manuscript for the edition
this
luxe of
tie
made to Mr.
Excluding a number of
work, two years ago, numerous additions have been
Plimpton's collection
early
of
early arithmetics.
Arabic manuscripts, these acquisitions, with references to the
pages on which they would naturally appear, are as follows

Page i6. The 1561 edition of Borghi has been acquired.
Page
The 1485
23.
de Orbelli has been acquired.
edition of Nicolo
See also page 473.
Page
There has been acquired a work on the calendar by

'Almanach magiftri Johanis//de monteregio ad anos.
36.
Regiomontanus
xviij.//acuratiffu-ne calculata.'
ten // Vindelico
interesting
is
Colophon .-...' Erhardi Ratdolt Auguf-
M.cccc.lxxxviij.'
on account of
its
This
is
not an arithmetic, but
it
mathematical treatment of the calendar.
Page 62. There has been acquired a Cracow edition of a work by

Jacobi Fa-//bri
Faber Stapulensis, containing a little arithmetic
.'
Colophon : Cracouig
Stapv-//leii T Artiu diuifione itroductio
'
1534.'
4, 13.8
'
10.2x16 cm.
Page 82. The first (1503) edition of the Margarita Philosophica has
Chalchographatum primibeen acquired. The colophon is as follows
ciali hac // peffura/ Friburgi p loanne Scho//ttu Argeii. citra feftu
:
'
Margareth^ //anno gratis M:CCCCC.III.'
Page 114. An edition of Tagliente's Libro //de abaco,' Vinegia

M.D.XLIIII' has been acquired. Also the Venice edition of 1570, and
'
'
an edition
s. a.
Page 115. The 1570 Milan edition of Tagliente has been acquired
Libro // de Abbaco che inse-//gna a fare ogni ragione // mercadantile
:
'
Milano 1570.'
Page 139. The 1525 edition of Riese's first book has been acquired
Rechnung auff der linihen //gemacht durch Adam Riefen vonn Staff el:
//fteyn/in maffen
man
es
pflegt
tzu
lern
in
alien
//rechenfchulen
RARA ARITHMETICA
gruntlich begriffen
anno
15 i8.// vleyfigklich vberlefen/
vnd zum andern
mall //in trugk vorfertiget.//C,Getruckt zu Erffordt zcum//Schwartzen

Co/(?/>/iofi : ^HGedruckt tzu
M.//CCCCC.XXV. Jar.' 8, 8.8 x 14.6
durch//Mathes
Horn.// 1525.'
Erffordt/
Maler.
10.7cm.
44ff., 17-20II.
Page 139. Another Erfurt edition of Riese's second work has been
Rechnung auff//der Lynihen vii Federn///Auff allerley
handthirung/ gemacht durch//Adam Ryfen.// Zum andern mal vberfehen///vnd gemehrt.// Anno M. D. XXvij.' Colophon: Gedruckt
acquired:
'
'
zum Schwartzen Horn.'

Page 148. The 1570 Venice edition
zu Erffurdt
of Feliciano has
been acquired.
+ 79ff.
Page 167. 'Ulrich Kern von Freysing Eyn new Kunftlichs wolge-//
grvifl vnnd behend // aufz rechter art der
grundts Vifierbuch/ gar
Geometria/.
23 cm.
57
ff.,
M.D.XXXI.' FoL, 18 x 27.8 cm., the

46
Strasburg, 1531.
11.
Page 181. Two more
of
editions
text being 12.7
work on guaging.
Mariani's
'
Tar iff a
have been
'
acquired, Venice 1564 and 1572.
Page 223. There
is
mentioned an arithmetic by Medlerus, 1543,

This work, recently acquired, may be
with a second edition in 1550.

all
that there
ratio
is
of the
1550 edition:
extra//hendi radicem
'
Facili-//ma et exactis-//sima
Quadratam//& Cubicam,
Doctore//
Nicolao Medlero in // gratiam ftudiofae // iuuentutis // sedita, // Anno

Impressvm VVitem- // bergae, per
Domini. // M.D.L.' Colophon:
'
Vi-//tum Creutzer.'
7ff.,
27
8,
14.8 cm.,
the. text
being
11.2 cm.
11.
Page 322. The 1575 edition of Lapazzaia has been acquired. It is

not the same, however, as the work described on page 322, either in
Opera //terza//de aritmeti-//ca et geo-//metria.

title or in contents.
//Deir Abbate Georgio Lapazaia//da Monopoli. //Intitolata il Ramaglietto.//In Napoli // Apreffo Mattio Cancer. M.D.LXXV.' 14.2 x 20
'
X 16 cm. 4 -f 169 pp., 29 11.

FamiPage 322. The 1566 edition of Lapazzaia has been acquired
liarita // d'arithmetica, e geometria // con I'vsitata prattica Napo-//
litana, Compofta & ordinata per Abbate Geor-//gio Lapizzaya Canon ico
Monopolitano // Nuouamente con fomma diligentia//Riftampata, e
cm., the text being II
corretta.// ... In
14
NapoH //Appreffo Horatio

x 16.2 cm.
22 cm., the text being 11. 2
Saluiani
2
62
//MDLXVI.'
ff.,
28
11.
4,
ADDENDA
Page 340.
L'Arithmeti(ive//milit;iire d'AlexantireZ/Vandenbussche
'
Flandrois//departie en deux liures.//.
Paris
.'
(s. a.).
8, 14.S
20.8 cm., the text being 9.8 x 16 cm. 35 ff., 34 11. Paris 1571. The
Proeme is dated " De la grolTe tour de Bourges le douziefme d'o-//
An
ctobre. 1571."
arithmetic for instruction in military circles.
Page 347. A 1590 Antwerp edition of Menher has been acquired:

Livre // d'Arithme-//tique contenant plufieurs belles que-//ftions &
demandes, bien propres & // vtiles a tous Marchans, // Par M. Valentin
Mennher //de Kempten. // Reueu par M. Melchior van Eiftaer.//
Page 375. The 1584 Cologne edition of Clavius has been acquired.
Page 383. Arithmetica // oder // Rechenbuch //
durch // An1600.' FoL, 13.6 x 18.5 cm.,
thonium Schultzen/.
Zur Liegnitz
*
.'
'
the text being

*
10.2
Buchhalten,' 30
11.
x 13.5 cm. 4 + 259!^., besides an appendix on

The first edition apjieared in 1583. A book of no
particular merit.
Page 389. In 1585

It contains 5 pp.
Fr. Barocio published a
Cosmographia,
at
Venice.
on arithmetic.
Page 391. The work
of Aurelio Marinati has been acquired:
'La
somma di tvtte // le scienze // nella qvale si tratta

liberali// ... Roma. .. 1587.' 4, 16 x 21.5 cm., the
prima parte // della //

delle//sette
arti
text being 11
17.7
cm.
The chapter
156 pp.
'
Dell' aritmetica
begins on p. 99 and ends on p. 114.
Page 408. Vila's arithmetic has been acquired: Reglas // brevs

de Arith-//metica
per Bernat // Vila,
Barcelona
Any. M.D.'
LXXXXVI.'
8, 9.8
Page 418. The 161

'

1
edition of Mariana's
Page 425.
8+i36fT.
work has been acquired.
loannis // Marianae // Hifpani //, e socie. lesv, //
Mensvris. //Typis Wechelianis. //
12 cm.
De
Ponderibvs //
et
Anno M.DC.XI.'
manuscript of Zuchetta's work, copied
in
1692, has
been acquired.
Page 440. There has been acquired one

parchment,
in
folio
of manuscript on
a fourteenth-century hand, containing part of the Ety-
31 x 45.7 cm. See also p. 8.

Page 456. There has been acquired an anonymous manuscript on
astrology, with some directions for arithmetical computations. It bears no
mologies of Isidorus.
date but was written
Page 480.
in
Latin, c.
c.
1450.
A manuscript
fi.,
on paper,
of Bede,
'
De
1520, has been acquired.
in Latin, in a
German hand.
Scientia computandi,' written

Fol.,
22.7
x33cm.,
the text
RARA ARITHMETICA
being 13
is
'
In the same volume and written by the same hand
22.5 cm.
Franconis
De Quadratura
Page 487.
Circuli lib. V.'
manuscript of Boethius and Gerbert, on geometry,
written in Latin, c. 1550, has been acquired.

bert begins
Incipit
liber
geometrie
artis
The manuscript
a
seditvs
of Ger-
Dno // Gerberto
Papa et Philosopho. Qvi et Silvester // secvndvs est nominatvs.' Each

manuscript contains some interesting number work. Fol. on paper,
22
As stated
23.5 cm.
in the preface, there will naturally
be found from time to
time numerous additions to the bibliography contained
The
following have recently
come
in
this
work.
to the attention of the author
Page 70. Portius. There was also an edition, Rome, 1524, 4.

Page 81. Boethius, Clichtoveus, and Stapulensis. There was also an
edition, Paris, 15 14, fol.
Page 97. There

Gottingen,
is
probably
an anonymous
'
Algorithmus
linealis,'
1513 at
Licht.
Page 106. Kobel. There was an
edition of the
'
Vysierbuch,'
Oppen-
heim, 15 19.
Page 123. Grammateus. There was also an edition, Frankfort, 1554.

Page 139. Riese. There was also an edition, 1559, and a Frankfort
edition, 1563, of
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
in
No.
2.
There was also an
180. Albert.
edition,
Magdeburg, 1588.
an edition, Cologne, 1539.

214. Recorde. There was also an edition, London, 1658.
257. Giilfiferich. There was also an edition, Frankfort, 1561.
195. Noviomagus.
There was
also
286. There was published a small Tariffa by Marcello in 1566.
359. There
may have been
Rechenbuch by Junge published
1577-
Page 396. Lindebergius published

prsecipuorum
.,'
containing a
Page 429. There
is
also a
little
at
Rostock,
in
1591, a work
'
De
arithmetic.
work by Lachar, Algorithmus mercatorum,'

'
s. 1. a.
page ix, relating to the De Morgan

While some of the books were sold (for
example, see page 122), most of them were purchased by Lord Overstone and presented to the University of London, where they may now
The statement
library should
be seen.
in the preface,
be modified.
INDEXES
1472-80
498
1583
RARA ARITHMETICA
INDEX OF NAMES, PLACES, AND

SUBJECTS
Abacus, 7. 70. See Counters
Adriaen van der Gucht, 338
Agricola,
Alamagni, 404
Albert,
J.,
Aquila, 396
Arabic numerals,
17S
Albert of Saxony,
9, 3,
465
1
1, 447
Arabic numerals (facsimiles), 447,
VIII, et passim
Archimedes, 226
Albertus Magnus, 442

Alcala, 60, 167, 231, 310,322
Alciatus, 164
Alexandrinus, 389
Algebra, 56, 125, 132, 226, 233, 252,254,
260, 2S6, 400, 403, 454
Algebra (facsimile), 455
450, 454
7,
454
Aristotle, 15
Arithmomachia,
Arnheim, iSS
2.
.SVf
Rithmomachia
263, 322, 3?>^
Augustine, 83
Ammonius, 367, 429

Amsterdam, 325, 424
Andrea Lanfreducci, 475
Autorff, 250
Aurel, 254
Austria.
See Cracow, Vienna, etc.
Aventinus, 136, 229

Avignon, 130
Andres, 122
Andres Garcia de Lovas, 253
Angelus Mutinens, 140
Anianus, 31,7
Annaberg, 139
23, 64, 67,
71
106, 120, 126, 127, 128, 130,
178, 186, 195, 211, 212, 223,
252,
Astrological numerals, 375

Astronomical fractions. Si-e Sexagesimals
Augsburg, 8, 10, 25, 27, 37, 41, 100, 102,
Almadiano, 23
Alonso Delatore, 41
America, 286
3,
I'l.
119, 130, 152, 160, 168, 186, 190, 238,
Alligation, iS
Anonymous,
Astrolabe, 72
Algebraic symbols (facsimile), 403

Algorism, 5, 7, 10, 13,15, 28, 33^ 74, 106,
Al-Khowarazmi,
Alkmaar, 325
Antonius de Barres, 238

Antwerp, 32, 183, 200, 249, 250, 278, 281,
3'5. 345. 365. 372, 375. 38"6, 427
Apianus, 155, 62
286,311,338,340,359,
408, 429, 443, 447, 449. 45O'

456, 458, 459, 463, 464, 466,
473.475. 477.478,480,482,
493. 494
KARA ARITHMETICA
500
Barziza, 140
Budel, 396
Basel, 8, II, 27, 43, 60, 66, 70, 82, 86,
Bungus, 380
131, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 180,

182, 186, 192, 211, 226, 246, 265, 266,
269, 286, 315, 33O' 335. 338. 348, 356,

361, 372, 375' 389' 407. \-l
Beausard, 346
Bede. See Baeda
Beldamandi, 13
Belgium. Sec Antwerp, Bruges,
Belli,
Buscher, 393
Buschius, 86, 106
Buteo, 292
Caesar of Padua, 368, 402

Calandri, 47
See Counters
Calculi.
etc.
Computus
See
Calendar.
Calvino, 76
343
Camerarius, 262, 186, 211
Benedetti, 364
Camilla, 315
Benedetto da Firenze, 464

Benese, 182
Benicansa, 402
Berenguer, 359
Bergamo, 37 5, 380, 382 384
Campanus, 433
Canacci, 459
Cantone, 416
Capella, 66
Cardanus, 193, 338
Bernard, 452
Bertholio, 263
Cardanus (portrait), 194

Casanova, 292
Bilstenius, 407
Cassiodorus, 2ii
Blasius, 95
Cataldi, 356
Blundevile, 407
Bock, 229, 249

Boethius, 25, 62, 80,
4, 13,
82,
434
Bogardus, 229
Boissiere, 260, 271
Cataneo, 242
Catechism method, 197, 210, 290
Catechism method
Bologna, 61, 244, 253, 295, 356, 359
Cattaldi, 356
Bonini, 122
Champenois, 359
Bonocchio, 347
Borghetti, 407
Borghi, 16
Borriglione, 86
Boschensteyn, A., 182

Boschensteyn, J., 100
Boscherus, 393
Bouvelles (Bovillus), 89
Bradwardin, 61, 5, 86, 117, 451
Brandt, 169, 408
Brasser, 393
Braunschweig, 391
Brescia, 325, 347, 368, 425
Breslau, 139, 322, 347, 404, 412

Bruc3eus, 350
Bruges, 338
Bruno, 396
Brunus, 396
Buckley, 252
Budaeus. 99, 35, 164
Budapesth, 67
Bude.
See Budaeus
(facsimile), 199
Cathalan, 268
Ch ampler,
186
Chauvet, 359
Chiarini, 10, 56
China, 429
Chuquet, 128
Cipro, 10
Ciruelo, 58, 61
Clatovenus, 292
Clavius, 375
Clement, 375
Clichtoveus, 30, 80, 82, 94
Cognet, 346, 365

Coignet.
Cologne,
.5"^^
Cognet
23, 27, 46,74. 76, 85, 153, 154.
159, 167, 169, 180, 195, 200, 212, 231
281,367, 375, 396,402,429
Computus,
7,
31, 41, 73, 126, 443,
449
463, 473
Computus
(facsimiles), 444, 445' 472
Constantinople, 180
Copenhagen, 353
Corella, 244
INDEX
Cortes, 407
Coss, 125,226,233.260,286.
Counters,
Counters
.S'-ff
Algebra
155, 271, 412, 4cS2
7, 36,
(facsimiles), 69, 103, 156, 166,
201, 214, 215

123, 190, 260,
303
J.,
Eschenburg, 340
Espinosa, 238
II,
56,
4,
433, 435, 440,

PI.
IV,
VI
Exchange, 38
Exchange
See also Nicolaus Cusa
106.
236,
442, 463, 481, 486
Euclid (facsimiles), 436,

Everardus, 396
Curtius, 396
Cusa,
Equation of payments, 439, 446

Erfurt, 124, 139, 33S
Euclid,
Covarrubias, 396
Cracow, 32, 97,

Cuento, 60, 249
Culman, 182
Cuno, 269
501
Eciuality sign (facsimile), 288
(facsimile), 38
Eysenhut, 190
Czemy, 353
P"aber Stapulensis, 62, 80, 27, 30, 82
Dagomari, 435
Debreczin, 359
Decimal point (facsimiles),
False position, 18
Feliciano, 146
388
329, 330, 386, 388
52,
Decimals, 50,
Dee, 214
De la Roche, 128
Delfino, 275
Denmark. See
Copenhagen
Suberville, 409
Deventer, 64, 67, 76, 188, 195, 262
Dialing, 4S0
el Castillo,
46
Digges, 340
Diophantus, 348
Division (facsimiles)
danda, 47, 462, 489
Of
6, 100,
Figurate numbers (facsimiles), 27,

Finaeus, 160, 279, 82, 97, 106
Finger symbols, 34,
483, 486, 487
fractions, 485
Division of fractions, 233, 262

Dollar sign, 470
57, 95,
131. 137, 257

Finger symbols (facsimiles),
I'l.
115,
57,
121,
138
Fischer, 247
Flicker, 367
Florence,
Division, 18, 49, 449
Galley,
140, 269
Fernelius, 157
Ferrara, 143, 146, 394
De
Diego
Fermat, 348
Fernandez de Santaella,
10, 15,
122, 132, 140,
16, 47, 63, 70, 98, 99,
346
FcEniseca, 119
Fonduli, 295
Fonduli
(portrait),
296
Forcadel, 284, 316

See
Fractions, 106.
Decimals, Sexa-
gesimals, Division
See Paris, Lyons, Avignon
Dollar sign (facsimiles), 471, 491

Domenicho de Valsugana, 492
France, 284.
Dordrecht (Dort), 392
Franciscus, 15
Franci.scus de Oretio, 396
Frankfort a. ^L, 32, 53, 102, 106, 123,
Dortmund, 213
Duni, 269
Duplation, 75
Diisseldorf, 300
Francesco dal Sole, 143
139. 154. '55.
J(^9.
iSo. 200, 244, 253,
269, 290, 295, 298, 319, 330, 331, 340,
Dycke, 427
359. 368, 3^3' 393' 396, 408, 429

Frankfort a. d. Oder, 139, 247, 289
Eclipse (facsimile), 453
Frascada, 490
Freiburg, 82, 181, 1S2, 192, 391, 410
Eisenmann, 91
Eisenmenger, 3S9
Freigius, 372
Eisleben, 303
Elias Misrachi, 180
Frey, Jacob, 338

Frey, Johann, 221
England, 134, 216,327,450. See London
Freyle, 286
KARA ARITHMETICA
502
Heidelberg, 168, 266, 356, 359

Heller, 67
Fulconis, 389
Furst, 93
Galasso, 404
Gauging,
Gauging
Helm,
141, 142, 319

Helmreich, 303
Helmstadt, 393
Henry-metre, 409
Herbestus, 303
Herodianus, 60
114. M^, 221, 468

(facsimiles) 113, 222
Gehrl, 359
Gematria, 404
Gemma
Hobel, 314
Hoflein, 389
Holland. .5"^^ Amsterdam, Deventer,
Honoratus, 487
Frisius, 200
Gempelius, 391
Genoa, 416, 425
Gentil, 263
George of Hungary, 67
Sec Augsburg,
Germany.
Bamberg,
Heidelberg, etc.
Gersbach, 353
Getons. See Counters
Ghaligai, 132
Ghebelino, 325
Giovanni da Firenze, 443

Girard, 386
Gifjka Gorla z Gorlssteyna, 353
etc.
Hood, 361
Horem, 86, 117
Hornmannus, 396
Horoscope, 478, 492
Hostus, 372
Huguetan, 188, 131
Hungary. See Budapesth, Debreczin
Huswirt, 74
Hiitzler, 263
Hylles, 396
Giuntini, 492
Glareanus, 191
Gleitsmann, 427
lamblichus, 188, 186

Ingolstadt, 155
"
Instruments (facsimiles), 124, 283, 297,
Glysonius, 408
Gmunden, 117, 449

Goldammer, 269
367
Italy.
Gosselin, 279
Gouda, 386, 394, 424

Grammateus, 123
Granada, 93
Gray, 353
Gualda, 167
Gucht, 338
8, 3, 10
See Florence, Venice, etc.
Isidorus,
Jacob, 295
Jacob's staff,
no
GUlfferich, 269, 292
Jeronimo de Valencia, 269

Joannes de Gmunden, 117, 449
Joannes de Muris, 117
Johann von Gmunden, 117, 449
Gullucci, 82
Jordanus, 62,
5,
27, 82
Gutierrez de Gualda, 167
Kandleon, 368
Kaudler, 368, 396
Guyion, 130
Gyraldus, 254
Klos, 190
Haarlem, 421
Hagenau, 37,
Klumpius, 493
76, 164
Halle, 303
Hamburg, 393
Hanaellius, 228
Hangest, 87
Hartwell, 220
Heere, 421
Hegelin, 229
Kobel, 100
Kolross, 164
Konigsberg, 226, 258, 260, 314
Kopfer, 346
Krafft, 402
Lagasa, 315
Landshut, 83, 97
INDEX
503
Maginus, 399
Mainz, 23, 118
Lanfreducci, 475
Lange, 353
Lanzut. See Landshiit
Mameranus, 396
Lapazzaia, 322
Manenti, 174
Lapazzaia (portrait), 323

Laudensis, 396
Mantua, 66, 263

Manzoni, 257
Mariana, 418
Lautenschlager, 410
Lax, 121
Mariani, 180
Lazesio, 146
Leipzig, 27, 36, 37, 44, 53, 70, 83, 86, 91,
120, 138, 139, 155, 168, 171, 200, 223,
233, 247, 249, 250, 263, 290, 303, 31
1,
331. 340, 353, 361, 365, 379, 412, 421
Lemgo, 330
Leonardus Maynardus, 474
Leunbach. 86
Leyden, 66. 165, 166, 210, 254.386. See
Lugduiii
Licht, 70
Liegnitz, 383
Lillius,
63
Marinati, 391
Martin, 231
Masterson, 400
Matiieniatics, value of, 72, 127, 231, 300
Maurolycus, 348, 350
Maynardus, 474
Measures, 70, 99, 164, 171, 209, 266, 319
Mediate, 75
Medina, 229
Medlerus, 223
Melanchthon, 210, 53, 164, 226, 236
Melero, 181
Mellema, 375
Liverius, 13
Mellis, 218, 214, 391
London,
Menher, 249, 281, 346

Menochius, 396
10, 132, 134, 182, 195, 213, 214,
244, 252, 253, 286, 327, 330, 338, 340,
Lottini, 2S6
Mensuration, 478
Mercado, 335
Mercatello, 480
Meres, 408
Messina, 93, 429
Mewrer, 396
Mexico, 286
Meyer, 322
Louvain, 238, 346

Lovas, 253
Middelburg, 418
353. 368, 391. 393. 396, 400, 407, 408
Lonicerus, 253
Lopez de Corella, 244

Loritus, 191
Lortze, 91
Lossius, 289
Letter, 70
Micyllus, 265
Liibeck, 263, 393

Luca da Firenze, 468
Luca de Borgo,
Milan, 76, 114, 115, 193, 216

Military arithmetic, 343, 359, 385
Million, 17
54, 87
Lucar, 393
Million (facsimile), 19
Ludovico Alt, 4S4

Lugduni (Lyons or Leyden),
167,
200,
165, 171,
192,
286
Mohammed
Lullius, 415, 457
Luyck, 408
Lyons, 32, 93, 128, 130,
See Lugduni
Madrid, 310, 393, 404

Maffei, 86
Magdeburg,
139, 180, 290,
ibn Musa,
7,
454
Molinaeus, 396
245, 253, 269, 286, 290, 292, 314, 320,
385, 389.
Mirandula, 127
Misrachi, 180
Modena, 66
389
Monhemius, 300
Monte Regal Piedmontois, 3S5
Monzo, 292
Mordente, 415
Morsianus, 159, 1S2
Moya, 308
Mugling, 450
RARA ARITHMETICA
504
Multiplication, 56, 115, 447

Multiplication (facsimiles)
Gelosia,
393
Paolo deir Abaco, 435
116
t"anciful,
5,
Paris, 9, 27, 32, 43, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 76,
448, 461
Per quadrato,
Per scachiero,
5,
448, 461
5, 6,
Pagani, 394
Pagnini, 308
Paolini,
Complementary, 76
448, 483
82, 86, 87, 89, 93, 95, 97, 99, 106, 121,
126, 131, 134, 157, 160, 167, 168, 171,

186, 191, 192, 195, 200, 211, 223, 228,
Table, 26, 37, 446, 460, 464, 479

Multiplication table, 37, 446
Miinster, 85
269, 271, 278, 279, 284, 31
Miinster, Seb., 180
330, 340, 343> 347. 359. 382, 409. 446,
Munyos, 320
Muris,
229. 233, 237, 245, 252, 260, 263, 268,
314, 316,
45
Parley, 408
17
Mutinens, 140
Mystery of numbers, 95, 91, 199, 383
Parma, 382, 384

Partnership, 18
Pascal triangle, 155, 236

Pascal triangle (facsimile), 156
Pauerus, 286
Nabod, 281
Naples, 322, 324, 402, 416
Neander, 266
Paul.
See Paolo, Paulus
Nessen, 322
Paulinus, 393
Nevvdorffer, 415, 477
Paulus Alexandrinus, 3S9
Nicolaus Cusa, 42
Nicolo de Orbelli,
Nicomachus,
1,
Pavia,
23,
9, 10,
186, 4, 27
Nonius, 315
Norico, 44
Norry, 347
Peer, 156
Pelacani, 140
Noviomagus, 195, 159

See Arabic, Astrological,
Numerals.
Pellos, 50
Peletier, 245
Roman
Numeration, 260
Nuiiez, 315
Niirnberg, 53, 62, 86, 123, 137, 139, 151,
152, 154, 156, 160, 178,
295
Paxi, 77
Peele, 338
473
82, 193, 221,
223, 226, 231, 249, 271, 292, 300, 314,
338, 346, 391, 412,415,421
Per-cent sign, 439, 441, 458

Per-cent sign (facsimiles), 437, 440, 441,
459. 476
Perez de Oliva, 126
Perfect number, 91
Petri,
325
Petrus de Alliaco, 41
Peurbach, 53, 117
Peverone, 290
Obernheym, 473
Peverone
Obers, 238
Ofenlach, 389
Oliva, 126
Pforzheim, 36
Oppenheim, 102, 106

Oresme. See Horem
Ortega, 91
Otto, 361
Piccini,
(portrait), 291
346
Picus Mirandula, 127

Piedmontois, 385
Pirkheymer, 396
Pisa, 16
Piscator, 247
Paciuolo, 54, 87
Plus and minus, 40, 126, 1S3, 254, 456

Plus and minus (facsimiles), 40, 125,
Padovanius, 389
Padua, 9, ID, 13, 150
185, 234
Poeppingius, 391
Paetus, 343
Poitiers, 245
INDKX
505
Poland, 353. Sff Cracow

Fortius, 70
Poveiano, 375
Ringhieri, 253
Prag. 292, 359

Priscian, 319
Rithmomachia
Problems
Rocha, 316
Roche, 128
Rithmonuichia (Kithmimachia, Rythmomachia), 12, 63, 271, 340
Cistern, 48
Couriers,
(facsimiles), 64, 273
Rizzo, 298
(facsimiles)
Rodolphus Spoletanus, 122
12
Fallen tree, 49
Rodriguez, 408
Fish, 438
RoUandus, 446
Gauging, 113, 222

Hare and hound, 465
Horseshoe nails, 4S4
Roman numerals,
104, 106, 249, 3S2, 383,
Roman numerals
(facsimiles), 104, 105,
Market women,
107, 373. 382,
Rome,
Partnership, 402
Snake and well
(tree), 48,
32, 86, 91, 93, 122, 140, 236, 375,
378, 391, 415, 429
Ros, 457
Rostock, 350
Roth, 493
Rotterdam, 250, 423, 425
Thief, 438
Proportion, 46, 89, 99, 235

Proportion (facsimile), 28
Prosdocimo, 13
Rouen, 32
Psellus, 168
Pythagoras
439
3^3
(portrait),
Rozino, 451
46
Rudolff, 151, 159, 126,
Quadrans
7,
260, 493
Ruff us, 31
(facsimile), 162
Rule of
Quirini, 429
three, 18,
46
Rules, 76
Raets, 365
Raggius, 98
Sacrobosco, 31, 236, 450, 453

Salamanca, 10, 216, 238, 253, 308, 315,
335. 408
Rainer, 200
Ramus, 263, 330, 335

Raphael Franciscus, 15
Raymundus
Salignacus, 359
Salispurgo, 484
Lullius, 457
Recorde, 213, 253, 286

Recreations, 391
Regensburg,
136, 137, 396,
Saragossa, 99, 122, 140, 167, iSi, 247,
Reggio, 370
Regiomontanus, 62
Regius,
368
Santa Cruz, 404

Santaella, 140, 269
Sarafino da Campora, 429
249, 269, 359
Saravia, 229
Si
Savonne, 314
Scarufh, 370
Regnaudus, 396
Regnier, 200
Reichelstain, 169
Scheubel, 233, 246, 252, 454
Reinhard, 421
Reisch, 82
Schey, 427
Schiedam, 423
Schleupner, 412
Schonerus, J., 178
Reymers, 379
Rheticus, 211
Ricci,
429
Riese, A., 138, 171, 250,

Riese, A. (portrait), 251
Riese, I., 252, 365
Ringelbergius, 165
Schonerus, L., 330, 32,3

Schreckenberger, 389
Schreckenfuchsius (Schreckfuchs), iSo
Schreiber.
See
Schuere, 424
Grammateus
KARA ARITHMETICA
5o6
Texeda, 240
Schulze, 383
Schweder, 314
Theologoumena, 223
Segura, 322
Sekgerwitz, 347
Theoretical books, 4
Thierfelder, 391
Series (facsimiles), 88, 478
Toledo,
Seville, 41, 122, 93
Tonstall, 132
Sexagesimals,
Torrentini, 76
^^^^^
418
Toscolano, 54
Toulouse, 348
Tours, 168
Trenchant, 320
Trevisano, 408
Sfortunati, 174
Sherwood, 12
Siderocrates, 389
Siena, 367
Silicius,
1.67,
106
Slate, 13
Treviso, 3
Snellius, 330, 333
Trigonometry, 474
Tubingen, 74
Sole, 143
Solingen, 20S
Solorzano, 393
Spain, 254. See Alcala, Barcelona, etc.
Turin, 50, 86, 364

Turkey. See Constantinople
Tzwivel, 84
Spanlin, 271
Sphere, 453
Uberti, 114
Spinola, 311
Ulm, 229, 402

Ulman, 391
Spoletanus, 122
St. Albans, 186
Stephano da Mercatello, 480
Unicornus, 298, 412

Uranius, 208
Urban IV, 433
Stettin, 139, 247
Urstisius, 220, 361
St.
Bernard, 452, 466
Stevin, 386
Stifel, 223, 231, 258,
493
Valencia, 61, 122, 254, 292, 320, 407
Stigelius, 249
Valencia,
Stockmans, 392
Valerianus, 286
Strasburg, 10,32,33,42,76,82, 134, 154,

182, 197, 21
1,
233, 315, 343' 370, 389'
415
J.
de, 269
Valla, 71
Valladolid, 240, 244

Valturius, 10
Strigelius, 311
Vandenbussche, 340
Striibe, 391
Van den Dycke,

Vander
Vander
Vander
Vander
Suberville, 409
Substractio, 97
Suevus, 404
Suiseth, 10, 86
Supputandi, De Arte, 134

Swinshead. See Suiseth
See Basel
Switzerland.
Tables. 385, 400.
See Tariffa, Multi-
plication
Taf, 429
Tagliente,
14, 141
427
Hoecke, 183
Schuere, 424
Schuere (portrait), 422

Wehn, 216
Vejar, 249
Venice,
8, 9,
10, 12, 13,
15,
16, 19, 20,
21, 22, 27, 28, 32, 54, 60, 61, 62, 70,
7i> 73' 77. 82, 87, 99, 114. 115' 13O'
140, 141, 146, 148, 160, 168, 171, 173,
174, 180, 181, 195, 200, 229, 242, 253,

254, 257, 275, 278, 292, 298, 315, 340.
343' 346, 347' 348, 35O' 364. 382' 389.
Tartaglia, 275
393, 399, 404, 407. 408, 412

Ventallol, 298, 319
Tartaglia (portrait), 277
Vergerius, 456
Tariffa, 77, 180, 404, 175, 181
INDEX
Welsch
Verini, 216
Verona,
10, 148, 389,
507
practice, 152, 416
Wenceslaus, 418
Werner, 300
404
Verse, 399, 411, 100, 262
Verse (facsimile), 41
Vienna, 27, 32, 53, 61, 66, 106,
Widman,
1
17. 123,
36, 40, 44
Willichius, 197
Willsford, 216
151, 152
53, 61, 139, 168, 178,

180, 200, 223, 236, 237, 247, 269, 286,
Wittenberg, 32.
408
Vincent de Heauvais, 10
Vincento, 140
Vincenza, 66, 375
Vincenzo da Bergamo, 429
Vila,
367, 389,
429
Wojewodki, 260
Wolphius, 154
Visconti, 368
Xy lander, 356
Vittori, 61
Vogelin, 195
Von Szily, 67
Vuelpius, 231
Vciar, 247
Zamberto, 481
Wagner,
Zero, 76
Zuccantini, 367
Zuchetta, 425
12, 15
Walckl, 182
Weber, Johann, 338
Weights. See Measures
Weissenfels, 223
Zuchetta
(portrait),
Zurich, 391, 39(J
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
426
186^
U.CB[RK[L[Y LIBRARIES
CDMmDEbtS

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KARA ARITHMETICA

^torcfiA)rm5rnwt m -011? BUtattxoSf

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GINN AND COMPANY PVBLISHERS

BY DAVID EUGENE SMITH

ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL

GINN & COMPANY

GEORGIO ARTVRO PLIMPTON

and most important questions

for the student

that relatin^^ to the available sources of

In the fields of higher mathematics scholars have

bringing together these sources,

which primitive mathematics

but in that humbler

philes have sought to preserve the original material, and no one

has seriously attempted to catalogue

Rara Arithmetica, but he was

together two large libraries of

neither a true book-lover nor a true scholar, for he gathered his

them dispersed, his commercial spirit

treasures purposely to see

ignore his offer to

domain, lived to see an unappreciative city

his magnificent library

books which has been made

was scattered abroad, as had been the

that of Mr. Plimp-

libraries of arithmetics printed before the

the seventeenth century his

the largest that has ever been

brought together, not excepting Boncompagni's, and

third great collection of early text-

able to examine, in the British

where, less than a hundred arithmetics written before

but Mr. Plimpton has more than three

hundred, a number somewhat

again be collected by one man.

excess of that reached by Bon-

Indeed there are few arithmetics of much importance

that are not found, in one edition or another, in his librarv.

writers of these early printed books, not

under consideration, were by no means obscure

and Capella, who

what there was of culture

and Isidorus, the learned Bishop of Seville. There

are also the

chus and lamblichus, who represent the declining Hellenic

too, are the

Venerable Bede, of Sacrobosco, and of

of that great Renaissance compiler, Paciuolo

rendered none the less so by the names

Borghi, Riese, and

meticians though they were, for few

read their works can

to recognize that they powerfully influenced education, not only

own time but

for generations after they

had passed away.

In view of the fact that the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

a not unpleasant duty to catalogue the volumes

Mr. Plimpton's library that belong to

including such later editions as

statement of their contents, and to supplement this work by a