A.

TITLE
B. RESEARCH CONTEXT
Literature is literary work which is created by someone, it involves
novels, plays, and poems. Hardjana on Hartiningsihs book states that
literature as the standard of expression from what the people have shown
in life.1 Prose is one of literary work which consist of three types; short
story, novel, and novella. Plays or drama is a literary written work that act
by the actor and actress on the stage. While, poetry is collection of poems.
Here, poem is peace of writing arranged in lines that content of writers
expression or feeling. In every kinds of literary works content of figurative
language. In this case, the researcher want to observe about the kinds of
figurative language which is involved in poem. The poem that want to
analyze or observe by researcher untitle In The Begining that written
by Kizzy Thomas.
Christopher Russel states that figurative language is kind of
language which departs from the language employed in the traditional,
literal ways describing persons or objects.2 Based on those opinion above,
the researcher concludes that figurative language is a way of seeing
something other than literal meaning of the work. Figurative language
include personification, metaphor, paradox, hyperbole, irony, sarcasm,
satire, simile, and synecdocle.

Christopher states in How to Analyze

Poetry that:
The kinds of figurative language are: (1) Personification is assigning
human characteristic to non human object, abstaction or idea; (2)
Methapor is an analogy between object without actually saying that it
is establishing this contrast; (3) Paradox is a result when a poet present
a pair of ideas, word, image, or attitude which are, or appear to be, self
contradictory; (4) Hyperbole is a figure of speech which employes
1Sri Hartiningsih, Introduction to Literature, (Malang: Muhammadiyah University Press,
2012 ), page 2.
2Christopher Russel Reaske, How to Analyze Poetry, (United States of America:
Monarch Press, 1965), page 33.

exaggeration; (5) Irony is result from contrast between actual meaning

of a word or statement and the suggestion of another meaning; (6)
Sarcasm is usually mean or ficious antagonism; (7) Satire is technique
of holding human vices, vollies, stupidities, etc. up for contempt; (8)
Simile is direct comparation between thing which are not particularly
similar in their essence; (9) Synecdoche is particular form of
metaphore.
The poem that want to observe by the researcher untitle In The
Beginning written by Kizzy Thomas. Kizzy Thomas comes from Grand
Rapid, Michigan which takes a divinity or theology in Calvin Theological
Seminary. This poem is published on 05th November 2015 and the editor is
Kerux (student newsletter of Calvin Theological Seminary). in The
Beginning generally talks about the begining of the God`s creating.
The researcher has found the previous study that is written by Fany
Mufariqah which is used quantitative research. This previous study has
objective to find out the kinds of diction and figurative language on
Charles Simics poems and to find out the meaning of diction and
figurative language on Charles Simics poems. The result of this study
showed that there are many dictions and figurative languages on Charles
Simics poem. It proves on the sentence my window has grown illegible,
window is diction, the lexical meaning of the diction is a fact or piece of
evidence that helps to solve the problem.
The phenomenon that have discussed on the previous explanation
about the figurative language and kinds of figurative language make the
researcher curious to the figurative language that content of the poem
untitle In The Beginning by Kizzy Thomas. The researcher investigate
or observe of figurative language in this poem because of interested on the
content of the poem and have good moral value. Beside that, the
researcher also want to know about real meaning from that poem itself.
That is why the researcher decides to make an observation with a topic
An Analysis Of Figurative Language That Used By Kizzy Thomas Untitle
In The Beginning.

C. RESEARCH FOCUS
Research focus is the specific questions that researcher seeks to
answer.3 The basic assumption or question when the researcher want to
analyze the problem. In another word, we can say that researcher begin to
determine the question to explore the explanation of study. Based on the
defintion above, the researcher formulates the research focus as follow:
1. What are the figurative language that contains in the poem of Kizzy
Thomas under the title In the Beginning?
2. How is the meaning of figurative language that is used by the author in
the poem of In the Beginning?
D. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
Research objective is a statement of intent used that specifies goals
that the investigator plans to achieve in a study.4 Researcher consider that
research objective is related with research focus because it is the respond
of the question in research focus. The researcher formulate the reseach
objective by looking at the research focus:
1. To know the kinds of figurative language that contains in the poem of
Kizzy Thomas under the title In the Beginning.
2. To explain the meaning of figurative language that is used by the
author in the poem of In the Beginning.
E. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Significance of study refers to the contribution of the reserch result
to the improvement of the related practice (practical contribution) and or to
the development of the related theory (theoretical contribution).5
1. Theoretical
The researcher would like to give an information about the kinds of
figurative language that is used by Kizzy Thomas in the poem of In the
Beginning. Beside that, the researcher also wants to give an
3John W. Creswell, Educational Research Design: Planning, Conducting, and
Evaluating Qualitative and Quantitative Research (Boston: Pearson Education, 2012),
page 110.
4Ibid., page 111.
5Mohammad Adnan Latief, Research Methods On Language Learning An Introduction,
(Malang: UM Press, 2015), page 168.

explanation about the meaning of figurative language that is used by the

author.
2. Practical
a. Teachers
The researcher expects that this study will increase the
knowledge of teacher, in order to the teachers are able to use the
result of this study as the addition of the material in teaching
learning process.
b. Students
The researcher expects that the study will help the students to
know more about the kinds of figurative language and its meaning
in order to apply in analysing of literary works.
c. Readers
The researcher hope that that content of this study will be useful
to the readers ability in particular on literary knowledge. In this
matter, the reader will have an understanding of the figurative
language in poetry.
F. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY
Scope refers to the range of applicability of an item
in a linguistic expression with respect to other items in the
same expression.6 Oxford dictionary that scope is range of
thing that a subject, an organization etc, deals with. In
simply, scope is range of the focus study that want to
observe by researcher. The scope of this study in one of
element in poem, exactly the researcher will give scope of this
research in the figurative language on the poem with tittle In The
Beginning by Kizzy Thomas.
Limitations is the potential weaknesses or problems
with the study identified by the researcher.7 Based on the
6 Alan Cruse, A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics, 2006,
(Edinburgh University Press Ltd), Page 155.
7 John W. Creswell, Educational Research Design: Planning, Conducting, and
Evaluating Qualitative and Quantitative Research (Boston: Pearson Education, 2012),

definition above limitations is limit of study identified on

focus observation itself. Furthermore, the

researcher

needed to limit the area of research in order the researcher

will able to focus on the object of study and minimize the
potential weaknesses or problems of study. Researcher in
this research limits its discussion on poem by Kizzy Thomas with the title
In the Beginning .
G. DEFINITION OF KEYTERMS
The definition of keyterms use to avoid misconception of the study, in
order the reader will have same perception or conception in some words in
this study. The keyterms are defined as follows :
1. Poetry
Poetry is called as the collective term used to describe a group of
poem. While, poem is a peace of writing arranged in lines that content
of writers expression or feeling. Poetry is one of literary work which
is able to analyze from kinds of aspect. The aspects consist of theme,
stanza, rhyme, and style of the author.
2. Figurative language
Figurative language is an instrument of poetry in language style
that have meaning which is make readers an imaginative feeling and
description. There are many kinds of figurative language such as
personification, methapor, paradox, hyperbole, irony, sarcasm, satire,
simile, and synecdoche.

H. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1. POETRY
a. Definition Of Poetry
b. History Of Poetry
c. Element Of Poetry
page 199.

1) Rhythm
2) Stanza
3) Rhyme
4) Accent
5) Poetic Feet
6) Metrical Lines
7) Sound Devices
2. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
a. Definition Of Figurative Language
b. Kinds Of Figurative Language
1) Personification
2) Methapor
3) Paradox
4) Hyperbole
5) Irony
6) Sarcasm
7) Satire
8) Simile
9) synecdoche
I. Review Related Literature
In this case the researcher discusses about the summary of journal
article, books, and other documents that describe the past and current state
of information on the topic of your research study. It also organize the
literature into subtopics, and documents the need for a proposed study.8
1. POETRY
A. Definition Of Poetry
B. History Of Poetry
C. Element Of Poetry
8) Rhythm
The word of rhythm established from ancient Greek reo. 9
Reo means the flow of movement which changed to be ritmos,
rhytmus and finally become rhythm (rhytme). Rhythm in
poetry is created by the patterns of repeated sounds in terms of
both duration and quality, and ideas.10 The repeated sounds,
change of efficiently, and varieties of sounds make a living
8 John W Creswell, Educational Research, p. 80.
9Rachmat Djoko Pradopo,Pengkajian Puisi, ( Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University
Press, 2007).

movement. The movement of rhythm comes from the change

of raising and falling, long and short, masculine and feminine
of sound devices efficiently. If we read some stanzas from
coledridges The Rime of the Ancient Marinir, for example,
we immediately should hear the rhythm:11
The sun came up upon the left.
Out of the sea came he!
And he shone bright, and on the right,
Went down into the sea.

abcd

Higher and higher every day,

Till over the mast at noon
The Wedding-Guest here beat his breast,
abcd
For he heard the loud bassoon.
9) Stanza
Stanza is group of lines and therefore a recognizable unit in a
poem; ordinarily, each stanza follows a particular rhyme
scheme.12 There are 10 kinds of stanza that compiled as follow:
a. Couplet
A couplet is a stanza composed of only two line
which usually rhyme.13 We frequently found a stanza
which composed of two rhyming line of iambic
pentameter on heroic couplet. For example:
b. Triplet
A stanza which compose of three lines is called as
triplet. It is usually consist of one repeated rhyme or a
rhyme scheme of aaa. For example:
c. Quatrain
Quatrain is a stanza arranged of four lines. Usually,
the rhyme scheme of quatrain is abcd. For Example:
d. Sestet
10Christopher Russel Reaske, How to Analyze Poetry, (United States of America:
Monarch Press, 1965), page 12.
11Ibid,.
12Ibid, page 19-20.
13Ibid, page 22.

Sestet is one of stanza which formed of six lines.

Specifically, a sestet is usually the second part of a
sonnet.14 As we know that sonnet exactly have fourteen
lines. It divided into two parts. They are octave and
sestet. The rhyme scheme of a sestet is abcabc. For
example:
e. Rhyme royal
A stanza which have seven lines and it written in
iambic pentameter is called as a rhyme royal. The
rhyme scheme of this stanza is ababbcc. For example:
f. Octave
Octave is a stanza that include of eight lines. The
most common rhyme scheme of a octave is abba
abba. Generally, octave able to found in sonnet,
especially in the first eight lines of sonnet and the last
line in sonet that consist of six lines being a sestet.
Example
g. Sonnet
The sonnet is a fourteen-line poem written in iambic
pentameter.15in this case, sonnet is usually contains of
three quatrains and a couplet, that why become a terms
of the pattern of the rhyme scheme itself. In the quatrain
common present of the argument by the author and the
other one is couplet which describe or draw a
conclusion.
Example
14
15 Christopher Russel Reaske, How to Analyze Poetry, (United States of America:
Monarch Press, 1965), page 23.

h. Spenserian stanza
Spenserian stanza is a stanza that compiled of nine
lines, the first eight of line is iambic pentameter and the
last or ninth line as called iambic hexameter.
Ababbcbcc is the rhyme sceme of Spenserian stanza. It
also become one of most familiar stanza because of
designed by one of the famous writers poem, his name
is Spenser.
i. Ottava rima
Ottava rime is a stanza composed of eight lines rhyming
abababcc and written in iambic pentameter.16 Like the
Spenerian stanza, it has the characteristics as:
1. Used by a large number of poets
2. The following ottava rima stanza is from Byrons
Don Juan.
Example:

10) Rhyme
11) Accent
12) Poetic Feet
Poetic feet is a number of repeated unit combining the same
number of accented and unaccented syllables.17 In other
statement,

the

researcher

consider

that

poetic

feet

is .............................
a. Iambic
Iambic is one of kinds poetic foot which is consist of
ustressed syllable and along with one stress syllable later.
Actually, a syllables that have a unstressed syllable in front
of a syllable which is composed of stress syllable as called
16 Christopher Russel Reaske, How to Analyze Poetry, (United States of America:
Monarch Press, 1965), page 24.
17 Ibid, page 14.

iambic foot. So that, the researcher conclude that unstressed

syllable must be found in front of the stress syllable. The
example of Iambic feet like:
How vain

ly men them selves a maze

13) Metrical Lines

14) Sound Devices
3. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
c. Definition Of Figurative Language
d. Kinds Of Figurative Language
1. Personification
Personification is called as human being.18 In other word figure of
speech (personification) consider things have characteristics as human
being. In this case, things seems able to act, thought and do anything like
human activity generally.
Personification is the process of assigning human characteristic to
nonhuman objects, abstractions or ideas. Attributing personal form to such
nonhuman objects and ideas is a standard rethorical device in poetry.19
futhermore, the reseracher conclude that personification is kinds of
figurative language which give the characteristic of human to thing. It
seems that this kinds of figurative glutinous the characteristics of human
being to nonliving things and abstraction of ideas. Figurative language on
personifications is appropriately compare or match between two elements,
they are thing and human being. The example of personification are
followed by:
.................................................................................................
2. Methapor
Methapor is the figure of speech which compares one thing to
another directly. The metaphor in other words establishes an anology
between objects without actually saying that it is establishing this contrast.

18 Henry Guntur Tarigan, Pengajaran Gaya Bahasa, ( Bandung : Angkasa, 2009).

19 Christopher Russel Reaske, How to Analyze Poetry, (United States of America:
Monarch Press, 1965), page 39.

Methapor is direct figurative.20 it is figure of speech which used to see

something with another thing as intermediately.21
Metaphor is figure of speech as comparison, but dont use the
comparison words such as: as like, if, like, etc. 22 metaphor is kinds of
language style of comparison that have an characteristics like : the most
short, solid, and efficient form. The comparison both of them are implisit
characteristics. In other word, word which is express supposition word
must be lost. But dont reduce the quantity of beautification from the
word expressions.
The conclusion of metaphor is using of the words that originate
from uncorrectly meaning, except as imagery based on similarity or
comparison. Metaphor consist of two term. Exactly are principal term and
secondary term. Principal term (tenor) is called thing which are compared
and become a reality. In other side, secondary term (vehicle) is thing
which to compare. The example of methapor are following:
........................................................................................................
3. Paradox
Paradox is the figure of speech which express two things like
contradiction, but both of them are true. 23 Paradox is employed in poetry
primarily as a device of emphasis, of drawing attention to something. Thus
paradox, like a cacophony, can produce dramatic and worthwhile effect.24
Example:
a. He is rich, but he poor
(It means that he have power of property, but he is poor of knowledge.)
20 Christopher Russel Reaske, How to Analyze Poetry, (United States of America:
Monarch Press, 1965), page 36.
21 Sigit Mangun Wardoyo, Teknik Menulis Puisi, (Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2013).
22 Rachmat Djoko Pradopo,Pengkajian Puisi, (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University
Press, 2007).
23 Muhammad Sadikin, Ejaan yangDisempurnakan, (Bekasi : Laskar Aksara, 2011).
24 Christopher Russel Reaske, How to Analyze Poetry, (United States of America:
Monarch Press, 1965), page 38.

b. I am loneliness in crowded situation.

4. Hyperbole
A figure of speech which employs exaggeration. Hyperbole differs
from exaggeration in that is extreme or excessive. 25 Figurative of
hyperbole common emphasize the event or situation as affluent. It is a
expression that exaggeration something had been happened. Usually poet
show the excessive word about quantity, size, character which is have a
purpose to give pressing of a statement or situation to produce a dramatic
effect.
Example
5. Irony
Irony is one of figurative language that explain about comparison
of meaning, it purpose to joke.26 Beside that, irony able to interprete as
figure of speech that used to allusive the object smoothly.
Example
6. Sarcasm

7. Satire

25 Ibid, page 34.

26 Henry Guntur Tarigan, Pengajaran Gaya Bahasa, ( Bandung : Angkasa, 2009).

8. Simile

9. synecdoche