DESIGN OF CONCRETE

GRAVITY DAM
A DESIGN PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
MANIKANDAN.I

REG NO: 412513103047

PAVITHRAN.S.B

REG NO: 412513103063

PERUNJCHITHIRAN.M

REG NO: 412513103064

VISHNUPRIYAN.S

REG NO: 412513103110

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI SAIRAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE

TAMBARAM, CHENNAI- 600044

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2016

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report DESIGN OF CONCRETE GRAVITY
DAM is the bonafide work.

MANIKANDAN.I

REG NO: 412513103047

PAVITHRAN.S.B

REG NO: 412513103063

PERUNJCHITHIRAN.M

REG NO: 412513103064

VISHNUPRIYAN.S

REG NO: 412513103110

Who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Prof. Mr. S. KANDASAMY, M.E, (Ph.D)

Mr. S. DHANAPAL, M.E

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

ASST.PROFESSOR

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

Sri Sairam Engineering College,

Sri Sairam Engineering College,

West Tambaram,

West Tambaram,

Chennai-600045.

Chennai-600045.

Submitted for ANNA UNIVERSITY project viva-voice held on --------------- at

Sri Sairam Engineering College, West Tambaram, Chennai-44

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"A successful man is one who can lay a firm foundation with the bricks others have
thrown at him." -- David Brinkley

Such a successful personality is our beloved founder Chairman,

Thiru. MJF. Ln. LEO MUTHU. At first, we express our sincere gratitude to
our beloved Chairman through prayers, who in the form of the Guiding Star has
spread his wings of eternal support with immortal blessings.
We express our gratitude to our CEO and Trustee Mr. J. SAI PRAKASH
LEO MUTHU and our Trustee for his constant encouragement in completing the
project.
We express our solemn thanks to our beloved Principal,
DR. C.V. JAYKUMAR, Principal for having given us spontaneous and
wholehearted encouragement for completing this project.
We are indebted to our HOD Mr. S. KANDASAMY, Head of the
Department of Civil Engineering for her support during the entire course of this
project work.
We express our gratitude and sincere thanks to our guide
Mr. S. DHANAPAL, Asst. Professor for his valuable suggestions and constant
encouragement for successful completion of this project.
We thank all the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff members of the
Department of Civil Engineering and all others who contributed directly or
indirectly for the successful completion of the project.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENT
S.No

TITLE

INTRODUCTION

Page No.

1.1. General

1.2. Basic Terminologies

1.3. Concrete Gravity Dam & Apparent Structures

1.4. Introduction To Sheet Piling

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED SITE

2.1. Brief Description Of Project Site

2.2. Characteristic Features Of The Site

11

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.1. Forces Acting On A Gravity Dam

12

3.2. Modes Of Failure Of A Gravity Dam

13

3.3. Requirements Of Stability

14

PROJECT DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Design Conditions

15

iv

4.2. Design Of The Profile

4.2.1. Top Width Required

16

4.2.2. Base Width Required

16

4.2.3. The Upstream Projection

16

4.2.4. The Upstream Batter

16

4.3. Designed Layout

5

17

STABILITY ANALYSIS
5.1. Reservoir Empty With Vertical Earthquake Force
(A) Acting Downward

18

(B) Acting Upward

20

5.2. Reservoir Is Full

(A) With Uplift

22

(B) Without Uplift

28

CONCLUSION

30

REFERENCES

31

LIST OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOL

EXPLANATION

Cross Sectional Area

Cohesion

Width of dam

Acceleration due to gravity

Water level

Weight

Moment of inertia

Crack length

Height of dam

Pressure

Resistance capacity

Uplift pressure

Unit weight

Tensile stress

heel

Stress at heel of dam

toe

Stress at toe of dam

Reliability index

Friction coefficient

Shear stress

Friction angle

Eccentricity

Leverarm distance

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

SL NO
1

TITLE

PAGE NO

Concrete gravity dam

(a)Basic triangular shape

(b)Modified shape

Steel sheet piles

Sheet piling techniques-pictorial view

Sholavaram dam

10

Design layout

17

LIST OF TABLES
SL NO

TITLE

PAGE NO

TABLE 1

18

TABLE 2

24

vii

ABSTRACT
The planning and proportioning of a structure to satisfy the functional,
economical and aesthetic requirements is known as Structural design. Gravity
dams are solid concrete structures that maintain their stability against design
loads from the geometric shape, mass and strength of the concrete. The
purposes of dam construction may include navigation, flood damage reduction,
hydroelectric power generation, fish and wildlife enhancement, water quality,
water supply, and recreation. The design should meet the requirements of the
people.

Taking all these into considerations, a Gravity dam has been designed. In
addition sheet piles are installed along the length of the dam body for
additional anchor. The design is followed as per the norms and standards. The
various components are designed based on the requirements pertaining to the
design standards.

Hence, this project deals with the design of a Gravity dam structure for the
structural safety and stability.

viii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL
Dams constructed out of masonry or concrete and which rely solely on its
self weight for the stability fall under the nomenclature of Gravity dams.
Normally coursed rubble masonry was used which was bonded together by lime
concrete or cement concrete.
However masonry dam is no longer being designed in country. In fact,
gravity dams are now being built of mass concrete. In India, the trend for the
concrete dam is only of the gravity type.
It is not just sufficient to design a strong dam structure, but it is equally
important to check the foundation as well for structural integrity. For concrete
dams, the stress developed at the junction of the base is quite high, which the
foundation has to resist.
Masonry dams have been in use in the past quite often but after
independence, the last major masonry dam structure that was built was the
Nagarjunsagar Dam on river Krishna which was built during 1958-69. Normally,
coursed rubble masonry was used which was bonded together by lime concrete or
cement concrete.
However masonry dam is no longer being designed in our country
probably due to existence of alternate easily available dam construction material
and need construction technology. In fact, gravity dams are now being built of
mass concrete, whose design and construction aspects would be discussed in this
chapter. There are other dams built out of concrete like the Arch/Multiple Arch or

Buttress type. These have however not been designed or constructed in India,
except the sole one being the arch dam at Idukki on river Periyar.
It is important to note that, it is not just sufficient to design a strong dam
structure, but it is equally important to check the foundation as well for
structural integrity. For concrete dams, the stress developed at the junction of
the base becomes quite high, which the foundation has to resist. Usually concrete
gravity dams are constructed across a river by excavating away the loose
overburden till firm rock is encountered which is considered as the actual
foundation.
Nevertheless not all rocks are of the same quality; they vary with
different geological materials and the process by which they have been formed
over the years. For example, the hills of the Himalayan range of the mountains
are considered geologically young, as well as weaker than the massif of the
Deccan plateau. The quality of foundation not only affects the design, it also
guides the type of dam that would be suited at a design site.
1.2. BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
Crest: The top of the Dam. These may in some cases be used for providing a

roadway or walkway over the dam.

Parapet walls: Low Protective walls on either side of the roadway or

walkway on the crest.

Heel: Portion of Dam in contact with ground or river-bed at upstream

side.
Toe: Portion of dam in contact with ground or river-bed at downstream

side.

Spillway: It is the arrangement made (kind of passage) near the top of dam
for the passage of surplus/ excessive water from the reservoir.

Abutments: The valley slopes on either side of the dam wall to which the

left & right end of dam are fixed to.

Gallery: Level or gently sloping tunnel like passage (small room like
space) at transverse or longitudinal within the dam with drain on floor for
seepage water. These are generally provided for having space for drilling
grout holes and drainage holes. These may also be used to
accommodate the instrumentation for studying the performance of dam.

Sluice way: Opening in the dam near the base, provided to clear the silt

accumulation in the reservoir.

Free board: The space between the highest level of water in the reservoir

and top of the dam.

Dead Storage level: Level of permanent storage below which the water

will not be withdrawn.

Diversion Tunnel: Tunnel constructed to divert or change the direction

of water to bypass the dam construction site. The dam is built while the
river flows through the diversion tunnel.

1.3. CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM AND APPARENT

STRUCTURES BASIC LAYOUT
The basic shape of a concrete gravity dam is triangular in section (Figure 1
a), with the top crest often widened to provide a roadway (Figure 1 b).

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Concrete gravity dam (a) Basic triangular shape (b) Modified shape
Usually concrete gravity dams are constructed across a river by
excavating away the loose overburden soil till firm rock is encountered as the
actual foundation.
The quality of foundation not only affects the design, it also guides the
type of dam that would be suited at design site. The Highest gravity dam in the
world is Grand Dixence Dam in Switzerland (284m), followed by Bhakra
Dam in India (226m). Both are of Concrete gravity Dam type. The ratio of base
width to height of all these structures is less than 1:1.
The basic shape of a concrete gravity dam is triangular in section, with
the top crest often widened to provide a roadway. Increasing the width of section
towards the base is logical since the water pressure also increases linearly with
depth.
The increasing width of the section towards the base is logical since the
water pressure also increases linearly with depth as shown in Figure 1 a. In the

figure, h is assumed as the depth of water and h is the pressure at base, where y
is the unit weight of water (9810 N/m3), W is the weight of the dam body. The
top portion of the dam (Figure 1 b) is widened to provide space for vehicle
movement. A gravity dam should also have an appropriate spillway for releasing
excess flood water of the river during monsoon months.
A gallery provided in a dam may serve one particular purpose or more
than one purpose. For e.g., a gallery provided near the rock foundations, serves
as to drain off the water which percolates through the foundations. This gallery
is called a Foundation gallery or a Drainage gallery. Seepage is collected
through these drain holes.

1.4. INTRODUCTION TO SHEET PILING

As all these are provided, the foundations of the dam must be strong
enough and capable to withstand the foundation pressure exerted on it under
various conditions of loading and in dry as well as wet condition. Most of
the failures of the dams are due to failure of underlying strata. To avoid this,
sheet pile walls are designed along the length of the dam body. The type of
wall will be cantilever type.

TYPES OF SHEET PILES

1. Wooden sheet piles

2. Precast concrete Sheet piles
3. Prestressed concrete sheet piles
4. Steel sheet piles

Steel sheet piles:

Steel sheet pile is a rolled steel section consisting of a plate called the
web with integral interlocks on each edge. The interlocks consist of a groove,
one of whose legs has been suitably flattened. This flattening forms the tongue
which fits into the groove of the second sheet. Commonly used sheet piles can
be broadly divided into the following three categories,

Straight-web type

Shallow or deep arched-web type

Z web type

Figure 2: STEEL SHEET PILES

Special shapes and sizes of steel sheet piles are manufactured for
meeting the requirement of junctions and other similar situations. Each of the
above mentioned type of piles is manufactured in varying widths and lengths.
The selection of the type of pile and the section to be adopted depend upon the
depths up to which the pile is to be driven, the nature of soil to be penetrated the
elevation of the earthen embankment, ground water level etc.
In general, Straight web type of piles are used where the piles are liable to he
subjected to tensile forces and interlocking strength is of prime importance
(Cellular cofferdam etc); Arched-web type are used where the piles are required
to resist bending stresses (in cantilever retaining walls etc,) and Z-web type of
piles arc used where the piles are required to resist bending stresses of very
large magnitude.

Steel sheet piles are driven with the help of pile drivers which may be of
drop hammer type or single or double acting hammer driven by steam or
compressed air. The outstanding feature of steel sheet piles is that they can be
used for greater depths. The continuous interlocking arrangement of the piles
gives strength and rigidity to the supported structure. A wall made from
properly driven sheet piles leaks very little, hence steel sheet piling is used with
advantage in the construction of deep cofferdams. They are commonly used in
coastal defence works which are likely to be subjected to tidal action.
Sheet pile wall: A row of interlocking, vertical pile segments driven to form
an essentially straight wall whose plan dimension is sufficiently large that its
behavior may be based on a typical unit (usually 1 foot) vertical slice.

Figure 3: SHEET PILING TECHNIQUE- PICTORIAL VIEW

CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED SITE

2.1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT SITE:

Sholavaram aeri, or Sholavaram lake, is located in Ponneri taluk
of Thiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, South India, It is one of the rain-fed
reservoirs from where water is drawn for supply Chennai city from this lake to
Puzhal lake through canals.
An agreement was signed jointly by Governments of Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh on April 14, 1976 to spare 15 thousand million
cubic feet (TMC) of Krishna water to Chennai city. Following this, an accord
between Andhra Pradesh Government and Tamil Nadu Government was signed
on April 18, 1983 for drawing 15 TMC of Krishna water to Chennai City from
Sri Sailam Reservoir to be conveyed through Somaseela and Kandaleru
Reservoirs. Ultimately a net quantity of 12 TMC (after loss of 3 TMC en route
in evaporation and seepage) will reach the Tamil Nadu border. Thus the water
from Krishna river were stored in Sholavaram lake as well as Poondi Reservoir
for drinking purposes.
In November and December 2015, North East monsoon brought heavy
rainfall to the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The water inlet
of Sholavaram lake reached the maximum capacity of 595 (mcft) out of 881
(mcft). A few years ago the water surplus place was extended up to 200 (mcft)
and the bunds were also repaired. During the heavy rainfall flow in the
Sholavaram Lake and its surroundings many cracks were found in the lake
region. On 16 November 2015, 400 metre of crack was found in same region

due to clay soil. Water Resources Department took action and the lake has been
under controlled. On 1 December 2015, the lake had an inflow of 423 (cusecs)
and an outflow of 400 (cusecs).

Figure 4: SHOLAVARAM LAKE

10

2.2. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE SITE:

Sholavaram is a quiet town, 24 km north of Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Lakes
near Chennai are rich in natural beauty, flora and fauna. Sholavaram Lake is
one of the largest lakes in Chennai. It is located near Sholavaram Airstrip,
which has a T-shaped base where the Indian army used to test their activities.
The canal has been connected in between Sholavaram and Puzhal lake. Peoples
in

the

surroundings

use

the

canal

road

to

reach Thiruvallur main

road, Redhills junction and also G.N.T road or National highway (NH5).
The Thiruvallur District Manual (1879) describes the region's soils as
"highly inferior" and "highly stony or mixed with lime, gravel, soda and laterite".
It has been located near to the Redhills. The area is classified as a Seismic Zone
II region, and earthquakes of up to magnitude 6 on the Richter scale may be
expected.
The primary inflow of the lake is 423cusecs and a outflow of 400
cusecs. The water volume of the lake is around 0.025km3(20,000 acre ft). The
area is rich in medicinal plants, and historic inscriptions mention the
medicinal value. Dimeria acutipes and cyondon barberi are plants found
around the lake. This lake is an important source of drinking water for
Chennai which is an important industrial city.
Hence, this good water source is our choice of designing a concrete gravity
storage reservoir which will be beneficial for the agricultural and industrial use.

11

CHAPTER 3
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

3.1. FORCES ACTING ON A GRAVITY DAM:

Technically a concrete gravity dam derives its stability from the force of
gravity of the materials in the section and hence the name.
The gravity dam has sufficient weight so as to withstand the forces and
the overturning moment caused by the water impounded in the reservoir behind it.
It transfers the loads to the foundations by cantilever action and hence good
foundations are pre requisite for the gravity dam.
The forces that give stability to the dam include:
1. Weight of the dam
2. Thrust of the tail water

The forces that try to destabilize the dam include:

1. Reservoir water pressure
2. Uplift
3. Forces due to waves in the reservoir
4. Ice pressure
5. Temperature stresses
6. Silt pressure

12

7. Seismic forces
8. Wind pressure.

3.2. MODES OF FAILURE OF A GRAVITY DAM:

Overturning
The overturning of the dam section takes place when the resultant
force at any section cuts the base of the dam downstream of the toe. In
that case the resultant moment at the toe becomes clockwise. The factor of
safety varies from 3-5.

Sliding

A dam will fail in sliding at its base, or at any other level, if the
horizontal forces causing sliding are more than the resistance available to
it at that level. The resistance against sliding may be due to friction alone,
or due to friction and shear strength of the joint. Shear strength develops
at the base if benched foundations are provided and at other joints if the
joints are carefully laid so that a good bond develops. The factor of safety
ranges from 1-2.
Crushing

A dam may fail if any of its part is overstressed and hence the
stresses in any part of the dam must not exceed the allowable working
stress of concrete. In order to ensure the safety of a concrete gravity dam
against this sort of failure, the strength of concrete shall be such that it is
more than the stresses anticipated in the structure by a safe margin.

13

The maximum compressive stresses occur at heel (mostly during

reservoir empty condition) or at toe (at reservoir full condition) and on
planes normal to the face of the dam.
Tension
In case of extra high dams, 230 to 260 m, small tension within the
permissible limit is generally permitted for comparatively small periods of
loading such as heavy flood or earthquake.

3.3. REQUIIREMENTS OF STABILITY

The design shall satisfy the following requirements of stability:
The dam shall be safe against sliding on any plane or combination of planes

within the dam, at the foundation or within the foundation;

The dam shall be safe against overturning at any plane within the dam, at

the base, or at any plane below the base; and

The safe unit stresses in the concrete or masonry of the dam or in the

foundation material shall not be exceeded.

Primary loads are identified as universally applicable and of prime

importance of the load.

Secondary loads are generally discretionary and of lesser magnitude like

sediment load or thermal stresses due to mass concreting.

Exceptional loads are designed on the basis of limited general

applicability or having low probability of occurrence like inertial loads

associated with seismic activity.

14

CHAPTER 4
PROJECT DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1. DESIGN CONDITIONS

Maximum allowable compressive stress in concrete = 3000 KN/m2.
Maximum reservoir level = 150m.
R.L. of bottom of dam = 100m.
Specific gravity of dam = 2.4.
Unit wt. of water = 10 KN/m2
4.2. DESIGN OF THE PROFILE
Optimum freeboard = 5% of the total height of the dam
Freeboard = .05*50=2.5m
Critical Ht of the dam,
H1 =

(+1)

Here, f = 3000 KN/m2

= 10 KN/m3
S = 2.4
H1 =

3000
10(2.4+1)

= 88.2m, > height of the dam

Therefore, it is a low gravity dam.

15

4.2.1. TOP WIDTH REQUIRED:

a=

a=

H1
3.28

50
3.28

=3.9m

4.2.2. BASE WIDTH REQUIRED

B1 =
B1 =

50
2.4

= 32.27

4.2.3. THE UPSTREAM PROJECTION FROM THE VERTICAL FACE:

Required =

16

3.9
16

= 0.24m

Total base width required (B) = 32.27+0.24

B = 32.51
4.2.4. THE UPSTREAM BATTER SHOULD START AT A DEPTH
= 2a
=2*3.9*2.4
=12.08m
From below the MWL & its ends at a depth
= 3.1a
= 3.1*3.9*2.4
=18.73m

16

4.3. DESIGN LAYOUT

17

CHAPTER 5: STABILITY ANALYSIS

5.1.1. CASE (1): RESERVOIR EMPTY WITH VERTICAL
EARTHQUAKE FORCE ACTING DOWNWARDS
Name Of
Force

Force Calculation

Lever
Arm
(m)

Moment
About Toe
(kN.m)

Weight Of
Dam
W1

{(0.5*0.24*6.65)+(0.24*31.27)}*24 32.39

6454.03

= 199.26 kN
W2

(0.5*52.5*24) = 4914 kN

30.32

148992.48

W3

(0.5*28.37*50*24) = 17022 kN

18.91

321886.02

V1 = 22135.26 kN

M1=
477332.53

Horizontal
Earthquake
Forces
PW1

0.1W1 = 19.926 kN

18.96

377.80

PW2

0.1W2 = 491.4 kN

26.25

12899.25

PW3

0.1W3 = 1702.2 kN

16.67

28375.67
M2=
41652.73

Vertical
Earthquake
Forces

0.05*V1 = 1106.763 kN

18

M3=
0.05*M1
M=
23866.62 kN

M = M1 + M2 + M3
= 542851.87 kN m
V = V1 + V2 + V3
= 23242.02 kN
=

542851.87

= 23.35 m

23242.02

32.51

e= =

- 23.35 = -7.095 m

e > (6)
Thus, the resultant acts near heel and slight tension will develop at the Toe.
Pmaxmin =

V
B

= (

(1

23242.02
32.51

6e
B

) (1

60.795
32.51

= 1651.07 kN/m2 < 3000

= -221.22 kN/m2 < 550
Hence, SAFE.
Average Vertical Stress =

23242.02
32.51

= 715 kN/m2 < 3000 kN/m2

At Toe,
= (sec )2 ; w.k.t, tan = 0.6
= -221.22(1+0.6*0.6)
= -300.86 KN/m2 < 550

19

Principal stress at heel,

= vheel (sec )2 ; tan = 0.036
= 1651.07*1.00
=1651.07<3000
Hence, SAFE
Shear stress at heel,
() heel = (v) tan
= -221.22*0.6
=-132.73 KN/m2<420KN/m2
Hence, SAFE.

5.1.2 CASE (1) B: RESERVOIR EMPTY WITH VERTICAL

EARTHQUAKE FORCE ACTING UPWARD
M = M1+M2+M3
=495118.63 KN m
V = V1-V2=21028.5 KN

495118.63
=
=

21028.5

= 23.55 m.
e = (B/2) = (32.51/2)-23.55= -7.295
e > (B/6)

20

max/min =
=

(1

21028.5

67.295

32.51

32.51

(1

max = 1517.7 KN/m2<3000

min = -224 KN/m2<550
Hence, SAFE.
Average vertical stress =

21028.5
32.51

= 646.83 KN/m2

At toe,
= v (sec )2 ; w.k.t tan =0.6
= -224(1+0.6*0.6) = -224.3 KN/m2<550KN/m2
Shear stress at heel,
() toe= (v) tan
= -224*0.6
= -134.4 KN/m2 < 550KN/m2
Hence, the dam is very much SAFE in empty condition.

21

5.2.1. CASE (2): RESERVOIR IS FULL WITH UPLIFT:

In this case, Horizontal earthquake moving towards the reservoir

causes upstream. Acceleration and thus producing horizontal forces
towards downstream is considered, as it is the worst case for this
condition.
Similarly, a vertical earthquake moving downward and thus, producing
forces upward i.e. subtractive to the weight of the dam is considered. The
uplift coefficient is taken to 0.4 only in upstream, as per the allowances for
the site.
The various forces to be considered for full reservoir condition are as follows:

i.

Hydrostatic pressures (P and P')

ii.

Hydrodynamic pressure (Pe).

iii.

Uplift force (U).

iv.

Weight of the dam (W1, W2 and W 3 ).

v.

Horizontal

earthquake

forces

acting

towards

downstream.(Horizontal seismic coefficient is taken as 0.1)

vi.

A vertical force of 0.05W acting upward is taken.

22

As Per IS 6512:1984,
Wind Pressure does exist but is seldom a significant factor in the design
of a dam. Wind Loads may therefore be ignored in gravity dam.
The problem of ice pressure in the design of dam is not encountered in
India except, perhaps in few localities.
In Gravity Dam designs, the silt pressure is neglected. Because, initially
the silt load is not present, but by the time it becomes significant, it gets
consolidated and acts like a fluid. Also, the silt layer is impervious and
thus reduces the uplift under the Dam.

5.2.2. Calculation of Pe from Zangers Formula:

Pe = 0.726 eH
Pe = CmKmwH

Cm = 0.735( ()) , slope is to be neglected here. = 90.

Cm = 0.735(9090) = 0.735.
= 0.735*0.1*10*50 = 36.75 kN/m2
= 0.726*36.75*50 = 1334 kN
Me = 0.412 Pe H
Me = 0.412*1334*50 = 27481 kN/m.

23

S.No

Name Of

Magnitude Of

Lever Arm

Moment

Force

Force

(m)

About Toe

(kN)
1

(kN.m)

Weight Of
Dam
W1

{(0.5*0.24*6.65)

32.39

6454.03

30.32

148992.48

18.91

321886.02

+ (0.24*31.27)
= 199.26
W2

(3.9*52.5*24)
= 4914

W3

(0.5*28.37*50*24)
= 17022
V1 = 22135.26

M1 =
477332.53

Horizontal
Earthquake
Forces
Pw1

0.1W1 = 19.926

18.96

377.80

Pw2

0.1W2 = 491.4

26.25

12899.25

Pw3

0.1W3 = 1702.2

16.67

28375.67
M2 = 41652.73

Vertical

0.05*V1 =

Earthquake

1106.763

M3 =
0.05*M1

Forces
4

Uplift Force

(0.5*32.5*20*10)
= 3250

24

21.67

M4 = 70438.33

Wt. of Water
Supported
On Up &
Down Stream
1.

{0.24*12.08}*10

32.38

938.76

32.34

258.07

0.8

67.98

= 28.992
2.

0.5*0.24*6.65*10
= 7.98

3.

0.5*2.4*4*1*10
= 48

M5 =

V5 = 84.97

1264.8

Horizontal
Hydrostatic
Pressure
P

0.5*10*50*50

16.67

-208375

1.33

106.4

= -12500
P

0.5*10*4*4*1

M6 = -

= 80

208268.6
7

Horizontal
Hydodynamic
Pressure
Pe

1334

27481

V = 17863.47

M =

kN

106890.07

25

M = M1+M2+M3+M4+M5+M6+M7
= 106890.07 KN m
V = 17863.47 KN m

106890.07
=
=
= 5.98m

17863.47

e = (B/2) -
= (32.51/2) (5.98) = 10.27 m
e > (B/6)
Thus, the resultant acts near toe and slight tension will develop at the Heel.
5.2.3 STRESS DISTRIBUTION:
/ =

(1

/ = (17863.47/32.51)(1(6*10.27)/32.51)
= 1590.96 KN/m2 < 3000
= -492 KN/m2 > 550
Hence, SAFE.
Average vertical stress =

17863.47
32.51

= 549.47KN/m2 < 3000

Principal stress at toe,
= (sec )2 - (tan )2 ; W.K.T tan = 0.6
= 1590.96(1+.6*.6)-80(.6*.6) = 2134.91 KN/2

26

Principle stress at heel,

= (sec )2 - ( + ) (tan )2
w.k.t tan=0.036
= -492(1+0.0362) (500 + 36.75)(0.0362)
= -493.33 KN/m2 < 550 KN/m2
Shear stress at toe,
() toe = ( )tan
= (1590.96-80)0.6
= 906.576 KN/m2 < 3000 KN/m2
Shear stress at heel ,
() heel = ( ( p + ))tan
() heel = -(-492-(500+36.75))0.036
= 37.035 KN/m2 < 550
(i)Factor of safety against overturning:
FOS =

478597.34
371707.27

= 1.287 < 1.5 But > 1.25 which is sufficient.

Hence, SAFE.
(ii)Factor of safety against sliding friction:
FOS =

.+.

..+.
.

= 3.63 > 3 Hence, SAFE.

27

5.2.2. CASE (2): RESERVOIR IS FULL WITHOUT UPLIFT:

M = M1+M2+M3+M4+M5+M6+M7
= 177328.4 KN m
V = 21113.47 KN m

177328.4
=
=

21113.47

= 8.4 m
e = (B/2) -
= (32.51/2) (8.4)
= 7.855 m
e > (B/6)
Thus, the resultant acts near toe and slight tension will develop at the Heel.
STRESS DISTRIBUTION:
/ =

(1

/ = (21113.47/32.51)(1(6*7.855)/32.51)
= 1590.95 KN/m2 < 3000
= -292 KN/m2 > 550
Hence, SAFE.

28

Principal stress at toe,

() toe = (sec )2 - (tan )2
w.k.t tan = 0.6
= 1590.95(1+.6*.6) - 80(.6*.6)
= 2134.89 KN/2
Principle stress at heel,
() heel = (sec )2 - ( p + ) (tan )2
= -292.06(1+0.0362) (500 + 36.75)(0.0362)
= -293.13 KN/m2 < 550 KN/m2
Hence, SAFE.
Shear stress at toe,
() toe = ( )tan
= (1590.95-80)0.6= 906.576KN/m2 < 1400 KN/m2
Shear stress at heel,
() heel = -(-292-(500+36.75))0.036
= 37.035 KN/m2 < 550 KN/m2
Hence, SAFE.

29

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

The Dam is slightly unsafe only in sliding, for which shear key may be
provided.

The maximum shear stress developed in dam is

906.57 KN/m2.

Maximum compressive stress developed in the dam is

2134.89 KN/m2.

Factor of safety against overturning is 1.28.

Shear Friction Factor is 3.63.
Tension is slightly developed at heel.

The various components of the Gravity dam are designed according to

the IS recommendations. Even in worst conditions, the dam is safe
throughout. All the parameters are designed as per the Indian standards for
safety and the project shall be implemented as per the design.

30

CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
https://www.nptel.ac.in>courses>pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholavaram_aeri
https://www.weh.iitd.ac.in/--chahar/Courses/CEL351_Grav
http://sphinxsai.com/2013/j anmatichempdfiCT=73(532549)11\413.pdf
https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.1893.1.2002.pdf
https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=a0bcc9404b9b405abc76
9f706207824a
https://www.scribd.com/doc/116688661/Example-on-Design-ofGravity-Dam
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES by SANTOSH KUMAR GARG
Design of Sheet pile walls manual - US army corps of engineers.
IS 6512:1984 - CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF SOLID GRAVITY
DAMS.
IS 1893: PART 5- EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN-DAMS
AND EMBANKMENTS.

31