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Research Design
This study will utilize quantitative, descriptive correlational design. A
quantitative method aims to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other
defined variables and generate data for statistical treatment that will be used
to generalize results to a larger sample population. Descriptive design will be
used to determine the degree of psychosocial stress among prenatal mothers.
Correlational design on the other hand involves the systematic investigation of
association among the given variables. It will describe and attempt to explain
the nature of relationships between two or more variables of interest.
Locale and Population
The study will be conducted in Baguio City Philippines and the respondents will
include those who are pregnant women to 1-month post-partum women. The
inclusion criteria are as follows:
Unmarried or single
Sample size was determined based on the number of pregnant women for the
year 2015 which was taken from the records of Baguio Health Department. A
total of ___ pregnant clients was listed. Using Open Epi with pregnancy rate of
50%, with a confidence level of 95% and confidence interval of .3, there will be a
total of ____ respondents for this study. Participants will be accessed through the
Baguio Health Department (BHD) and Barangay Health Centers of Baguio City
after approval of the head of BHD, which has a total of ____ health centers. The
researchers will use convenience quota sampling, wherein all respondents
consulting at the ____ health centers for the specific days of data gathering
schedule for the research group will be recruited to take part in the study.
Data Gathering Tools
The researchers will use the following tools to measure the study variable: DASS,
Maternal Self-Efficacy Tool developed by Barnes and Adamson-Marcedo, MSPSS
and Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment Guide (ALPHA).
The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21) authored by Fernando
Gomez will be utilized to measure the psychosocial stress of the respondents.
This is a 21 item self-report questionnaire designed to measure the severity of a
range of symptoms common to both Depression and Anxiety. In completing the
DASS, the individual is required to indicate the presence of a symptom over the
previous week. Each item is scored from 0 (did not apply to me at all over the
last week) to 3 (applied to me very much or most of the time over the past
week). The essential function of the DASS is to assess the severity of the core
symptoms of Depression, Anxiety and Stress.
The Perceived maternal parenting self-efficacy (PMPS-E) by Christopher R. Barnes
and Elvidina N. Adamson-Macedo, will measure the degree of maternal selfefficacy. The tools total score is a general indicator of self-efficacy level, but that
the subscales can also be used to understand what support and help each
individual mother may require. It is a 20 points Likert scale (1-4). The lower the
score, the lower the self-efficacy. The questionnaire measures 4 factors which
are: Care taking procedure of the infant, Evoking behavior that can affects the
infant, Reading behavior or signaling and Situational beliefs. The numbers 16,
17, 18, 19 indicates the care taking procedure, it shows how the mother take
care of the baby to provide the nutritional needs, safety needs and hygiene. The
evoking behavior is determined by numbers 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 which
indicates how the mother would give emotional support to the baby. The
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 13 and 15 indicates the connection between the mother and
the baby. The last factor which is situational beliefs assessed by numbers of 6, 7
and 20 is about how the mother feels the response of the infant to the things and
efforts given to the infant.
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) authored by
Nancy Dahlem, Sara Zimet, Gordon Farley, Gregory Zimet will measure the
degree of support the client receives. This is a brief research tool designed to
measure perceptions of support from 3 sources: Family, Friends, and a Significant
Other. The scale is comprised of a total of 12 items, with 4 items for each
subscale. The lower the score, the lower the degree of perceived social support.
The State Self-Esteem Scale is a 20-item scale that measures a participants selfesteem at a given point in time. This tool will be used to measure the
participants degree of self-esteem. The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) was
designed specifically for measuring state self-esteem, which is defined as the
temporary fluctuations in self-esteem. Studies have shown the SSES to be
psychometrically sound regarding factor structure, content validity, and
construct and discriminative validity. The 20 items are subdivided into 3
components of self-esteem: (1) performance self-esteem (Cronbachs = .78),
social self-esteem ( = .80), and appearance self-esteem ( = .82). All items are
answered using a 5-point scale (1= not at all, 2= a little bit, 3= somewhat, 4=
very much, 5= extremely), but the scale was modified in this study to use a 4point Likert scale (1=not at all/never, 2= sometimes, 3= most often, 4= always)
with permission from its author. The 4-point Likert scale was created for easier
understanding of the intended population of the study. The tool is free to use
and the authors only ask to be acknowledged for its use. (Heatherton & Polivy,
1991).
The maternal and family factors that will be correlated in this study will be made
part of the questionnaire through asking specific items related to the factors.
Data Gathering Process
After approval of the proposed study is given by the Review Ethics Committee of
SLU, data gathering will commence guided by the following procedures:
1
this study.
When the respondent provides her written consent, the self-administered
questionnaire will be given. Questions will be entertained as deemed
needed by the participants. Throughout the whole course of the research
Statistical Treatment
In determining the DASS 21, the scale to which each item belongs is indicated by
the letters D (Depression), A (Anxiety) and S (Stress). For each scale (D, A & S)
sum the scores for identified items. Because the DASS 21 is a short form version
of the DASS (the Long Form has 42 items), the final score of each item groups
(Depression, Anxiety and Stress) needs to be multiplied by two (x2). Once
multiplied by 2, each score can now be transferred to the DASS profile sheet,
enabling comparisons to be made between the three scales and also giving
percentile rankings and severity labels. DASS severity rating table below:
Severity
Depressi
Anxiet
Stress
on
Normal
0-9
0-7
0-14
Mild
10-13
8-9
15-18
Moderate
14-20
10-14
19-25
Severe
21-27
15-19
26-33
Extremely
28+
20+
34+
severe
High scores on the DASS would certainly alert the researchers to a high level of
distress in the patient and this would need to be explored further within the
interview process. Similarly, low scores on the DASS should not be a substitute
for a comprehensive clinical interview. High DASS scores which are not
changing, may prompt the researchers to look for explanations and perhaps
Interpretation
69-84
High Acuity
49-68
Moderate Acuity
12-48
Low Acuity
Interpretation
61-80
High Self-Esteem
41-60
Moderate SelfEsteem
20-40
Low Self-Esteem
Score
Interpretation
61-80
41-60
20-40