BASIC MATHS -BCA

1. a). What is a set? Explain various methods to represent a set in set theory.
Answer:
A set is a group or collection of objects or numbers, considered as an entity unto itself. Sets
are usually symbolized by uppercase, italicized, boldface letters such as A, B, S, or Z. Each
object or number in a set is called a member or element of the set.
Examples include the set of all computers in the world, the set of all apples on a tree, and the
set of all irrational numbers between 0 and 1.
When the elements of a set can be listed or enumerated, it is customary to enclose the list in
curly brackets. Thus, for example, we might speak of the set (call it K) of all natural numbers
between, and including, 5 and 10 as:
K = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Methods to represent a set:
There are two methods to represent a set. One is Rule method, another one is Roster method.
Rule is a method of naming a set by describing its elements.
For example, { x: x > 3, x is a whole number} describes the set with elements 4, 5, 6,
.Therefore, { x: x > 3, x is a whole number} is the same as {4,5,6,}. { x: x > 3}describes
all numbers greater than 3. This set of numbers cannot be represented as a list and is
represented using a number line graph.
Roster is a method of naming a set by listing its members. For example, {1,2,3} is the set
consisting of only the elements 1,2, and 3. There are many ways to represent this set using a
rule.
Two correct methods are as follows:
{x: x < 4, x is a natural number} {x: 0 < x < 4, x is a whole number}
An incorrect method would be {x:0 < x < 4} because this rule includes ALL numbers
between 0 and 4, not just the numbers 1, 2, and 3.
b) Define the following with the help of suitable examples.
(i)
Demurrages law
Answer:
Demorgan's First Law:
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
The first law states that the complement of the union of two sets is the intersection of the
complements.
Proof :
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
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Consider x (A B)'
If x (A B)' then x A B
Definition of compliment
(x A B)' Definition
(x A x B)'
Definition of
(x A)' (x B)'
(x A) (x B) Definition of
(x A') (x B') Definition of compliment
x A' B' Definition of
Therefore,
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
Demorgan's Second Law:
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
The second law states that the complement of the intersection of two sets is the union of the
complements.
Proof :
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
Consider x (A B)'
If x (A B)' then x A B
Definition of compliment
(x A B)' Definition of
(x A x B)'
Definition of
(x A)' (x B)'
(x A) (x B) Definition of
(x A') (x B') Definition of compliment
x A' B' Definition of
Therefore,
(A B)' = (A)' (B)'
(ii)
Finite Set
Answer;
Finite Set
A finite set is a set that has a cardinality that equals a natural number (1, 2, 3, ). Let's say
that B represents a set. If |B| = n such that n is a natural number, then B is a finite set.
The empty set is also a finite set. The empty set has no elements and is denoted by the symbol
or by a pair of braces, { }. The cardinality of the empty set is 0 (|| = 0).
Examples of Finite Sets
The set described at the start of this lesson is an example of a finite set. Set A was defined as
the prime numbers less than 20. There are eight prime numbers less than 20, so A had 8
elements or a cardinality of 8.
Let's define a new set as follows:
B = (a, e, i, o, u)
B is the set of vowels in the English alphabet. B is a finite set because it has 5 elements or a
cardinality of 5.
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BASIC MATHS -BCA

The Vowels of the Alphabet

vowels
Let's define set C as the set of natural numbers less than 10. We can show C as follows:
C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
We can also show C using an alternative form of set notation as shown in Figure 1. The
boldface capital N is often used to indicate the set of natural numbers. We can read the
notation in Figure 1 as all elements x in the set of natural numbers such that x is less than 10.
(iii)
Cardinality of a Set
Answer:
The cardinality of a set S, denoted |S|, is the number of elements in S. If the set has an infinite
number of elements, then its cardinality is .
Example: |{1, 7, 3}| = 3
Example: |N| =
(iv)
Answer:

Subset of a Set

Let's use sets A, B and C again as defined above and listed again here
A = {Nebraska, Ohio}
B = {d, g, z}
C = {d, g, z, Nebraska, Ohio}
We can say that A is a subset of C because all the elements of A are also elements of C. A
subset is a set made up of components of another set.

Set A is more specifically a proper subset of set C because A does not equal C. In other
words, there are some elements in C that are not in A. A proper subset is a subset that is not
equal to the set it belongs to. Some textbooks or websites will use this notation to specify a
proper subset (note that the underscore is removed). In this lesson, the first figure we showed
will be used for all subsets.

We can also show the relationship between A and C in a Venn diagram.

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Identifying Subsets
Now let's talk about identifying subsets. This part of the lesson gets a little tricky. First, we
need to accept that there can be sets within sets. This means that sets can be elements of other
sets. Let's look at this example:
D = {2, {2}, 3, 4, {7}, {11, 12} }
In set D, there are six elements. Three of the elements are sets of one number or of multiple
numbers: {2}, {7} and {11, 12}. We can distinguish these elements as sets because of the
brackets. The other three elements are individual numbers: 2, 3 and 4.
Elements 2 and {2} are not the same because {2} is a set and 2 is not a set. In addition, the
numbers 11 and 12 are not elements of D, but the set {11, 12} is an element of D. This
distinction between elements and sets is straightforward but often is a difficult rule to apply.
2.

Answer:
(a).
Let f be a function of two variables that is defined in some circular region around (x_0, y_0).
The limit of f as x approaches (x_0, y_0) equals L if and only if for every epsilon>0 there
exists a delta>0 such that f satisfies
Whenever the distance between (x,y) and (x_0,y_0) satisfies
We will of course use the natural notation
When the limit exists. The usual properties of limits hold for functions of two variables: If the
following hypotheses hold:

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And if c is any real number, then we have the results:

Linearity

1:

Linearity

Products

of

functions:

Quotients

of

functions:

2:

(provided L is non-zero)
The linearity and product results can of course be generalized to any finite number of
functions:
The limit of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits of the functions.
The limit of a product of functions is the product of the limits of the functions.
It is important to remember that the limit of each individual function must exist before any of
these results can be applied.
(i)

=0.017469259761
(ii)

(b).
d/dx[f(x)
g(x)]

limh0f(x+h)g(x+h)
f(x)g(x)h
=

limh0f(x+h)g(x+h)+f(x+h)g(x)
f(x+h)g(x)f(x)g(x)/h

limh0[f(x+h)g(x+h)g(x)h+g(x)f(x+h)
f(x)/h]

limh0[f(x+h)g(x+h)g(x)h]
+limh0[g(x)f(x+h)f(x)/h]

f(x)g(x)+f(x)g(x)

3.
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Answer:
a.
f(1)= -0.456
f(x)= for x=0
= infinity
Since f(x) is not equal f(1)
Therefore not continuous at x =0
b.
f(x) at x=0
f(0)= 3
left hand limit:
f(x)= 3+2x
3+2*0
=3
Right hand limit
f(x)= 3-2x
3-2*0
=3
Since LHL=RHL
Therefore it is continuous but not derivable
A function can fail to be differentiable at a point a lim
if either
h0

Assignment B
Case Detail :
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f(a+h) - f(a)
h

does not exist, or is

infinite.

BASIC MATHS -BCA

Please give your answer in at least 25 words and press save and continue button.
1.

Answer:
a)
One definition of integration is that it is the inverse of differentiation. For example, if we ask
the question What did I differentiate to get the result 2x? If we recall the results of
differentiation, it is clear that the answer is x2. But is this a unique answer?
The answer should clearly be no! We could have differentiated x2+1, x24, x2+3 , x2+1461.
All of these expressions differentiate to give 2x. Clearly the answer to our question
of x2+constant=C. The (unknown) constant C is known as the constant of integration.

As integration is a summation process and differentiation is essentially to do with differences,

they are the inverse of each other. Return to the experiment where the water was being
pumped out of the container and onto the grass. If the amount of water on the grass is
represented by the variable V (for volume), then the rate of change of V is given by the flow.
So, differentiation and integration are indeed inverse processes.
b).1
We'll write the function as a product:
(sinx)^3 = (sinx)^2*sin x
We'll integrate both sides:
Int (sinx)^3dx = Int [(sinx)^2*sin x]dx
We'll write (sinx)^2 = 1 - (cosx)^2
Int [(sinx)^2*sin x]dx = Int [(1 - (cosx)^2)*sin x]dx
We'll remove the brackets:
Int [(1 - (cosx)^2)*sin x]dx = Int sin xdx - Int (cosx)^2*sin xdx
We'll solve Int (cosx)^2*sin xdx using substitution technique:
cos x = t
We'll differentiate both sides:
cos xdx = dt
We'll re-write the integral, changing the variable:
Int (cosx)^2*sin xdx = Int t^2dt
Int t^2dt = t^3/3 + C
Int (cosx)^2*sin xdx = (cos x)^3/3 + C
Int (sinx)^3dx = Int sin xdx - Int (cosx)^2*sin xdx
Int (sinx)^3dx = -cos x - (cos x)^3/3 + C
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BASIC MATHS -BCA

b).2
[e^tan(x)] sec^2(x) dx
u = e^tan(x)
du dx = e^tan(x) sec^2(x)
du = e^tan(x) sec^2(x) dx
replace the entire integral with "du" !!!
du = u + C
= e^tan(x) + Ceval [0, 4]
= [e^tan( 4) + C] [e^tan(0) + C]
= [e e] = e 1

2.

Answer:
(a).
tan^-1x/(1+x^2) dx
Let tan^-1(x) = u
x = tan(u)
dx = sec^2(u) du
The integral becomes
u sec^2(u) du / (1+u^2)
= u sec^2(u) du / (1+tan^2(u)
= u du , since 1+tan^2(u) and sec^2(u) cancel each other out.
= u^2/2 + C
=[ tan^-1(x) ]^2 /2 + C
(b).
1) put sinx = t
cosxdx = dt
tdt = t^2/2 +c = 1/2sin^2 X +c
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BASIC MATHS -BCA

2) sinxcosx = 1/2 sin2x

1/2sin2x dx = -1/4 cos2x +c

3.

Answer:
note, d/dx -sin(x) = -cos(x)
Therefore ln(-sin(x))= -cos(x)/(-sin(x))
Add constants: d/dx [-ln(1+sin(x))]= cos(x)/(1+sin(x))
-ln(1+sin(x))
Also,
Add constants: d/dx [-ln(2+sin(x))]= cos(x)/(2+sin(x))
-ln(2+sin(x))
So answer is
-ln(1+sin(x))* -ln(2+sin(x))

Answer (b):
A square matrix is a square array of numbers where the number of rows and columns are
equal. The plural of matrix is matrices. Each number in the matrix is called an entry.
Each entry is labeled based on its position in the matrix. For example, the entry in the first
row and second column is labeled a with a subscript of 1, 2. You can label the entries of a
matrix with any lower case letter, but you must keep the same letter within the same matrix.

A square matrix
The above matrices are 3x3 matrices because they have 3 rows and 3 columns. A matrix can
have entries of numbers, fractions, decimals, and even algebraic expressions. A square matrix
can be any size as long as the numbers of rows and columns are equal. You can have a 2x2
square matrix as well as a 10x10 square matrix.
A diagonal matrix is a square matrix of the form
(1)
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BASIC MATHS -BCA

where
is the Kronecker delta, are constants, and
, 2, ..., , with no implied
summation over indices. The general diagonal matrix is therefore of the form
(2)
often denoted
. The diagonal matrix with elements
computed in the Wolfram Language using DiagonalMatrix [l].

Triangular Matrix
An upper triangular matrix

can be

is defined by
(1)

Written explicitly,
(2)
A lower triangular matrix is defined by
(3)
Written explicitly,

A square matrix that is not singular, i.e., one that has a matrix inverse. Nonsingular
matrices are sometimes also called regular matrices. A square matrix is nonsingular iff its
determinant is nonzero (Lipschutz 1991, p. 45). For example, there are 6 nonsingular (0,1)matrices:
The following table gives the numbers of nonsingular
matrix type
-matrices
-matrices
-matrices

matrices for certain matrix classes.

Sloane

counts for

A056989

2, 48, 11808, ...

A056990

2, 8, 192, 22272, ...

A055165

1, 6, 174, 22560, ...

ASSIGNMENT C
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, 2, ...

BASIC MATHS -BCA

If R is a relation on a set A to B then

Options

None of these

Ans: d

Answer : d

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer:
d

Answer: a

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: d

Answer: a

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: C

Answer: c

Answer: b

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer :d

Answer:d

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: b

Answer: d

Answer: b

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: b

Answer: a

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: b

Answer: d

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: d

Answer: b

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: c

Answer: b

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answr: b

Answer: b

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: c

Answer:d

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: d

Answer: d

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: a

Answer: a

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: c

Answer; a

Answer: d

Answer: b

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

ANSWER: D

Answer: d

Answer: d

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BASIC MATHS -BCA

Answer: a

Answer: b
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