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INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
If
a dx = ax
16.2.
af ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx
16.3.
(u w ) dx = u dx dx w dx
16.4.
u d = u du
(Integration by parts)
16.5.
f (ax ) dx = a f (u) du
16.6.
F{ f ( x )} dx = F(u) du du =
16.7.
u n du =
16.8.
dx
F (u)
du where u = f ( x )
f ( x )
u n+1
, n 1 (For n = 1, see 16.8)
n +1
du
= ln u if u > 0 or ln(u) if u < 0
u
= ln | u |
16.9.
16.10.
e du = e
u
au du =
eu ln a du =
e u ln a
au
=
, a > 0, a 1
ln a ln a
67
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
68
16.11.
sin u du = cos u
16.12.
cos u du = sin u
16.13.
16.14.
cot u du = ln sin u
16.15.
16.16.
16.17.
sec
16.18.
csc
16.19.
tan
16.20.
cot
16.21.
sin
16.22.
cos
16.23.
16.24.
16.25.
sinh u du = cosh u
16.26.
cosh u du = sinh u
16.27.
tanh u du = ln cosh u
16.28.
coth u du = ln sinh u
16.29.
sech u du = sin
16.30.
csch u du = ln tanh 2
16.31.
sech u du = tanh u
u du = tan u
u du = cot u
u du = tan u u
u du = cot u u
u du =
u sin 2u 1
= (u sin u cos u)
2
4
2
u du =
u sin 2u 1
+
= (u + sin u cos u)
2
4
2
(tanh u) or 2 tan 1 eu
u
or coth 1 e u
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
16.32.
csch u du = coth u
16.33.
tanh u du = u tanh u
16.34.
coth u du = u coth u
16.35.
sinh u du =
sinh 2u u 1
= (sinh u cosh u u)
4
2 2
16.36.
cosh u du =
sinh 2u u 1
+ = (sinh u cosh u + u)
4
2 2
16.37.
16.38.
16.39.
16.40.
16.41.
16.42.
du
u
= sin 1
2
a
a u
16.43.
du
u
= ln(u + u 2 + a 2 ) or sinh 1
2
a
u +a
16.44.
du
= ln (u + u 2 a 2 )
u2 a2
16.45.
16.46.
du
1 a + u2 + a2
=
u u 2 + a 2 a ln
u
16.47.
16.48.
69
u
du
1
= tan 1
a
+ a2 a
u
du
1 u a
1
=
ln
= coth 1 u 2 > a 2
a
a
a 2 2a u + a
u
du
1 a + u 1
=
ln
= tanh 1 u 2 < a 2
a
u 2 2a a u a
2
du
u2 a2
u
1
sec 1
a
a
du
1 a + a2 u2
= ln
2
2
a
u
a u
(n)
g dx = f ( n 1) g f ( n 2) g + f ( n 3) g (1)n
fg
(n)
dx
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
70
Important Transformations
Often in practice an integral can be simplified by using an appropriate transformation or substitution together
with Formula 16.6. The following list gives some transformations and their effects.
16.49.
16.50.
F(
16.51.
F(
16.52.
F(
a 2 x 2 ) dx = a
where x = a sin u
16.53.
F(
x 2 + a 2 ) dx = a
where x = a tan u
16.54.
F(
x 2 a 2 ) dx = a
16.55.
F (e
16.56.
F(ln x) dx = F(u) e du
16.57.
F sin
where u = ax + b
ax + b ) dx =
2
a
u F(u) du
where u = ax + b
ax + b ) dx =
n
a
where u = n ax + b
ax
) dx =
1
a
n 1
F(u) du
u du
F (u)
du
u
u
x
dx = a
a
F(u) cos u du
where x = a sec u
where u = eax
where u = ln x
where u = sin 1
F(sin x , cos x) dx = 2
2u 1 u 2 du
F
1 + u 2 , 1 + u 2 1 + u 2
where u = tan
x
2
x
a
17
Here we provide tables of special indefinite integrals. As stated in the remarks on page 67, here a, b, p, q, n
are constants, restricted if indicated; e = 2.71828 . . . is the natural base of logarithms; ln u denotes the natural
logarithm of u, where it is assumed that u > 0 (in general, to extend formulas to cases where u < 0 as well, replace
ln u by ln |u|); all angles are in radians; and all constants of integration are omitted but implied. It is assumed in
all cases that division by zero is excluded.
Our integrals are divided into types which involve the following algebraic expressions and functions:
(1)
ax + b
ax + b
(2)
(3)
ax + b and px + q
(5)
(25)
eax
(14) x3 + a3
(26)
ln x
(27)
sinh ax
(16)
x 4 a4
x n an
(28)
cosh ax
(17)
sin ax
(29)
(15)
ax + b and px + q
ax + b and px + q
(4)
ax 2 + bx + c
(13)
(6)
x2 + a2
(18) cos ax
(30)
tanh ax
(7)
(19)
(31)
coth ax
(8)
(20)
tan ax
(32)
sech ax
csch ax
(9)
x 2 + a2
(21) cot ax
(33)
(10)
x 2 a2
(22) sec ax
a2 x 2
(12) ax2 + bx + c
(11)
(23) csc ax
(24)
Some integrals contain the Bernouilli numbers Bn and the Euler numbers En defined in Chapter 23.
(1)
Integrals Involving ax b
dx
x dx
17.1.1.
ax + b = a ln (ax + b)
17.1.2.
ax + b = a a
17.1.3.
17.1.4.
ln (ax + b)
x 2dx
(ax + b)2 2b(ax + b) b 2
=
+ 3 ln (ax + b)
ax + b
a3
a
2a 3
dx
1 x
x (ax + b) = b ln ax + b
a ax + b
dx
1
=
+ ln
bx b 2 x
(ax + b)
17.1.5.
17.1.6.
(ax + b)
17.1.7.
1
a(ax + b)
x dx
b
1
(ax + b)2 = a 2 (ax + b) + a 2 ln (ax + b)
dx
x 2 dx
17.1.8.
(ax + b)
17.1.9.
x (ax + b)
dx
ax + b
b2
2b
3
ln (ax + b)
3
a
a (ax + b) a 3
1
1 x
+ ln
b(ax + b) b 2 ax + b
71
72
dx
a
1
2a ax + b
2 + 3 ln
2 =
2
(ax + b)
b (ax + b) b x b
x
17.1.10.
17.1.11.
(ax + b)
17.1.12.
(ax + b)
17.1.13.
(ax + b)
17.1.14.
(ax + b)
17.1.15.
x (ax + b) dx =
1
2(ax + b)2
1
b
+
a 2 (ax + b) 2a 2 (ax + b)2
2b
b2
1
3
+ ln (ax + b)
a (ax + b) 2a (ax + b)2 a 3
dx
x dx
x 2 dx
(ax + b)n+1
. If n = 1, see 17.1.1.
(n + 1)a
dx =
n
(n + 2)a 2
(n + 1))a 2
17.1.16.
(ax + b)n dx =
+
(n + 3)a 3
(n + 2)a 3
(n + 1)a 3
nb
x m +1 (ax + b)n
n 1
m
m + n + 1 + m + n + 1 x (ax + b) dx
x m (ax + b)n+1
mb
m 1
m
n
n
x
(
ax
+
b
)
dx
=
(m + n + 1)a (m + n + 1)a x (ax + b) dx
m +1
n +1
x (ax + b) + m + n + 2 x m (ax + b)n+1 dx
(n + 1)b
(n + 1)b
17.1.17.
(2)
Integrals Involving
ax b
17.2.1.
dx
2 ax + b
=
a
ax + b
17.2.2.
x dx
2(ax 2b)
=
ax + b
3a 2
ax + b
17.2.3.
x 2 dx
2(3a 2 x 2 4 abx + 8b 2 )
=
ax + b
15a 3
ax + b
17.2.4.
dx
=
x ax + b
17.2.5.
17.2.6.
17.2.7.
dx
2
ax + b
ax + b dx =
ax + b b
ln
b ax + b + b
2
b
tan 1
ax + b
b
ax + b
a
2b
bx
dx
ax + b
2 (ax + b)3
3a
ax + b dx =
2(3ax 2b)
(ax + b)3
15a 2
(see 17.2.12.)
2(15a 2 x 2 12abx + 8b 2 )
(ax + b)3
105a 3
17.2.8.
17.2.9.
ax + b
dx = 2 ax + b + b
x
17.2.10.
ax + b
ax + b a
dx =
+
2
2
x
x
17.2.11.
xm
2 x m ax + b
2mb
dx =
2
m
1
a
2
m
(
)
(
+
+ 1)a
ax + b
17.2.12.
17.2.13.
17.2.14.
ax + b
ax + b
a
dx =
+
xm
(m 1) x m 1 2(m 1)
17.2.15.
ax + b
(ax + b)3/ 2 (2m 5)a
dx =
m
x
(m 1)bx m 1 (2m 2)b
17.2.16.
(ax + b)m / 2 dx =
17.2.17.
x (ax + b)m / 2 dx =
17.2.18.
17.2.19.
(ax + b)m / 2
2(ax + b)m / 2
=
+b
dx
x
m
17.2.20.
(ax + b)m / 2
(ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2 ma
dx
=
+
2
x
2b
bx
17.2.21.
x (ax + b)
(3)
ax + b dx =
x
x
dx
(See 17.2.12.)
ax + b
dx
ax + b dx =
x m 1
dx
ax + b
m 1
dx
ax + b
2x m
2mb
(ax + b)3/ 2
(2m + 3)a
(2m + 3)a
m 1
m 1
ax + b dx
dx
ax + b
ax + b
dx
x m 1
a 2 (m + 2)
a 2 (m + 4)
(ax + b)m / 2 dx =
m/2
(See 17.2.12.)
ax + b
dx
ax + b
(2m 3)a
=
m 1
(
2m 2)b
(m 1)bx
ax + b
dx
73
+
a 3 (m + 4)
a 3 (m + 2)
a 3 (m + 6)
(ax + b)( m 2)/ 2
dx
x
(ax + b)m / 2
x dx
2
1
+
(m 2)b(ax + b)( m 2)/ 2 b
dx
x(ax + b)
( m 2 )/ 2
x dx
px + q
17.3.1.
(ax + b)( px + q) = bp aq ln ax + b
17.3.2.
74
dx
px + q
17.3.3.
(ax + b) ( px + q) = bp aq ax + b + bp aq ln ax + b
17.3.4.
(ax + b) ( px + q) = bp aq bp aq ln px + q a(ax + b)
17.3.5.
17.3.6.
(ax + b)
x dx
ax + b
x 2 dx
b2
q2
b(bp 2aq)
ln (ax + b)
ln ( px + q) +
2
p
a
dx
1
1
=
( px + q)n (n 1)(bp aq) (ax + b)m 1 ( px + q)n1
+ a(m + n 2)
ax + b
(ax + b)
dx
( px + q)n1
ax bp aq
ln( px + q)
+
p
p2
17.3.7.
px + q dx =
17.3.8.
(ax + b)m +1
(ax + b)m
1
2
+
(
n
)
a
dx
n 1
n 1
( px + q)
(n 1)(bp aq) ( px + q)
m
m
m 1
(ax + b)
(ax + b)
(ax + b)
1
( px + q)n dx = (n m 1) p ( px + q)n1 + m(bp aq) ( px + q)n dx
1 (ax + b)m
(ax + b)m 1
a
m
dx
n 1
( px + q)n 1
(n 1) p ( px + q)
(4)
ax b and px q
Integrals Involving
px + q
2(apx + 3aq 2bp)
dx =
3a 2
ax + b
17.4.1.
17.4.2.
p(ax + b) bp aq
1
ln
bp aq p p(ax + b) + bp aq
dx
=
( px + q) ax + b
2
p(ax + b)
tan 1
aq bp
aq bp p
ax + b
2 ax + b
bp aq p(ax + b) bp aq
+
ln
p p
ax + b
p(ax + b) + bp aq
dx =
px + q
p(ax + b)
2 ax + b 2 aq bp
tan 1
p
aq bp
p p
17.4.3.
17.4.4.
( px + q)n ax + b dx =
17.4.5.
( px + q)
17.4.6.
( px + q)n
2( px + q)n ax + b 2n(aq bp)
dx
=
+
ax + b
(2n + 1)a
(2n + 1)a
17.4.7.
( px + q)
dx
n
ax + b
n
ax + b
dx =
2( px + q)n+1 ax + b
bp aq
+
(2n + 3) p
(2n + 3) p
( px + q)n
ax + b
ax + b
(2n 3)a
n 1 +
2
(
n
1)(aq bp)
(n 1)(aq bp)( px + q)
ax + b
a
+
(n 1) p( px + q)n1 2(n 1) p
( px + q)n1 dx
ax + b
( px + q)
dx
n 1
ax + b
( px + q)
dx
n 1
ax + b
(5)
ax b and
Integrals Involving
17.5.1.
dx
=
(ax + b)( px + q)
ln
ap
2
ap
75
px + q
a( px + q ) + p(ax + b)
tan 1
p(ax + b)
a( px + q)
17.5.2.
x dx
=
(ax + b)( px + q)
(ax + b)( px + q) bp + aq
ap
2ap
17.5.3.
(ax + b)( px + q) dx =
2apx + bp + aq
(bp aq)2
(ax + b)( px + q)
8ap
4ap
17.5.4.
px + q
dx =
ax + b
17.5.5.
( px + q)
(6)
(ax + b)( px + q) aq bp
+
a
2a
dx
2 ax + b
=
(ax + b)( px + q) (aq bp) px + q
Integrals Involving x2 a2
x
dx
1
= tan 1
a
+ a2 a
17.6.1.
17.6.2.
17.6.3.
x 2 dx
1 x
2
2 = x a tan
a
+a
17.6.4.
x 3 dx
x 2 a2
ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
2
2 =
2
2
+a
17.6.5.
x(x
17.6.6.
17.6.7.
x (x
17.6.8.
(x
17.6.9.
(x
17.6.10.
x dx
1
= ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
2
+a
2
x2
dx
1
=
ln
2
+ a 2 ) 2a 2 x 2 + a 2
dx
1
1
x
= 2 3 tan 1
a
(x 2 + a2 )
a x a
x2
dx
1
1
=
ln
2
+ a2 )
2a 2 x 2 2a 4 x 2 + a 2
dx
x
x
1
tan 1
=
+
a
+ a 2 ) 2 2a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 ) 2a 3
x dx
1
2 2 =
2
+a )
2( x + a 2 )
(x
x
x 2 dx
1
x
=
+
tan 1
a
+ a 2 )2 2( x 2 + a 2 ) 2a
dx
(ax + b)( px + q)
dx
(ax + b)( px + q)
dx
(ax + b)( px + q)
76
x 3dx
a2
1
=
( x 2 + a 2 )2 2( x 2 + a 2 ) + 2 ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
17.6.11.
dx
1
1
x2
=
+
ln
x ( x 2 + a 2 )2 2a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 ) 2a 4 x 2 + a 2
17.6.12.
17.6.13.
dx
1
x
3
x
= 4 4 2
tan 1
a
( x 2 + a 2 )2
a x 2a ( x + a 2 ) 2a 5
dx
1
1
1 x2
2 2 =
4 2
4
2
2 6 ln 2
x (x + a )
2a x
2a ( x + a ) a
x + a 2
17.6.14.
17.6.15.
(x
17.6.16.
(x
17.6.17.
x(x
17.6.18.
(x
17.6.19.
(7)
dx
x
2n 3
=
+
+ a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )n1 (2n 2)a 2
dx
1
1
=
+
+ a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )n1 a 2
x m dx
=
+ a 2 )n
(x
x m 2 dx
a2
+ a 2 )n1
17.7.2.
dx
1
=
( x 2 + a 2 )n a 2
dx
1 x a
=
ln
a 2 2a x + a
dx
1
( x 2 + a 2 )n1 a 2
or
17.7.4.
x
1
coth 1
a
a
x dx
1
= ln ( x 2 a 2 )
a2 2
x 3dx
x 2 a2
=
+ ln ( x 2 a 2 )
2
2
a
2
2
dx
1
x 2 a2
=
ln
x ( x 2 a 2 ) 2a 2 x 2
17.7.5.
17.7.6.
x (x
dx
1
1
x a
=
+
ln
2
a 2 ) a 2 x 2a 3 x + a
dx
1
1
x2
=
ln
x 3( x 2 a 2 ) 2a 2 x 2 2a 4 x 2 a 2
17.7.7.
17.7.8.
(x
x(x
dx
+ a 2 )n1
x m 2 dx
2
+ a 2 )n
x 2 dx
a x a
ln
2
2 = x +
2 x + a
x a
17.7.3.
dx
+ a 2 )n1
(x
17.7.1.
x dx
1
=
+ a 2 )n 2(n 1)( x 2 + a 2 )n1
(x
dx
x
1
x a
ln
=
a 2 )2 2a 2 ( x 2 a 2 ) 4 a 3 x + a
m2
dx
( x 2 + a 2 )n
(x
17.7.9.
x dx
1
=
a 2 )2 2( x 2 a 2 )
17.7.10.
x 2 dx
x
1 x a
( x a 2 )2 = 2( x 2 a 2 ) + 4a ln x + a
17.7.11.
(x
x 3dx
a2
1
=
+ ln ( x 2 a 2 )
2 2
a )
2( x 2 a 2 ) 2
dx
1
1
x2
=
+
ln
x ( x 2 a 2 )2 2a 2 ( x 2 a 2 ) 2a 4 x 2 a 2
17.7.12.
17.7.13.
x (x
2
dx
1
x
3
x a
= 4 4 2
ln
a 2 )2
a x 2a ( x a 2 ) 4 a 5 x + a
dx
1
1
1 x2
2 2 =
4 2
4
2
2 + 6 ln 2
x (x a )
2a x
2a ( x a ) a
x a 2
17.7.14.
17.7.15.
(x
17.7.16.
(x
17.7.17.
x(x
17.7.18.
x m dx
( x a 2 )n =
17.7.19.
(8)
77
dx
x
2n 3
=
dx
1
1
=
dx
1
2 n =
a2
(x a )
2
m2
dx
1 a + x
ln
2 =
2
a a x
x
17.8.1.
17.8.2.
17.8.3.
x 2 dx
a a + x
= x + ln
2
2 a x
x2
17.8.4.
dx
1
2
2 n 2
a
(x a )
or
1
x
tanh 1
a
a
x dx
1
= ln (a 2 x 2 )
2
x2
x 3dx
x 2 a2
= ln (a 2 x 2 )
2
2
x
2
2
dx
1
x2
2 =
2 ln 2
x (a x ) 2a
a x 2
17.8.6.
dx
a 2 )n1
x(x
dx
a 2 )n1
x m 2 dx
( x 2 a 2 )n
17.8.5.
x dx
1
=
a 2 )n 2(n 1)( x 2 a 2 )n1
(x
dx
1
1
a + x
= 2 + 3 ln
(a 2 x 2 )
a x 2a
a x
dx
( x a 2 )n1
2
78
dx
1
1
x2
2
2 =
2 2 +
4 ln 2
x (a x )
2a x
2a
a x 2
17.8.7.
17.8.8.
(a
17.8.9.
(a
dx
x
1
a + x
=
+
ln
x 2 )2 2a 2 (a 2 x 2 ) 4a 3 a x
x dx
1
=
x 2 )2 2(a 2 x 2 )
17.8.10.
x 2 dx
x
1 a + x
(a 2 x 2 )2 = 2(a 2 x 2 ) 4a ln a x
17.8.11.
x 3dx
a2
1
=
(a 2 x 2 )2 2(a 2 x 2 ) + 2 ln (a 2 x 2 )
dx
1
1
x2
=
+
ln
x (a 2 x 2 )2 2a 2 (a 2 x 2 ) 2a 4 a 2 x 2
17.8.12.
17.8.13.
x (a
17.8.14.
x (a
17.8.15.
(a
17.8.16.
(a
17.8.17.
x (a
17.8.18.
(a
17.8.19.
dx
1
=
(a 2 x 2 ) n a 2
(9)
dx
1
x
3
a + x
+ 4 2
2 2 =
4
2 +
5 ln
x )
a x 2a (a x ) 4 a
a x
dx
1
1
1 x2
2 2 =
4 2 +
4
2
2 + 6 ln 2
x )
2a x
2a (a x ) a
a x 2
dx
x
2n 3
2 n =
2
2
2 n 1 +
x )
2(n 1)a (a x )
(2n 2)a 2
dx
1
1
=
+
x 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 (a 2 x 2 )n1 a 2
dx
x m 2 dx
2
x 2 )n
(a
Integrals Involving
(a
x (a
dx
x 2 )n1
dx
x 2 )n1
x m 2 dx
x 2 )n1
dx
1
+
(a 2 x 2 )n1 a 2
x 2 + a2
x
a
x +a
17.9.2.
x dx
= x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
17.9.3.
x 2 dx
x x 2 + a2 a2
=
ln( x + x 2 + a 2 )
2
2
x 2 + a2
17.9.4.
x 3 dx
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
=
a2 x 2 + a2
3
x 2 + a2
17.9.1.
x dx
1
=
x 2 )n 2(n 1)(a 2 x 2 )n1
x m dx
= a2
x 2 )n
(a
= ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) or sinh 1
m2
dx
(a 2 x 2 ) n
17.9.5.
17.9.6.
17.9.7.
17.9.8.
17.9.9.
dx
1 a + x 2 + a2
=
ln
a
x
x 2 + a2
dx
x 2 + a2
=
2
2
a2 x
x +a
a + x 2 + a2
dx
x 2 + a2
1
=
+ 3 ln
2 2
2
2
x
2a x
2a
x +a
2
2
2
x
x
a
a
+
x 2 + a 2 dx = 2 + 2 ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
x x 2 + a 2 dx =
3
3
17.9.10.
x 2 x 2 + a 2 dx =
x ( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x x 2 + a 2 a 4
ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
4
8
8
17.9.11.
( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
5
3
x 2 + a 2 dx =
a + x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
dx = x 2 + a 2 a ln
x
x
x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
dx
=
+ ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
x2
x
17.9.14.
x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
1 a + x 2 + a2
dx =
ln
3
2
x
2a
x
2x
17.9.15.
(x
17.9.16.
(x
17.9.17.
x 2 dx
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 =
17.9.18.
(x
17.9.12.
17.9.13.
dx
x
=
+ a 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x 2 + a 2
x dx
=
+ a 2 )3 / 2
1
x 2 + a2
x
+ ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
x + a2
2
x 3 dx
= x 2 + a2 +
+ a 2 )3 / 2
a2
x + a2
2
dx
1
1 a + x 2 + a2
2 3/ 2 =
3 ln
x
x(x + a )
a2 x 2 + a2 a
dx
x 2 + a2
x
=
4 2
2
2
2 3/ 2
4
x (x + a )
a x
a x + a2
17.9.21.
a + x 2 + a2
dx
3
3
1
l
=
+
n
x
x 3( x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 2a 2 x 2 x 2 + a 2 2a 4 x 2 + a 2 2a 5
17.9.22.
(x
17.9.23.
x ( x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.9.19.
17.9.20.
+ a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x ( x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 3a 2 x x 2 + a 2 3 4
+
+ a ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
4
8
8
( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2
5
79
80
+ a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x ( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 x ( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 a 4 x x 2 + a 2 a 6
ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
6
24
16
16
+ a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
( x 2 + a 2 ) 7 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2
7
5
17.9.24.
x (x
17.9.25.
x (x
17.9.26.
a + x 2 + a2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
+ a 2 x 2 + a 2 a 3 ln
dx =
3
x
x
17.9.27.
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 3 x x 2 + a 2 3 2
+
+ a ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
dx =
2
x
2
2
x
17.9.28.
a + x 2 + a2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 3 2
3
dx =
x + a 2 a ln
+
3
2
x
2
2
x
2x
(10)
Integrals Involving
dx
x 2 a2
x a
17.10.2.
x 2 dx
x x 2 a2 a2
=
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
2
2
2
x a
17.10.3.
x 3 dx
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
=
+ a2 x 2 a2
3
x 2 a2
17.10.4.
17.10.5.
17.10.6.
17.10.7.
17.10.8.
17.10.9.
= ln ( x + x 2 a 2 ),
dx
x 2 a2
2
= x 2 a2
x
1
sec 1
a
a
x 2 a2
a2 x
dx
1
x 2 a2
x
+ 3 sec 1
2a 2 x 2
2a
a
x 2 a 2 dx =
x x 2 a2 a2
ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
2
x 2 a 2 dx =
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
3
x 2 a 2 dx =
x a
2
dx
=
x 2 a2
x 2 a2
x dx
17.10.1.
x ( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x x 2 a 2 a 4
+
ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
4
8
8
( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
+
5
3
17.10.10.
17.10.11.
x 2 a2
x
dx = x 2 a 2 a sec 1
x
a
17.10.12.
x 2 a2
x 2 a2
dx =
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
x
x
x 2 a 2 dx =
1
x 2 a2
x 2 a2
x
+
dx =
sec 1
3
2x 2
2a
x
a
17.10.13.
17.10.14.
(x
17.10.15.
(x
17.10.16.
x 2dx
x
( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 = x 2 a 2 + ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
17.10.17.
(x
17.10.18.
x(x
17.10.19.
17.10.20.
17.10.21.
(x
17.10.22.
x ( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.10.23.
x 2 ( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x ( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 x ( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 a 4 x x 2 a 2 a 6
+
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
6
24
16
16
17.10.24.
( x 2 a 2 ) 7 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2
+
7
5
17.10.25.
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
x
dx =
a 2 x 2 a 2 + a 3 sec 1
x
3
a
17.10.26.
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 3 x x 2 a 2 3 2
dx =
+
a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
x
2
2
x
17.10.27.
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 3 x 2 a 2 3
x
=
+
a sec 1
dx
x3
2
2x
2
2
a
(11)
x dx
=
a 2 )3 / 2
1
x 2 a2
x 3 dx
= x 2 a2
a 2 )3 / 2
a2
x 2 a2
dx
1
x
1
=
3 sec 1
2 3/ 2
2
2
2
a )
a
a
a x a
dx
x 2 a2
x
4 2
2 3/ 2 =
a4 x
(x a )
a x a2
2
dx
1
3
3
x
=
5 sec 1
2 3/ 2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
(x a )
2a
a
2a x x a
2a x a
dx
x
= 2 2
a 2 )3 / 2
a x a2
a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x ( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 3a 2 x x 2 a 2 3 4
+ a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
4
8
8
( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2
5
( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
Integrals Involving
17.11.1.
dx
x
= sin 1
2
a
a x
17.11.2.
x dx
= a2 x 2
a2 x 2
a2 x 2
81
82
17.11.3.
x 2 dx
x a2 x 2 a2
x
=
+ sin 1
2
2
a
2
2
a x
17.11.4.
x 3 dx
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
=
a2 a2 x 2
2
2
3
a x
17.11.5.
dx
1 a + a2 x 2
=
ln
a
x
x a2 x 2
dx
a2 x 2
=
a2 x
a2 x 2
17.11.6.
17.11.7.
17.11.8.
17.11.9.
17.11.10.
17.11.11.
17.11.12.
a + a2 x 2
a2 x 2
dx = a 2 x 2 a ln
x
x
a2 x 2
a2 x 2
x
dx
=
sin 1
2
x
a
x
17.11.14.
a2 x 2
a2 x 2
1 a + a2 x 2
dx =
+
ln
3
2
x
2a
x
2x
17.11.15.
(a
17.11.16.
(a
17.11.17.
(a
17.11.18.
x 3 dx
a2
2
2
a
x
=
+
/
2
3
2
(a x )
a2 x 2
17.11.19.
x (a
17.11.13.
a + a2 x 2
dx
a2 x 2
1
=
ln
2
2
3
x
2a x
2a
a2 x 2
a 2 x 2 dx =
x a2 x 2 a2
x
+ sin 1
2
2
a
a 2 x 2 dx =
(a 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2
3
a 2 x 2 dx =
a 2 x 2 dx =
x
x (a 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2 a 2 x a 2 x 2 a 4
+
+ sin 1
4
8
8
a
(a 2 x 2 ) 5 / 2 a 2 (a 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2
5
3
dx
x
2 3/ 2 =
2
x )
a a2 x 2
x dx
=
x 2 )3 / 2
1
a x2
x 2 dx
=
x 2 )3 / 2
x
x
sin 1
2
a
a x
dx
1
1 a + a2 x 2
3 ln
2 3/ 2 =
2
2
2
x
x )
a
a a x
dx
a2 x 2
x
=
+ 4 2
2
2
2 3/ 2
4
x (a x )
a x
a a x2
17.11.20.
17.11.21.
a + a2 x 2
dx
3
3
1
+
l
n
2 3/ 2 =
5
x
(a x )
2a 2 x 2 a 2 x 2 2a 4 a 2 x 2 2a
83
x (a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 3a 2 x a 2 x 2 3 4 1 x
+
+ a sin
a
4
8
8
17.11.22.
(a
17.11.23.
x (a
17.11.24.
x 2 (a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.11.25.
17.11.26.
a + a2 x 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
2
2
2
3
dx
a
a
x
a
ln
=
+
x
x
3
17.11.27.
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
(a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 3x a 2 x 2 3 2 1 x
dx =
a sin
2
x
x
2
2
a
17.11.28.
a + a2 x 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2 3 a 2 x 2 3
dx =
+ a ln
3
2
x
2
2
x
2x
(12)
17.12.1.
x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
(a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
(a 2 x 2 )5 / 2
5
x
x (a 2 x 2 ) 5 / 2 a 2 x (a 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2 a 4 x a 2 x 2 a 6
+
+
+ sin 1
6
24
16
16
a
(a 2 x 2 ) 7 / 2 a 2 (a 2 x 2 ) 5 / 2
7
5
2
2ax + b
tan 1
2
4 ac b 2
dx
4 ac b
=
ax 2 + bx + c 1
2ax + b b 2 4 ac
ln
b 2 4 ac 2ax + b + b 2 4 ac
If b 2 = 4 ac, ax 2 + bx + c = a( x + b / 2a)2 and the results 17.1.6 to 17.1.10 and 17.1.14 to 17.1.17 can be used.
If b = 0 use results on page 75. If a or c = 0 use results on pages 7172.
x dx
1
b
=
ln (ax 2 + bx + c)
2a
+ bx + c 2a
ax
17.12.3.
x 2 dx
x
b
b 2 2ac
2
ax
bx
c
=
+
+
+
ln
(
)
ax 2 + bx + c a 2a 2
2a 2
17.12.4.
x m dx
x m 1
c
=
ax + bx + c (m 1)a a
17.12.5.
x (ax
17.12.6.
17.12.7.
17.12.8.
(ax
17.12.9.
(ax
ax
dx
+ bx + c
17.12.2.
x m 2 dx
b
ax + bx + c a
ax
dx
+ bx + c
dx
b
ax 2 + bx + c 1 b 2 2ac
= 2 ln
cx + 2c 2
x2
(ax + bx + c) 2c
dx
1
b
=
n 1
c
(ax + bx + c)
(n 1)cx
n 1
dx
+ bx + c
x m1dx
ax + bx + c
x2
dx
1
b
ln 2
=
+ bx + c) 2c ax + bx + c 2c
ax
ax
dx
a
(ax + bx + c) c
2
dx
2ax + b
2a
+
2 =
2
2
+ bx + c)
(4 ac b )(ax + bx + c) 4 ac b 2
x dx
bx + 2c
b
=
+ bx + c)2
(4 ac b 2 )(ax 2 + bx + c) 4 ac b 2
ax
dx
+ bx + c
n 2
dx
(ax + bx + c)
dx
+ bx + c
ax
dx
+ bx + c
84
17.12.10.
(ax
17.12.11.
(ax
x 2 dx
(b 2 2ac) x + bc
2c
+
2 =
+ bx + c)
a(4 ac b 2 )(ax 2 + bx + c) 4 ac b 2
dx
+ bx + c
x m dx
x m 1
(m 1)c
+
n =
+ bx + c)
(2n m 1)a(ax 2 + bx + c)n1 (2n m 1)a
17.12.12.
x 2 n1dx
1
(ax 2 + bx + c)n = a
17.12.13.
x (ax
17.12.14.
17.12.15.
(n m )b
(2n m 1)a
(ax
x m 1dx
(ax + bx + c)n
dx
1
b
=
+ bx + c)2 2c(ax 2 + bx + c) 2c
x 2 n3 dx
b
(ax 2 + bx + c)n a
(ax
dx
1
3a
=
(ax 2 + bx + c)2
cx (ax 2 + bx + c) c
dx
1
+
+ bx + c)2 c
(ax
x 2 n 2 dx
(ax 2 + bx + c)n
x (ax
dx
2b
c
+ bx + c)2
dx
1
(m + 2n 3)a
n =
m 1
2
n 1
(m 1)c
(ax + bx + c)
(m 1)cx (ax + bx + c)
2
Integrals Involving
(m + n 2)b
(m 1)c
x m 2 dx
+ bx + c)n
x 2 n3 dx
c
(ax 2 + bx + c)n1 a
(13)
ax
m 1
dx
+ bx + c)
x (ax
x
m2
dx
+ bx + c)2
dx
(ax + bx + c)n
2
dx
(ax + bx + c)n
2
ax 2 bx c
In the following results if b 2 = 4 ac, ax 2 + bx + c = a ( x + b / 2a) and the results 17.1 can be used. If b = 0
use the results 17.9. If a = 0 or c = 0 use the results 17.2 and 17.5.
17.13.1.
17.13.2.
17.13.3.
1
2
a ln (2 a ax + bx + c + 2ax + b)
dx
=
ax 2 + bx + c 1 sin 1 2ax + b or 1 sinh 1 2ax + b
b 2 4 ac
4 ac b 2
a
a
x dx
=
2
ax + bx + c
x 2 dx
2ax 3b
3b 2 4 ac
2
=
ax
+
bx
+
c
+
4a 2
8a 2
ax 2 + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c
b
2a
a
dx
ax + bx + c
2
dx
ax + bx + c
1
2 c ax 2 + bx + c + bx + 2c
ln
x
dx
c
2
x ax + bx + c 1
1
bx + 2c
bx + 2c
1
1
c sin | x | b 2 4 ac or c sinh | x | 4 ac b 2
17.13.4.
17.13.5.
17.13.6.
dx
ax 2 + bx + c b
=
2c
cx
ax + bx + c
2
ax 2 + bx + c dx =
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
(2ax + b) ax 2 + bx + c 4 ac b 2
+
4a
8a
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
17.13.7.
ax 2 + bx + c dx =
ax 2 + bx + c
3a
8a 2
17.13.8.
x 2 ax 2 + bx + c dx =
b(4 ac b 2 )
16a 2
ax 2 + bx + c
b
dx = ax 2 + bx + c +
x
2
17.13.10.
ax 2 + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c
dx =
+a
2
x
x
17.13.11.
(ax
17.13.12.
(ax
17.13.13.
(ax
17.13.14.
x (ax
dx
ax + bx + c
2
dx
ax + bx + c
2
x
b
2
ax 2 + bx + c dx
dx
ax + bx + c
2
dx
ax + bx + c
2
x dx
2(bx + 2c)
=
+ bx + c)3/ 2 (b 2 4 ac) ax 2 + bx + c
x 2 dx
(2b 2 4 ac) x + 2bc
1
+
3/ 2 =
+ bx + c)
a(4 ac b 2 ) ax 2 + bx + c a
dx
1
1
=
+
+ bx + c)3/ 2 c ax 2 + bx + c c
dx
b
2
c
ax + bx + c
(ax
17.13.17.
x (ax 2 + bx + c)n+1/ 2 dx =
17.13.18.
(ax
dx
+ bx + c)3/ 2
dx
+ bx + c)3/ 2
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
b
(ax 2 + bx + c)n+3/ 2
2a
a(2n + 3)
(ax
+ bx + c)n+1/ 2 dx
dx
2(2ax + b)
=
+ bx + c)n+1/ 2 (2n 1)(4 ac b 2 )(ax 2 + bx + c)n1/ 2
+
x (ax
(ax
(ax
17.13.16.
+ bx + c)n+1/ 2 dx =
3b
2c 2
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
dx
ax 2 + 2bx + c
b 2 2ac
+
3/ 2 = 2
x (ax + bx + c)
2c 2
c x ax 2 + bx + c
2
+c
dx
2(2ax + b)
=
+ bx + c)3/ 2 (4 ac b 2 ) ax 2 + bx + c
17.13.19.
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
6ax 5b
5b 2 4 ac
2
3/ 2
(
+
+
)
+
ax
bx
c
24 a 2
16a 2
17.13.9.
17.13.15.
85
8a(n 1)
(2n 1)(4 ac b 2 )
(ax
dx
+ bx + c)n1/ 2
dx
1
=
+ bx + c)n+1/ 2 (2n 1)c(ax 2 + bx + c)n1/ 2
+
1
c
x (ax
dx
b
+ bx + c)n1/ 2 2c
(ax
dx
+ bx + c)n+1/22
86
(14)
Integrals Involving x3 a3
( x + a) 2
dx
1
1
2x a
=
ln
tan 1
+
2
3
3
2
2
2
x +a
6a
x ax + a
a 3
a 3
x dx
1 x 2 ax + a 2
1
2x a
=
ln
tan 1
+
3
3
2
( x + a)
x +a
6a
a 3
a 3
17.14.3.
x 2 dx
1
= ln ( x 3 + a 3 )
x 3 + a3 3
17.14.4.
x(x
17.14.1.
17.14.2.
dx
1
x3
3 =
3 ln 3
+ a ) 3a
x + a 3
x 2 ax + a 2
dx
1
1
1
2x a
tan 1
=
ln
2
3
3
3
4
2
4
( x + a) a 3
x (x + a )
a x 6a
a 3
17.14.5.
17.14.6.
(x
17.14.7.
(x
17.14.8.
x 2 dx
1
( x 3 + a3 )2 = 3( x 3 + a3 )
17.14.9.
x(x
( x + a) 2
1
dx
x
2
2x a
tan 1
= 3 3
+ 5 ln 2
+
3 2
3
x ax + a 2 3a 5 3
+a )
3a ( x + a ) 9a
a 3
x 2 ax + a 2
1
x dx
x2
1
2x a
= 3 3
+
tan 1
ln
+
3 2
3
4
( x + a)2 3a 4 3
+a )
3a ( x + a ) 18a
a 3
dx
1
1
x3
3 2 =
3
3
3 +
6 ln 3
+a )
3a ( x + a ) 3a
x + a 3
dx
1
x2
4
=
6
2
3
3 2
6
6
3
3
x (x + a )
a x 3a ( x + a ) 3a
17.14.11.
x m dx
x m2
x m 3dx
3
a
=
x 3 + a3
x 3 + a3 m 2
17.14.12.
17.14.10.
(15)
dx
1
1
=
( x 3 + a 3 ) a 3 (n 1) x n1 a 3
n3
x dx
+ a3
(See 17.14.2.)
dx
( x 3 + a3 )
Integrals Involving x4 a4
17.15.1.
17.15.2.
17.15.3.
x 2 + ax 2 + a 2
x 2
dx
1
1 1 x 2
3
ln 2
tan 1 1 +
tan 1
4 =
3
2
a
a
+a
4 a 2 x ax 2 + a 2a 2
2
x dx
1
1 x
4 =
2 tan
2
+a
2a
a
x 2 ax 2 + a 2
x 2
x 2 dx
1
1 1 x 2
ln 2
tan 1 a tan 1 1 + a
4
4 =
2
x +a
4 a 2 x + ax 2 + a 2a 2
x 3 dx
1
= ln ( x 4 + a 4 )
4
+ a4 4
17.15.4.
17.15.5.
x(x
17.15.6.
dx
1
x4
4 =
4 ln 4
+ a ) 4a
x + a 4
x 2 ax 2 + a 2
dx
1
1
5
ln 2
4
4 = 4
x (x + a )
a x 4 a 2 x + ax 2 + a 2
2
17.15.7.
17.15.8.
17.15.9.
17.15.11.
17.15.13.
(16)
2
dx
1
1
1 x
4
4 =
4 2
6 tan
2
(x + a )
2a x
2a
a
dx
1
1
x
x a
=
ln
tan 1
a
a 4 4 a 3 x + a 2a 3
x dx
1
x 2 a2
4 =
2 ln 2
a
4a
x + a 2
x 3dx
1
= ln ( x 4 a 4 )
4
a4 4
4
dx
1
1
1
x
x a
=
+
ln
tan 1
+
a
( x 4 a 4 ) a 4 x 4 a 5 x + a 2a 5
dx
1
1
x 2 a2
4
4 =
4 2 +
6 ln 2
x ( x a ) 2a x
4a
x + a 2
3
Integrals Involving xn an
xn
dx
1
=
ln
x ( x n + a n ) na n x n + a n
17.16.2.
x n1dx 1
= ln ( x n + a n )
x n + an n
17.16.3.
x m dx
( x + a n )r =
17.16.4.
17.16.5.
17.16.1.
17.16.6.
2a
1 x 2
x 2
tan 1 a tan 1 1 + a
2
dx
1
x 4 a4
4 =
4 ln
x ( x a ) 4a
x 4
17.15.12.
1
5
x
x 2 dx
1 x a 1
ln
tan 1
=
+
a
x 4 a 4 4 a x + a 2a
17.15.10.
17.15.14.
87
x m n dx
( x + a n )r 1 a n
n
dx
1
=
( x n + a n )r a n
x m n dx
( x n + a n )r
dx
1
( x n + a n )r 1 a n
x n + an an
dx
1
ln
=
x n + a n n a n x n + a n + a n
dx
1
x n an
n =
n ln
x ( x a ) na
x n
n
mn
dx
( x n + a n )r
88
x n 1dx 1
= ln ( x n a n )
n
an n
17.16.7.
17.16.8.
x m dx
x m n dx
x m n dx
n
a
=
+
n
r
n
n
r
n
(x a )
( x a ) ( x a n )r 1
17.16.9.
17.16.10.
17.16.11.
dx
1
= n
n r
(x a )
a
n
dx
x n an
n an
mn
cos 1
dx
1
n
n
n r
(x a )
a
dx
( x a n )r
n
an
xn
m
x + a cos[(2k 1) /2m]
x p1dx
1
(2k 1) p
sin
tan 1
=
2m
2m p
ma
2
m
+a
a sin[(2k 1) /2m]
k =1
2m
1
(2k 1) p 2
(2k 1)
cos
ln x + 2ax cos
+ a 2
2ma 2 m p k =1
2m
2
m
m 1
x p1dx
1
kp 2
k
cos
ln x 2ax cos
+ a 2
=
2m
2m p
2ma
m
m
a
k =1
2m
x a cos (k /m)
1 m 1 kp
sin
tan 1
ma 2 m p
m
a sin (k /m)
k =1
1
{ln ( x a) + (1) p ln ( x + a)}
2ma 2 m p
+
where 0 < p 2m.
17.16.13.
m
x + a cos[2k /(2m + 1)]
x p1dx
2(1) p1
2kp
sin
tan 1
=
2 m +1
2 m +1
2 m p+1
x
(2m + 1)a
+a
2m + 1
a sin[2k /(2m + 1)]
k =1
p 2
(1) p1
2kp
2k
ln x + 2ax cos
cos
+ a 2
2 m p+1
(2m + 1)a
2m + 1
2m + 1
k =1
(1) p1 ln( x + a)
(2m + 1)a 2 m p+1
where 0 < p 2m + 1.
17.16.14.
m
x a cos[2k /(2m + 1)]
x p1dx
2kp
2
sin
tan 1
=
2 m +1
2 m +1
2 m p+1
x
(2m + 1)a
2m + 1
a
a sin[2k /(2m + 1)]
k =1
1
2kp 2
2k
cos
ln x 2ax cos
+ a 2
2 m p+1
(2m + 1)a
2m + 1
2m + 1
k =1
+
where 0 < p 2m + 1.
ln ( x a)
(2m + 1)a 2 m p+1
(17)
89
17.17.1.
sin ax dx =
cos ax
a
17.17.2.
x sin ax dx =
sin ax x cos ax
a
a2
17.17.3.
17.17.4.
17.17.5.
sin ax
(ax )3 (ax )5
dx
=
ax
+
x
3 3! 5 5!
17.17.6.
17.17.7.
17.17.8.
sin ax = a
17.17.9.
2x
2 x2
cos ax
2 sin ax + 3
a
a
a
sin ax dx =
3x 2 6
6x x 3
sin ax dx = 2 4 sin ax + 3 cos ax
a
a
a
a
sin ax
sin ax
cos ax
+ a
dx =
dx (See 17.18.5.)
x2
x
x
dx
ax
2
x sin 2ax
sin 2 ax dx = 2 4a
x dx
4
4a
8a 2
17.17.10.
x sin
17.17.11.
sin
17.17.12.
sin ax dx =
17.17.13.
sin
17.17.14.
sin
17.17.15.
sin px sin qx dx =
17.17.16.
1 sin ax = a tan 4 +
17.17.17.
1 sin ax = a tan 4 +
17.17.18.
1 + sin ax = tan 4
17.17.19.
1 + sin ax = a tan 4
ax dx =
ax dx =
cos ax cos3 ax
+
3a
a
+
8
4a
32a
dx
1
= cot ax
2
a
ax
cos ax
ax
dx
1
ln tan
=
+
3
2
ax
2a sin 2 ax 2a
sin ( p q) x sin ( p + q) x
2( p q)
2( p + q)
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax
ax 2
+ ln sin
2 a 2
4 2
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax 2
ax
+ ln sin +
2 a 2
4 2
90
dx
17.17.20.
(1 sin ax)
17.17.21.
(1 + sin ax )
17.17.22.
dx
1
ax 1
ax
tan + +
tan 3 +
a
2a
4
2
6
4 2
ax 1
ax
1
tan
tan 3
2a
4 2 6a
4 2
1
2
1 p tan 2 ax + q
tan
a p2 q 2
p2 q 2
dx
=
p + q sin ax
p tan 12 ax + q q 2 p2
1
ln
2
2
p tan 12 ax + q + q 2 p2
a q p
dx
( p + q sin ax)
q cos ax
p
+
a( p2 q 2 )( p + q sin ax ) p2 q 2
dx
p + q sin ax
p2 q 2 tan ax
1
1
tan
2
2
p
dx
ap p q
=
2
2
2
p q sin ax
q 2 p2 tan ax + p
1
ln
2
2
2
q p2 tan ax p
2ap q p
17.17.25.
17.17.26.
17.17.27.
17.17.28.
sin
17.17.29.
sin
17.17.30.
sin
(18)
p2 + q 2 tan ax
p
dx
1
=
tan 1
+ q 2 sin 2 ax ap p2 + q 2
sin ax dx =
a
a2
a2
sin ax
sin ax
a
+
dx =
xn
(n 1) x n 1 n 1
n
ax dx =
m2
sin ax dx
cos ax
dx (See 17.18.30.)
x n 1
sin n1 ax cos ax n 1
+
an
n
dx
n2
cos ax
=
+
n
n 1
ax a(n 1) sin ax n 1
sin
sin
n 2
ax dx
dx
n 2
ax
x dx
x cos ax
1
n2
+
=
n
ax a(n 1) sin n1 ax a 2 (n 1)(n 2) sin n 2 ax n 1
17.18.1.
cos ax dx =
17.18.2.
x cos ax dx =
17.18.3.
x 2 cos ax dx =
cos ax x sin ax
+
a
a2
2x
x2 2
cos
+
ax
a a 3 sin ax
a2
x dx
n 2
ax
sin
91
17.18.4.
3x 2 6
x 3 6x
3
cos
=
cos
x
ax
dx
ax
+
a a 3 sin ax
2
4
a
a
17.18.5.
cos ax
(ax )2 (ax )4 (ax )6
dx
=
ln
x
+
x
2 2! 4 4 ! 6 6!
17.18.6.
17.18.7.
17.18.8.
En (ax )2 n+ 2
x dx
1 (ax )2 (ax )4 5(ax )6
=
+
+
+
+
+
cos ax a 2 2
(2n + 2)(2n)!
8
144
17.18.9.
cos
cos ax
cos ax
a
dx =
x2
x
dx
sin ax
dx (See 17.17.5.)
x
ax dx =
x cos2 ax dx =
17.18.11.
cos3 ax dx =
sin ax sin 3 ax
3a
a
17.18.12.
cos
17.18.13.
cos
17.18.14.
cos
17.18.15.
cos ax cos px dx =
17.18.16.
1 cos ax = a cot
17.18.17.
1 cos ax = a cot
17.18.18.
1 + cos ax = a tan
17.18.19.
1 + cos ax = a tan
17.18.20.
(1 cos ax)
17.18.21.
(1 + cos ax)
17.18.22.
ax dx =
dx
2
ax
ax
2
x sin 2ax
+
2
4a
17.18.10.
tan ax
a
sin ax
dx
1
ax
ln tan +
=
+
3
ax 2a cos 2 ax 2a
4 2
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax 2
ax
+ ln sin
2 a2
2
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax 2
ax
+ ln cos
2 a2
2
dx
dx
sin(a p) x sin(a + p) x
+
2(a p)
2(a + p)
1
ax 1
ax
cot
cot 3
2a
2 6a
2
1
ax 1
ax
tan
tan 3
+
2a
2 6a
2
2
1
tan 1 ( p q) / ( p + q) tan ax
2
2
2
dx
a p q
=
tan 1 ax + (q + p) / (q p)
p + q cos ax
1
2
ln
a q 2 p2 tan 1 ax (q + p) / (q p)
2
92
dx
17.18.23.
( p + q cos ax )
17.18.24.
q sin ax
p
a(q 2 p2 )( p + q cos ax ) q 2 p2
dx
p + q cos ax
dx
1
p tan ax
=
tan 1
+ q 2 cos 2 ax ap p2 + q 2
p2 + q 2
1 p tan ax
ap p2 q 2 tan
p2 q 2
dx
=
p tan ax q 2 p2
p2 q 2 cos 2 ax
1
ln
2ap q 2 p2 p tan ax + q 2 p2
17.18.25.
17.18.26.
x m cos ax dx =
17.18.27.
17.18.28.
cosn ax dx =
17.18.29.
cos
17.18.30.
cos
(19)
x m sin ax mx m 1
m(m 1)
+
cos ax
a
a2
a2
cos ax
cos ax
a
dx =
n
n 1
x
(n 1) x
n 1
dx
n
ax
m2
cos ax dx
sin ax
dx (Seee 17.17.27.)
x n 1
sin ax cos n1 ax n 1
+
an
n
cos
n2
sin ax
+
a(n 1) cos n1 ax b 1
cos
n 2
ax dx
dx
n 2
ax
x dx
x sin ax
1
n2
=
+
n
ax a(n 1) cos n1 ax a 2 (n 1)(n 2) cos n 2 ax n 1
17.19.1.
sin ax cos ax dx =
sin 2 ax
2a
17.19.2.
sin px cos qx dx =
cos( p q) x cos( p + q) x
2( p q)
2( p + q)
17.19.3.
sin n ax cos ax dx =
sin n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
17.19.4.
cos ax sin ax dx =
cos n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
17.19.5.
sin
x sin 4 ax
8
32a
17.19.6.
17.19.7.
sin
17.19.8.
sin ax cos
17.19.9.
sin
ax cos 2 ax dx =
dx
dx
1
1
ax
= ln tan +
ax cos ax a
4 2 a sin ax
dx
ax
ax
1
1
ln tan
+
a
2 a cos ax
dx
2 cot 2ax
=
a
ax cos 2 ax
x dx
cos
n 2
ax
93
17.19.10.
sin 2 ax
sin ax 1
ax
cos ax dx = a + a ln tan 2 + 4
17.19.11.
17.19.12.
17.19.13.
17.19.14.
sin ax cos ax = a
17.19.15.
17.19.16.
17.19.17.
17.19.18.
17.19.19.
( p + q cos ax )
17.19.20.
( p + q sin ax)
17.19.21.
17.19.22.
cos 2 ax
cos ax 1
ax
dx =
+ ln tan
sin ax
2
a
a
dx
ax
dx
ax
2
dx
sin ax dx
sin ax dx
ax
ln tan
2 8
2
1
cos ax dx
+
4
cos ax dx
sin ax dx
cos ax dx
1
aq(n 1)( p + q cos ax )n1
1
aq(n 1)( p + q sin ax )n1
ax + tan 1 (q / p)
dx
1
ln tan
=
p sin ax + q cos ax a p2 + q 2
2
p + (r q) tan(ax / 2 )
2
tan 1
a r 2 p2 q 2
r 2 p2 q 2
dx
=
p sin ax + q cos ax + r
p p2 + q 2 r 2 + (r q) tan (ax / 2 )
1
ln
2
2
2
p + p2 + q 2 r 2 + (r q) tan (ax / 2 )
a p + q r
dx
ax
2
dx
1
ax + tan 1 (q / p)
=
tan
4
2
p sin ax + q cos ax p2 + q 2 a p2 + q 2
17.19.24.
17.19.25.
17.19.26.
dx
1
p tan ax
=
tan 1
sin 2 ax + q 2 cos 2 ax apq
q
dx
1
p tan ax q
ln
=
2
2
apq
2
sin ax q cos ax
p tan ax + q
2
94
17.19.27.
a(m + n)
m+n
m
n
sin
ax
cos
ax
dx
=
m +1
n 1
17.19.28.
sin m 1 ax
m 1 sin m 2 ax
1
n
a(n 1) cos ax n 1 cos n 2 ax dx
m
sin m +1 ax
sin ax
mn+2
sin m ax
dx
=
cosn2 ax dx
cosn ax
n 1
a(n 1) cos n1 ax
m 1 sin m 2 ax
sin m 1 ax
dx
+
n 1
a(m n) co
os ax m n cos n ax
17.19.29.
cos m 1 ax
m 1 cos m 2 ax
dx
=
n
n
1
sin n2 ax dx
sin ax
n 1
a(n 1) sin ax
cos m 1 ax
m 1 cos m 2 ax
+
n 1
sin n ax dx
a(m n) sin ax m n
17.19.30.
1
m+n2
+
m 1
a(m 1) sin m 1 ax cos n1 ax
(20)
dx
ax cos n 2 ax
dx
sin m2 ax cosn ax
sin
17.20.1.
17.20.2.
tan
17.20.3.
tan3 ax dx =
17.20.4.
tan
17.20.5.
17.20.6.
tan ax = a ln sin ax
17.20.7.
x tan ax dx =
ax dx =
tan ax
x
a
tan 2 ax 1
+ ln cos ax
2a
a
ax sec 2 ax dx =
tan n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
sec 2 ax
1
dx = ln tan ax
tan ax
a
dx
+
+
+
+
+
2
(
2
n
+
1
)!
3
15
105
a
22 n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n1
tan ax
(ax )3 2(ax )5
+
++
+
dx = ax +
9
75
(2n 1)(2n)!
x
17.20.8.
17.20.9.
x tan
ax dx =
x tan ax 1
x2
+ 2 ln cos ax
2
a
a
dx
17.20.10.
p + q tan ax =
17.20.11.
tan
(21)
ax dx =
95
px
q
+
ln (q sin ax + p cos ax )
p 2 + q 2 a( p 2 + q 2 )
tan n 1 ax
tan n 2 ax dx
(n 1)a
17.21.1.
cot ax dx = a ln sin ax
17.21.2.
cot
17.21.3.
cot ax dx =
17.21.4.
cot n ax csc2 ax dx =
17.21.5.
17.21.6.
cot ax = a ln cos ax
17.21.7.
x cot ax dx =
17.21.8.
17.21.9.
x cot
ax dx =
cot ax
x
a
cot 2 ax 1
ln sin ax
2a
a
cot n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
csc 2 ax
1
dx = ln cot ax
cot ax
a
dx
1
a2
22 n Bn (ax )2 n+1
(ax )3 (ax )5
ax
(2n + 1)!
9
225
22 n Bn (ax )2 n 1
cot ax
1 ax (ax )3
dx =
x
ax 3
135
(2n 1)(2n)!
2
ax dx =
17.21.10.
p + q cot ax =
px
q
ln (q sin ax + q cos ax )
p 2 + q 2 a( p 2 + q 2 )
17.21.11.
cot n ax dx =
cot n 1 ax
cot n 2 ax dx
(n 1)a
(22)
dx
x cot ax 1
x2
+ 2 ln sin ax
2
a
a
ax
+
4
17.22.1.
17.22.2.
sec ax dx =
tan ax
a
17.22.3.
sec ax dx =
sec ax tan ax 1
+
ln (sec ax + tan ax )
2a
2a
96
sec n ax
na
17.22.4.
secn ax tan ax dx =
17.22.5.
sec ax =
17.22.6.
x sec ax dx =
17.22.7.
En (ax )2 n
sec ax
(ax )2 5(ax )4 61(ax )6
+
dx
=
ln
x
+
+
+
+
+
x
4
96
4320
2n(2n)!
17.22.8.
x sec ax dx = a tan ax + a
17.22.9.
q + p sec ax = q q p + q cos ax
dx
sin ax
a
dx
ln cos ax
dx
sec n 2 ax tan ax n 2
+
a(n 1)
n 1
sec
n2
17.23.1.
ax
2
17.23.2.
csc ax dx =
cot ax
a
17.23.3.
csc ax dx =
csc ax cot ax 1
ax
+
ln tan
2a
2a
2
17.23.4.
cscn ax cot ax dx =
17.23.5.
csc ax =
17.23.6.
x csc ax dx =
17.23.7.
17.23.8.
x csc ax dx =
17.23.9.
q + p csc ax = q q p + q sin ax
17.22.10.
(23)
sec
E (ax )2 n+ 2
(ax )2 (ax )4 5(ax )6
+
+
+
++ n
(2n + 2)(2n)!
8
144
2
1
a2
ax dx =
ax dx
17.23.10.
dx
csc n ax
na
cos ax
a
2(22 n 1 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1
(ax )3 7(ax )5
+
+
++
ax +
(2n + 1)!
18
1800
1
a2
2(22 n 1 1) Bn (ax )2 n 1
csc ax
1 ax 7(ax )3
+
dx =
+
+
++
(2n 1)(2n)!
x
ax 6
1080
2
dx
cscn ax dx =
x cot ax 1
+ 2 ln sin ax
a
a
dx
csc n 2 ax cot ax n 2
+
a(n 1)
n 1
(See 17.17.22.)
csc
n2
ax dx
(24)
17.24.1.
sin
17.24.2.
x sin 1
x
x x a2 x 2
x 2 a2
dx = sin 1 +
4
4
a
a
2
17.24.3.
x 2 sin 1
x
x3
x ( x 2 + 2a 2 ) a 2 x 2
sin 1 +
dx =
3
9
a
a
17.24.4.
sin 1 ( x /a)
x ( x/a)3 1 i 3( x/a)5 1 i 3 i 5( x /a)7
+
+
+
dx = +
x
a 2i 3i 3 2i 4 i 5i 5 2i 4 i 6i 7i 7
17.24.5.
sin 1 ( x /a)
sin 1 ( x/a) 1 a + a 2 x 2
dx =
ln
2
x
a
x
x
17.24.6.
sin 1
x
x
x
dx = x sin 1 2 x + 2 a 2 x 2 sin 1
a
a
a
17.24.7.
cos
x
x
dx = x cos 1 a 2 x 2
a
a
17.24.8.
x cos1
x
x x a2 x 2
x 2 a2
dx = cos 1
a
a
4
4
2
17.24.9.
x
x3
x ( x 2 + 2a 2 ) a 2 x 2
dx =
cos 1
a
a
3
9
cos 1
17.24.10.
cos 1 ( x/a)
sin 1 ( x/a)
dx
x
ln
=
x
x dx (See 17.224.4.)
2
17.24.11.
17.24.12.
cos1
17.24.13.
tan
17.24.14.
x tan
17.24.15.
17.24.16.
tan 1 ( x/a)
x ( x/a)3 ( x/a)5 ( x/a)7
+
dx =
+
x
a
32
52
72
17.24.17.
tan 1 ( x/a)
1
x 1 x 2 + a2
dx = tan 1
ln
2
x
x
a 2a x 2
cos 1 ( x /a)
cos 1 ( x/a) 1 a + a 2 x 2
dx =
+ ln
2
x
a
x
x
x
x
x
dx = x cos 1 2 x 2 a 2 x 2 cos 1
a
a
a
x
x a
dx = x tan 1 ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
a
a 2
1
tan 1
1
x
x ax
dx = ( x 2 + a 2 ) tan 1
2
a
a 2
x
x3
x ax 2 a 3
dx =
+ ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
tan 1
a
a
3
6
6
97
98
x
x a
+ ln (x 2 + a 2 )
dx = x cot 1
a
a 2
17.24.18.
cot
17.24.19.
x cot
17.24.20.
x 2 cot 1
17.24.21.
cot 1 ( x/a)
tan 1 ( x /a)
=
ln
dx
x
x
x dx
2
17.24.22.
cot 1 ( x/a)
cot 1 ( x /a) 1 x 2 + a 2
=
+
dx
ln
x2
2a x 2
x
17.24.23.
1
x sec
x
1
sec
=
dx
a
x sec 1
17.24.24.
x2
a x 2 a2
1 x
sec
2
a
x sec 1 a dx = x22
2
x
a
x
a2
sec 1 +
2
2
a
17.24.25.
x3
ax x 2 a 2 a 3
1 x
ln(x + x 2 a 2 )
sec
3
6
6
a
2
1 x
x sec a dx = x 3
2
2
3
x
ax
x
a
a
sec 1 +
+ ln(x + x 2 a 2 )
3
6
6
a
17.24.26.
sec 1 ( x/a)
17.24.27.
sec 1 ( x /a)
+
1
sec ( x/a)
x 2 dx = sec 1 ( x/a)
17.24.28.
x
x csc 1 + a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
x
csc 1 a dx = 1 xa
x csc
a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
a
17.24.29.
x2
csc 1
1 x
x csc a dx = x22
csc 1
2
17.24.30.
x3
x ax x 2 a 2 a 3
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
csc 1 +
3
6
6
a
x
x 2 csc 1 a dx = 3
x
ax x 2 a 2 a 3
1 x
ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
csc
6
6
a
3
1
x
x ax
+
dx = ( x 2 + a 2 ) cot 1
2
2
a
a
x
x3
x
ax 2
a3
+
ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
cot 1
dx =
3
6
6
a
a
(See 17.24.16.)
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
x
a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
a
x
+ a ln (x + x 2 a 2 )
a
0 < sec 1
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
0 < sec 1
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
0 < sec 1
x
<
a
2
x 2 a2
ax
0 < sec 1
x 2 a2
ax
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
x
<
a 2
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
0 < csc 1
x
a x 2 a2
x
+
<
0 < csc 1
a
a
2
2
x a x 2 a2
< csc 1
<0
2
2
a
a
0 < csc 1
x
<
a 2
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
99
csc 1 ( x /a)
a (a /x )3 1 i 3(a /x )5 1 i 3 i 5(a /x )7
+
+
+
dx = +
2i 4 i 6 i 7i 7
x
x 2i 3 i 3 2i 4 i 5 i 5
17.24.31.
17.24.32.
csc 1 ( x /a)
x
csc 1 ( x /a)
=
dx
x2
csc 1 ( x /a)
+
x 2 a2
ax
0 < csc 1
x 2 a2
ax
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
17.24.33.
x m sin 1
1
x
x m +1
x
dx =
sin 1
a
m +1
a m +1
17.24.34.
cos 1
1
x
x m +1
x
dx =
cos 1 +
a
m +1
a m +1
a2 x 2
17.24.35.
tan 1
x
x m +1
x
a
tan 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
x m +1
dx
x + a2
17.24.36.
cot 1
x
x m +1
x
a
cot 1 +
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
x m +1
dx
x + a2
x m dx
17.24.37.
x m +1 sec 1 ( x/a)
a
m +1
m +1
x
m +1
m +1
17.24.38.
(25)
x m +1 sec 1 ( x /a)
a
+
m +1
m +1
x
m +1
m +1
x
<
a 2
x m +1
dx
a2 x 2
x m +1
dx
x a
2
x m dx
x a
2
x m dx
x a
2
x m dx
x a
2
0 < sec 1
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
0 < csc 1
x
<
a
2
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
17.25.1.
17.25.2.
xeax dx =
17.25.3.
x e
17.25.4.
x neax dx =
ax
dx =
2 ax
e ax
a
1
x a
e ax 2 2 x 2
+
x
a
a a 2
dx =
x n e ax n
a
a
e ax
a
n 1 ax
e dx
n(n 1) x n 2
(1)n n !
n nx n1
a
a2
a n
17.25.5.
e ax
ax (ax )2 (ax )3
=
ln
+
+
+
+
dx
x
x
1 i 1! 2 i 2! 3 i3!
17.25.6.
e ax
n
dx =
a
e ax
+
n 1
(n 1) x n1
e ax
n 1
dx
if n = positivee integer
100
17.25.7.
dx
x
1
=
ln (p + qe ax )
p + qe ax
p ap
17.25.8.
dx
x
1
1
= 2 +
ln (p + qe ax )
( p + qe ax )2
p
ap( p + qe ax ) ap2
dx
+ qe ax
1
p ax
tan 1
e
q
a pq
=
e ax q /p
1
ln
ax
2a pq e + q /p
pe
ax
17.25.10.
ax
sin bx dx =
e ax (a sin bx b cos bx )
a2 + b2
17.25.11.
ax
cos bx dx =
e ax (a cos bx + b sin bx )
a2 + b2
17.25.12.
xe
17.25.13.
xe
17.25.14.
eax ln x dx =
17.25.15.
eax sin n bx dx =
e ax sin n1 bx
n(n 1)b 2 ax n 2
(
a
sin
bx
nb
co
s
bx
)
+
e sin bx dx
a2 + n2b2
a2 + n2b2
17.25.16.
eax cosn bx dx =
e ax cos n1 bx
n(n 1)b 2 ax
(a cos bx + nb sin bx ) + 2
e cos n 2 bx dx
2
2 2
a +n b
a + n2b2
17.25.9.
(26)
ax
sin bx dx =
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2
a2 + b2
ax
cos bx dx =
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2
a2 + b2
e ax ln x 1
a
a
e ax
x dx
Integrals Involving ln x
17.26.1.
ln x dx = x ln x x
17.26.2.
x ln x dx =
17.26.3.
17.26.4.
ln x
1
dx = ln 2 x
x
2
17.26.5.
ln x
ln x 1
2 dx =
x
x
x
17.26.6.
ln
17.26.7.
ln n x dx ln n+1 x
x = n +1
17.26.8.
x2
2
ln x dx =
1
ln x
2
1
x m +1
ln x
m + 1
m + 1
( If m = 1, see 17.26.4.)
x dx = x ln 2 x 2 x ln x + 2 x
dx
= ln (ln x )
x ln x
dx
ln 2 x ln 3 x
= ln (ln x ) + ln x +
+
+
2 i 2 ! 3 i 3!
ln x
17.26.9.
(m + 1)2 ln 2 x
(m + 1)3 ln 3 x
x m dx
= ln (ln x ) + (m + 1) ln x +
+
+
ln x
2 i 2!
3 i 3!
17.26.10.
17.26.11.
ln x dx = x ln
17.26.12.
ln
xn
n 1
x dx
x m +1 ln n x
n
m +1
m +1
If m = 1, see 17.26.7.
ln n x dx =
17.26.13.
ln (x
17.26.14.
ln ( x
17.26.15.
(27)
ln n 1 xdx
x
a
+ a 2 ) dx = x ln (x 2 + a 2 ) 2 x + 2a tan 1
x + a
a 2 ) dx = x ln ( x 2 a 2 ) 2 x + a ln
x a
x m ln (x 2 a 2 ) dx =
2
x m +1 ln ( x 2 a 2 )
m +1
m +1
x m+2
dx
x a2
2
17.27.1.
sinh ax dx =
17.27.2.
x sinh ax dx =
17.27.3.
x2
2
2x
2
sinh
x
ax
dx
=
a + a 3 cosh ax a 2 sinh ax
17.27.4.
sinh ax
(ax )3 (ax )5
dx = ax +
+
+
3 i3!
5 i5!
x
17.27.5.
sinh ax
sinh ax
dx =
+a
x
x2
17.27.6.
sinh ax
17.27.7.
101
dx
x cosh ax sinh ax
a
a2
cosh ax
dx
x
(See 17.28.4.)
1
ax
ln tanh
a
2
+
=
ax
sinh ax a 2
(2n + 1)!
18
1800
17.27.8.
sinh
17.27.9.
x sinh
ax dx =
2
sinh ax cosh ax x
2a
2
ax dx =
x sinh 2ax
cosh 2ax x 2
4a
4
8a 2
102
dx
coth ax
a
17.27.10.
sinh
17.27.11.
sinh ax sinh px dx =
ax
sinh (a + p) x sinh (a p) x
2(a + p)
2(a p)
x m cosh ax
a
m m 1
x cosh ax dx
a
17.27.12.
17.27.13.
sinh n ax dx =
17.27.14.
sinh ax
a
sinh ax
dx =
+
(n 1) x n 1
xn
n 1
17.27.15.
dx
n2
cosh ax
=
n
n 1
sinh ax
a(n 1) sinh ax
n 1
17.27.16.
sinh
(28)
sinh ax dx =
sinh n1 ax cosh ax
an
n 1
n
sinh
n 2
cosh ax
dx
x n 1
(See 17.28.12.)
ax dx
(See 17.28.14.)
dx
sinh
n2
ax
x dx
x cosh ax
1
n2
=
2
n
n 1
n2
ax a(n 1)sinh ax a (n 1)(n 2)sinh ax n 1
17.28.1.
cosh ax dx =
17.28.2.
x cosh ax dx =
17.28.3.
x 2 cosh ax dx =
17.28.4.
cosh ax
(ax )2 (ax )4 (ax )6
ln
+
dx
=
x
+
+
+
x
2 i 2! 4 i 4 ! 6 i 6!
17.28.5.
17.28.6.
cosh ax
x sinh ax cosh ax
a
a2
2 x cosh ax x 2
2
+
+ 3 sinh ax
2
a
a a
cosh ax
cosh ax
dx =
+a
x
x2
dx
sinh ax
dx
x
(See 17.27.4.)
2
tan 1 e ax
a
(1)n En (ax )2 n+ 2
x dx
1 (ax )2 (ax )4 5(ax )6
+
= 2
+
+ +
(2n + 2)(2n)!
8
144
cosh ax a 2
17.28.7.
17.28.8.
cosh
17.28.9.
x cosh 2 ax dx =
ax dx =
x sinh ax cosh ax
+
2
2a
x 2 x sinh 2ax
cosh 2ax
+
4
4a
8a 2
x dx
sinh
n2
ax
dx
103
tanh ax
a
17.28.10.
cosh
17.28.11.
cosh ax cosh px dx =
17.28.12.
17.28.13.
cosh
17.28.14.
cosh ax
a
cosh ax
dx =
+
xn
(n 1) x n 1
n 1
17.28.15.
sinh ax
dx
n2
=
+
n
n 1
cosh ax
a(n 1) cosh ax
n 1
17.28.16.
1
n2
x dx
x sinh ax
+
=
+
n
n 1
2
n2
cosh ax
a(n 1) cosh ax (n 1) (n 2)a cosh ax n 1
(29)
ax
cosh ax dx =
ax dx =
sinh (a + p) x
sinh (a p) x
+
2(a p)
2(a + p)
x m sinh ax
a
m m 1
x sinh ax dx
a
cosh n 1 ax sinh ax
an
n 1
n
cosh
dx
cosh
sinh ax cosh ax dx =
sinh 2 ax
2a
17.29.2.
sinh px cosh qx dx =
cosh ( p + q) x cosh ( p q) x
+
2( p + q)
2( p q)
17.29.3.
sinh
17.29.4.
sinh ax cosh ax
17.29.5.
sinh
17.29.6.
cosh ax dx =
17.29.7.
dx
sinh 4 ax x
32a
8
1
ln tanh ax
a
dx
2 coth 2ax
=
ax cosh 2 ax
a
sinh 2 ax
sinh ax 1 1
tan sinh ax
a
a
cosh 2 ax
cosh ax 1
ax
+ ln tanh
dx =
sinh ax
2
a
a
ax dx
(See 17.27.14.)
17.29.1.
ax cosh 2 ax dx =
n2
sinh ax
dx
x n 1
(See 17.27.12.)
n2
ax
x dx
cosh
n2
ax
104
(30)
17.30.1.
tanh ax dx
17.30.2.
tanh
17.30.3.
tanh3 ax dx =
17.30.4.
x tanh ax dx = a
17.30.5.
ax dx = x
1
tanh 2 ax
ln cosh ax
a
2a
+
+
2
15
105
(2n + 1)!
3
2
1
x
x tanh ax
x tanh 2 ax dx = 2 a + a 2 ln cosh ax
(1)n 1 22 n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n 1
tanh ax
(ax )3 2(ax )5
+
+
dx = ax
9
75
(2n 1)(2n)!
x
17.30.6.
17.30.7.
p + q tanh ax
17.30.8.
tanh n ax dx =
(31)
tanh ax
a
dx
px
q
ln (q sinh ax + p cosh ax )
p 2 q 2 a( p 2 q 2 )
tanh n1 ax
+ tanh n 2 ax dx
a(a 1)
17.31.1.
coth ax dx =
17.31.2.
coth
17.31.3.
coth3 ax dx =
1
coth 2 ax
ln sinh ax
a
2a
17.31.4.
x coth ax dx =
+
+
2 ax +
(2n + 1)!
9
225
a
17.31.5.
x coth
17.31.6.
17.31.7.
p + q coth ax
17.31.8.
coth n ax dx =
ax dx = x
ax dx =
coth ax
a
x 2 x coth ax
1
+ 2 ln sinh ax
2
a
a
(1)n 22 n Bn (ax )2 n1
coth ax
1 ax (ax )3
+
+
+
dx =
(2n 1)(2n)!
x
ax 3
135
dx
px
q
ln ( p sinh ax + q cosh ax )
p 2 q 2 a( p 2 q 2 )
coth n1 ax
+
a(n 1)
coth
n 2
ax dx
(32)
17.32.1.
sech ax dx = a tan
17.32.2.
sech
17.32.3.
sech
17.32.4.
x sech ax dx =
17.32.5.
x sech
17.32.6.
17.32.7.
sech n ax dx =
(33)
105
e ax
ax dx =
tanh ax
a
ax dx =
1
sech ax tanh ax
tan 1 sinh ax
+
2a
2a
(1)n En (ax )2 n+ 2
1 (ax )2 (ax )4
5(ax )6
+
+
+
2
(2n + 2)(2n)!
8
144
a 2
ax dx =
x tanh ax 1
2 ln cosh ax
a
a
(1)n En (ax )2 n
sech ax
(ax )2 5(ax )4 61(ax )6
+
dx = ln x
+
+
4
96
4320
2n(2n)!
x
sech n 2 ax tanh ax n 2
+
a(n 1)
n 1
sech
n 2
ax dx
17.33.1.
csch ax dx = a ln tanh
17.33.2.
csch
17.33.3.
csch
17.33.4.
x csch ax dx = a
17.33.5.
x csch
17.33.6.
17.33.7.
csch
ax
2
ax dx =
coth ax
a
ax dx =
csch ax coth ax
1
ax
ln tanh
2a
2a
2
2(1)n (22 n1 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1
1
(ax )3 7(ax )5
+
+ +
+
2 ax
(
2
n
+
1
)!
18
1800
ax dx =
x coth ax 1
+ 2 ln sinh ax
a
a
+
+
+
dx =
6
1080
(2n 1) (2n)!
x
ax
n
ax dx =
csch n 2 ax coth ax n 2
a(n 1)
n 1
csch
n 2
ax dx
106
(34)
17.34.1.
sinh
17.34.2.
x sinh
17.34.3.
dx
+
x>a
x
2
2i2i2 2 i 4 i 4 i 4 2i 4 i 6 i 6 i 6
4
6
2
2
ln (2 x /a) + (a /x ) 1 i 3(a /x ) + 1 i3 i5(a /x )
x < a
2
2i2i2
2 i 4 i 4 i 4 2i 4 i 6 i 6 i 6
17.34.4.
cosh a dx =
1
2
2
1
x cosh ( x /a) + x a , cosh ( x /a) < 0
17.34.5.
1
1
(2 x 2 a 2 ) cosh 1 ( x /a) x x 2 a 2 , cosh 1 ( x /a) > 0
4
4
x
x cosh 1 a dx = 1
(2 x 2 a 2 ) cosh 1 ( x /a) + 1 x x 2 a 2 , cosh 1 ( x /a) < 0
4
4
17.34.6.
x
x
x 2 + a2
x 2 a2
dx = + sinh 1 x
a
a
4
4
2
cosh 1 ( x /a)
(a /x )2 1 i 3(a /x )4 1 i 3 i 5(a /x )6
1 2
ln
(
)
=
+
+
2
+
+
dx
x
/
a
2
x
2i2i2 2i4i4i4 2i4i6i6i6
17.34.7.
tanh
17.34.8.
x tanh
17.34.9.
x
x a
dx = x tanh 1 + ln (a 2 x 2 )
a
a 2
x
ax 1 2
x
+ ( x a 2 ) tanh 1
dx =
2 2
a
a
tanh 1 ( x /a)
x ( x /a)3 ( x /a)5
+
+
dx = +
x
a
32
52
x
a
dx = x coth 1 x + ln ( x 2 a 2 )
a
2
17.34.10.
coth
17.34.11.
x coth
17.34.12.
coth 1 ( x /a)
a (a /x )3 (a /x )5
dx
x + 32 + 52 +
17.34.13.
1
1
1
x
x sech ( x /a) + a sin ( x /a), sech ( x /a) > 0
sech a dx = x sech 1 ( x /a) a sin 1 ( x /a), sech 1 ( x /a) < 0
17.34.14.
csch
x
ax 1 2
x
dx =
+ ( x a 2 ) coth 1
a
a
2 2
x
x
x
dx = x csch 1 a sinh 1
a
a
a
(+ if x > 0, if x < 0)
1
x
x m +1
x
sinh 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
17.34.15.
x m sinh 1
17.34.16.
x m +1
1
m + 1 cosh
x
x m cosh 1 a dx = x m+1
1
m + 1 cosh
107
x m +1
dx
x 2 + a2
1
x
a m +1
x
1
+
a m +1
x m +1
x 2 a2
x m +1
x a
2
17.34.17.
x m tanh 1
x
x m +1
x
a
dx =
tanh 1
a
m +1
a m +1
x m +1
a 2 x 2 dx
17.34.18.
1
x
x m +1
x
coth 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
17.34.19.
x m +1
1
m + 1 sech
x
x m sech 1 a dx = x m+1
1
m + 1 sech
17.34.20.
coth 1
x m csch 1
dx
x m +1
dx
x2
x m dx
x
a
+
a m +1
x
1
a m +1
a2 x 2
x m dx
x 2 + a2
x
x m +1
x
a
csch 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
dx
a x
2
x m dx
(+ if x > 0, if x < 0)
18
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
f ( x ) dx = lim{ f (a) x + f (a + x ) x + f (a + 2x ) x + + f (a + (n 1) x ) x}
n
f ( x ) dx =
b
d
g( x ) dx = g( x ) = g(b) g(a)
a
dx
b
a
If the interval is infinite or if f(x) has a singularity at some point in the interval, the definite integral is called
an improper integral and can be defined by using appropriate limiting procedures. For example,
18.3.
18.4.
18.5.
18.6.
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
b a
b
a
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
a a
f ( x ) dx = lim
f ( x ) dx = lim
a +
f ( x ) dx
if b is a singular point..
f ( x ) dx if a is a singulaar point.
18.7.
18.8.
18.9.
18.10.
18.11.
108
a
a
b
a
b
a
{ f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ) } dx =
b
a
f ( x ) dx
b
a
f ( x ) dx = 0
a
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
b
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
g( x ) dx h( x ) dx
a
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.12.
109
f ( x ) dx = (b a) f (c)
This is called the mean value theorem for definite integrals and is valid if f(x) is continuous in
a x b.
18.13.
f ( x ) g( x ) dx = f (c) g( x ) dx
This is a generalization of 18.12 and is valid if f(x) and g(x) are continuous in a x b and g(x) 0.
d
d
2 ( )
1 ( )
F ( x , ) dx =
2 ( )
1( )
d
d
F
dx + F (2 , ) 2 F (1 , ) 1
d
d
d
b
a
f ( x ) dx h( y0 + y1 + y2 + + yn1 )
Trapezoidal formula:
18.16.
b
a
f ( x ) dx
h
( y + 2 y1 + 2 y2 + + 2 yn1 + yn )
2 0
b
a
f ( x ) dx
h
( y + 4 y1 + 2 y2 + 4 y3 + + 2 yn 2 + 4 yn1 + yn )
3 0
18.19.
dx
=
x 2 + a 2 2a
x p1dx
=
,
1+ x
sin p
0 < p<1
x m dx
a m+1 n
=
,
x n + a n n sin[(m + 1) /n]
18.21.
x m dx
sin m
=
0 1 + 2 x cos + x 2
sin m sin
18.22.
18.20.
18.23.
a
0
dx
=
2
2
a x
2
a 2 x 2 dx =
a2
4
0 < m +1< n
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
110
18.24.
18.25.
a
0
x m (a n x n ) p dx =
x m dx
(1)r 1 a m +1 nr [(m + 1)/n]
,
=
( x n + a n )r n sin[(m + 1) /n](r 1)! [(m + 1) /n r + 1]
0 < m + 1 < nr
18.27.
18.28.
18.29.
18.30.
18.31.
18.32.
18.33.
18.34.
18.35.
0
m, n integers and m + n even
sin mx cos nx dx =
2m/ (m 2 n 2 ) m, n integers and m + n odd
/2
/2
/2
18.36.
18.37.
m, n integers and m = n
0 m, n integers and m n
cos mx cos nx dx =
ntegers and m = n
/2 m, n in
/2
m, n integers and m n
0
sin mx sin nx dx =
/2
sin 2 x dx =
sin 2 m x dx =
/2
0
sin 2 m +1 x dx =
cos 2 x dx =
/2
0
cos 2 m x dx =
/2
0
1 i 3 i 5 2 m 1
,
2 i 4 i 6 2m 2
cos 2 m +1 x dx =
2 i 4 i 6 2m
,
1 i 3 i 5 2 m + 1
( p) (q)
2 ( p + q)
/2 p > 0
sin px
dx = 0 p = 0
x
/2 p < 0
0
sin px cos qx
dx = /2
x
/4
p/2
sin px sin qx
dx =
2
x
q/2
sin 2 px
p
dx =
2
x2
1 cos px
p
dx =
2
x2
p>q>0
0< p<q
p=q>0
0 < pq
pq > 0
m = 1, 2,
m = 1, 2,
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.38.
18.39.
18.40.
18.41.
18.42.
18.43.
18.44.
18.45.
18.46.
18.47.
18.48.
x sin mx
ma
e
2
2 dx =
2
x +a
sin mx
dx = 2 (1 e ma )
x(x 2 + a2 )
2a
/2
0
2
0
2
18.52.
18.53.
18.54.
18.55.
2
a2 b2
dx
=
a + b cos x
2
a2 b2
cos 1 (b / a)
dx
=
a + b cos x
a2 b2
dx
=
(a + b sin x )2
2
0
dx
2 a
=
(a + b cos x )2 (a 2 b 2 )3/2
dx
2
=
,
1 2a cos x + a 2 1 a 2
sin ax 2 dx =
0 < a <1
sin ax n dx =
cos ax 2 dx =
1
2
a <1
a >1
m = 0, 1, 2,
2a
n >1
(1/n) cos ,
2n
na1/n
cos ax n dx =
sin x
dx =
x
a 2 < 1,
(1/n) sin ,
2n
na1/n
cos mx dx
am
,
2 =
1 2a cos x + a
1 a2
18.50.
dx
=
a + b sin x
( /a) ln (1 + a),
x sin x dx
=
1 2a cos x + a 2 ln (1 + 1/a),
cos mx
ma
e
2
2 dx =
a
2
x +a
18.56.
cos px cos qx
(q p)
dx =
2
2
x
18.49.
18.51.
cos px cos qx
q
dx = ln
x
p
111
n >1
cos x
dx =
2
x
sin x
dx =
,
2 ( p) sin ( p /2)
xp
cos x
dx =
,
2 ( p) cos ( p /2)
xp
1
2
2a
0 < p<1
0 < p<1
b2
b2
cos
sin
a
a
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
112
18.57.
18.58.
18.59.
18.60.
18.61.
18.62.
2a
b2
b2
cos
sin
+
a
a
sin 3 x
3
dx =
8
x3
sin 4 x
dx =
3
x4
tan x
dx =
x
2
/2
0
/2
0
dx
=
1 + tan m x 4
x
1 1
1
1
dx = 2 2 2 + 2 2 +
sin x
1 3
5
7
tan 1 x
1 1
1
1
dx = 2 2 + 2 2 +
x
1 3
5
7
18.64.
sin 1 x
dx = ln 2
0
2
x
18.65.
18.66.
18.67.
18.63.
1
2
cos x
1 cos x
dx
dx =
1
x
x
1
dx
1 + x 2 cos x x =
tan 1 px tan 1 qx
p
dx = ln
x
2 q
a
18.68. e ax cos bx dx = 2
0
a + b2
18.69.
18.70.
18.71.
18.72.
18.73.
e ax sin bx dx =
ax
0
ax
b
sin bx
dx = tan 1
x
a
e bx
b
dx = ln
x
a
e ax dx =
b
a2 + b2
1
2 a
e ax cos bx dx =
2
1 b /4 a
e
2 a
2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.74.
18.75.
18.76.
18.77.
18.78.
18.79.
18.80.
e x dx
x n e ax dx =
x m e ax dx =
2
( b 4 ac )/4 a
e
a
2
(n + 1)
a n+1
[(m + 1)/2]
2a ( m +1)/2
e ( ax + b/x ) dx =
e ( ax + bx +c ) dx =
1 ( b 4 ac )/4 a
b
e
erfc
2 a
2 a
e ( ax + bx +c ) dx =
113
1 2
e
2 a
ab
x dx
2
1 1
1
1
=
+
+
+
+
=
6
e x 1 12 22 32 4 2
x n1
1
1
1
dx = (n) n + n + n +
ex 1
2
3
1
For even n this can be summed in terms of Bernoulli numbers (see pages 142143).
18.81.
18.82.
x dx
2
1 1
1
1
= 2 2 + 2 2 + =
x
12
e +1 1
2
3
4
x n1
1
1
1
dx = (n) n n + n
x
e +1
2
3
1
For some positive integer values of n the series can be summed (see 23.10).
18.83.
18.84.
sin mx
m
1
1
dx = coth
4
2 2m
e 2 x 1
1
x dx
1 + x e x =
2
x
e x
dx = 12
x
18.85.
18.86.
e x
1
0 e x 1 x dx =
18.87.
18.88.
18.89.
e bx
1 b 2 + p2
dx = ln 2
x sec px
2 a + p2
ax
e bx
b
a
dx = tan 1 tan 1
x csc px
p
p
ax
ax
(1 cos x )
a
dx = cot 1 a ln (a 2 + 1)
2
x2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
114
1
0
x m (ln x )n dx =
(1)n n !
(m + 1)n+1
m > 1,
n = 0, 1, 2,
If n 0, 1, 2, replace n! by (n + 1).
18.91.
ln x
2
dx
=
0 1 + x
12
18.92.
ln x
2
dx
=
0 1 x
6
18.93.
18.94.
18.95.
18.96.
18.97.
ln (1 + x )
2
dx =
x
12
1
0
ln (1 x )
2
dx =
x
6
1
0
1
0
1
0
ln x ln (1 + x ) dx = 2 2 ln 2
ln x ln (1 x ) dx = 2
0 < p<1
xm xn
m +1
dx = ln
ln x
n +1
18.99.
18.100.
18.101.
2
e x + 1
ln
dx
=
0 e x 1
4
18.102.
e x ln x dx =
( + 2 ln 2)
4
e x ln x dx =
2
/2
0
/2
0
18.104.
18.105.
18.106.
18.107.
2
6
x p1 ln x
dx = 2 csc p cot p
1+ x
18.98.
18.103.
2
12
/2
0
(ln sin x )2 dx =
x ln sin x dx =
/2
ln sin x dx =
ln cos x dx =
/2
ln 2
2
(ln cos x )2 dx =
3
(ln 2)2 +
2
24
2
ln 2
2
sin x ln sin x dx = ln 2 1
ln (a + b sin x ) dx =
2
0
ln (a + b cos x ) dx = 2 ln (a + a 2 b 2 )
a + a2 b2
ln(a + b cos x ) dx = ln
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.108.
18.109.
18.110.
18.111.
2 ln a, a b > 0
ln (a 2 2ab cos x + b 2 ) dx =
2 ln b, b a > 0
/4
/2
a
0
115
ln (1 + tan x ) dx =
ln 2
8
1 + b cos x
1
sec x ln
dx = {(cos 1 a)2 (cos 1 b)2}
2
1 + a cos x
ln 2 sin dx = 2 +
+ 2 +
2
22
3
18.113.
18.114.
18.115.
sin ax
a
dx =
tanh
2b
2b
sinh bx
cos ax
a
sech
dx =
2b
2b
cosh bx
x dx
2
= 2
sinh ax 4 a
x n dx
2n+1 1
1
1
1
= n n+1 (n + 1) n+1 + n+1 + n+1 +
sinh ax 2 a
1
2
3
18.117.
1
sinh ax
a
dx =
csc
b 2a
2b
e bx + 1
a
sinh ax
1
dx =
cot
b
2a 2b
e bx 1
f (ax ) f (bx )
b
dx = { f (0) f ()}ln
x
a
18.120.
1
0
dx 1 1
1
x = 1 + 2 + 3 +
x
1 2
3
a
a
(a + x )m 1 (a x )n1 dx = (2a)m + n1
(m ) (n)
(m + n)
f ( x ) f ()
dx converges.
x
19
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
SOLUTION
dy
+ p( x ) y = Q( x )
dx
Pdx
= Qe
Pdx
dx + c
e
(1 n ) Pdx
= (1 n) Qe
(1 n ) Pdx
dx + c
M x + N y M x dy = c
where x indicates that the integration is to be performed with respect to x keeping y constant.
y
dy
= F
dx
x
ln x =
d
F ( ) + c
116
Copyright 2009, 1999, 1968 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
117
19.6.
y F(xy) dx + x G(xy) dy = 0
ln x =
G ( ) d
{G( ) F ( )} + c
d2y
dy
+a
+ by = 0
2
dx
dx
Case 2.
m1 = p + qi,
m2 = p qi:
where p = a/2, q = b a 2 /4 .
19.8. Linear, nonhomogeneous second
order equation
d y
dy
+a
+ by = R( x )
2
dx
dx
em x
e m x R( x ) dx
m1 m2
1
em x
e m x R( x ) dx
m2 m1
2
Case 2.
y = c1 e m x + c2 x e m x
1
+ xe m x e m x R( x ) dx
1
e m x xe m x R( x ) dx
1
Case 3.
y = e px (c1 cos qx + c2 sin qx )
+
e px sin qx px
e R( x ) cos qx dx
q
e px cos qx px
e R( x ) sin qx dx
q
118
d2y
dy
+ ax
+ by = S ( x )
2
dx
dx
d2y
dy
+x
+ ( 2 x 2 n 2 ) y = 0
2
dx
dx
y = c1 J n ( x ) + c2 Yn (x )
x2
d2y
dy
+ (2 p + 1) x
+ (a 2 x 2 r + 2 ) y = 0
dx 2
dx
y = x p c1 J q/r x r + c2 Yq/r x r
r
r
where q =
p2 2 .
d2y
dy
2x
+ n(n + 1) y = 0
dx 2
dx
y = c1 Pn ( x ) + c2 Qn ( x )