!

Department of Chemical Engineering!

University of the Philippines Diliman

Engineering Calculations!

Outline!

Units and Dimensions

Systems of Units
Operation and Conversion
Dimensional Consistency

Process Variables
Mass, volume, mole
Flow rates
Concentrations

Pressure, temperature

Units and Dimensions!

Units are important for eective communication and
standardization of measurements
The Gimli Glider Incident (23 July 1983)
Pounds vs Kilograms

Korean Air Lines MD-11 Incident (April 1999)

Meters vs Feet

The Mars Climate Orbiter Incident (23 September 1999)

Newton vs Pound-force

Units and Dimensions!

Measured quantities: value + unit
Dimension: property that can be measured
Base unit
Multiple unit
Derived unit

Units and Dimensions!

Base Dimensions

Units and Dimensions!

Base Units

Units and Dimensions!

Derived Dimensions

Units and Dimensions!

Derived Units

Units and Dimensions!

Equivalent Units

Units and Dimensions!

Crazy units!
Light year measures distance
mm Hg measures pressure
Jiy measures time
Ton of refrigeration measures power
Micromort measures risk
Ton of oil equivalent (TOE) measures energy
oAPI measures density

Operations on Units!

Conversion of Units!

12

Conversion of Units!

Conversion of Units!

Conversion of Units!

Dimensionless Quantities!

Dimensionless Quantities!

Dimensional Consistency!

Dimensional Consistency!

Dimensional Consistency!

Dimensional Consistency!

Additional Notes!
lbm vs lbf
Nm (newton x meter) vs mN (millinewton)
ms vs ms
N = 300 N
F = m (32 ms-2)

Seatwork!

Seatwork!

Questions?

25

What is a process?!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

General:
An action or event which causes changes.
Chemical Engineering:
A process is a series of operations involving the
physical, chemical, or biological transformation of
an input material for the purpose of achieving a
desired product material.

Types of Chemical Processes!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Batch process

Types of Chemical Processes!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Continuous process

Types of Chemical Processes!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Semi-continuous (Semi-batch) process

What is a (chemical) process variable?

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Any measurement used to characterize or

describe a chemical process.
The fundamental process variables:
Measurements to quantify a material or
specify a chemical composition.
Mass, Volume, and Mole
Measurements used to specify process
conditions.
Pressure and Temperature

Mass and Volume

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Conservation Law for Mass:

Matter is neither created nor destroyed
mA + mB = mT or mA + mB = mC + mD

Density and Specific Gravity

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Density ()
Ratio of mass per unit volume. Used as a
factor for inter-conversion of mass and volume.

mass g kg lbm
=
, 3, 3
volume ml m ft
Specific volume
1. Densities of gases depend on pressure and
temperature.
2. Densities of solids and liquids do not change
significantly with pressure at ordinary conditions with
pressure but change with temperature.

Density and Specific Gravity

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity

Specific Gravity (sp gr)

Ratio of two densities that of the substance
of interest to that of a reference substance.

The mole unit

Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

The specific gravity of gases frequently is

referred to air, but may be referred to other
gases. The reference substance for liquids and
solids is normally water at 4C:

The Mole Unit

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Refers to a certain number of molecules,

atoms, or sub-atomic particles.
The amount of substance that contains as
many elementary entities as there are atoms in
0.012 kg of carbon 12 1969 International
Committee on Weights and Measures
Contains Avogadros number of entities
(molecule, atom, or any particles) 6.02 x 1023
Amount of a chemical species whose mass is
equal to its molecular weight.

The Mole Unit

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity

A gmol is the standard unit for mole and

contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules or atoms.
To convert the number of moles to mass, we
make use of the molecular weight (MW):

The mole unit

Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis

If the molecular weight of H2O is 18, then:

Temperature

1 gmol contains 18 g of H2O (MW = 18 g/gmol)

1 kmol contains 18 kg of H2O (MW = 18 kg/kmol)

Pressure

1 lbmol contains 18 lbm of H2O (MW = 18 lbm/lbmol)

The Mole Unit

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Quantifying Materials in a Continuous

Chemical Process
Process Variables
Mass and volume

use flow rates to measure the amount of

materials flowing through the process:

Density and specific

gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Mass flow rate from volumetric flow rate?

Volumetric flow rate in terms of area of pipe
and average velocity of fluid?

Chemical Composition
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity

For liquids and solids: composition is on

a weight basis (unless otherwise stated)
For gases: molar basis

The mole unit

Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Mole percent and Weight (mass) percent

Concentrations
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition

Quantity of solute per fixed amount of solvent

Other methods of expressing concentration
include:
Molarity (gmol/L) and normality
(equivalents/L)
Parts per million (ppm) and parts per
billion (ppb)

Concentrations

normally used for expressing concentration of

extremely dilute solutions.

Basis

Partial pressure
a method to express the concentration of a gas

Temperature
Pressure

mixture.

Basis
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Reference for the calculations to be done

A proper choice can make a problem easier
Ask yourself
What is given?
What is to be determined?
What is the most convenient basis to
choose?

Sample Problems
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example: Mole fraction and weight (mass)

fraction
An industrial-strength drain cleaner contains 5.00
kg of water and 5.00 kg of NaOH. What are the
mass (weight) fraction and mole fraction of each
component in the bottle of water?

Sample Problems
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example: Mole fraction and weight (mass)

fraction

Sample Problems
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity

Example: Density and Specific Gravity

If dibromopentane (DBP) has a specific gravity of
1.57, what is its density in

The mole unit

(a) g/cm3?

Chemical
composition

(b) lbm/ft3?

Concentrations

(c) kg/m3?

Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Sample Problems
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis

Example: Application of Specific Gravity

In the production of a drug having a molecular
weight of 192, the exit stream from the reactor
flows at the rate of 10.5 L/min. The drug
concentration is 41.2% (in water), and the
specific gravity of the solution is 1.024. Calculate
the concentration of the drug (in kg/L) in the exit
stream, and the flow rate of the drug in kg-mol/
min.

Temperature

Pressure

Sample Problems
Process Variables
Mass and volume

Example: Application of Specific Gravity

Get density from sp gravity

Density and specific

gravity
The mole unit

Chemical
composition

Convert concentration (41.2%) to mass per volume

Concentrations
Basis

Basis: 1 min

Temperature

Pressure

Sample Problems
Process Variables
Mass and volume

Example: Average Molecular Weight of Air

Density and specific

gravity

Calculate the average molecular weight of air,

assuming that air is 21% O2 and 79% N2.

The mole unit

Choose basis: 100 lbmol or kmol air

Chemical
composition

Concentrations

Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Seatwork
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Most processes for producing highenergy-content gas or gasoline from coal include
some type of gasification step to make hydrogen
or synthesis gas. Pressure gasification is
preferred because of its greater yield of methane
and higher rate of gasification.
Given that a 50.0-kg test run of gas
averages 10.0% H2, 40.0% CH4, 30.0% CO, and
20.0% CO2, what is the average molecular weight
of the gas?

HW#2 due next mtg

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Questions?

49

HW#2 solution
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Given mole %

HW#2 solution
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Basis
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

You no doubt have heard the story of Ali Baba

and the 40 thieves. Have you heard about Ali
Baba and the 39 camels?

Basis
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

You no doubt have heard the story of Ali Baba

and the 40 thieves. Have you heard about Ali
Baba and the 39 camels?

Changing a Basis!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example
Given 1.00 mol of gas containing O2 (20%), N2
(78%), and SO2 (2%), find the composition of the
gas on an SO2-free basis, meaning gas without
the SO2 in it.

Changing a Basis!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example

Changing a Basis!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit

Basis: 100 kg coal

Residuum = 77 kg

Determine kg C and H in the residuum

Basis: 100 kmol C+H
Given mole ratio H/C=9

Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Changing a Basis!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Tabulate composition on an ash- and waterfree basis

Temperature!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or

environment.
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles in a sample of matter, expressed in
terms of units or degrees designated on a
standard scale.

Temperature!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis

Relative and Absolute Temperature Scales

Celsius and Fahrenheit
The zero value is preset at some arbitrarily defined
level.

T(F) = 1.8T(C) + 32
T(C) = (1/1.8)[T(F) 32]

Kelvin and Rankine
A temperature scale on which a reading of zero
coincides with the theoretical absolute zero (zero
entropy configuration)

Temperature
Pressure

T(K) = T(C) + 273.15

T(R) = T(F) + 459.67

Temperature!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Ex. Which is warmer, 1oC or 1oF? Which is a greater

change, 1Co or 1Fo?

Temperature!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Unit Temperature Dierence (Unit Degree)

When temperature is used as a unit dierence,
then the following relationship is used:

C = K
F = R
C = 1.8 F
K = 1.8 R
Whether temperature is used as a unit
temperature dierence must be interpreted from
the context of the equation or sentence being
examined.

Temperature!
Process Variables

Conversion

Mass and volume

Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example: Convert 100 C to (a) K, (b) F, and (c)
R.

Temperature Conversion!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example:

Temperature Conversion!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example:

Temperature Conversion!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Solution:

Temperature Conversion!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Solution:

Seatwork!
Process Variables

1.

Mass and volume

Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

2.

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area of

the surface
N/m2 or Pa; lbf/in2 or psi

Can also be expressed as the equivalent height

of a fluid column (head)
mm Hg; ft H2O

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Absolute and Relative Pressures

Absolute Pressure (PA)
Pressure measured relative to a fixed reference
point of zero pressure (vacuum).
Gauge Pressure (PG)
Pressure measured relative to the atmospheric
pressure (relative pressure). Many pressure
measurement devices measure only gauge
pressure.

Pabs = PG + Patm
Note: When using English units, absolute
pressure and gauge pressure are designated as
psia and psig, respectively.

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

The Atmospheric (Barometric) Pressure

Can vary with location, weather conditions and
other factors. Usually determined from a
barometer (barometric pressure).

The Standard Atmospheric Pressure:

Patm = 1.000 atm


= 760.0 mmHg


= 101.3 kPa


= 29.92 in Hg


= 33.91 ft H2O


= 14.7 psi (lbf/in2)

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example: Pressure Conversions

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example: Pressure Conversions

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure at the
bottom of a static (non-moving) column of water.

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Atmospheric, absolute (psia), gauge (psig),

vacuum

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example: Pressure Conversions

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example: Pressure Conversions

Pressure gauge reading = 51.0 psig
Barometer reading = 28.0 in. Hg (Patm)

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example: Hydrostatic Pressure Calculation

Pressure!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Solution:
(a) Calculation for mass (lbm):

Pressure!
Process Variables

Solution:
(b) Calculation for pressure at the tank botom
(psi):

Mass and volume

Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Pressure!
Process Variables

Solution:
Substitution of actual values in the formula:

Mass and volume

Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Pressure-measuring device: Manometer!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Used for measurement

of pressures below 3
atm.
U-shaped tube partially
filled with a fluid of known
density (manometer fluid).
Both ends of the tube are
exposed to dierent
pressures causing
dierences in the level of
the manometer fluid in
both arms.
The dierences between
pressures can be
calculated from the
measured dierence
between the liquid levels
of each arm.

Pressure-measuring device: Manometer!

Process Variables

Manometer Pressure Calculations

Based on the principle that the fluid pressure
must be the same at any two points at the same
height in a continuous fluid.

Mass and volume

Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Pressure-measuring device: Manometer!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Types of Manometer

Pressure-measuring device: Manometer!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example:
The pressure dierence between two gas tanks A
and B is measured by a U-tube manometer, with
mercury as the manometer liquid. The barometric
pressure is 700 mmHg. What are the gauge and
absolute pressures in tank A in mmHg?

Pressure-measuring device: Manometer!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Solution:

Pressure-measuring device: Manometer!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Solution:

Pressure-measuring device: Manometer!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Solution:

Pressure-measuring device: Manometer!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Example:

Pressure-measuring device: Manometer!

Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity

Solution:
Absolute pressure is below atmospheric
pressure (height is lower at the right side)

The mole unit

Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

Mice will probably not survive

Practice!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity

A pressure gauge on a welders tank gives a

reading of 22.4 psig. The barometric pressure
is 28.6 in. Hg. Calculate the absolute pressure
in the tank in

The mole unit

(a) lbf/ft2

Chemical
composition

(b) in. Hg

Concentrations

(c) N/m2

Basis
Temperature
Pressure

(d) ft water

Practice!
Process Variables
Mass and volume

Ex. The unknown fluid is exchanged with a fluid of

specific gravity (SG) = 1.1. Therefore the value of h
___________.

Atmosphere

Density and specific

gravity

A.
B.

increases
decreases

The mole unit

C.
D.

remains the same

need more information

Chemical
composition
Concentrations

7 cm
SG =1.0

6 cm
SG =0.75

Basis
Temperature
Pressure

3 cm
SG =1.0
Unknown
SG =1.5

Summary!
Process Variables
Mass and volume
Density and specific
gravity
The mole unit
Chemical
composition
Concentrations
Basis
Temperature
Pressure

By now you should have learned

The dierent processes
Quantity variables and flow rates
Density and specific gravity calculations
The concept of a mole unit
Chemical composition analysis in terms of
weight and mole fractions
Concentration expressions
How to choose an appropriate basis
How to shift/normalize a basis
Temperature scales and conversions
Pressure measurement and conversions

Questions?

93