ENG 237 Basic Elasticity and Electronics

Subject lecturer: Dr. Zhao XU

Department of Electrical Engineering
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Email: eezhaoxu@polyu.edu.hk
Room: CF632
Tel: 27666160

ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Outline

(a) Mutual inductance and Coupling

coefficient
(b) Dot convention
(c) Ideal transformer
(d) Practical transformer
(e) Use of Transformer

ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire

The magnetic field lines around a
long wire which carries an electric
current form concentric circles
around the wire.
If a wire is grasped with the thumb
of your right hand pointing in the
current direction, the fingers encircle
the wire in the direction of the
magnetic field.

ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Magnetic Field of Current Loop

Electric current in a circular

loop creates a magnetic field
which is more concentrated in
the center of the loop than
outside the loop.

ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Magnetic Field in a Solenoid

Stacking multiple loops
concentrates the field even
more into what is called a
solenoid.

ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Magnetic Field in a Bar Magnet

The lines of magnetic field from a
bar magnet form closed lines.
By convention, the field direction
is taken to be outward from the
North pole and in to the South pole
of the magnet.

ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Magnetic Field of The Earth

The earth's magnetic field is

similar to that of a bar
magnet tilted 11 degrees
from the spin axis of the
earth.

ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Electromagnets
Electromagnets are usually in the form of
iron core solenoids.
The ferromagnetic property of the iron
core causes the internal magnetic domains
of the iron to line up with the smaller
driving magnetic field produced by the
current in the solenoids.
The effect is the multiplication of the
magnetic field by factors of tens to even
thousands.
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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Coupled Inductors and Ideal Transformer

When we place two inductors in close proximity or wound

them around a single ferromagnetic core experimental
evidence shows that a change in i1 will generate a voltage v2
across the open circuit.
Each inductor is said to be magnetically coupled.
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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Dot Convention

Current entering the (un)dotted terminal of one coil produces a voltage that is
sensed positively at the (un)dotted terminal of the second coil.
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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Physical Basis of the Dot Convention

From the consideration of direction

of magnetic flux produced by each
coil, dots may be placed either on
the upper terminal of each coil or
the lower terminal of each coil.

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Coupled Inductors (1)

Faradays law:
d
v1 = N1 1
dt
d
d
= N1 11 + N1 12
(1)
dt
dt
where 1 = 11 + 12 is the total flux linking Coil 1
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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Coupled Inductors (2)

For linear magnetic materials, flux is proportional to current.
We can write flux 11 in terms of i1 and L1.

L1i1
11 =
N1

(2)

Similarly, we can write flux 12 in terms of i2 and M12 .

M 12i2
12 =
N1

(3)

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Coupled Inductors (3)

Substitute (2) and (3) into (1), we have:

d
d
v1 = L1 i1 + M 12 i2
dt
dt
Similarly, we can obtain v2 as:
d
d
v2 = L2 i2 + M 21 i1
dt
dt

In general, M12 = M21 = M

Mutual inductance of
the coupled inductors
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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Circuit Symbol for Coupled Inductor

Phasor equations:
V1 = j L1 I1 + j MI 2
V2 = j L2 I 2 + j MI1

Coupling coefficient

M2
L1 L2 = 2
k
k=

M
L1 L2

Each parameter depends

on the magnetic properties
and geometry of the core.

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Example 1 (1)
The coupled inductors have parameters: L1 = 8 H, L2 = 6 H, and
M = 4 H. Find i1(t) and i2(t) if i2(0-) = 0 and S is closed at t = 0.

In Mesh 1, applying KVL, we have:

i1 R1 + v1 = E
di
di
i1 R1 + L1 1 + M 2 = E
dt
dt
di1
di2
+4
= 36
4i1 + 8
dt
dt

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Example 1 (2)

In Mesh 2, applying KVL, we have :

i2 R2 + v2 = 0
di
di2
+M 1 =0
dt
dt
di2
di1
2i2 + 6
+4
=0
dt
dt

i2 R2 + L2

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Example 2 (1)
Find v2(t).

V1 = j16 I1 + j8 I 2
V2 = j8 I1 + j12 I 2

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Example 2 (3)
Solving for I 2 and V2 gives:
I 2 = 0.138 1410 A
V2 = 1.656 1410 V
or

v2 = 1.656 cos(4t 1410 ) V

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Ideal Transformer (1)

If the coupled inductors have unity coupling, i.e., M2 = L1L2,
or the coupling coefficient k = 1, then
v1 (t) L1 M
=
=
=a
v2 (t) M L2

Turn ratio

If the coupling coils of the inductors have infinite mutual and

self-inductances.
1
i1 (t)
=
a
i2 (t)

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Ideal Transformer (2)

Two coupled coils are said to be ideal transformer if they
satisfy:
v1 (t ) N1
=
=a
v2 (t ) N 2

i1 (t )
N
1
= 2 =
i2 (t )
N1
a

Circuit symbol

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Properties of a Transformer
1. A transformer consists of two or more coils wound on
the same core.
2. The basic property of a transformer is to change AC
voltage.
3. A transformer cannot change direct current voltage.
4. A step down transformer has a lower AC output voltage
at its secondary winding than the AC input voltage to its
primary winding.
5. Conversely, a step up transformer has a higher secondary
than primary voltage.
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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

A Transformer Circuit
The magnetic field
couples around through
the secondary coil.

A current in the primary

coil produces a magnetic
field, like a solenoid.

A voltage is induced
in the secondary coil.

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Impedance Transformation

v1
Z in =
i1
av2
Z in =
i2
a
v2
= a
i
2

= a2 Z

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Example 1
Find v1 and v2.

The equivalent resistance as

seen from the primary:
v1 =

Rpr
Rpr + 2

Rpr =

200
=8
52

vs

8
=
50 cos1000t
8+2
= 40 cos1000t V

v2 = 5 v1
= 200 cos1000t V
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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Example 2
Find the turn ratio (N1:N2) to achieve maximum transfer to
the 10 k.

The equivalent resistance as

seen from the primary:
For max. power transfer, we
want Rpr = 50 .

N1
Rpr = 10 k
N2
2

N
50 = 1 10000
N2
N
2 14
N1

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Example 3 (1)

Find Vc.
The equivalent resistance as seen from the primary:
Z

Z pr = (5 j8) 32
= 45 j72

pr
The voltage across v1 =
80 50 0
Z pr + (30 + j20)
the primary:

45 j72
80 50 0
75 j52

84.9 58 0
=
80 50 0
0
91.26 34.73
= 74.42 73.27 0

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Example 3 (2)

v1
3
74.42 73.27 0
=
= 24.80 73.27 0
3

The voltage across the secondary: v2 =

The capacitor voltage Vc:

VC =

j8
v2
5 j8

890 0
0
=

24.80

73.27
9.43 58 0
= 21.0 74.730

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Physical Structure

Small transformer construction

a) Lamination, b) Iron core with winding
The transformer laminations (or coating of shellac, enamel or
varnish) is to insulate adjacent turns from shorts between
winding.
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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

QuickTime?and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Pole Mounted
Transformer

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ENG237 Basic Electricity & Electronics I

Summary of Objectives
You should be able to:
1. Understand the dot convention and mutual inductance.
2. Analyze circuits with coupled inductors and transformer.
3. Understand the properties of ideal and linear
transformers.
4. Use transformer for impedance matching.
5. Use transformer for voltage level adjustment.

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