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Registers

Definition:
A register is a very small amount of very fast
memory that is built into the CPU (central processing unit) in
order to speed up its operations by providing quick access to
commonly used values. Registers refers to semiconductor
devices whose contents can be accessed (i.e., read and
written to) at extremely high speeds but which are held there
only temporarily.

Explanation:
Registers are used for performing the various Operations. While we are working
on the System then these Registers are used by the CPU for Performing the Operations. When
We Gives Some Input to the System then the Input will be Stored into the Registers and When
the System will gives us the Results after Processing then the Result will also be from the
Registers. So that they are used by the CPU for Processing the Data which is given by the User.
Registers Perform:1) Fetch: The Fetch Operation is used for taking the instructions those are given by the user and
the Instructions those are stored into the Main Memory will be fetch by using Registers.
2) Decode: The Decode Operation is used for interpreting the Instructions means the Instructions
are decoded means the CPU will find out which Operation is to be performed on the Instructions.
3) Execute: The Execute Operation is performed by the CPU. And Results those are produced by
the CPU are then Stored into the Memory and after that they are displayed on the user Screen.

CPU REGISTERS AND Functions of Registers


Registers are the most important components of CPU. Each register performs a specific function.
A brief description of most important CPU's registers and their functions are given below:

1. Memory Address Register (MAR):


This register holds the address of memory where CPU wants to read or write data. When CPU
wants to store some data in the memory or reads the data from the memory, it places the address
of the required memory location in the MAR.

2. Memory Buffer Register (MBR):


This register holds the contents of data or instruction read from, or written in memory. The
contents of instruction placed in this register are transferred to the Instruction Register, while the
contents of data are transferred to the accumulator or I/O register.
In other words you can say that this register is used to store data/instruction coming from the
memory or going to the memory.
3. I/O Address Register (I/O AR):
I/O Address register is used to specify the address of a particular I/O device.
4. I/O Buffer Register (I/O I3R):
I/O Buffer Register is used for exchanging data between the I/O module and the processor.
5. Program Counter (PC)
Program Counter register is also known as Instruction Pointer Register. This register is used to
store the address of the next instruction to be fetched for execution. When the instruction is
fetched, the value of IP is incremented. Thus this register always points or holds the address of
next instruction to be fetched.
6. Index Register
A hardware element which holds a number that can be added to (or, in some cases, subtracted
from) the address portion of a computer instruction to form an effective address. Also known as
base register. An index register in a computer's CPU is a processor register used for modifying
operand addresses during the run of a program.
7. Instruction Register (IR):
Once an instruction is fetched from main memory, it is stored in the Instruction Register. The
control unit takes instruction from this register, decodes and executes it by sending signals to the
appropriate component of computer to carry out the task.
8. Accumulator Register:
The accumulator register is located inside the ALU, It is used during arithmetic & logical
operations of ALU. The control unit stores data values fetched from main memory in the
accumulator for arithmetic or logical operation. This register holds the initial data to be operated
upon, the intermediate results, and the final result of operation. The final result is transferred to
main memory through MBR.

9. Stack Control Register:


A stack represents a set of memory blocks; the data is stored in and retrieved from these blocks
in an order, i.e. First In and Last Out (FILO). The Stack Control Register is used to manage the
stacks in memory. The size of this register is 2 or 4 bytes.
10. Flag Register:
The Flag register is used to indicate occurrence of a certain condition during an operation of the
CPU. It is a special purpose register with size one byte or two bytes. Each bit of the flag register
constitutes a flag (or alarm), such that the bit value indicates if a specified condition was
encountered while executing an instruction.
For example, if zero value is put into an arithmetic register (accumulator) as a result of an
arithmetic operation or a comparison, then the zero flag will be raised by the CPU. Thus, the
subsequent instruction can check this flag and when a zero flag is "ON" it can take, an
appropriate route in the algorithm.

Difference between computer architecture and computer


organization?
Computer Organization
Computer organization is an organization in
which we organize all hardwares into a system where as architecture is
explain about the functions of hardware devices
Computer Architecture
A computer's architecture is its abstract model
and is the programmer's view in terms of instructions, addressing modes and
registers. A computer's organization expresses the realization of the
architecture.
Architecture and organization are independent; you can change the
organization of a computer without changing its architecture. For example, a
64-bit architecture can be internally organized as a true 64-bit machine or as
a 16-bit machine that uses four cycles to handle 64-bit values.
The difference between architecture and organization is best illustrated by a
non-computer example. Is the gear lever in a car part of its architecture or
organization? The architecture of a car is simple; it transports you from A to

B. The gear lever belongs to the car's organization because it implements


the function of a car but is not part of that function (a car does not
intrinsically need a gear lever).

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