17 Holding Pressure and Hot Runners PDF

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Moulding masterclass | processing feature
the moulding, and this can lead in certain circumstances
Figure 1
to service failure of the part. So if higher holding
Evidence of an
pressures are used, then the moulded parts should be
anti-wear
subjected to vigorous testing to ensure that premature
insert around
failure does not occur.
a small valve
pin gate
Valve gated hot runner systems provide an additional

advantage over static or fixed probe/thermal types as the
valve pin can be prematurely actuated, allowing the gate
to be closed earlier than the designated time value. By
closing the gate early, the applied
holding pressure within the moulding
Figure 2
and in particular within the gate area can
Stringing is
be uniformly distributed to prevent over-
often the result
packing and to reduce the level of inherent stress
of poor holding
while still achieving a stable,

visually and dimensionally
feed point, as shown in Figure 2.
compliant moulding. This can

also result in a cycle time gain.
often attributed to the effect of tempera-
For thermal/static probe type gates an

extended holding pressure time value can be
ture rather than over-pressurising of the gate.

To overcome stringing, a regular choice is to use
used without damage to the probe itself.
decompression before screw recovery as well, or in
However, with a valve gate type an
conjunction with, tip temperature reduction. Moulders
extended holding pressure time of more
will often follow this path under the assumption that
than 5 seconds, particularly when using valve pins of 1.1
residual high temperatures are present in the area of
mm diameter or less, may cause the material within the
the gate. Where such actions do not overcome the
gate aperture to become compacted and the valve pin
problem, further extension of the cooling time or a
may be forced sideways upon closing. This will
temperature reduction of the cavity plate takes place.
eventually wear the gate aperture, leading to flash on
Typically, one of the last considerations is how the
the moulding. In extreme circumstances, the valve pin
holding pressure and holding pressure time values are
may be bent causing catastrophic damage to the cavity
derived.
or mould tool. For this reason, the inclusion of a
However, the presence of fibres is very often also
replaceable powdered metallic insert is often recom-
related to the visco-elastic behaviour of the molten
mended when using small valve pin diameters, see
polymer, particularly thermoplastic materials that
Figure One.
exhibit the greatest visco-elastic behaviour. Semi-
For edge gated hot runner systems the time value

needs to be quite short, as too long a time value will
cause a cold slug to form within the gate. This will
crystalline materials, particularly those of the polyolefin

family, tend to be more problematic with stringing.
The holding phase of the injection moulding cycle
restrict the flow of molten material into the cavity and
also contributes to the manner in which the heat energy
result in short shots. In such circumstances, the cause
contained in the molten core is dissipated through the
is often attributed to too low a temperature rather than
frozen layer and into the adjacent metal surface of the
too long a holding time value. With certain side gated
core and cavity. When selecting the cooling time value
systems, a semi-solid slug can be forced into the cavity
to ensure effective removal of the moulding in a
upon commencement of the next cycle.
distortion free condition, reference should therefore be
For hot runner systems that can achieve gate freeze
value selection
In such circumstances, the cause is
made to the actual values derived for the holding phase,
off by fast removal of heat, optimisation of the pressure
as such heat energy removal takes place during both
and time values can be carried out in accordance with
phases.
the principles applied to both cold and conventional hot

runner systems. A major advantage with this system is
More information
the ability to optimise the rate of heat removal in
John Goff is managing director of G&A Moulding
accordance with the pressure and time selection.
Technology. This is the seventeenth in his Moulding
A further issue often arising when optimising the
Masterclass series. Recent articles can be viewed here,
holding pressure and holding pressure time value is the
here and here.
presence of stringing (fibres of fine hairs) from the gate/
www.gandamoulding.co.uk
www.injectionworld.com
October 2011 | injection world
47

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Moulding masterclass | processing feature

the moulding, and this can lead in certain circumstances

to service failure of the part. So if higher holding

pressures are used, then the moulded parts should be

subjected to vigorous testing to ensure that premature

failure does not occur.

Valve gated hot runner systems provide an additional

and in particular within the gate area can

be uniformly distributed to prevent over-

often the result

packing and to reduce the level of inherent stress

while still achieving a stable,

feed point, as shown in Figure 2.

compliant moulding. This can

often attributed to the effect of tempera-

For thermal/static probe type gates an

ture rather than over-pressurising of the gate.

used without damage to the probe itself.

decompression before screw recovery as well, or in

However, with a valve gate type an

conjunction with, tip temperature reduction. Moulders

extended holding pressure time of more

will often follow this path under the assumption that

than 5 seconds, particularly when using valve pins of 1.1

residual high temperatures are present in the area of

mm diameter or less, may cause the material within the

the gate. Where such actions do not overcome the

gate aperture to become compacted and the valve pin

problem, further extension of the cooling time or a

may be forced sideways upon closing. This will

temperature reduction of the cavity plate takes place.

eventually wear the gate aperture, leading to flash on

Typically, one of the last considerations is how the

the moulding. In extreme circumstances, the valve pin

holding pressure and holding pressure time values are

may be bent causing catastrophic damage to the cavity

or mould tool. For this reason, the inclusion of a

However, the presence of fibres is very often also

replaceable powdered metallic insert is often recom-

related to the visco-elastic behaviour of the molten

mended when using small valve pin diameters, see

polymer, particularly thermoplastic materials that

exhibit the greatest visco-elastic behaviour. Semi-

For edge gated hot runner systems the time value

crystalline materials, particularly those of the polyolefin

restrict the flow of molten material into the cavity and

also contributes to the manner in which the heat energy

result in short shots. In such circumstances, the cause

contained in the molten core is dissipated through the

is often attributed to too low a temperature rather than

frozen layer and into the adjacent metal surface of the

too long a holding time value. With certain side gated

core and cavity. When selecting the cooling time value

systems, a semi-solid slug can be forced into the cavity

to ensure effective removal of the moulding in a

upon commencement of the next cycle.

distortion free condition, reference should therefore be

For hot runner systems that can achieve gate freeze

In such circumstances, the cause is

made to the actual values derived for the holding phase,

off by fast removal of heat, optimisation of the pressure

as such heat energy removal takes place during both

E=DID/BtCC:G