Engi-3434

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Dr. Charles Xu @ Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University

Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics

Instructor:

Dr. Charles Xu, P.Eng.

Associate Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Office: CB 1043
Phone: 343-8761
E-mail: cxu@lakeheadu.ca

Office Hours:

Wednesday, 2-4 PM

Lectures:

Monday & Wednesday 10:00 AM 11:30 AM

AT-2005

Tutorials:

Friday 2:30 PM 4:00PM, starting from the 2nd week

of the lecture
SN-2011

Course Website:

http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~cxu/Engi3434.htm

Required Textbook

Introduction to
Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics
Seventh Edition

Smith Van Ness Abbott

Topics to be Discussed

Introduction and Fundamentals of Thermodynamics (Chapter 1)

The First Law of Thermodynamics for Close and Open Systems
(Chapter 2)
Equation of State (Chapter 3)
Heat Effects (Chapter 4)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Chapter 5)
Thermodynamic Properties of (Pure) Fluid (Chapter 6)
Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (Chapter 10)
Theory of Solution Thermodynamics (Chapter 11)
Chemical Reaction Equilibrium (Chapter 13)

Grading

In-class Quizzes
Assignments
Midterm Examination
Final Examination

10%
0%*
30%
60%

* Solutions will be posted on the course website.

About the Course Notes

All course notes (EXCEPT for solutions to some
example problems) will be available on the course
website:
Course Website: http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~cxu/Engi3434.htm

Please download, print out and study the course notes

before the lecture time and complete the notes if needed
during the lecture time.
5

Course Policy Statement

Quizzes:
Quizzes will be given in class at randomly times throughout the course to
reinforce lecture and assignments concepts. The average of the quizzes
counts 10% of the overall grade. No make-up quizzes will be given expect
that a valid written excuse (e.g., a doctors note, etc.) will be submitted and
approved by the instructor.

Assignments:
About 4 ~ 5 assignments will be given during the course. The solutions will be
posted on the course website. Thus the assignments will not be marked. .

Why to Study Thermodynamics?

A Chemical Engineer imaged by the Instructor

Mass &
Heat Transfers
Chemistry
Fluid Dynamics
Process Control
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1.1 The Scope of Thermodynamics

Heat and work required for physical and

chemical processes
Measurement, estimation, and correlation of
thermodynamic properties
Transfer of chemical species between phases
Equilibrium conditions for chemical reactions

Thermodynamics does NOT discuss the rates

of chemical or physical processes!

Some Basic Relations in Thermodynamics

E t = Q + W + E ( flow) + E ( gen)

First law:
Second law:

S t =

Q
+ S ( flow) + S ( gen)
T

Phase equilibrium relations:

f$i = f$i = = f$i

Chemical reaction equilibrium:

i

RT ln K = G

f
K = i0
f
i

1.2 Dimensions & Units

Dimension

SI Unit

Time

second, s

Distance

meter, m

Mass

kilogram, kg

Temperature Kelvin, K

Amount of
substance

gram mole,
g mole

English Unit

foot, ft
(1 ft = 0.3048 m)
(1 m = 3.28084 ft)
pound mass, lbm
(1 lbm = 0.4536 kg)
(1 kg = 2.2046 lbm)
Rankine, R
T(R) = 1.8 T (K)

pound mole, lb mol

(1 lb mol = 453.59 g
mol)

Reference for SI Unit

The duration of 9,192,631,770
cycles of radiation associated with
radioactive decay of the Cesium
atom
Distance that light travels in a
vacuum during 1/299,792,458 of a
second
Mass of a platinum/iridium alloy
cylinder kept in the International
Bureau of Weights and Measures at
Sevres, France
1/276.16 of the thermodynamic
temperature of the triple point of
water (i.e. the state of water in
which liquid, solid and vapor
coexist at equilibrium)
Amount of substance that contains
as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12
(6.0221023, which is Avogadro's
number)
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Dimensions & Units

(Contd)

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1.3 Measures of Amount and Size

Three basic measures
Mass, m (kg)
Number of moles, n (mol)
Total volume, Vt (m3)

Four derivatives
Specific volume,

Vt
m

(m3/kg)

Molar volume,

Vt
n

(m3/mol)

Specific density,

Molar density,

m 1 (kg/m3)
=
Vt V
1
n
3
t = (mol/m )
V
V

12

1.4 Force
Newtons 2nd Law (SI units):

F = ma

Where: F is force (Newton, N = kg ms-2), defined as that force

which accelerates 1 kg mass 1.0 ms-2
m is mass (kg)
a is acceleration (ms-2), 1 ms-2 = 3.2808 (ft)(s)-2.
The acceleration of gravity a = g = 9.81 ms-2

Newtons 2nd Law (English units): F = 1 ma

gc

Where: F is pound force (lbf). 1 lbf represents the force

that accelerates 1 lbm mass at a = 32.1740 (ft)(s)-2
m is mass (lbm)
a is acceleration (fts-2)
gc = 32.1740 (lbm)(ft)(lbf)-1(s)-2

1 lbf = 4.448 N

Can you prove it?

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1.5 Temperature

Temperature Scales

The Celsius scale: 0C and 100C correspond to the ice point (freezing point) and
the steam point (boiling point) of pure water at standard atmospheric pressure.
The Fahrenheit scale:

t (F ) = 1.8t (C ) + 32

or t (C ) = [t (F ) 32]5/9

The Kelvin scale (absolute temperature): T (K) = t (C ) + 273.15

The Rankine scale:

Anders Celsius
(1701-1744)

William Thomson
(1824-1907)
The Kelvin scale

T (R) = 1.8 T (K)

T (R) = t (F ) + 459.67

Daniel Gabriel
Fahrenheit (1686-1736)

William John
Macquorn Rankine
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(1820-1872)

Example 1.1
An astronaut weighs 730 N in Houston, Texas, where the local acceleration of
gravity is g = 9.792 ms-2. What are the astronauts mass and weight on the
moon where g = 1.67ms-2.
(a) Solve the problem in SI units.
(b) What are acceleration of gravities in English units in Houston and on the moon?
(c) Solve the problem in English units.
Solutions
(a) Solution in SI units
Newtons 2nd Law (SI units):

F = ma

When a = g, the force from the Newtons law is the force of gravity or weight, i.e.,

F = mg
m=

730 N
730 kgms -2
F
=
=
= 74.55kg
2
g 9.792 ms
9.792 ms 2

Mass is independent of location, but the weight depends on the location (with different
local accelerations of gravity)! Thus
The mass on the moon is the same as in Houston, i.e., m (moon) = 74.55 kg
The weight on the moon is
15

F (Moon) = mg (moon) = 74.55kg 1.67 ms -2 = 124.5 kgms 2 = 124.5 N

Example 1.1 (Contd)

(b) g in English units
Conversion factors of SI units to English units

1 m = 3.2808 (ft)
m 3.2808 ft

= 32.13 ft / s 2
1m
s2
g on the Moon is g = 1.67 m 3.2808 ft = 5.48 ft / s 2
1m
s2
g in Houston is g = 9.792

(c) Solution in English units

1 lb f = 4.448 N 1 N = 0.225 (lb f )

Weight of astronaut in Houston is
Newtons 2nd Law (English units):

m (Moon) = m (Houston) =
F (Moon) =

F = 730 N
1
F=
ma
gc

0.225 lb f
= 164.1 lb f
1N

F gc
164.1 (lb f ) 32.1740 (lb m )(ft)(lb f ) -1 (s) -2
=
= 164.3 (lb m )
g (Houston)
32.13 (ft)(s) 2

164.3 (lb m ) 5.48 (ft)(s) 2

m(Moon) g (Moon)
=
= 27.98 (lb f )
gc
32.1740 (lb m )(ft)(lb f ) -1 (s) -2

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