1.

Objectives of this survey work

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

To describe travers measurement method and uses data from the total station
To measure the distance and bearing of each point.
To calculate positional misclosure and width area.
To identify and determine the travers class.

2.0

Equipments

2.1

Total Station

A total station or TST (total station theodolite) is an electronic/optical instrument used

in

modernsurveyingandbuilding

construction.

The

total

station

is

an

electronictheodolite(transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter(EDM) to read

slope distances from the instrument to a particular point
A standard transit is basically a telescope with cross-hairs for sighting a target; the
telescope is attached to scales for measuring the angle of rotation of the telescope
(normally relative to north as 0 degrees) and the angle of inclination of the telescope
(relative to the horizontal as 0 degrees). After rotating the telescope to aim at a target, one
may read the angle of rotation and the angle of inclination from a scale. The electronic
transit provides a digital read-out of those angles instead of a scale; it is both more
accurate and less prone to errors arising from interpolating between marks on the scale or

from mis-recording. The readout is also continuous; so angles can be checked at any
time.
2.2

Prism

The other part of a total station, the electronic distance measuring device or EDM,
measures the distance from the instrument to its target. The EDM sends out an infrared
beam which is reflected back to the unit, and the unit uses timing measurements to
calculate the distance traveled by the beam. With few exceptions, the EDM requires that
the target be highly reflective, and a reflecting prism is normally used as the target. The
reflecting prism is a cylindrical device about the diameter of a soft-drink can and about
10 cm. in height; at one end is a glass covering plate and at the other is a truncated cone
with a threaded extension. It is normally screwed into a target/bracket on the top of a
pole; the pointed tip of the pole is placed on the points to be surveyed.

2.3

Tripod

The total station is mounted on a tripod and leveled before use. Meanwhile, the prism is
mounted on a pole of known height; the mounting bracket includes aids for aiming the
instrument. The prism is mounted so that its reflection point is aligned with the center of
the pole on which it has been mounted. Although the tip of the pole is placed on the point
to be surveyed, the instrument must be aimed at the prism. So it will calculate the
position of the prism, not the point to be surveyed. Since the prism is directly above the
tip, the height of the pole may be subtracted to determine the location of the point. That
may be done automatically. (The pole must be held upright, and a bubble level is attached
to give the worker holding the pole a check)

2.4

Field Work Book

To record all the required and relevant data from the field work

2.5

Nail/Picket

Us as the marker to mark a point station on the ground ( earth surface)

3.0

Procedure

1. The prism was set up at station 1 and station 2, while total station was set up at station
3.
2. The instrument was ensured centred and levelled.
3. The instrument was set to the required datum which was station 3, where the bearing
was given.
4. The bearing and distance reading of face left horizontal to back sight station was
recorded.
5. The instrument and sight foresight station was turned.
6. The bearing and distance reading of face left horizontal to foresight station was
recorded.
7. The instrument was transited from face left to face right.
8. The bearing of required datum was set to back sight station.
9. The bearing and distance reading of face left horizontal to back sight station was
recorded.
10. The instrument was turned to face foresight station.
11. The reading of face left horizontal was recorded to foresight station.
12. The mean bearing of foresight station was recorded.
13. The instrument was moved to the next station (foresight station).
14. The next traverse line bearing were respect or correspond to the previous mean
bearing.

4.0

Data
Purata
1)

( 320' 42' 38' 180 ) +140' 42' 33 '

2

= 140 42 35.5

2)

3)

4)

( 238' 00' 47' 180 ) +58' 00 ' 55'

2

=58' 0 ' 51'

( 141' 18' 31' +180 ) +321' 18 ' 26'

2

( 40' 54 ' 56 ' +180 ) + 220' 54 ' 36'

2

=321' 18' 28.5'

=220' 54 ' 46 '

Bearing Muktamad

Final average bearing, Z = 220 54 46

First face right bearing = 220 51 06
Total station = 4

Bearing correction, C

= 220 54 46 220 51 06 / 4

= 0 0 55

1)

140 42 35.5 0 0 55(1) = 140 41 40.5

2)

58' 0 ' 51'

3)

321' 18' 28.5'

4)

220' 54 ' 46 '

- 0 0 55(2) = 57 59 01
- 0 0 55(3) = 321 15 43.5
- 0 0 55(4) = 220 51 06

Latit Calculation
1)

cos(140 41 40.5) x 21.606m = -16.718

2)

cos(57 59 01) x 20.935m = 11.099

3)

cos(321 15 43.5) x 27.904m = 21.766

4)

cos(220 51 06) x 21.357m = -16.155

Latit difference = -8 X 10

Dipat Calculation
1)

sin(140 41 40.5) x 21.606m = 13.686

2)

sin(57 59 01) x 20.935m = 17.751

3)

sin(321 15 43.5) x 27.904m = -17.461

4)

sin(220 51 06) x 21.357m = -13.97

Dipat difference = 6 X 10

Total Distance = 91.802 m

Positional Misclosure

1;

of all distance
( latit diff ) 2+ ( dipat differ ) 2

91.802
(8 x 103)2 +(6 x 103)2

1;

1 ; 9180.2

this tranvers is wellbelow for first class order survey because

of the range 8000 2 5000

Latit Correction
1)

8 X 10
91.802

3
x 21.606 = 1.883x 10

2)

8 X 10
91.802

3
x 20.935 = 1.824x 10

3)

8 X 10
91.802

3
x 27.904 = 2.432x 10

4)

8 X 10
91.802

3
x 21.357 = 1.861x 10

Dipat Correction
1)

6 X 10
91.802

x 21.606 = 1.412x 10

2)

6 X 10
91.802

x 20.935 = 1.368x 10

6 X 10
3) 91.802

x 27.904 = 1.824x 10

6 X 10
91.802

x 21.357 = 1.396x 10

4)

Latit Corrected
3

1) (-16.718) + 1.883x 10
3

2) 11.099 + 1.824x 10

= -16.716

= 11.101

3
3) 21.766 + 2.432x 10

= 21.768

3
4) (-16.155) + 1.861x 10

= -16.153

Dipat Corrected
3
1) 13.686 - 1.412x 10

= 13.685

3
2) 17.751 - 1.368x 10

= 17.750

3
3) (-17.461) - 1.824x 10 = -17.463

3
4) (-13.97) - 1.396x 10 = -13.971

2X Latit
1) -16.716
2) (-16.716)+(-16.716)+11.101 = -22.331
3) (-22.331)+11.101+21.768 = 10.538
4) 10.538+21.768+(-16.153) = 16.153

2X Dipat
1) 13.685
2) 13.685+13.685+17.750 = 45.120
3) 45.120+17.750+(-17.463) = 45.407
4) 45.407+(-17.463)+(-13.971) = 13.973

2XL X D

1) -16.716 x 13.685 = -228.758

2) -22.331 x 17.750 = -396.375
3) 10.538 x -17.463 = -184.025
4) 16.153 x -13.971 = -225.674 (total 2xlxd = -1034.382)

2XD X L
1) 13.685 x -16.716 = -228.758
2) 45.120 x 11.101 = 500.877
3) 45.407 x 21.768 = 988.420
4) 13.973 x -16.153 = -225.706 (total 2xdxl = 1034.833)

Width
1034.833 + 1034.382 = 2069.215
= 2069.215/2
= 1034.6075

1034.6075
=517.304
2

5.0

Discussion
Total station is a surveying equipment combination of Electromagnetic Distance
Measuring Instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor,
electronic data collector and storage system. The instrument can be used to measure
horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance of object to the instrument.A
total station is an electronic laser that measures and computes distances using simple
mathematics and timing. The total station sends an infrared laser that is reflected from a
prism and sent back to the total station. The time that it takes the laser to reach the sire
and return determines the slope distance to that point.
The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the
conventional surveying instruments. Firstly, Field work is carried out very fast. Second,
Accuracy of measurement is high. Thirdly, Manual errors involved in reading and
recording are eliminated. Next, Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate.
In this Total Station lab works, it is conducted on the field that located beside the
FPTP faculty. The referenceboundarypoint that weusedisdatum4050 50. This
measurement is done byusing closed traverse and to mark the area of traverse work, 4
nails is used and every distance of the nail Is less than 30m from each other. After
obtaining all the bearing, we then proceed by calculating the average bearing, final

bearing, the latitude (latit) and departure (dipat), the positional misclosure, the corrected
latitude and departure and area. In our traverse calculation, we found out that our
positional misclosure is 1:9180.2. Our lab work can be categorized as the first class
category of works.
In this traverse work, there are some error might occur and makes our
measurement may not accurate. These errors such as the total station and prism did not
set up properly. When the total station and prism did not well set up, the reading will
misread thus create error because the total station is not level. The others factor that
creating error is the unstable condition of the soil either itstoo soft or hard. After the
tripod has been setting up in the unstable soil, it will slowly sink into the ground thus
creating error in the total station and prism. The bubble will no longer in the center of the
circle. The defect in the total station and prism that been used in the traverse work also
create error in the reading. The refraction in the total station also creates error in the
readings. The mistakein bookingand readingsalso create error. For our lab work, we
proceed with care and cautions. The bearing that we have got only have a slight
difference from the exact bearing.

6.0

Conclusion
Survey can be made in order to determine the correct location of land boundaries
with respect to deed descriptions. They can also inform you of the area of the land
described, and any physical encroachments onto the property, or onto any adjacent
property. It may also establish new lines dividing your land into smaller parcels if you so
desire, or represent the topography of the land. Surveying and land surveying is the
measurement and mapping of our surrounding environment using mathematics,
specialized technology and equipment such as using a Total Station.
Surveyors play an integral role in land development, from the planning and design
of land subdivisions through to the final construction of building, utilities and
landscaping. Surveyors are the first people on any construction site, measuring and
mapping the land. These primary measurements are then used by architects to understand
and make the most of the unique landscape when designing and engineers to plan
structures accurately and safely, ensuring buildings not only fit with the landscape but are
able to be constructed anything on the land, in the sky or on the ocean bed.
For the conclusion, Total Station electronic surveying system are that it computes
the horizontal distance measured, average of multiple angles measured and average of the
sloping distance. As an electronic device, it is able to store all data collected in the field
for later use. Technology allows the Total Station to find its position down to less than a

meter of accuracy. Traditional means always required a line of sight between the two
points being measured. This could have been obscured by trees, topography or many
other factors. The station uses scanning electro-optical technology to estimate distance
and do calculations. It also has image capture technology that can capture images from
the survey sight for later use. The user can operate the station remotely while at the target
point. This gives greater flexibility in use of the station, and increases surveyor
productivity.
Lastly, using of Total Station in order to get some data is gives many advantages
itself. Its easy to work compared to other instrument. After the field jobs are finished, the
map of the area width dimension is ready after the data transferred. Its reduce the time
and its also measure up to 3 to 5 kilometer distance. The combination makes possible to
determine the coordinates of a reflector aligning the instrument cross hairs on the
reflector and simultaneously measuring the vertical and horizontal angles and slope
distance.