Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
No 1/2006
ISSN 1725-2237
No 1/2005
Cover: EEA
Layout: EEA
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Contents
Contents
Acknowledgements..................................................................................................... 4
Executive summary..................................................................................................... 5
1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 7
2 Methodology........................................................................................................... 9
3 Emissions............................................................................................................. 10
4 Urban and local scale air quality........................................................................... 11
4.1 Reference year (2000) and validation against measurements..................................11
4.2 Scenarios........................................................................................................25
5 Conclusions and future work................................................................................ 31
6 References........................................................................................................... 33
Annex A..................................................................................................................... 35
SEC project layout...................................................................................................35
Annex B..................................................................................................................... 38
Annex C..................................................................................................................... 44
Emissions calculations..............................................................................................44
C1 Urban scale......................................................................................................44
C2 Local scale.......................................................................................................44
Annex D.................................................................................................................... 48
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Executive summary
Executive summary
(1) According to Directive 1999/30/EC, in 2010 the limit values to be met for NO2 are 40 g/m3 (annual average) and 200 g/m3
(hourly average not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year) whereas for PM10 the indicative limit values are 20 g/m3 (annual
average) and 50 g/m3 (daily average not to be exceeded more that 7 days a year).
Executive summary
Introduction
1 Introduction
Introduction
Methodology
2 Methodology
(2) Antwerp, Athens, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Budapest, Copenhagen, Gdansk, Graz, Helsinki, Katowice, Lisbon, London, Marseilles,
Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome, Stuttgart and Thessaloniki.
(3) Assumptions on technologies adopted and efficiencies of control technologies in the MFR scenario are available from the RAINS
website: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web-apps/tap/RainsWeb/ under the scenario CP_MFR_Nov04(Nov04).
Emissions
3 Emissions
10
TW
HE
AT
RC
BA
RL
BE
BR
Measurements
I
T
E
E
A
S
S
G
US UDA O P
AN RAZ ELS ATO ISB
M TU HE
ND AR
IL PAR RA
L
M
H
S
T
C
P
K
LO
B
M
RO
GD G
OFIS
Average
11
Figure 4.2 Mean annual NOX urban background concentrations (g/m3) in 20 European cities:
range of OFIS model results for the reference year 2000 compared to the range of
observations and average value of all stations
Concentration (g/m)
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Measurements
12
OFIS
PA
RI
PR
AG
RO
M
E
ST
U
T
TH
ES
IL
A
RA
Z
H
EL
S
KA
TO
LI
SB
LO
N
D
M
AR
S
D
AN
PE
D
A
CO
BU
BR
U
BE
R
H
E
BA
RC
AT
AN
TW
Average
Figure 4.3 Mean annual PM10 urban background concentrations (g/m3) in 20 European cities:
range of OFIS model results for the reference year 2000 compared to the range of
observations and average value of all stations
Concentration (g/m)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
AN
TW TH
A
RC
BA
RL
BE
BR
I
T
E
E
A
S
G
ES
US UDA OP
AN RAZ ELS ATO ISB
M TU
ND AR
IL PAR RA
L
M
H
S
TH
C
P
K
LO
B
M
RO
GD G
Measurements
OFIS
Average
Figure 4.4 Mean annual PM2.5 urban background concentrations (g/m3) in 20 European cities:
range of OFIS model results for the reference year 2000 compared to the range of
observations and average value of all stations
Concentration (g/m)
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
AN
TW
HE
AT
BA
RC
RL
BE
Measurements
BR
US
BU
DA
CO
PE
GD
AN
GR
AZ
HE
LS
KA
TO
OFIS
SB
LI
LO
ND
AR
IL
PA
RI
PR
AG
RO
UT
ST
TH
ES
Average
13
14
Figure 4.5 Number of daily exceedances of the 50 g/m3 limit value for PM10 in 20 European
cities: OFIS model results for the city centre and the suburbs compared to
observations
ANTW (1)
ATHE (3)
BARC (1)
BERL (5)
BRUS (6)
BUDA (1)
COPE (1)
GDAN (6)
GRAZ (3)
HELS (1)
KATO (4)
LISB (4)
LOND (8)
MARS (3)
MILA (3)
PARI (6)
PRAG (5)
ROME (1)
STUT (7)
THES (2)
50
Station data
Note:
100
OFIS suburbs
150
200
OFIS centre
The number of urban background stations available in each city is noted in brackets.
15
16
Figure 4.6 Mean annual NO2 street increments (g/m3) for the reference year 2000 in
20 European cities: model results for the narrow canyon case compared to
observations
Concentration (g/m)
60
50
40
30
20
10
ES
TH
E
M
U
ST
AG
RO
PR
RI
PA
IL
D
A
CO
PE
G
D
AN
G
RA
Z
H
EL
S
KA
TO
LI
SB
LO
N
D
M
AR
S
S
U
BU
RL
BR
RC
BE
E
H
BA
AT
AN
TW
Measured
Modelled
Figure 4.7 Mean annual NOX street increments (g/m3) for the reference year 2000 in
20 European cities: model results for the narrow canyon case compared to
observations
Concentration (g/m)
300
250
200
150
100
50
Modelled
PA
RI
PR
AG
RO
M
E
ST
U
T
TH
ES
IL
A
U
S
BU
D
A
CO
PE
G
D
AN
G
RA
Z
H
EL
S
KA
TO
LI
SB
LO
N
D
M
AR
S
RL
BR
RC
BE
E
H
BA
AT
AN
TW
Measured
17
Figure 4.8 Mean annual PM10 street increments (g/m3) for the reference year 2000 in
20 European cities: model results for the narrow canyon case compared to
observations
Concentration (g/m)
30
25
20
15
10
Modelled
18
ES
TH
U
ST
M
RO
PR
A
RI
PA
AR
S
M
IL
A
SB
LO
N
TO
Measured
LI
KA
EL
H
RA
PE
AN
D
G
CO
D
A
BU
U
BR
RL
BE
RC
E
H
BA
AT
AN
TW
Figure 4.9 Mean annual PM2.5 street increments (g/m3) for the reference year 2000 in
20 European cities: model results for the narrow canyon case compared with
observations
Concentration (g/m)
12
10
ES
TH
U
T
RI
AG
ST
RO
PR
IL
A
PA
AR
M
LO
N
TO
LI
SB
KA
EL
H
RA
Z
AN
PE
G
D
CO
BU
RL
Modelled
BR
U
RC
BE
BA
H
AT
AN
TW
Measured
19
Figure 4.10 Number of hourly NO2 exceedances of the 200 g/m3 limit value in 20 European
cities for the narrow canyon case
ANTW (1)
ATHE (6)
BARC (11)
BERL (7)
BRUS (1)
BUDA (1)
COPE (2)
GDAN (0)
GRAZ (1)
HELS (3)
KATO (1)
LISB (5)
LOND (10)
MARS (1)
MILA (5)
PARI (4)
PRAG (6)
ROME (9)
STUT (2)
THES (3)
0
20
Station data
Note:
20
40
60
80
100
OSPMn
The number of urban traffic stations available in each city is noted in brackets.
120
140
160
180
Figure 4.11 Number of daily PM10 exceedances of the 50 g/m3 limit value in 20 European
cities for the narrow canyon case
ANTW (2)
ATHE (4)
BARC (9)
BERL (5)
BRUS (0)
BUDA (1)
COPE (1)
GDAN (0)
GRAZ (1)
HELS (4)
KATO (1)
LISB (2)
LOND (5)
MARS (1)
MILA (4)
PARI (1)
PRAG (6)
ROME (2)
STUT (2)
THES (2)
0
50
Station data
Note:
100
150
200
250
300
OSPMn
The number of urban traffic stations available in each city is noted in brackets.
21
Figure 4.12 Mean annual NO2, NOX, PM10 and PM2.5 street increments (g/m3) in six European
cities for a narrow street canyon with 20 000 vehicles per day, assuming a HDV %
of 7 % and 15 %
Concentration (g/m3)
NO2
Concentration (g/m3)
60
NOX
200
50
150
40
30
100
20
50
10
0
0
ATHE
BERL
7 % HDV
MILA
ROME
STUT
ATHE
THES
15 % HDV
Concentration (g/m3)
16
BERL
7 % HDV
MILA
Concentration (g/m3)
14
PM10
14
ROME
STUT
THES
STUT
THES
15 % HDV
PM2.5
12
12
10
10
8
6
4
ATHE
BERL
7 % HDV
22
MILA
ROME
STUT
THES
15 % HDV
ATHE
BERL
7 % HDV
MILA
ROME
15 % HDV
4.1.2.2
Figure 4.13 Mean annual PM10 street increments (g/m3) for the reference year 2000 in 20
European cities: model results for the narrow, square and wide canyons compared
to observations
Concentration (g/m)
30
25
20
15
10
OSPMn
OSPMs
OSPMw
ES
TH
U
ST
M
RO
PR
AG
PA
RI
M
IL
A
AR
S
N
LO
SB
LI
TO
KA
S
EL
H
RA
AN
D
G
PE
CO
D
BU
BR
U
RL
BE
RC
BA
E
H
AT
AN
TW
Measured
23
Figure 4.14 Number of daily PM10 exceedances of the 50 g/m3 limit value in 20 European
cities for the narrow, square and wide canyons for the reference year 2000
ANTW (2)
ATHE (4)
BARC (9)
BERL (5)
BRUS (0)
BUDA (1)
COPE (1)
GDAN (0)
GRAZ (1)
HELS (4)
KATO (1)
LISB (2)
LOND (5)
MARS (1)
MILA (4)
PARI (1)
PRAG (6)
ROME (2)
STUT (2)
THES (2)
0
50
Station data
Note:
24
100
150
OSPMn
The number of urban traffic stations available in each city is noted in brackets.
200
OSPMs
250
300
OSPMw
4.2 Scenarios
4.2.1 Street increments for 2030
In Figures 4.15 to 4.18, the street increments for the
hypothetical narrow canyon (height 15 m, width
10 m and a traffic volume of 20 000 vehicles per
day for the reference year 2000) are compared to
the projected increments, according to the CLE and
MFR scenarios (see Annex C and Cofala et al., 2005
for details).
Figure 4.15 NO2 annual mean street increments for cities across Europe in 2000 compared to
the projected street increment in 2030
Concentration (g/m)
50
40
30
20
10
0
ANTW ATHE BARC
Note:
LISB
CLE
THES
MFR
The increments were calculated for the narrow canyon case using the CLE and MFR scenarios.
25
Figure 4.16 NOX annual mean street increments for cities across Europe in 2000 compared to
the projected street increment in 2030
Concentration (g/m)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
ANTW ATHE BARC BERL BRUS COPE GRAZ HELS
LISB
CLE
MFR
Figure 4.17 PM10 annual mean street increments for cities across Europe in 2000 compared to
the projected street increment in 2030
Concentration (g/m)
16
14
12
10
0
ANTW ATHE BARC
LISB
26
CLE
The increments were calculated for the narrow canyon case using the CLE and MFR scenarios.
THES
MFR
Figure 4.18 PM2.5 annual mean street increments for cities across Europe in 2000 compared to
the projected street increment in 2030
Concentration (g/m)
12
10
0
ANTW ATHE BARC BERL
Reference year (2000)
Note:
LISB
LOND MARS
MILA
CLE
MFR
The increments were calculated for the narrow canyon case using the CLE and MFR scenarios.
27
Figure 4.19 NO2 annual mean air quality at regional scale (EMEP), urban scale (OFIS) and
street scale (OSPM) for cities across Europe in the reference year (2000) and the
CLE and MFR scenarios
Concentration (g/m)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
ATHE
BARC
BERL
HELS
LISB
LOND
Urban
Local
RE
F
CL
M E
FR
RE
F
CL
E
M
FR
RE
F
CL
E
M
FR
RE
CLF
ME
FR
RE
CLF
ME
FR
RE
F
CL
E
M
FR
RE
CL F
ME
FR
ROME
Regional
Figure 4.20 PM10 annual mean air quality at regional scale (EMEP), urban scale (OFIS) and
street scale (OSPM) for cities across Europe in the reference year (2000) and the
CLE and MFR scenarios
Concentration (g/m)
50
40
30
20
10
ATHE
BARC
Local
Note:
28
BERL
HELS
Urban
LISB
Natural
LOND
RE
CL F
E
M
FR
RE
CL F
ME
FR
RE
F
CL
ME
FR
RE
F
CL
E
M
FR
RE
F
CL
E
M
FR
RE
F
CL
E
M
FR
RE
CL F
ME
FR
ROME
Regional
The 'Natural' contribution refers to the constant value of 17 g/m3, which accounts for PM sources such as windblown dust,
sea salt and organic aerosols.
50
40
30
20
10
LISB
LOND MARS
MILA
CLE
THES
MFR
Figure 4.22 Number of daily PM10 exceedances of the 50 g/m3 limit value in 20 European
cities for the reference year 2000 and the CLE and MFR scenarios for 2030
calculated for the narrow canyon case
Concentration (g/m)
300
250
200
150
100
50
LISB
CLE
29
30
31
32
References
6 References
URL: http://www.tremove.org/.
33
References
34
Annex A
Annex A
35
Annex A
36
Annex A
37
Annex B
Annex B
Table B1
Monitoring stations used for comparisons between observations and model result
NO2
NOX
PM10
PM2.5
Station name
Station
type
Type of
area
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
BE0227A
42R821:Beveren
Background
Suburban
2003
95 %
2000
97 %
2003
2003
BE0232A
42R811:Schoten
Background
Suburban
2003
70 %
2000
2003
2003
BE0432A
40TR01:Temse
Background
Suburban
2003
2000
2003
100 %
2003
BE0204A
42M802:Antwerpen
Traffic
Urban
2003
2000
2003
74 %
2003
BE0228A
42R801:Borgerhout
Traffic
Urban
2003
89 %
2000
93 %
2003
94 %
2003
76 %
GR0027A
Liosia
Background
Suburban
2001
99 %
2001
99 %
2001
GR0037A
Thrakomakedones
Background
Suburban
2001
94 %
2001
95 %
2001
99 %
GR0039A
Agia Paraskevi
Background
Suburban
2001
82 %
2001
84 %
2001
73 %
GR0043A
Zografou
Background
Suburban
2001
98 %
2001
98 %
2001
97 %
GR0028A
Peristeri
Background
Urban
2001
89 %
2001
89 %
2001
GR0031A
Nea Smirni
Background
Urban
2001
91 %
2001
92 %
2001
GR0041A
Pireaus-2
Background
Urban
2001
99 %
2001
99 %
2001
GR0042A
Galatsi
Background
Urban
2001
86 %
2001
85 %
2001
GR0002A
Athinas
Traffic
Urban
2001
92 %
2001
92 %
2001
GR0003A
Aristotelous
Traffic
Urban
2001
91 %
2001
2001
96 %
GR0022A
Marousi
Traffic
Urban
2001
99 %
2001
99 %
2001
98 %
GR0030A
Pireaus-1
Traffic
Urban
2001
86 %
2001
88 %
2001
52 %
GR0032A
Patision
Traffic
Urban
2001
96 %
2001
96 %
2001
GR0040A
Goudi
Traffic
Urban
2001
97 %
2001
97 %
2001
94 %
ES1024A
ES1024A:Mirador
Background
Urban
2001
2001
2003
15 %
ES0559A
ES0559A:Plaa Universitat
Traffic
Urban
2001
2001
2003
19 %
ES0691A
ES0691A-I2:Poble Nou
Traffic
Urban
2001
84 %
2001
84 %
2003
ES0692A
ES0692A-I3:L'Hospitalet
Traffic
Urban
2001
93 %
2001
93 %
2003
34 %
ES0693A
ES0693A-I5:Badalona
Traffic
Urban
2001
52 %
2001
52 %
2003
ES1018A
ES1018A-E1:Terrassa
Traffic
Urban
2001
89 %
2001
89 %
2003
88 %
ES1231A
Traffic
Urban
2001
88 %
2001
87 %
2003
25 %
ES1262A
ES1262A:Ad-Sabadell
Traffic
Urban
2001
78 %
2001
78 %
2003
28 %
ES1362A
ES1362A:Eugeni D'Ors
Traffic
Urban
2001
2001
2003
36 %
ES1396A
ES1396A:ID-Barcelona
Traffic
Urban
2001
96 %
2001
96 %
2003
36 %
ES1438A
ES1438A:IH-Barcelona(example)
Traffic
Urban
2001
67 %
2001
65 %
2003
36 %
ES1453A
ES1453A-II:Torreballdovina
Traffic
Urban
2001
95 %
2001
95 %
2003
ES1480A
ES1480A-IJ-Gracia-Sant Gervasi
Traffic
Urban
2001
78 %
2001
78 %
2003
38 %
ES1551A
Traffic
Urban
2001
89 %
2001
89 %
2003
DE1091A
DEBE051:B Buch
Background
Suburban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2002
98 %
2003
DE1101A
DEBB031:Konigs Wusterhausen
Background
Suburban
2000
93 %
2000
2002
98 %
2003
DE1210A
DEBB050:Bernau
Background
Suburban
2000
99 %
2000
2002
2003
DE1212A
DEBB052:Potsdam-Michendorfer
Background
Suburban
2000
2000
2002
95 %
2003
ANTWERP
ATHENS
BARCELONA
BERLIN
Chaussee
38
DE0742A
DEBE034:B Neukolln-Nansenstrae
Background
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2002
98 %
2003
DE0982A
DEBB021:Potsdam-Zentrum
Background
Urban
2000
83 %
2000
2002
99 %
2003
98 %
Annex B
Table B1
DE1227A
Monitoring stations used for comparisons between observations and model result,
cont.
NO2
NOX
PM10
PM2.5
Station name
Station
type
Type of
area
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
DEBE066:B Karlshorst-
Background
Urban
2000
95 %
2000
95 %
2002
2003
Rheingoldstr./Konigswinterstr.
DE0715A
Traffic
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
96 %
2002
98 %
2003
DE0773A
DEBE014:B Charlottenburg-
Traffic
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
96 %
2002
97 %
2003
Stadtautobahn
DE0946A
DEBE044:B Mitte-Parochialstr.
Traffic
Urban
2000
95 %
2000
2002
94 %
2003
DE1111A
DEBE064:B Neukolln-
Traffic
Urban
2000
99 %
2000
99 %
2002
2003
Traffic
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2002
94 %
2003
Karl-Marx-Str. 76
DE1115A
DE1169A
DEBE061:B Steglitz-Schildhornstr.
Traffic
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2002
98 %
2003
DE1188A
DEBE063:B Neukolln-Silbersteinstr.
Traffic
Urban
2000
91 %
2000
91 %
2002
2003
BE0185A
41N043:Haren
Background
Suburban
2000
90 %
2000
89 %
2000
95 %
2000
BE0186A
41R012:UCCLE
Background
Suburban
2000
95 %
2000
93 %
2000
99 %
2000
BE0192A
42R010:St.sStevensw
Background
Suburban
2000
2000
2000
2000
BE0309A
41B011:Berchem S.A
Background
Suburban
2000
95 %
2000
93 %
2000
99 %
2000
BE0371A
41MEU1:Meudon
Background
Suburban
2000
88 %
2000
86 %
2000
99 %
2000
97 %
BE0422A
40SZ01:Steenokkerz
Background
Suburban
2000
2000
2000
2000
BE0423A
40SZ02:Steenokkerz
Background
Suburban
2000
2000
2000
2000
BE0184A
41R001:Molenbeek
Background
Urban
2000
92 %
2000
91 %
2000
99 %
2000
50 %
BE0395A
41B004:Ste.Catheri
Background
Urban
2000
2000
2000
2000
BE0403A
41B006:Parl.Europe
Background
Urban
2000
2000
2000
2000
BE0308A
41B003:Arts-Loi
Traffic
Urban
2000
95 %
2000
93 %
2000
2000
BE0402A
41B005:Belliard
Traffic
Urban
2000
2000
2000
2000
HU0022A
Budapest Gilice tr
Background
Suburban
2003
93 %
2003
93 %
2003
63 %
HU0032A
Szzhalombatta
Background
Suburban
2003
2003
2003
HU0021A
Budapest Baross tr
Traffic
Urban
2003
46 %
2003
47 %
2003
39 %
BRUSSELS
BUDAPEST
COPENHAGEN
DK0045A
Copenhagen/1259
Background
Urban
2002
90 %
2000
97 %
2002
61 %
DK0030A
Copenhagen/1257
Traffic
Urban
2002
99 %
2000
98 %
2002
89 %
DK0034A
Traffic
Urban
2002
98 %
2000
2002
PL0045A
GdanskPW1
Background
Urban
2000
99 %
2000
99 %
2000
57 %
PL0046A
GdanskKa2
Background
Urban
2000
93 %
2000
94 %
2000
93 %
PL0047A
GdanskWy3
Background
Urban
2000
99 %
2000
98 %
2000
72 %
PL0049A
GdanskOs5
Background
Urban
2000
2000
2000
65 %
PL0050A
SopotBP6
Background
Urban
2000
100 %
2000
100 %
2000
100 %
PL0052A
GdanskLe8
Background
Urban
2000
97 %
2000
98 %
2000
99 %
AT0022A
Graz Nord
Background
Suburban
2000
95 %
2000
95 %
2001
89 %
AT0085A
Graz Sd
Background
Suburban
2000
99 %
2000
2001
AT0087A
Graz West
Background
Suburban
2000
96 %
2000
96 %
2001
AT0112A
Graz Ost
Background
Suburban
2000
99 %
2000
99 %
2001
76 %
AT0119A
Graz Platte
Background
Suburban
2000
2000
2001
AT0109A
Graz Mitte
Background
Urban
2000
89 %
2000
89 %
2001
69 %
AT0118A
Graz Schlossberg
Background
Urban
2000
2000
2001
AT0217A
Graz Tiergartenweg
Background
Urban
2000
2000
2001
AT0205A
Traffic
Urban
2000
88 %
2000
88 %
2001
94 %
GDANSK
GRAZ
39
Annex B
Table B1
Monitoring stations used for comparisons between observations and model result,
cont.
Station name
Station
type
Type of
area
NO2
year
data.av.
NOX
year
data.av.
PM10
year
HELSINKI
data.av.
PM2.5
year
data.av.
T-B
FI0050A
Tikkurila 2
Background
Urban
2003
2000
2003
2003
FI0124A
Kallio 2
Background
Urban
2003
100 %
2000
99 %
2003
98 %
2003
95 %
FI0004A
Vallila 1
Traffic
Urban
2003
99 %
2000
96 %
2003
98 %
2003
96 %
FI0006A
Vallila 2
Traffic
Urban
2003
2000
2003
45 %
2003
FI0018A
Tl
Traffic
Urban
2003
100 %
2000
99 %
2003
99 %
2003
FI0142A
Runeberginkatu
Traffic
Urban
2003
84 %
2000
2003
84 %
2003
84 %
PL0008A
KatowZal
Background
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
72 %
2000
PL0022A
KatowRac
Background
Urban
2000
92 %
2000
92 %
2000
99 %
PL0040A
Chorzow
Background
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
96 %
2000
73 %
PL0042A
PiekarySl
Background
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
96 %
2000
97 %
PL0043A
Wojkowice
Background
Urban
2000
95 %
2000
95 %
2000
99 %
PL0041A
Sosnowiec
Traffic
Urban
2000
97 %
2000
97 %
2000
96 %
PT0087A
Olivais
Background
Urban
2001
95 %
2000
93 %
2001
95 %
2002
PT0090A
Chelas
Background
Urban
2001
98 %
2000
97 %
2001
2002
PT0091A
Beato
Background
Urban
2001
99 %
2000
91 %
2001
2002
PT0106A
Background
Urban
2001
95 %
2000
54 %
2001
2002
PT0109A
Alfragide/Amadora
Background
Urban
2001
97 %
2000
2001
2002
51 %
PT0110A
Laranjeiro
Background
Urban
2001
93 %
2000
2001
81 %
2002
PT0111A
Reboleira
Background
Urban
2001
75 %
2000
2001
81 %
2002
PT0112A
Loures
Background
Urban
2001
2000
2001
58 %
2002
PT0114A
Escavadeira II
Background
Urban
2001
2000
2001
2002
PT0115A
Restelo
Background
Urban
2001
2000
2001
2002
PT0059A
Hospital Velho
Traffic
Urban
2001
81 %
2000
92 %
2001
2002
PT0088A
Entrecampos
Traffic
Urban
2001
83 %
2000
89 %
2001
78 %
2002
80 %
PT0089A
Benfica
Traffic
Urban
2001
95 %
2000
92 %
2001
2002
PT0093A
Avenida da Liberdade
Traffic
Urban
2001
95 %
2000
88 %
2001
98 %
2002
PT0108A
Cmara Municipal
Traffic
Urban
2001
96 %
2000
60 %
2001
2002
GB0586A
London Eltham
Background
Suburban
2000
97 %
2000
97 %
2003
99 %
2000
GB0608A
London Bexley
Background
Suburban
2000
97 %
2000
96 %
2003
96 %
2000
GB0621A
Background
Suburban
2000
91 %
2000
91 %
2003
2000
GB0642A
London Hillingdon
Background
Suburban
2000
98 %
2000
97 %
2003
87 %
2000
GB0420A
West London
Background
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
97 %
2003
2000
GB0566A
London Bloomsbury
Background
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
95 %
2003
58 %
2000
94 %
GB0616A
London Brent
Background
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
97 %
2003
94 %
2000
GB0620A
London N.Kensington
Background
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
96 %
2003
98 %
2000
GB0622A
London Wandsworth
Background
Urban
2000
97 %
2000
97 %
2003
2000
GB0638A
London Haringey
Background
Urban
2000
2000
2003
2000
GB0644A
London Teddington
Background
Urban
2000
99 %
2000
98 %
2003
2000
GB0645A
Thurrock
Background
Urban
2000
93 %
2000
92 %
2003
98 %
2000
GB0650A
London Hackney
Background
Urban
2000
91 %
2000
91 %
2003
2000
GB0656A
London Southwark
Background
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
96 %
2003
2000
GB0672A
London Lewisham
Background
Urban
2000
43 %
2000
43 %
2003
2000
GB0743A
London Westminster
Background
Urban
2000
2000
2003
64 %
2000
GB0623A
Traffic
Urban
2000
87 %
2000
87 %
2003
2000
GB0624A
Traffic
Urban
2000
91 %
2000
90 %
2003
2000
GB0636A
Camden Kerbside
Traffic
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
96 %
2003
99 %
2000
KATOWICE
LISBON
LONDON
40
Annex B
Table B1
Monitoring stations used for comparisons between observations and model result,
cont.
NO2
NOX
PM10
PM2.5
Station name
Station
type
Type of
area
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
GB0637A
Haringey Roadside
Traffic
Urban
2000
88 %
2000
88 %
2003
98 %
2000
GB0659A
London A3 Roadside
Traffic
Urban
2000
97 %
2000
96 %
2003
95 %
2000
GB0667A
Southwark Roadside
Traffic
Urban
2000
90 %
2000
89 %
2003
2000
GB0682A
Traffic
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
96 %
2003
99 %
2000
99 %
GB0685A
Traffic
Urban
2000
97 %
2000
97 %
2003
2000
GB0695A
Traffic
Urban
2000
94 %
2000
93 %
2003
2000
GB0697A
London Bromley
Traffic
Urban
2000
82 %
2000
83 %
2003
2000
GB0774A
Brentford Roadside
Traffic
Urban
2000
2000
2003
2000
FR1108A
Saint Louis
Background
Suburban
2000
96 %
2002
97 %
2002
95 %
FR1109A
Aubagne Penitents
Background
Suburban
2000
95 %
2002
2002
FR1112A
Plan de Cuques
Background
Suburban
2000
98 %
2002
2002
FR1114A
P/Huveaune Gymnase
Background
Suburban
2000
96 %
2002
2002
FR1116A
Cinq Avenues
Background
Suburban
2000
97 %
2002
95 %
2002
FR1117A
Ste Marguerite
Background
Suburban
2000
94 %
2002
2002
FR1115A
Marseille Prado
Background
Urban
2000
97 %
2002
2002
FR1119A
Background
Urban
2000
96 %
2002
95 %
2002
FR0177A
Timone
Traffic
Urban
2000
97 %
2002
96 %
2002
IT1017A
Background
Suburban
2000
99 %
2000
99 %
2003
IT0466A
Juvara 301518
Background
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2003
98 %
IT0706A
Limito 301524
Background
Urban
2000
2000
2003
88 %
IT1020A
Background
Urban
2000
2000
2003
IT1034A
Meda 301527
Background
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2003
96 %
IT0467A
Zavattari 301544
Traffic
Urban
2000
97 %
2000
96 %
2003
IT0477A
Marche 301526
Traffic
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2003
IT0522A
Monza 301528
Traffic
Urban
2000
2000
2003
IT0593A
Pero 301533
Traffic
Urban
2000
2000
2003
IT0705A
Verziere 301540
Traffic
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
97 %
2003
98 %
IT0770A
Arese 301505
Traffic
Urban
2000
2000
2003
96 %
IT0777A
Merate 301303
Traffic
Urban
2000
89 %
2000
89 %
2003
12 %
IT0995A
Cormano1 301513
Traffic
Urban
2000
2000
2003
IT1016A
Traffic
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
95 %
2003
IT1035A
Vimercate 301543
Traffic
Urban
2000
2000
2003
96 %
FR0332A
Bobigny
Background
Suburban
2000
94 %
2001
94 %
2002
98 %
FR0346A
Versailles
Background
Suburban
2000
89 %
2001
2002
FR0351A
Vitry-sur-Seine
Background
Suburban
2000
96 %
2001
86 %
2002
77 %
FR0894A
Argenteuil
Background
Suburban
2000
93 %
2001
2002
FR0899A
Saint-Denis
Background
Suburban
2000
94 %
2001
2002
FR0913A
Garches
Background
Suburban
2000
97 %
2001
2002
FR0914A
Ivry-sur-Seine
Background
Suburban
2000
92 %
2001
2002
FR0916A
Montgeron
Background
Suburban
2000
99 %
2001
2002
FR0923A
Evry
Background
Suburban
2000
98 %
2001
2002
FR0327A
Issy-les-Moulineaux
Background
Urban
2000
99 %
2001
87 %
2002
FR0331A
Paris 18me
Background
Urban
2000
99 %
2001
93 %
2002
FR0337A
Paris 12me
Background
Urban
2000
93 %
2001
91 %
2002
FR0340A
Neuilly-sur-Seine
Background
Urban
2000
98 %
2001
2002
MARSEILLES
MILAN
PARIS
41
Annex B
Table B1
Monitoring stations used for comparisons between observations and model result,
cont.
NO2
NOX
PM10
PM2.5
Station name
Station
type
Type of
area
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
FR0341A
Aubervilliers
Background
Urban
2000
96 %
2001
2002
FR0885A
Gennevilliers
Background
Urban
2000
95 %
2001
68 %
2002
93 %
FR0886A
Cachan
Background
Urban
2000
78 %
2001
2002
FR0892A
Paris 13me
Background
Urban
2000
96 %
2001
2002
FR0900A
Paris 7me
Background
Urban
2000
94 %
2001
2002
FR0918A
Paris 6me
Background
Urban
2000
90 %
2001
2002
FR1181A
Les Ulis
Background
Urban
2000
2001
2002
FR0335A
Traffic
Urban
2000
88 %
2001
25 %
2002
FR0347A
Traffic
Urban
2000
98 %
2001
2002
FR0905A
Rue Bonaparte
Traffic
Urban
2000
97 %
2001
2002
FR0910A
Traffic
Urban
2000
84 %
2001
2002
CZ0009A
Pha8-Kobylisy
Background
Suburban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2000
99 %
CZ0015A
Pha6-Veleslavin
Background
Suburban
2000
95 %
2000
95 %
2000
98 %
CZ0020A
Pha4-Libus
Background
Suburban
2000
94 %
2000
92 %
2000
91 %
CZ0010A
Pha2-Riegrovy sady
Background
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
95 %
2000
98 %
CZ0021A
Pha6-Santinka
Background
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2000
100 %
CZ0008A
Pha1-nam. Republiky
Traffic
Urban
2000
99 %
2000
99 %
2000
100 %
CZ0011A
Pha5-Mlynarka
Traffic
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2000
99 %
CZ0012A
Pha10-Pocernicka
Traffic
Urban
2000
99 %
2000
99 %
2000
100 %
CZ0013A
Pha10-Vrsovice
Traffic
Urban
2000
96 %
2000
96 %
2000
98 %
CZ0014A
Pha4-Branik
Traffic
Urban
2000
97 %
2000
97 %
2000
98 %
CZ0065A
Pha5-Smichov
Traffic
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
98 %
2000
92 %
IT0953A
Background
Urban
2000
92 %
2000
59 %
2000
71 %
IT0825A
Traffic
Urban
2000
93 %
2000
90 %
2000
IT0826A
Traffic
Urban
2000
93 %
2000
93 %
2000
95 %
IT0827A
Traffic
Urban
2000
40 %
2000
40 %
2000
IT0828A
Traffic
Urban
2000
91 %
2000
91 %
2000
89 %
IT0887A
Guidonia 1205808
Traffic
Urban
2000
2000
2000
IT0946A
Traffic
Urban
2000
93 %
2000
93 %
2000
IT0954A
V.Tiburtina 1205819
Traffic
Urban
2000
90 %
2000
90 %
2000
IT0956A
Cinecitt 1205804
Traffic
Urban
2000
92 %
2000
91 %
2000
IT1176A
Traffic
Urban
2000
72 %
2000
71 %
2000
IT1185A
Libia 1205876
Traffic
Urban
2000
95 %
2000
95 %
2000
DE0640A
DEBW026:Plochingen
Background
Suburban
2000
99 %
2000
98 %
2002
51 %
DE0644A
DEBW024:Ludwigsburg
Background
Suburban
2000
100 %
2000
99 %
2002
51 %
DE0749A
DEBW034:Waiblingen
Background
Suburban
2000
100 %
2000
99 %
2002
50 %
DE0900A
DEBW042:Bernhausen
Background
Suburban
2000
99 %
2000
98 %
2002
49 %
DE0621A
Background
Urban
2000
99 %
2000
98 %
2002
50 %
DE0637A
DEBW025:Esslingen
Background
Urban
2000
99 %
2000
2002
51 %
DE0748A
DEBW035:Bblingen
Background
Urban
2000
99 %
2000
99 %
2002
50 %
DE0624A
DEBW011:Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen
Traffic
Urban
2000
100 %
2000
99 %
2002
51 %
DE1171A
DEBW099:Stuttgart-Mitte-Strae
Traffic
Urban
2000
98 %
2000
97 %
2002
98 %
PRAGUE
ROME
STUTTGART
42
Annex B
Table B1
Monitoring stations used for comparisons between observations and model result,
cont.
Station name
NO2
NOX
PM10
PM2.5
Station
type
Type of
area
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
year
data.av.
THESSALONIKI
GR0045A
Neochorouda
Background
Suburban
2001
72 %
2001
72 %
2001
GR0047A
Panorama
Background
Suburban
2001
99 %
2001
99 %
2001
99 %
GR0018A
Agia Sofia
Traffic
Urban
2001
96 %
2001
96 %
2001
91 %
GR0044A
University
Traffic
Urban
2001
97 %
2001
97 %
2001
Not in
airbase
Eptapyrgio
Background
Urban
2000
91 %
2000
91 %
2001
88 %
Not in
Airbase
Venizelou
Traffic
Urban
2001
90 %
2001
90 %
2001
95 %
Note:
43
Annex C
Annex C
Emissions calculations
C1
Urban scale
C2
Table C1
Local scale
SNAP number
Sector description
SNAP 1
SNAP 2
SNAP 3
SNAP 4
Production processes
SNAP 5
SNAP 6
SNAP 7
Road transport
SNAP 8
SNAP 9
SNAP 10
Agriculture
(4) The emission reductions per city and SNAP sector for the year 2030 are available upon request form the authors.
44
Annex C
(5) The TREMOVE model was considered in this study in order to ensure compatibility with the scenarios of CAFE. However, at the
present time the TREMOVE model is not finalised and the results of the final version, which were extracted from the latest available
version (v 2.23), may vary from those presented here.
45
Annex C
Table C2
PC LDV Gasoline
PC LDV Diesel
HDV
Package 1
20 %
50 %
Package 2
20 %
85 %
Package 3
40 %
85 %
Package 4
40 %
20 %
85 %
Package 5
40 %
40 %
85 %
Table C3
46
PC LDV Gasoline
PC LDV Diesel
HDV
Package 1
50 %
0%
Package 2
DPF
0%
Package 3
DPF (GDI)
DPF
DPF
Annex C
Table C4
Local scale emissions per city for the reference year (2000) and the year 2030
(CLE and MFR scenarios) for a street with 20 000 vehicles/day
Reference
PM10
CLE
NOX
PM10
(g/km/day)
MFR
NOX
PM10
(g/km/day)
NOX
(g/km/day)
Antwerp
2 993
20 420
1 030
10 440
147
6 537
Athens
1 629
26 066
347
13 691
209
7 753
Barcelona
2 469
27 096
904
13 663
325
8 303
Berlin
2 247
18 883
834
8 304
451
5 995
Brussels
2 993
20 420
1 030
10 440
147
6 537
Budapest
1 912
30 146
Copenhagen
1 955
26 110
1 139
15 894
85
5 621
Gdansk
2 256
33 866
Graz
3 058
20 856
1 547
10 980
87
5 996
Helsinki
1 827
23 606
702
12 337
195
5 801
Katowice
2 256
33 866
Lisbon
3 059
24 856
1 363
17 718
538
7 292
London
1 247
23 542
603
10 861
36
3 659
Marseilles
1 993
25 287
931
13 548
220
7 386
Milan
1 653
21 949
443
9 626
133
5 859
Paris
1 993
25 287
931
13 548
220
7 386
Prague
2 175
24 179
Rome
1 653
21 949
443
9 626
133
5 859
Stuttgart
2 247
18 883
834
8 304
451
5 995
Thessaloniki
1 629
26 066
347
13 691
209
7 753
47
Annex D
Annex D
City
Antwerp
Athens
3.07
Barcelona
2.29
Berlin
2.83
Brussels
3.06
Budapest
2.27
Copenhagen
3.68
Gdansk
3.44
Graz
2.67
Helsinki
3.15
Katowice
2.62
Lisbon
3.13
London
3.74
Marseilles
2.7
Milan
1.66
Paris
2.88
Prague
2.63
Rome
Stuttgart
Thessaloniki
2.5
2.48
1.9
(6) Wind roses indicating the prevailing wind direction for each city are available from the authors upon request.
48
TH-AK-06-003-EN-N