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Aristotle
Beliefs:
All matter was made up of a combination of the four elements
Four elements: fire, wind, earth, water
Democritus
Model: Sphere
2. Atoms of the same element are identical in their physical and chemical properties.
4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole number ratios to form chemical
compounds.
Discoveries:
Atoms consist of charged particles
The negatively charged particles are called electrons (1897)
The positively charged particles are called protons (1920)
(a student of Thomson)
Ernest Rutherford
Discoveries:
A positively charged core of an atom called the nucleus
Electrons surround the nucleus
The rest of the atom is empty space
(Student of Rutherford)
Experiment:
Discoveries:
A neutrally charged subatomic particle
The particle was called a neutron
(a student of Rutherford)
Niels Bohr
Discoveries:
Model:
PhotocourtesyNASA
Hydrogen Spectrum
Helium Spectrum
Vocabulary:
ground state- all electrons in their lowest possible
energy levels
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Mathematical Equation:
Experiment:
Erwin Schrodinger
Discoveries:
Mathematical model that deals with the probability of finding an electron within a given
space
The probability is 90%
The given space are called orbitals (or electron clouds)
There are four orbitals with different shapes s p d f
These orbitals can be related to the periodic table
Electrons have wave properties
Model:
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Quantum Numbers: Specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons
in those orbitals. Each e- has a set of four numbers no two electrons in
the same atom can have the same four numbers.
Principal
Angular
Magnetic
Spin
1. Principal Quantum Number (n)- Refers to the distance of the orbital from the
nucleus (says which of the main energy levels an
e- is in)
When n=1 is closest to the nucleus and has the least energy
n=1,2,3,4,5, etc.
2. Angular Quantum Number (l)- Refers to the shape of the orbital (also associated
a. Possible Shapes
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4. Spin Quantum Number (s)- State of the electron that occupies an orbital
-Electrons are assigned one of the two possible directions it can be spinning
- + spin or - spin
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Rules:
1. Aufbau Principle: An electron occupies the lowest energy level that can receive it.
2. Pauli Exculsion Principle: No two electrons in the same atom can have the same
set of four quantum numbers.
If two electrons have the same n, m, and l values they have to have different spins
Two electrons fit into each orbital
3. Hund's Rule: Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before
any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied
orbitals must have the same spin
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4p
3d
4thenergylevel
4s
3p
3rdenergylevel
3s
2ndenergylevel
2p
2s
1stenergylevel
1s
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Attachments
Picturesofatom
Chadwickapparatus
Timelineofscientists
Schrodingerequation
Conversationwithscience
orbitals