Objective

1. To gain an understanding and awareness of the location and coordinate system.

2. To learn about georeferencing concept using Arcgis software.
Introduction
Georeferencing is the process of converting a image in file coordinates or page coordinates
to a file in map coordinates in a specific map project, coordinate system, map projection and
datum. For example, a scanned map can have an origin point and a raster association
where each point on the map is identifiable by it's file coordinates. The task then is to
convert these file coordinates to map coordinates.
There are a couple types of products that typically need georeferencing. Satellite images can
be bought 'unprocessed', in which case the user is responsible for georeferencing to known
coordinates. A satellite image is simply a raster dataset with file coordinates that need to be
converted to map coordinates. Likewise, aerial photography is commonly used in GIS
operations and sometimes comes as already geo-referenced data but often are delivered as
hardcopy that needs to be scanned, registered, rectified and then interpreted.
The other type of product that is often georeferenced using GIS software is a hardcopy map
which will be used as a backdrop for georeferencing. An example is a topographic map. This
is the case we'll go through here.
In order to georeference an image, we need to identify map coordinates of any 4 points on
the map. In general the more spread out these points are around the features we need to
digitize the better we registration will be. There are two main methods of registration to
linking file coordinates to map coordinates. One method is to manually type in map
coordinates for points and then select those points on your image. Another method is to
bring up a coverage that is registered and that has features in it that are visible in the
scanned file to register.
Basically, we need to use any information we can to identify the map coordinates of features
we can see in our scanned product. If the scanned product has coordinates on it, that is
good. If not, we have to find some georeferenced data source that has features in it that are
visible in our scanned product. An affine transformation warps the file, and applies map
coordinates to the warped image.

After creating registration points within our image, we can then rectify the image to produce
a new image with map coordinates tied to a specific spatial reference system. The
rectification process can use a variety of interpolation methods to represent the old file pixels
in the new transformed map coordinate space. With nominal data, always use the nearest
neighbour interpolation method. The nearest neighbour method assigns the value of the new
image pixel to the value of the pixel of the transformed image with the closest centre point. In
other words, there's no interpolation/averaging of multiple values, and pixel values don't
change. With continuous data, bilinear interpolation or cubic convolution methods can be
used if we with our data to be 'smoothed'.
Methodology
Step 1: The data were setup.
We need to set up the coordinates in the form of an XY table in an Excel file. Set up two
columns, latitude and longitude. Enter our data in decimal degrees format. Save our file and
close it.

Figure 1.1: Excel data

Step 2: Add data

Launch ArcMap. Then, we add the data from our excel file and picture of topography.

Figure 2.1: launching Arc Map

Figure 2.2: Click the add data icon

Figure 2.3: Add the data file

Step 3: Customize Georeferencing
Ensure the georeferencing in customize table were active.

Figure 3.1: Activing the georeferencing

Step 4: Specify the field X, Y, Z

Navigate to Add XY data then specify the fields for the X and Y coordinates.

Figure 4.1: Navigate the display XY data

Figure 4.2: Specify the fields for the X and Y coordinates.

Step 5: Spatial Reference Properties

Browse for projected coordinate system and choose the Kertau RSO Malaysia (meters)

Figure 5.1: Changing the projected coordinate systems

Step 6: Save export data

Figure 6.1: Saving export data

Step 7: linkage control point to four corners

This step are to linkage or match the all point of corner to export control point

Figure 7.1: Click to enlarge the corner side

Figure 7.2: Click add control points

Figure 7.3: Click at the centre of corner side and link to export point

Figure 7.4: Click to first point export data

Figure 7.5: Link all the corner side to all 4 point export data

Figure 7.6: After the entire corner side link to all 4 export data point
Step 8: Link table view
Link table view is used to check that our link from each side of corners to export data point is
accurate. If the forward value less than 1, then the matching data point to each corner is
acceptable.

Figure 8.1: Click the view link table

Figure 8.1: table link view that shows RMS error and the forward values less than 1

Step 9: saving imagine image

Figure 9.1:Click export data of figure

Figure 9.1: Saving as imagine image format

Step 10: Rectify

Rectify the picture with coordinate map

Figure 10.1: Click the georeferencing and then click rectify

Figure 10.2: Add rectify folder

Figure 10.3: Save as imagine image in rectify folder

Result and Discussion

From the result, the forward value of link is 0.015 which is acceptable value for this
georeferencing lab. So, the rectify image then can be used for future planning. Basically
georeferencing is a multi-step process of scanning the hardcopy map and then identify and
enter registration points ("registering" the map). After that, rectifying the registered map to
produce a new dataset referenced to a specific projection, coordinate system and datum
("rectification"). Image rectification is a transformation process used to project two-or-more
images onto a common image plane.
Image rectification in GIS converts images to a standard map coordinate system. This is
done by matching ground control points (GCP) in the mapping system to points in the image.
These GCPs calculate necessary image transforms. Image rectification is a standard feature
available with GIS software packages.
Once we have rectified an image in Global Mapper, we can then export it to any of the
supported export formats to obtain a fully rectified image that can then be immediately
loaded into numerous other imaging and GIS packages.

Conclusions
From this lab, I can get more understanding and awareness of the location and coordinate
system needs and one of it is, the points used at least must be 4 point. Besides that,
georeferencing concept is basics thing need to be explore before doing more future
development on the map.