Concordia University

Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering
Power Electronics (I) ELEC-433/6411
Week 1
Review of basic concepts
(Chapter 3)

ELEC 433
NO Final Exam.
Two Tests (20% and 30%)
17 October (20%) and 28 November (30%)
Mini Project (20%: Q&A + short report)
Short report (key design equations, voltage and current rating of
components, results, analytical values, analysis and discussion of results)
Due date: 05 December, online only (softcopy)

2 Assignments (5% each).

Labs (20%)

ELEC 6411
NO Final Exam.
Two Tests (20% and 30%)
17 October (20%) and 28 November (30%)
Project (40%: Presentation + Report)
Report (Steady state analysis, design, and discussion of results
(simulation or hardware))
Due date: 05 December, online only (softcopy)
29 Nov to 02 Dec or earlier (if ready)

2 Assignments (5% each).

Outline of the lecture

Review of basic concepts:

Definitions
Analysis of sinusoidal waveforms
Analysis of nonsinusoidal waveforms
Response of an inductor and a capacitor to
pulsed signals

Definitions on power electronic systems

Pulsed versus linear electronics
Classification of power converters
Scope and applications

Conventions
IEEE standard letter and graphic symbols.
Units of the International System of Units (SI):
meter (m), second (s), kilogram (kg) etc..
Italic lowercase letters represent the instantaneous
value of quantities.
Italic uppercase letters represent average or rms
values
vs (t ) vs 2 Vs sin( t )

Bold uppercase letters represent phasors.

Steady-state
When is a linear circuit in steady-state?
When is a switched converter in steady-state?

Consider the following dc-dc converter.

Steady-state
In switched circuits, steady-state is reached when
the circuit waveforms repeat with a time period T.
30

20

10

0
0s
V(VOUT)

50us
I(L)

100us

150us

200us

250us

300us

350us

400us

450us

Time

This course focuses on steady-state analysis.

500us

Average and rms values

For the following system:

The instantaneous and average powers are:

T

p(t ) v i

For resistive loads:

PR R I

PAV

1
1
p(t ) dt v i dt
To
To
T

1 2
I I rms
i dt
T o

Sinusoidal steady-state and phasors

v 2 V sin t
i 2 I sin (t )
I V Z , Z R 2 X 2

X L L, tan 1 ( X L R)

Phasor representation
Waveforms with the same frequency can be
represented in a complex plane by phasors.
Their rms values are used to represent their
magnitude.
j0
V Ve

j0

V Ve
V j
and I j e Ie j
Z Ze
Z

The reference phasor is usually placed in the

positive side of the x axis (angle is zero).
Phasors rotate in a counterclockwise direction.
What really matters is the phase angle between
the quantities under consideration.

Power, reactive power and power factor

Definition of complex power (S):
*

S VI Ve j 0 Ie j VIe j Se j S VI cos jVI sin

S VI apparent power (VA), S P jQ, S 2 P 2 Q 2 S
P Re[S] VI cos , real power (W)

Q Im[S] VI sin , reactive power (VAr)

P
P
POWER TRIANGLE
PF cos , power factor.
S

Phase (IP) and out-of-phase (IQ) current components:

I P I cos
P VI P
I Q I sin

Q VI Q

Power factor and reactive power

A resistive load ( = 0) presents a unity
power factor and does not consume VArs.
A pure inductor ( = 90) presents PF = 0
lagging, meaning it consumes VArs.
A pure capacitor ( = -90) presents PF = 0
leading, meaning it produces VArs.
Common loads (motors) consume VArs.

Three-phase systems
Positive sequence (a-b-c)

Va Ve j 0 , Vb Ve

2
3

, Vc Ve

2
3

Phase and line quantities:

Ia Ie

, I b Ie

j(

2
)
3

, Ic Ie

j(

2
)
3

Vab Va Vb 3Ve

j( )
6

VLL e

j( )
6

Balanced systems can be analyzed on a per-phase

basis:
S 3S 3VI 3V I
3

LL

Three-phase systems

Phase and line quantities:

400V

200V

0V

-200V

-400V
0s
V(Va:+)

5ms
10ms
V(Vb:+)
V(Vc:+)

15ms
20ms
V(Va:+,Vb:+)

25ms
Time

30ms

35ms

40ms

45ms

50ms

Nonsinusoidal waveforms in steady state

Output voltage and input current of a frequency converter

Fourier analysis of repetitive waveforms

A non-sinusoidal waveform f(t) with angular
frequency can be expressed by:

f (t ) F0
h 1

ah
bh

1
f h (t ) a0 [ah cos(ht ) bh sin (ht )]
2
h 1

f (t ) cos(ht ) d (t ), h 1,...,
f (t ) sin( ht ) d (t ), h 1,...,

One can identify the dc value (F0) , fundamental

component (F1) and harmonics (F2, F3), where:
Fh

ah2 bh2
2

, since tan(h )

bh
ah

Fh Fh e jh

Waveform symmetry and simplifications

Java applet
Fourier analysis
http://www.ipes.ethz.ch/ipes/iPESelectronic
/fourier/e_fourier.html
Fourier components:
http://www.falstad.com/fourier/
Fourier synthesis:
http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.
php?topic=17

Input power and power factor

Definitions of average power, total power factor,
and displacement power for a nonlinear load:
T

PAV

1
1
vs is dt
T o
T

2Vs sint is dt Vs I s1 cos 1

S Vs I s
PF

I
P Vs I s1 cos 1 I s1

cos 1 s1 DPF
S
Vs I s
Is
Is

DPF cos 1
PF

1
1 THD

2
i

DPF

Thus, highly nonlinear loads present low PF

Inductor and capacitor response

Phasor analysis (steady-state):
VL
VL
VL j
IL
j 2

e
jL e L L

IC VC jC VLCe j

Inductor and capacitor response

Transient response to a pulse (time domain)
t

1
1
iL (t ) iL (t1 ) vL d , vC (t ) vC (t1 ) iC d , t t1
L t1
C t1

Inductor current & voltage in steady-state

Volt-second over T (average voltage) equal to zero

Capacitor current & voltage in steady-state

Amp-second over T (average current) equal to zero

Concordia University
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Power Electronics (I) ELEC-433/6411
Week 1
Power electronic systems
(Chapter 1)

Power electronic systems

Process and control the flow of electric energy by
supplying voltages and currents in a form that is
optimally suited for user loads.
What about the waveforms at the utility side?
Power electronic converters are essentially non
linear systems that inject current harmonics in the
utility causing power quality problems.
A number of agencies (IEEE, IEC etc.) have
established standards that limit the amount of
harmonic current injection allowed.

Power quality problems due to static

converters

Block diagram

Power processor is composed of active (semiconductor

switches) and passive elements (inductors and capacitors).
Controller: linear ICs (opamps), application oriented ICs
(TCA785, LM3525) or Digital Signal Processors.
Sensors provide feedback (load) and synchronization
signals (input).

Switched x linear electronics

Efficiency?

Example: 78XX family of linear voltage regulators

Switched x linear electronics

Smaller high-frequency
transformer.
Transistor operates as a switch.
Higher efficiency.
Lower weight and size.

Basic principles of switch-mode converters

The transistor
operates with a fixed
switching frequency
and high efficiency

PWM controls the

average output
voltage (Voi).
LC filter reduces the
output voltage ripple.
They can be reduced
by operating at high
frequency.

Switching losses!

voi (t ) Voi vripple(t )

Scope and applications

FACTS

Classification of power converters

According to the type of input and output power:
- Ac > dc : Rectifier
- Ac > ac: Ac controller and frequency converter
- Dc > dc: Chopper
- Dc > ac: Inverter
According to the type of commutation:
- naturally commutated converters
- forced-commutated converters
- soft-switching converters

Power flow through ac-dc converters

Rectifier mode of operation: Power flows from the

ac to the dc side.
Inverter mode of operation: Power flows from the
dc to the ac side.
Application examples: AC drives and grid connec
ted Photovoltaic (PV) systems, UPS system

Relevant Useful Online Material

http://jazapka.people.ysu.edu/ECEN%202633%20
Chapter%2016.pdf
http://www.apqpower.com/assets/files/PF_nonline
arloads.pdf
http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/applicationnote/AN140fa.pdf
http://www.kele.com/keleblog/blog/ac-to-dclinear-versus-switch-mode-power-supplies/