Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
A Thesis Presented
by
Zak Adams
to
The Faculty of the Graduate College
of
The University of Vermont
Advisor
____________________ Advisor
Roelouf Boumans, Ph.D.
____________________ Chairperson
Fred Magdoff, Ph.D.
____________________ Vice President for Research
and Dean of the Graduate College
Frances E. Carr, Ph.D.
Date: September 6, 2005
Abstract
In the current food system, vast amounts of foods are imported
into cold-climate regions to sustain winter consumer demand that cannot
be met by local agricultural production. This process requires
transportation and storage infrastructures, which are resource intensive
and polluting. This system subsequently degrades human and ecosystem
health in both the production and destination regions. Unfortunately the
energy required to produce foods locally in the cold season using
conventional greenhouse technologies is also resource intensive, polluting,
or prohibitively expensive, therefore negating some possible benefits.
Using principles of ecological design however, it may be possible to
engineer a controlled environment that facilitates the production of food
crops in cold climates while minimizing or eliminating the use of fossil
fuels for climate control. A technology, referred to as Composting
Greenhouses, has been proposed in various forms in sustainable
agricultural networks and literature over the past three decades. This
greenhouse or bioshelter has benefits over current practices ranging from
reduction of pollution and resource use, to the strengthening of local food
security and economies. It makes use of resources that are currently
waste products of related agricultural processes subsequently reducing
waste, closing local resource loops, and creating economic niches.
Specifically, resources such as biothermal energy (heat), Carbon Dioxide
(CO2), Water Vapor, and Ammonia (NH3) are contained and transferred
from a composting operation to an adjacent greenhouse to provide a
suitable climate for horticultural production. However, few greenhouses
have actually been constructed and limited data has come from the
experimentation and operation. Furthermore, no structure of this nature
exists today that utilizes the vast amounts of feed stocks in the
commercial composting industry. In short, the technology is still in its
infancy after 30 years of experimentation.
Construction of a reproducible, commercially viable system will
require research, planning, and testing before it can be validated as a
viable technology under specified applications. Preliminary steps include
design and modeling of the contained environment to conclude issues of
functionality, scale, and economy. For this reason, a systems model of a
Biothermal Greenhouse has been created to simulate the processes. Data
on input variables such as compost heat and CO2 production,
decomposition rates, and metabolic water generation, were extracted
from peer-reviewed literature to create the basis for calculations that run
the model. Operational data from a local composting facility, Intervale
Compost, has been used. The model is run with weather data from
Burlington, VT to simulate winter climate conditions. The modeling
process has evaluated multiple hypotheses regarding operation to
determine if the system can successfully function. It has been
determined, based on experimental data, how much heat and CO2 can be
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Acknowledgements
I would like to state my sincere thanks to all of those who have
helped me along the way. Thanks to my graduate committee: John Todd,
Roel Boumans, and Fred Magdoff. Thank you to the professionals who
took the time to help ground my ideas in reality: Bruce Fulford, Guy
Roberts, Holly Taylor, and Adam Sherman. To the researchers in this field
who are advancing it everyday with their work and who made this work
possible: H.M. Keener, R.T. Haug, N.J. Themelis, L.D. Albright, and Will
Brinton. Thanks to my students who gave their interest and attention.
My gratitude also goes out to Andy Jones and the Intervale Community
Farm for allowing me to tinker with technology and refine my ideas. To
my friend, boss, and mentor Gioia Thompson, thank you so much for
taking care of me. Finally, thanks to my family and friends for keeping me
sane and healthy.
ii
Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................i
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................ii
Table of Contents........................................................................................ iii
Table of Figures............................................................................................v
Literature Review ........................................................................................ 1
Compost Heat Utilization ......................................................................... 1
Prediction of Compost Heat Production .................................................. 7
Prediction of Available Heat From Compost .......................................... 10
Compost Energy Modeling ..................................................................... 12
Greenhouse Heat Loss Models ............................................................... 18
Predicting Compost Emissions ............................................................... 19
Water Vapor Emissions .......................................................................... 22
Ammonia Emissions................................................................................ 23
Trace emissions from composting ......................................................... 26
Introduction ............................................................................................... 29
Problem Statement ................................................................................... 33
Objectives.................................................................................................. 38
Methods ..................................................................................................... 41
Model Development................................................................................ 41
Model Structure...................................................................................... 44
Results ....................................................................................................... 53
Compost Property Database.................................................................. 53
Weather.................................................................................................. 57
Mass and Heat........................................................................................ 58
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Water...................................................................................................... 61
Carbon Dioxide ....................................................................................... 63
Airflow and Power .................................................................................. 67
System Sizing......................................................................................... 69
Discussion.................................................................................................. 75
Overview ................................................................................................ 75
Model Scenarios ..................................................................................... 79
Compost Resources ............................................................................... 80
Resource Requirements.......................................................................... 81
Resource Supply..................................................................................... 85
Future Study .......................................................................................... 91
Works Cited ............................................................................................... 96
Appendix A ..............................................................................................100
Simulation model (in text form)...........................................................100
Simulation Model Diagram ....................................................................127
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Table of Figures
Figure 1: Conceptual design of an integrated forced air biothermal
structure ............................................................................................. 30
Figure 2: Composting greenhouse at New Alchemy Institute................... 31
Figure 3: Jean Pain's hydronic biothermal system .................................... 31
Figure 4: Schematic design of a forced air commercial composting
operation with biofiltration ................................................................. 32
Figure 5: A common windrow open air composting facility..................... 35
Figure 6: Uncontrolled moisture at a compost site ................................. 35
Figure 7: Indoor windrow composting in a covered compost area ........... 36
Figure 8: Schematic diagrams of induced and forced draft aeration ...... 37
Figure 9: Percent dry matter disappearance (per 4 hrs) over time ......... 47
Figure 10: Heat values of compost feedstocks ........................................ 54
Figure 11: Database of compost characteristics ...................................... 56
Figure 12: Winter temperature variation (4 hr avg) ................................. 57
Figure 13: Greenhouse heat loss per hour over time (MJ / hr) ................ 57
Figure 14: Mass decomposition needed (kg/hr) to heat the greenhouse 58
Figure 15: Cumulative mass decomposition needed for greenhouse
heating ................................................................................................ 59
Figure 16: Compost mass of pile 1 over time........................................... 60
Figure 17: Mass loss rate of pile 1 (kg disappeared / hr) ....................... 60
Figure 18: Heat removal rate of pile 1 (MJ/4 hrs) ................................... 61
Figure 19: Cumulative water evaporation vs. generation in pile 1 .......... 62
Figure 20: Watering rate required for pile 1 (kg/4 hr)............................ 62
Figure 21: Cumulative watering of pile 1 .................................................. 63
Figure 22: CO2 production of all piles in scenario 1 (kg/hr) .................... 64
Figure 23: Cumulative CO2 production of all piles in scenario 1............. 64
Figure 24: CO2 vs. heat (production rates) for the entire time period (kg
and MJ per 2 hr period) ...................................................................... 65
Figure 25: Heat removal rate to CO2 production rate ratio for the entire
time period 66
-v-
Figure 26: CO2 intake of the greenhouse based on heat need (kg/4 hr) 67
Figure 27: Enthalpy difference of all piles in scenario 1 .......................... 68
Figure 28: Airflow rate required for pile 1 (kg/4 hrs) ............................. 68
Figure 29: Cumulative air requirement of pile 1 ....................................... 69
Figure 30: Compost heat removal vs. greenhouse heating need over time
(MJ/4 hrs)........................................................................................... 71
Figure 31: Cumulative heat removal vs. cumulative heating need ........... 71
Figure 32: Mass decomposition pattern of the first six compost piles
(mass in red, water in blue)................................................................ 74
Figure 33: Heat removal rate of Intervale scenario (MJ / 4 hrs).............. 74
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Literature Review
Compost Heat Utilization
For the past 30 years, biothermal energy has been researched
informally through numerous entrepreneurial experiments (Poulain 1981),
(Turner, 1983),(Fulford, 1986),(Schonbeck, 1989),(Edey,
1998),(LoCasio, 2001), (Biette, 2004), (Fulford, 2005). While intriguing
and fascinating in their own right, this experimentation on small farms and
research stations has unfortunately not led to a cohesive body of
knowledge on the subject. Some non-peer reviewed information can be
obtained on the internet and in magazines about past experiments, but
this information cannot be considered a guide to the field of study or to
the planning and building of experimental structures (Editors,
1999),(Diver, 2001), (Young & Quazi, 2004) (and also see above
references). Past experiments utilized either hydronic or forced air
systems as a means to transport heat from compost to a destination
such as a greenhouse structure. It is unclear from the information
available which systems functioned more efficiently and cheaply than
others. Furthermore it is uncertain which systems are easier to operate
and manage than others.
Limited scholarly analysis and research on utilizing compost energy
exists in peer reviewed literature. A system was developed in which
compost heat and exhaust gases (CO2 and ammonia (NH3)) were utilized in
a greenhouse (Beck et al., 1992). The process, entitled Carboferm,
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emissions were recorded for the process. The total mass of water used in
the process was not reported.
Another in vessel composter was constructed to analyze heat
production from compost (H. Seki & Komori, 1995). A mixture of
chicken manure, rice bran, and sawdust was used with an approximate
carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 30 and a moisture content of 60%.
Although no mass loss rates or mass feeding rates were provided, heat
production and recovery rates were given. It was shown that 16-22%
(120-260 MJ) of the available energy was recovered from the
composting process. It was also reported that the amount of exergy
recovered (3.0-9.3 MJ) was 50% of the total input power required to run
the process. Airflow varied throughout the process in response to
temperature feedback, but the optimal airflow initially designed for was
200 liters (l) of air per minute per m3 of compost (200 l/min/m3).
Unfortunately, no density data was provided, so airflow per unit mass and
furthermore airflow per unit dry matter decomposed cannot be
determined.
An integrated greenhouse system was constructed in which 2.5
wet tons of compost (2:1 ratio of cattle manure and rice hulls) were
mixed and then placed into trenches in the greenhouse floor (see paper
for details) (Hong et al., 1997). Perforated pipes were located in the
trenches beneath the compost and supplied .22 l of air/hr/kg of compost
(initial wet weight). Heat production quantities were not reported for the
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be expected from the various system designs. This is critical for the
intelligent design of future systems. Furthermore it cannot be
ascertained which and what quantity emissions can be expected when
utilizing compost for its heat production. To understand all of the
aspects of using biothermal energy further research must be conducted
with respect to parameters of energy and mass balances, energy
efficiency, emissions, and scalability of system design.
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loss of the windrow turned everyday as well. The heat gain in the
windrows from solar radiation was also analyzed. Even though it was
concluded that the net effect of the radiation was cooling, the energy
from the sun equaled less than a third of the compost generated heat.
This was the first time that this type of comparison was performed.
The amount of heat available from compost will be dependent on
how the energy is recovered from the process. It can be seen that
recovery of the exhaust air, especially with forced air in-vessel operations,
will retrieve a significant amount of the heat released in composting. This
amount recovered will vary with reactor and process type due do
differences in amounts radiated, conducted, and passively convected.
These types of losses will be a function of compost mass geometry,
compost housing (or lack thereof), and process control (such as
frequency of turning). There are fixed heat sinks that also reduce the
amount of heat available. The initial heat generated in the process will be
used to bring the initial wet mass up to process temperature. Also, any
water that is added to the pile will take heat to be brought up to process
temperature as well. Depending on the composting vessel, other
materials such as concrete walls may absorb heat to reach their
respective operating temperatures.
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The algorithms for these rate limiting factors were presented, and it was
assumed that microbial population distribution was not limiting. The
limiting factors had an individual net effect on the composting rate, i.e.
the end values for free air space or moisture were between 1 and .01and
the rate was multiplied by each limiting factor. Although the calculations
for limiting factors were based on experimental evidence, the cumulative
effect of multiple factors on the composting rate was not specifically
verified by experimental data. Although it remains unclear if multiple
limiting factors actually have a cumulative effect on the composting rate,
the model presented a basis which was able to fit multiple experimental
results and performed adequately relative to the current state of the art.
A rate function based on the same experimental data as Huag and
the so called Q10 effect of temperature was presented in (Keener et
al., 1993), but it was concluded that the equation was only valid up to
60oC. It was also stated that compost moisture levels between 50-65%
(mass basis) were not inhibiting on the decomposition rate. This finding
conflicts with Huags methodology which presented a moisture coefficient
of around .87-.98 (slight decrease of the rate) for moisture percentages
of 50-65%. It was stated as well that optimum moisture levels may vary
for different compost materials because of their specific water holding
capacities. This again slightly conflicts with Huags approach which uses
the same moisture coefficient curve for all materials. Given the state of
the art, only further research will elucidate the situation and present
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Also analyzed
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increased and decreased during the process but had a similar value to its
initial value at day 59. In light of this, mass loss could have been
predicted (approximately) on the basis of initially present hydrolyzable C,
as the other fractions were essentially inert. The same can be said for N
fractions, although greater transformations occurred between fractions.
This study as well presents another approach to classifying compost
constituents and therefore more accurately predicting losses, loss rates,
and subsequently heat production.
There have also been decomposition models on the microscopic
level that take into account bacterial population dynamics and compost
matrix variables (H. Seki, 2002). These models will most likely advance
compost modeling accuracy in the future, but require data input that
most composting operations cannot compile. They are also more
complicated to comprehend and limited to specific composting
operations. Therefore, a model of this type has not been used here but
should be considered for operations where the required compost
parameters are being monitored and recorded.
cloudless nights were all neglected in simplified models but could account
for large percentages of total heat loss seen in most greenhouses. It was
also stated that the standards presented by ASHRAE and ASAE were not
adequate. Unfortunately, more complex models require data on ambient
temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, solar data, cloud cover and
specific greenhouse materials. With these requirements, a general but
accurate model is difficult to establish. A methodology for calculating
heat loss in greenhouses that requires only temperature and wind data
along with greenhouse specifications of size and geometry type (i.e.
Quonset) has been established (Nelson, 1998). This model was chosen
here for its simplicity and relative accuracy in regard to weather and
greenhouse type.
detected in past studies have been varying amounts of VOC, NOx, SOx,
molds, fungal spores, and airborne bacteria. Obviously to utilize the CO2,
H2O, and NH3 in compost exhaust as resources, the accompanying
elements need to be handled safely and efficiently. Additionally, to
understand how to utilize and filter compost exhaust, the emissions
dynamics and yields must be understood completely.
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forms besides CO2 during large scale composting due to isolated anoxic
and anaerobic areas in the compost. Therefore, laboratory experiment
data for CO2 yields may not be accurate to predict CO2 emissions from
larger scale operations due to the spatial discrepancies inherent in some
commercial operations. The problem arises when CO2 yields are compared
to oxygen consumption as well due to the production of CH4 and nitrogen
oxides NOx.
CO2 data from multiple composting experiments over a wide array
of materials was summarized in (Keener et al., 1993). The data was
presented in two ways: CO2 released per unit dry mass decomposed and
moles of CO2 released per moles O2 consumed or Respiratory Quotient
(RQ). Averages for CO2 yields (1.85kg/kg) and RQ (.97mol/mol) and
standard deviations (.10), (.03) were established. It was shown that
completely disparate feedstocks had similar CO2 yields when composted.
Respiratory quotient has been analyzed as a tool for measuring
compost activity and subsequent CO2 emissions (Gea et al., 2004). It
was found that RQ varied only slightly across materials and operating
temperatures in the experiments, and also when compared to other
experimental results. It was also stated that low-oxidized materials such
as fats can be expected to reduce RQ.
Experiments published after Keeners study that have found CO2
yields and RQ have been summarized and cited in the revised database
here. Low standard deviation between multiple experiments has been
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Ammonia Emissions
Scientific study has shown that ammonia is a significant compost
by-product. It can be considered the most abundant of nuisance gases
that must be controlled. Researchers have found that emission of NH3
can account for a large quantity of nitrogen (N) loss from composts. It
has been found that 23-32% of initial (N) in compost can be lost as
ammonia (Beck-Friis et al., 2001). During the composting of animal
wastes between 46.8 and 77.4% of the initial total N was lost through
NH3 volatilization (with a .2 to 29.2% difference between
measured/calculated emissions and final mass analysis, see paper for
details) (Martins & Dewes, 1992). An estimated 62% loss of initial N to
NH3 volatilization during the composting of bark and poultry manure with
initial C/N ratio of around 22 and a 46% moisture content was found
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Introduction
The concept of utilizing biological sources of heat and nutrients to
incubate food crops may date back to as early as 2000 years ago in the
Roman Empire. However, utilization of manure heat in enclosed crop
cultivation was not popularized and well documented until the height of
the French commercial gardening market in the early 19th century. Since
this time the incorporation of biothermal energy in agriculture has evolved
into integrated enclosed agricultural systems of varying scope and design.
By its very definition, biothermal energy is energy derived from
living organisms. This could be taken to mean direct sources such as
latent and sensible heat released from organisms, or indirect sources such
as methane derived from anaerobic digesters. In this specific study,
direct biothermal energy is focused on. This energy source in past
systems has been either heat produced by bacteria from the
decomposition of matter, or from livestock. The latter source is not
being considered by this research.
In compost-based biothermal structures two methods have been
employed to transport heat from compost to a housing structure.
Hydronic systems achieve heat transfer by circulating a fluid passively
(thermosiphon) or actively (mechanical pumping) in a closed loop system
consisting of a matrix of tubing in a compost pile and a similar heat
exchanger in the greenhouse structure (see figure 3). Forced air systems
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how many of these operations use the heat from compost to regulate
indoor temperatures of the processing facility (through heat exchangers
or other means), or whether any use the post-filtration emissions as a
resource. The required infrastructure for in vessel biofiltration operations
is very similar to what a biothermal structure would need, and data from
these facilities is useful for planning and design of potential biothermal
operations. In turn, further research on biothermal energy production can
also help these facilities plan for temperature control and energy
recovery.
Problem Statement
Biothermal Energy has been researched formally and informally for
the past 35 years in a range of settings and experiment parameters. The
recorded technological history has been precarious, and many questions
remain about efficiency, operational conditions, and performance
consistency (Enoch & Kimball, 1986), (Diver, 2001), (Fulford, 2005),
(Schonbeck, 1989). Multiple types of composting systems have been
used in biothermal heating systems in different climactic settings with
mixed consistency in data recording and publishing. Multiple methods of
extracting and transporting heat/compost cogenerents have also been
employed. Data exists in peer review literature for composting
experimentation that can be used, however the experiment parameters
and standardizations vary greatly and only recently have researchers
begun to eliminate enough variables to produce transferable data.
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The knowledge bases for design and engineering have not been
established for biothermal energy. There is no information or operational
data on how these systems function from day to day and how they
respond to different environmental conditions. Interested parties have
little in the way of a guide or reference if they wish to build a system
based on their respective operations. They can only refer to consultants
who have worked with past systems. Furthermore because of the
informality and inconsistency of the research behind biothermal
technologies, and the inherent complexity of a biologically based
technology, a structure has not been successfully scaled to a long-term
commercial setting. This is unfortunate, as the large potential for this
alternative technology exists with the vast amounts of feed stock in the
commercial composting industry.
An open air composting facility, such as Intervale Compost, is
producing significant amounts of heat, CO2, water vapor, and possibly
ammonia and volatile organic compounds. Without aeration capture and
filtration these possible resources are being released into the atmosphere;
sometimes causing concern to adjacent communities.
Open-air composting operations also experience difficulties due to
weather that can often be detrimental. Moisture control can be a
significant problem both from an operational and a product quality
standpoint. Excessive moisture can lead to surface and/or groundwater
run-off, and subsequent water pollution if not contained. These problems
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can translate to economic losses, as has been seen with the Intervale
composting operation (Sherman 2004).
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Objectives
To understand biothermal energy as a viable alternative energy
technology, several steps have been taken. A review of the available data
has been conducted and viewed in the context of future design and
construction. The data (and the lack of it) has been used to form a
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Are the ratios of heat and CO2 outputs in the given range of what a
typical greenhouse production needs?
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How much per square foot does a biothermal structure cost, and
how does this compare to a conventional operation?
How much of a given fossil fuel (for heating and CO2) can
biothermal energy replace and what is the monetary value that can
be attributed to it?
What are the assumptions in the model and to what extent does it
affect its predictions and their accuracy?
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Methods
A literature review has been conducted in the subject areas of
compost heat production, compost thermal properties, compost
simulation modeling, compost engineering, compost emissions, compost
heated greenhouse structures (biothermal greenhouses), greenhouse
heating, and CO2 enrichment. A database of variables has been created
that has provided the basis for the simulation model. The database has
been constructed from values observed in relevant past experiments.
The database has also been used to obtain averages and standard
deviations for certain variables. Local weather data has also been
obtained for the simulation model from the Burlington Airport, located in
South Burlington, VT.
To construct the simulation model of a biothermal greenhouse,
STELLA modeling software is used. The model consists of established
equations that have been extracted from various peer reviewed sources.
The most accurate equations and data have be used, given the range of
literature review. Data on the compost mix and feedstock at the Intervale
have been used as well.
Model Development
The main purpose of the model is to meet the aforementioned
objectives. This simulation model has been designed to take established
equations and observed values and run them to analyze their implied
output, such as the quantities of products from the composting process.
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Air is forced through the compost windrow with induced draft (see
figure 8).
Model Structure
The simulation model is a mass and energy balance model that over
time responds to changing atmospheric conditions. Initial mass values for
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the compost were determined by sizing the compost piles for the
current needs of the greenhouse. In the time span of the model (scenario
1), of nine compost piles are added in succession and their size increases
according to the increasing heating needs of the greenhouse. Heating
needs for the greenhouse are determined by the methodology presented
by Nelson for double-poly Quonset style greenhouses with a floor area of
118.45 m2. The following equations were derived from the equation and
tables presented (Nelson, 1998):
H = (R*K*CR) + (S*K*CS)
(Eq. 1)
K = -.070620+0.0246068* TG+0.0010219*W+.0004404* TG*W
(Eq. 2)
Where H equals the heat loss of the greenhouse, R is the standard heat
loss for the roof, S is the standard for side walls, K is the adjustment
coefficient for wind and temperature, C is the coefficient for glazing
material, W is wind speed in mph, and T is the temperature difference in
o
F between the inside and outside air, and the subscripts R, S, G are green
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mCO2 = ((.015*GV-.0037*GV)*d)*r
(Eq. 3)
Where mCO2 is the mass of CO2 needed per hour in kg, GV is the
volume of the greenhouse, d (2 kg/m3) is the density of CO2 at around
greenhouse conditions (70oF and sea-level pressure), and r (.5) is the
infiltration coefficient provided in (Nelson, 1998) for Quonset style
double poly greenhouse structures. It is assumed in this equation that
the desired concentration of CO2 in the greenhouse is 1500 ppm and the
atmospheric concentration is 370.
When the simulated compost process begins, the initial dry mass
begins to be degraded according to the composting rate (k). The k value,
in simple terms is the percent of the initial dry matter that disappears per
day. As stated, multiple researchers have attempted to develop accurate
composting rate equations for simulation models. They have utilized
constant k rates as a function of temperature primarily, with other factors
such as oxygen availability, compost moisture, bacterial population, and
free air space. However, many operators cannot measure these compost
characteristics easily and the affects of the factors are not uniform
throughout compost materials and process types. It may be more
practical for an operator to measure mass loss per day and moisture
content of several compost trials and obtain average mass loss rates for
their operation. No compost degradation rates have been recorded for
the compost mix and operation that was used as the basis for this model.
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875
805
840
735
770
700
665
630
595
560
525
455
490
385
420
315
350
280
245
210
175
105
140
70
35
0.00900
0.00800
0.00700
0.00600
0.00500
0.00400
0.00300
0.00200
0.00100
0.00000
k rate
k value
Hours
As can be seen from the graph, the maximum rate of dry matter
disappearance per four hours is .8% of the current dry mass of the
compost, or 4.8% per day. Simply put, if the initial dry mass of the
compost is 1000 kg, then 48 kg will disappear or be completely
oxidized in a day at a rate of 4.8% per day. The next day at the same
rate, the mass at the end of the day will be 906.3 (952 (.048 * 952) =
906.3). Mass loss then, occurs according to the following equation:
mc = mc
-1
(k*mc
-1
(Eq. 4)
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-1
mass of the previous time step, and k is the percent mass disappeared
during the time step. This equation is a deviation from the equation
presented in past studies because it multiplies the k rate by the mass of
the compost at time and not the initial mass. However, this equation fits
the observed values of the composting study more closely than the
latter.
Water balance in the compost pile occurs according to the following
equation:
d(mcw)/dt = mcwo+bcw+maw+mw-mevp
(Eq. 5)
Where mcw is the mass of water in the compost, mcwo is the initial mass of
water, bcw is the water generated by the decomposition of organic matter
(.58 kg water/kg dry matter disappeared), maw is the mass of water in the
entering air (varies with changing humidity), mw is the intentional wetting
of the compost pile for moisture control (to bring the pile back to 50%
after each time step), and mevp is the water lost through evaporation
(varies with humidity, temperature, and required airflow to remove heat).
No leaching is assumed to have occurred.
Energy in the compost pile behaves according to the following
equation:
d(hm)/dt = hmo+(hf*-m)+hsr-hr-he-hc-hd-ha
(Eq. 6)
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convection. For simplicity, general values are used here. (Robinzon et al.,
2000) in a passively aerated windrow composting trial with a similar pile
turning schedule, found that radiation accounted for 20% of the total
heat lost. (Themelis & Kim, 2002) also found in an in-vessel cell that the
combined heat loss to the surroundings was about one fourth of the total
generated heat. This study involved an indoor environment with elevated
temperatures (40oC), and a concrete bin cell that minimized the exposed
surface area of the compost. The values however are still useful for a
general understanding. The piles in this model are being subjected to
negative pressure aeration. There will inevitably be a dry, insulative layer
on top of the pile that will reduce heat loss through radiation, surface
evaporation, convection, and conduction when the aeration is in the OFF
cycle. An adjustable value of 20% heat loss from these combined factors
has been used, but further research needs to be conducted to obtain a
more proven value. The equation used for the model then is:
ha = hf-hm-((hf*-m)*.2)
(Eq. 9)
Note that the heat lost through the aforementioned combined factors is
calculated for every time step, and any surge in heat loss due to turning
is not calculated, as it is assumed that the air system will be on during
turning periods. Simply put, the only heat that is unavailable for
utilization in the model is the heat lost through the combined factors and
the heat needed to raise the temperature of the total compost mass.
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Heat lost or more correctly heat captured from forced aeration (ha)
per mass unit of air will equal the enthalpy difference between the
incoming air and the exhaust air from the compost. Enthalpy is a factor
of air temperature, density, and humidity ratio in the two air masses.
Because the exhaust air from the compost for the majority of the trial is
at a constant temperature (60oC) and is saturated, the real difference in
enthalpy will be caused by changing ambient temperature. During colder,
dryer periods more energy will be removed per kg of air and therefore less
fan power will be needed to remove heat from the compost. In turn,
incoming air that is warmer and humid will remove less heat energy per kg
of air and therefore more air and more power will be required to remove
compost heat. (Keener et al., 1993) used the term (HAO-HAI) to
describe the difference in enthalpy between incoming and outgoing
compost air. More specifically, this represented the equation:
d(H)/dt = (cpa+cvwak)T+LvWa
(Eq. 10)
Where H is the enthalpy difference between the incoming and outgoing
compost air, cpa is the specific heat of air, cv is the specific heat of water
vapor, T is the difference in air temperature between the incoming and
outgoing air, Lv is the latent heat of vaporization, and Wa is the
difference in humidity ratios between the two air masses.
- 51 -
The energy removed from each kg of moist air that passes through
the compost mass will equal the energy required to raise the temperature
of the dry air and the water in the air, plus the energy required to
vaporize the added water to the incoming air mass. It can be seen that
because the exhaust air composition is constant, the amount of heat and
water that is removed per kilogram of air is completely dependant on the
composition of the incoming air. In previous studies, modelers have used
a constant temperature and humidity for incoming air (Keener et al.,
1993), (Keener et al., 1997b), (Themelis & Kim, 2002). This may be
relevant to an indoor, controlled environment composting operation, but
for outdoor and unconditioned air composting operations this assumption
could miscalculate required air and energy needs. It is for this reason that
weather data has been incorporated into the model.
The CO2 created during the decomposition of the compost
feedstock evolves in direct accordance with the mass disappearance. An
adjustable figure of 1.85 kg of CO2 per kg of dry compost disappeared
has been used for the model, based on observed and calculated values
from previous studies. Some CO2 will be lost to the atmosphere when the
pile is not being aerated. For simplicity, a general figure of 5% of the
generated CO2 lost per time step is used here. A more exact process
would be to measure CO2 concentration in the passive exhaust air and
multiply it by the passive airflow rate. This should be done where possible
in future studies.
- 52 -
Results
Compost Property Database
The database of composting parameters found through an
extensive literature review is provided in the appendix. The review
focused on heat, water, and CO2 production and attempted to
standardize data where possible. This work is largely an expansion of the
table published in (Keener et al., 1993). The following graph is the range
of heat values of common compost feedstocks. The values were
obtained from the literature review and are part of the larger database
provided in the appendix.
- 53 -
Material
- 54 -
Fungi
n-Buteric
Acet. Acid
Propyl. Alc.
Tyrosine
Methyl Alc.
Carbs.
Fat/Oil
Food
Straw/Manure
MSW
Rice Hulls
Sludge
MSW/Straw
MSW/Straw
MSW/Wood
Wood
Wood
Paper (wax)
Meat
Paper
Food
Food
Rice
Leaves
Wood
Wood
Brush
Wood
Corn
Straw
Manure
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Sludge
MJ / kg (dry)
Dry air
Heat
Heat convers C/N B
release CO2 Water k rate RQ Oxygen Release ion Ratio factor ASH C
H O N S Cl Specific Heat
mol
mol
CO2/
kj/mol
(ash
mj/kg kg/kg kg/kg
molO2 kg/kg (O2) kg/kg kg/kg % % free)
kj/kg
Material
Reference Year
Sludge, Primary
Haug
Haug
Keener, SEC
1980
1980
1991
Haug
Schnieder
1980
1947
2.03
Haug
Haug
Haug
1980
1980
1980
1.92
1.91
1.73
0.64
0.58
0.58
0.9
0.93
0.96
1.56
1.49
1.31
0.361
0.416
0.416
55
85
20
Ebeling
Schonauer
Ebeling
1985
1984
1985
19.80
19.00
19.00
1.83
1.76
1.74
0.54
0.67
0.54
0.97
0.89
0.99
1.37
1.43
1.28
0.459
0.329
0.459
37
29
99
18
3.3
17.6
Ebeling
Ebeling
Ebeling
1985
1985
1985
19.70
20.10
19.90
1.8
1.85
1.85
0.51
0.54
0.53
0.99
0.97
0.98
1.32
1.39
1.38
0.485
0.459
0.47
71
28
226
34.5
54.4
Ebeling
Ebeling
Ebeling
1985
1985
1985
19.80
19.50
19.80
1.8
1.81
1.89
0.54
0.54
0.52
0.98
0.98
0.97
1.34
1.35
1.41
0.461
0.462
0.477
61
103
89
Ebeling
Ebeling
1985
1985
20.70
19.90
1.87
1.8
0.54
0.54
0.96
0.98
1.41
1.34
0.459
0.46
1013
980
Ebeling
Ebeling
Ebeling
1985
1985
1985
19.70
22.20
19.70
1.85
2.17
1.85
0.49
0.6
0.48
1
0.89
1.01
1.35
1.77
1.33
0.06
0.402
0.522
Keener, SEC
Keener, SEC
Keener, SEC
1993
1993
1993
22.10
22.10
20.10
2.05
2.05
1.85
0.58
0.58
0.47
0.91
0.91
1.02
1.63
1.63
1.32
0.424
0.424
0.532
Tchobanoglous
Tchobanoglous
1993
1993
Tchobanoglous
Tchobanoglous
Tchobanoglous
Digested Sludge
CageLayer Manure
Garbage
Garbage
Refuse (OM)
23.00
24.60
19.10
2.07
2.15
1.88
0.75 0.025
0.87 0.025
0.56 0.048
1.84
2.05
1.46
0.238
0.104
0.44
19
9
7
0.85
1.73
0.3
14
45 29.1
86.5 55
29.4 27.7
22 39
11 21
8 12
1 0.08 0.07
1 0.12 0.03
1 0.05
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
64 104
99 148
23 38
37
59
17
1
1
1
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
8.7
1.6
1.4
43 62
34 64
116 175
28
24
85
8.9
5.9
0.8
83 115 57
33 47 21
264 370 172
2.3
1.3
0.8
72 105
120 174
104 140
49
81
64
0.4
0.3
141
28
102
36 1.5
31.2 9.5
63 17.9
36
36
249
35.7
11.7
66.2
7
5.9
1.3
42 58 21
42 58 21
290 358 191
1 0.1
1 0.1
1 0.2
4.65
39.16
0.2
73 11.5 14.8
0.4
0.1 n/a
1993
1993
1993
16.70
19.27
30.52
5
4.2
4.9
48 6.4 37.6
48.5 6.2 9.5
59.6 9.4 24.7
2.6
1.4
1.2
0.4 n/a
0.2 n/a
0.2 n/a
Tchobanoglous
Tchobanoglous
1993
1993
18.74
18.24
6
5
0.3
0.3
0.2 n/a
0.2 n/a
Tchobanoglous
Tchobanoglous
Tchobanoglous
1993
1993
1993
20.03
27.61
15.32
1.5
1.2
6.3
0.2 n/a
0.1 n/a
0.3 n/a
Tchobanoglous
Tchobanoglous
Tchobanoglous
1993
1993
1993
9.85
19.54
19.50
1
0.9
1.5
50.1
49.6
49.5
6.4 42.3
6.1 43.2
6 42.7
Tchobanoglous
Weppen
Weppen
1993
2001
2001
17.45
18.53
22.40
10
60
8 11.6
10 0.4 n/a
1.92
2.03
0.946
0.87
402
423
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
basis)
MSW / Straw (25%)
Weppen
Weppen
2001
2001
19.90
19.60
1.73
1.66
0.96
0.957
485
498
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
Weppen
Miller
2001
1984
14.70
15.20
1.49
0.955
416
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
Corn Grain
Corn Cobs
Wheat Straw
Peanut Hulls
Black Walnut
Vineyard, Thompson
Brush (poplar)
Black Locust
Redwood
White Fir
White Oak
Grape Pomace
Rice Hulls
Leaves (oak)
Leaves (ash)
Sawdust
Food waste (in general)
Fats
Mixed food wastes
Fruit Wastes
Meat Wastes
Paper (mixed)
Cardboard
Newsprint
Waxed Cartons
Yard Wastes
Wood (green timber)
Hardwood
Wood (mixed)
Leather
MSW/wood chips
w/pig fat
MSW / 17%Straw (fresh
16
10
4
5
27
Refuse (OM)
Grass
Grass (sudan)
0.7
0.82
0.76
0.94
12.3
29.9
9.8
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
21.80
rice hulls/rice flour
substrate
Hogan
1989
14.20
Das, Keener
1993
16.70
23.00
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
- 55 -
MSW
food waste, paper,
sawdust
Koenig (estimated)
2000
12.00
15.00
wheat, chick,cottonseed
Harper
1992
15.40
22.00
MSW, paper
Themelis
Themelis
Themelis
2002
2002
2002
17.54
15.58
9.14
6
6
2
10
10
5
4
5
2
Themelis
2002
38.99
16
32
Glucose (Carbohydrate)
CRC
1986
15.50
1.47
0.6
1.07
0.4
12
Tyrosine (protein)
Glyceryl Tributyrate
Methyl Alchohol
CRC
CRC
1986
1986
9.00
26.80
2.37
2.19
0.59
0.77
0.88
0.81
1.96
1.96
0.407
0.225
9
15
11
26
3
6
CRC
CRC
CRC
1986
1986
1986
22.50
29.50
33.60
1.38
1.91
2.2
1.13
1.17
1.2
0.67
0.67
0.67
1.5
2.09
2.4
-0.125
-0.174
-0.2
1
2
3
4
6
8
1
1
1
CRC
CRC
CRC
1986
1986
1986
36.00
14.50
20.50
2.38
1.47
1.78
1.22
0.6
0.73
0.67
1
0.86
2.59
1.07
1.51
-0.216
0.4
0.27
4
2
3
10
4
6
1
2
2
Bacteria
Fungi
CRC
Haug
Haug
1986
1980
1980
24.60
24.70
20.40
1.96
2.59
2.01
1
0.74
0.7
0.73
0.87
0.89
1.96
2.59
2.01
0
0.424
0.365
4
5
10
10
7
17
2
2
6
msw
Smars
Gea
2001
2004
1.02
1.33
1.15
ads
Gea
2004
1.17
1.01
rs
Gea
2004
ps
Gea
2004
1.08
0.92
1.26
Carbohyrates
Protien
Fat and Oil
Ethyl Alchohol
Propyl Alchohol
n-Butyl
Acetic Acid
Propionic Acid
n-Buteric Acid
0.0095
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
314
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
4
9
1.45+/-.03 kj/kg
1
1
1
1.08
chick waste/yard waste
Gea
2004
0.9
0.88
chic,yard wastes,
(potato,gelatin,bakery
amend.)
""
Dewat sludge cake,post
comp. remix
Oak Leaves
Maple Leaves
Straw
Elwell, Keener
1996
0.54
0.87
Elwell, Keener
Seki
1996
2002
0.54
0.9
Bach et al,
Finstein
Finstein
1987 na
1986
1986
0.009
0.015
Finstein
1986
0.069
Maruagg
1992
0.19
Maruagg
Maruagg
Birou
1992
1992
1987
0.167
0.179
Birou
Birou
1987
1987
Beck et al.
1992
0.5
Hao
2004
2.01
Hao
2004
18.84
443
440
473
407
2.01
19.44
6.21
1.87
0.32
0.67
0.21
0.07
0.07
0.94
0.13
1.62
0.39
430.10
52.47
0.32
0.22
32%
17%
31%
102%
14%
24%
12%
68%
- 56 -
Weather
Ambient temperature has a significant effect on greenhouse heat loss and air
enthalpy. The variation of temperature over the modeling period (4 hr avg) is shown
in figure 12. Wind had less of an affect on the greenhouse heat loss than
temperature. For this reason, wind data has not been displayed here.
16
0
15
3
14
6
13
9
13
2
12
5
11
8
11
1
10
4
97
90
83
76
69
62
55
48
41
34
27
20
13
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
6
Temp in F
Da ys
50
30
20
10
- 57 -
Days
15
15
14
13
13
12
11
11
10
96
89
82
75
68
61
54
47
40
26
33
19
12
MJ / hr
40
Kg / hr 0
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
96
10
3
11
0
11
7
12
4
13
1
13
8
14
5
15
2
15
9
89
82
75
68
61
54
47
40
33
26
19
12
1.00
0.50
0.00
Days
5000.00
4000.00
3000.00
2000.00
1000.00
Days
- 58 -
15
9
15
2
14
5
13
8
13
1
12
4
11
7
11
0
10
3
96
89
82
75
68
61
54
47
40
33
26
19
12
0.00
5
Kilograms
6000.00
Hours
- 59 -
675
648
621
594
540
567
513
486
459
432
405
378
351
324
297
270
243
216
189
162
135
81
108
54
27
1,000.00
0
Kilograms 0
2,200.00
Kg / hr
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
780
750
720
690
660
630
600
540
570
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
240
270
210
180
150
90
120
30
60
0.00
Hours
- 60 -
MJ or 4%).
Heat production rate of pile 1
350.00
MJ / 4 hr
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
799
831
767
735
703
671
639
607
575
543
511
479
447
415
383
351
319
287
255
223
191
159
127
95
31
63
0.00
Hours
Water
As stated above, watering was required to maintain the designated
moisture levels (50%) in the compost pile. Initially, compost moisture
increased above its initial value of 50% due to metabolic generation of
water and lack of aeration for heat control. This increase was short lived
however, and within 43 hours wetting was required to stabilize the
moisture level at 50% due to the aeration process and subsequent water
vapor removal (see figure 16). By stabilization (1000 hours or 42 days),
cumulative evaporation significantly exceeded metabolic generation in the
composting process (see figure 19).
heat removal was 1.37 kg/kg of initial compost or 137% of the initial
composting mass. More specifically, for every metric ton of dry compost
decomposed at 19 MJ/kg, 5 metric tons of water is evaporated to
complete the heat balance. Evaporated water is supplied at a ratio of
- 61 -
around 1 kg for every 2.8 MJ. For the cumulative heat demand of the
greenhouse (roughly 80,000 MJ), 28.6 MT of water will be supplied.
Cumulative metabolic generation of water
7000
Kilograms 0
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
975
897
936
858
819
780
741
702
663
624
585
546
468
507
429
390
351
312
273
234
195
156
117
78
39
Hours
Watering rate
Kg / 4 hr
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
971
935
899
863
827
791
755
719
647
683
611
575
539
503
467
431
395
359
323
287
251
215
179
143
107
71
35
Hours
- 62 -
Hours
Carbon Dioxide
Caron dioxide was created in significant amounts during the
composting process and followed a rate directly related to the
decomposition rate. It can be seen in figure 22 that CO2 production
never exceeded 19 kg per hour and the minimum production of most of
the piles did not fall below 2.5 kg per hour. More importantly for
greenhouse operators, the simple ratio of heat to CO2 is 19 MJ:1.85 kg
using the aforementioned coefficients based on previous studies. The
more accurate ratio however is the actual CO2 that will be supplied with
the air demand for the greenhouse.
- 63 -
984
943
902
861
820
779
738
697
656
615
574
533
492
451
410
369
328
246
287
205
164
123
82
41
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Kilograms 0
Cumulative watering
15
Kg / hr
20
10
5
3874
3725
3576
3427
3278
2980
3129
2831
2682
2533
2384
2235
2086
1937
1788
1639
1490
1341
1192
894
1043
596
745
447
149
298
Hours
Kilograms
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1
243
485
727
969 1211 1453 1695 1937 2179 2421 2663 2905 3147 3389 3631 3873
Hours
This figure is determined by the heat removal to CO2 removal ratio seen in
figures 24 and 25. The ratio, after compost activation, varies in a range
between 7.5 to 10.5 MJ per kg CO2 removed. The most common ratio
over time is 8 MJ per kg of CO2. However, the CO2 supplied to the
greenhouse equals the heat actually supplied to the greenhouse times the
ratio at the time according to the model. For example at hour 229, the
greenhouse heating demand is 12.93 MJ (see figure 10), and the average
air enthalpy difference is 435 kj/kg of air. At the same time, 51 MJ of
- 64 -
energy and 4.7 kg of CO2 (see figure 23) are produced and must be
removed from the compost in 117.2 kg of air. The greenhouse will only
use 25.4% of the heat produced, and therefore according to the model
will only take in the same percentage of CO2 or 1.2 kg. The results
produced by the model are limited by this logic and in reality this may not
be the result (discussed in the conclusion).
3843
3683
3523
3203
3363
3043
2883
2723
2563
2403
2243
2083
1923
1603
1763
1443
1283
1123
803
963
643
483
323
163
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
kg / 2 hr: Mj / 2 hr
Hours
CO2 rate
Heat rate
12
10
8
6
4
2
Hours
- 65 -
1926
1852
1778
1704
1630
1556
1482
1408
1334
1260
1186
1112
1038
964
890
816
742
668
594
520
446
372
298
224
150
76
Ratio (Mj:kg) 0
14
The total CO2 demand of the greenhouse was not modeled here.
However the base demand, or the amount needed to compensate for
fresh air infiltration was calculated. This demand, added to plant
consumption equals the total CO2 need of the greenhouse. It was found
that 3.77 m3 or 7.54 kg of CO2 are needed every two hours. The base
demand to account for greenhouse infiltration is around 3.8 kg per hour
at the stated infiltration rate. The intake rate of CO2 to the greenhouse
based on the aforementioned logic and CO2 production rate is shown in
figure 23 as kg taken in per 4 hrs. It can be seen that the intake rate
does not always exceed the base need (15 kg per four hr period) based
on the model logic. Another approximation is to use a greenhouse
demand average of 5 to 10 g CO2/m2/hr (Enoch & Kimball, 1986; Fulford,
2005). At a greenhouse size of 118.45 m3, this equates to an average
demand of 592.25 to 1184.5g per hour. In this estimation, 2.4 to 4.74
kg per four hours are needed. Based on this rule of thumb, the CO2 taken
in by the greenhouse is in excess the majority of the time.
- 66 -
kg / 4 hr 0
40
30
20
10
3939
3775
3611
3447
3283
3119
2955
2791
2627
2463
2299
2135
1971
1807
1643
1479
1315
1151
987
823
659
495
331
167
Hours
Fi gure 26: CO 2 i nt ake o f t he gr ee nho use bas ed o n heat nee d ( kg/4 hr)
- 67 -
kj / kg of air 0
600
550
Pile 1
500
450
400
955
910
864
819
773
728
682
637
591
546
500
455
409
364
318
273
182
227
136
91
45.
350
Pile 2
Pile 3
Pile 4
Pile 5
Pile 6
Pile 7
Pile 8
Hours
Kilograms 0
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
13
25
37
49
61
73
85
97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 205 217 229
Hours
- 68 -
Kilograms 0
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
960
880
920
840
800
760
720
640
680
600
560
480
520
440
400
360
320
280
240
200
160
120
80
40
0
Hours
System Sizing
Due to the discrepancy between the compost heat removal rate
and the heating needs of the greenhouse structure, the actual total
compost needed greatly exceeded 16.8 metric tons as mentioned
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MJ (per 4 hrs)
700.00
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
Hours
Fi gure 30: C om po st heat r em ov al v s. gre e nho use heat ing nee d ove r t im e
(MJ/4 hr s)
Heat removed vs.heat needed (cumulative)
Megajoules 0
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
3725
3874
3576
3427
3278
3129
2980
2831
2682
2533
2384
2235
2086
1937
1788
1639
1490
1341
1192
1043
894
745
596
447
149
298
Hours
3843
3715
3587
3331
3459
3203
2947
3075
2819
2691
2563
2435
2307
2179
2051
1923
1795
1667
1539
1411
1283
1155
899
1027
771
643
387
515
259
131
0.00
double the heat needed for the greenhouse, which is only 37% of the
heat removed.
When this mass size is compared to the greenhouse size, a rough
area ratio is obtained. Assuming that the compost operator is striving for
700 kg/cubic meter (.7 MT/m3) and the windrows are of a triangular
shape 1.75 meters tall by 3 meters wide (vertical area of 2.625 m2). The
windrow length of all the compost would need to be around 37 m, or 110
m2 of total floor area needed. However, not all of the compost is needed
at once as some cured compost can be moved and new piles brought in,
so the area required is significantly smaller. Two piles at most are
needed, working in tandem, to meet the heating needs of the greenhouse
at any given time and the two largest piles are 10,800 and 8,928 kg.
These piles would require an area of 32.2 m2. This result equals a direct
compost floor area to greenhouse floor area ratio of 32.2:118.45 m2, or
1:3.7. Simply put, the compost area needed is 27% of the greenhouse
floor size based on these results. An operator may require more space
for storage and mobility. If a conservative figure of 60m2 is used, the
ratio of compost area needed to greenhouse space heated (25.5x50 ft) is
60:118.45 m2. Roughly a 1:2 ratio is needed, or about half of the
greenhouse space is needed for compost handling. Compost pile density
and geometry will affect the ratio results.
When the results are compared with a commercial operation, the
mass needed (58.2 MT) is .3% of the total compost mass (20,000 MT
- 72 -
- 73 -
Kilograms 0
70,000.00
65,000.00
60,000.00
55,000.00
50,000.00
45,000.00
40,000.00
35,000.00
798
760
722
684
646
608
570
532
494
456
418
380
342
304
266
228
190
152
114
76
38
30,000.00
Hours
MJ / 4 hr
36000
34000
32000
30000
28000
26000
24000
22000
2103
2019
1935
1851
1767
1683
1599
1515
1431
1347
1263
1179
1095
1011
927
843
759
675
591
507
423
339
255
171
87
20000
Hours
during the winter season. The maximum heat loss of the greenhouse in
four hours is just below 200 MJ. If the conservative figure of 23,000 MJ
per four hours is used, this results in a minimum heat removal of 140
times the peak heat needed in the greenhouse. The total yearly useful
heat output of the Intervale Composting mass, at 58% initial moisture,
50% mass disappearance, 75% heat removal, and 17 MJ/kg thermal
value, is 53,550,000 MJ. This is equivalent to $506,723 in current
Natural Gas prices (NYMEX, August 28) (Administration, 2005).
Discussion
Overview
This study is the first documented attempt to approximate the
resources that are produced and used in a biothermal system. Data from
peer-reviewed compost optimization studies has proven invaluable in this
effort. This is also the most recent review and critical analysis of
biothermal technology. The data from past biothermal experiments and
research has not proven to be as useful. However, this does not discount
the empirical information from past experiments that has undoubtedly
improved the understanding of the technology. In short, the failures of
past systems have increased the general understanding of functioning
experimental designs, but have not contributed greatly to transferable
knowledge that has evolved the field of study.
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because the higher oxygen requirements and initial C content. The heat
and CO2 coefficients are most crucial in approximating the resources
released during composting. Care should be taken to ensure their
accuracy as best as possible.
The heat loss of necessary infrastructure of a biothermal system
has not been modeled. The current design requires piping to run
underground from the windrows to the greenhouse floor. The distance,
friction, and therefore heat loss will vary with system design. Spatial
separation between the greenhouse and compost areas will be needed for
ease of operation, and therefore piping for air delivery will be required.
Compost could be housed next to a greenhouse structure, but this setup
would cause significant friction due to 90o angles in the piping. Efficient
design may include insulated pipes and condensate tanks. However this
cost may outweigh the cost of adding the additional compost mass to
compensate for this heat loss. Further study should be conducted on this
subject.
Model Scenari os
Two scenarios have been modeled: one in which a greenhouse
operator provides the minimum amount of compost needed to heat a
greenhouse, and a commercial composting operation with a regular
feedstock rate.
In the first scenario, multiple questions were answered about the
synergy of a possible biothermal structure. The heat removed from a
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ranges from a low of 4.65 MJ/kg for general food waste, to a high of
39.16 MJ/kg for pure fats. The average value was 19.44 MJ/kg. It is
interesting to note that the average heat value of combusted dry wood is
around 18.6 MJ/kg. For a general, simplified understanding, the
disappearance of compost mass is analogous to burning a similar weight
of wood.
The useful heat created by the compost pile is directly related to
the mass loss, but is not simply the heat of combustion multiplied by the
mass lost. Heat is lost to the environment surrounding the compost and
heat is only removed as needed to control the temperature. Considering
the literature, a value of 20% heat loss from pile conduction, radiation,
and passive convection/evaporation is used here. Another five percent of
the heat is needed to raise the temperature of the compost mass and
added water. This leaves around 75% of the heat available for removal
and use in an external system. It seems that this figure may be able to
be used as a rule of thumb for general understanding. The percentage
will be higher with enclosed in-vessel systems, and will also increase
slightly with decreasing operating temperatures.
Resource Requirements
The model found that based on the heat output of the composting
mass, the ratio of compost to greenhouse area may be acceptable from a
space and operational standpoint. This was only a concern in the first
scenario where a greenhouse operator would be bringing on compost
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compost. The colder and drier the incoming air, the less air is needed to
remove heat from the compost system. Past models using static
incoming air values may overestimate or significantly miscalculate airflow
needed for winter composting operations.
The power required for forced aeration in the compost operation
varies depending on the quantity of compost being processed, as well as
some compost properties such as density, moisture content, pile
geometry, positive or negative aeration, and uniformity of porosity. In
general there are some principles that will reduce power and make air
supply more effective. Less dense piles of limited depth will reduce the
power consumption. Minimizing the obstruction and friction in piping
infrastructure will reduce pressure and therefore power consumption.
Occasional pile turning will distribute dry, inactive compost and eliminate
preferential air pathways which short circuit aeration efforts. In past
biothermal systems, soil beds have been used as biofilters without
respect to proper sizing (as the information for sizing was not and is not
currently understood). Forcing air through large soil beds significantly
increases the overall pressure of the system, possibly even doubling it
depending on soil depth, moisture, and density. An increase in system
pressure is a direct increase in energy, and this is important for system
designers to understand. Proper biofilter sizing will reduce the energy use
of a biothermal system.
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- 90 -
transfer will become the most feasible system. A system based around a
corrosive resistant enthalpy wheel or a similar technology maybe the
most feasible for commercial operators of compost facilities and
greenhouses. The additional energy requirement and also the possible
lack of CO2 recovery must be weighed with the improved convenience.
Only future experimentation will elucidate these subjects. Overall,
treatment of gas will be an important step to overcome in the
development of a functioning commercial biothermal system.
Future Study
Experimentation with bitothermal structures or compost heated
greenhouses has been occurring for the past thirty years with little to no
standardization or transfer of information. Entrepreneurs and farmers
interested in minimizing fossil fuel use and closing waste loops on their
farms have gravitated towards the concept in significant numbers. Over
a dozen facilities have been built and at least partially documented. It is
uncertain how many more have been tried or that exist in operation
today. The response from industry and the scientific community has
been small and has not significantly helped the technology evolve.
Compost science in itself is relatively young and standardization for peer
reviewed research and industry is still being established.
However as
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standards for future research and design. Future study should report
results with respect to SI units and standards such as quantity of
resources produced per dry matter disappeared from the compost
system. The focus of future work should cover current grey areas of the
technology including: validation of current common assumptions,
production of nuisance emissions and their treatment, and most
importantly managerial issues surrounding the control of two integrated
biological systems.
It seems rational to move forward with the belief that compost
optimalization will always be a focus of operations which are run as a
business. If biothermal systems are to move beyond the realm of small
scale systems, they will have to be designed with respect to the behavior
of a compost operation that is concerned mainly with optimizing the
process time and quality of compost. This usually means some type of
forced aeration system with temperature or other in-situ sensor feedback.
The modeling of this behavior has been attempted here and can be
refined to become more accurate. A crucial future step however will be
to construct a field scale system with adequate monitoring of mass and
energy balances. This will build upon the standard research, but will also
provide information on management conflicts and issues that cannot be
foreseen with lab scale systems and simulation modeling. A scalable
system of this type has not been constructed in the past thirty-five years
of experimentation. The proposed system should be constructed at an
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dioxide. Composting operations are not completely free of fossil fuel, but
integrated biothermal systems have the ability to meet some of the
aforementioned objectives. It will be seen in the future how relevant or
useful this technology becomes in the food production system.
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Works Cited
Administration, E . I. (2005, August 25). Natural gas weekly
update. Re trieve d August 28, 2005, from
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/ ngw/ngupdate .asp
Bach, P. D., Nakasaki, K., Shoda , M., & Kubota, H. (1987).
Thermal Balance in com posting ope rations. Journal Of
Fermentation Technology, 65 (2), 199- 209.
Beck-Friis, B., Sma rs, S., Jonsson, H ., & Kirchmann, H. (2001).
Gaseous emissions of carbon dioxide, ammonia and
nitrous oxide from organic househol d waste in a compost
reactor under different temperature regimes. Journal Of
Agricultural Enginee ring Research, 78 (4), 423-430.
Beck, D., Soyez, K., Prause, M., & Fieback, K. (1992). A
combined process for fastcomposti ng, biotechnological
co 2 producti on, and utilization of he at loss for
horticul ture . Acta Horti culturae, 302 , 257- 277.
Biette, M. September, (2004). Middlebury composti ng
greenhouse. Personal Communicati on.
Biotech, A. (2003, 2003). Abt-com post. Retrieved Janua ry,
2005, from www.abt- compost.com/ windrow.html
Crohn, D. M., & Valenzuela-Solano, C. (2003). Modeling
temperature effects on decompositi on. Journal Of
Environmental Engineeri ng-ASCE, 129 (12), 1149-1156.
Diver, S. (2001). Composting greenhouses. from
http://www .attra.org/attra-pub/compostheatedgh.html
Edey, A. (1998). How to grow 500,000 on one acre and peace
on earth . Massachusettes: Trailblazer Press.
Editors, S. (1999). Reade rs q & a: Compost heat gene ration.
Biocycle (Sept.), 12- 13.
Enoch, H. Z., & Kimball, B. A. (1986). Carbon dioxide
enrichme nt for gree nhouse crops: Volumes 1 and 2 .
Florida: CRC Press.
Fulford, B. (1986). Composting gre enhouse at new alchemy
institute: A report on two years of operati on and
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Appendix A
Simulation model (in text form)
- 100 -
- 101 -
evaped_wat[compost_pile] = evap_from_C[compost_pile]
Cum_air_needed(t) = Cum_air_needed(t - dt) + (Noname_5) * dt
INIT Cum_air_needed = 0
Noname_5 = ARRAYSUM(kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[*])
cum_volume(t) = cum_volume(t - dt) + (cum_vol_flow) * dt
INIT cum_volume = 0
cum_vol_flow = ARRAYSUM(Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[*])
C_water[compost_pile](t) = C_water[compost_pile](t - dt) +
(metabolic__generation[compost_pile] + Wetting[compost_pile] evap_from_C[compost_pile]) * dt
INIT C_water[compost_pile] = initial_water__content[compost_pile]
metabolic__generation[compost_pile] = decomp_loss[compost_pile]*wat_gen_coef
Wetting[compost_pile] = IF moist__ratio[compost_pile] <.5 THEN
evap_from_C[compost_pile] ELSE(0)
evap_from_C[compost_pile] =
kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[compost_pile]*delta_w[compost_pile]
Dry_Compost_mass[compost_pile](t) = Dry_Compost_mass[compost_pile](t - dt) + (decomp_loss[compost_pile]) * dt
INIT Dry_Compost_mass[compost_pile] = initial_dry__mass[compost_pile]
decomp_loss[compost_pile] = IF Dry_Compost_mass[compost_pile]>
Min_mass[compost_pile] THEN
k_rate__decomp[compost_pile]*k_adjust*Dry_Compost_mass[compost_pile] ELSE 0
Dry_Matter_Needed__For_Greenhouse(t) = Dry_Matter_Needed__For_Greenhouse(t dt) + (dry_matter__needed) * dt
INIT Dry_Matter_Needed__For_Greenhouse = 0
dry_matter__needed = heat_loss__flow/(Therm_Val__for_decomp/1000)
g_house_total__heat_loss(t) = g_house_total__heat_loss(t - dt) + (heat_loss__flow)
* dt
INIT g_house_total__heat_loss = 0
heat_loss__flow = Heat_loss_MJ_
Met_Gen_Wat[compost_pile](t) = Met_Gen_Wat[compost_pile](t - dt) +
(Metabolic_generation_of_water[compost_pile]) * dt
INIT Met_Gen_Wat[compost_pile] = 0
Metabolic_generation_of_water[compost_pile] = metabolic__generation[compost_pile]
pile_heat_loss_radiate[compost_pile](t) = pile_heat_loss_radiate[compost_pile](t - dt)
+ (pile_rad_heat[compost_pile]) * dt
INIT pile_heat_loss_radiate[compost_pile] = 0
pile_rad_heat[compost_pile] = Rad_con__loss?[compost_pile]
pile_heat_loss_wetting[compost_pile](t) = pile_heat_loss_wetting[compost_pile](t dt) + (pile_heat_wett[compost_pile]) * dt
INIT pile_heat_loss_wetting[compost_pile] = 0
pile_heat_wett[compost_pile] = HL_W[compost_pile]
Pile_heat_production[compost_pile](t) = Pile_heat_production[compost_pile](t - dt) +
(pile_heat_prod_flow[compost_pile]) * dt
INIT Pile_heat_production[compost_pile] = 0
pile_heat_prod_flow[compost_pile] = C_heat_prod[compost_pile]
PIle_heat_removal[compost_pile](t) = PIle_heat_removal[compost_pile](t - dt) +
(Pile_heat__removal_flow[compost_pile]) * dt
INIT PIle_heat_removal[compost_pile] = 0
Pile_heat__removal_flow[compost_pile] = heat_removal__in_MJ[compost_pile]
pile_volumes[compost_pile](t) = pile_volumes[compost_pile](t - dt) +
(pile_vol_flow[compost_pile]) * dt
INIT pile_volumes[compost_pile] = 0
pile_vol_flow[compost_pile] = Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[compost_pile]
Power(t) = Power(t - dt) + (Power_flow) * dt
INIT Power = 0
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Power_flow = Total_Power
total_actual__DM_needed(t) = total_actual__DM_needed(t - dt) +
(actual_dry__matter_needed) * dt
INIT total_actual__DM_needed = 0
actual_dry__matter_needed = ARRAYSUM(initial_dry__mass[*])
Total_CO2[compost_pile](t) = Total_CO2[compost_pile](t - dt) +
(CO2_Prod[compost_pile] - CO2_loss_to_air[compost_pile]) * dt
INIT Total_CO2[compost_pile] = 0
CO2_Prod[compost_pile] = decomp_loss[compost_pile]*CO2_coef
CO2_loss_to_air[compost_pile] = .05*CO2_Prod[compost_pile]
Total_decomp(t) = Total_decomp(t - dt) + (Total_decomp_flow) * dt
INIT Total_decomp = 0
Total_decomp_flow = ARRAYSUM(decomp_loss[*])
Total_water_evaped[compost_pile](t) = Total_water_evaped[compost_pile](t - dt) +
(Total_evap[compost_pile]) * dt
INIT Total_water_evaped[compost_pile] = 0
Total_evap[compost_pile] =
Hum_rat__exit_air[compost_pile]*kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[compost_pile]
total_yearly_heat(t) = total_yearly_heat(t - dt) + (Total_heat__removal) * dt
INIT total_yearly_heat = 0
Total_heat__removal = ARRAYSUM(heat_removal__in_MJ[*])
useful_energy(t) = useful_energy(t - dt) + (heat__removal[compost_pile] +
heat__removal[1] + heat__removal[2] + heat__removal[3] + heat__removal[4] +
heat__removal[5] + heat__removal[6] + heat__removal[7] + heat__removal[8]) * dt
INIT useful_energy = 0
heat__removal[1] =
IF(compost_energy[1]>(Cp_of_C[1]*47))THEN(C_heat_prod[1])ELSE(0)
heat__removal[2] =
IF(compost_energy[2]>(Cp_of_C[2]*47))THEN(C_heat_prod[2])ELSE(0)
heat__removal[3] =
IF(compost_energy[3]>(Cp_of_C[3]*47))THEN(C_heat_prod[3])ELSE(0)
heat__removal[4] =
IF(compost_energy[4]>(Cp_of_C[4]*47))THEN(C_heat_prod[4])ELSE(0)
heat__removal[5] =
IF(compost_energy[5]>(Cp_of_C[5]*47))THEN(C_heat_prod[5])ELSE(0)
heat__removal[6] =
IF(compost_energy[6]>(Cp_of_C[6]*47))THEN(C_heat_prod[6])ELSE(0)
heat__removal[7] =
IF(compost_energy[7]>(Cp_of_C[7]*47))THEN(C_heat_prod[7])ELSE(0)
heat__removal[8] =
IF(compost_energy[8]>(Cp_of_C[8]*47))THEN(C_heat_prod[8])ELSE(0)
Water_needed__for_wetting[compost_pile](t) =
Water_needed__for_wetting[compost_pile](t - dt) + (Wetting_flow[compost_pile]) *
dt
INIT Water_needed__for_wetting[compost_pile] = 0
Wetting_flow[compost_pile] = Wetting[compost_pile]
Air_density_2 =
Atmospheric__Pressure_2/(constfor_air_2*air_temp_K_2)+WatVapPress_2/(const_va
p_press_2*air_temp_K_2)
air_temp_c = ext_temp-273.15
air_temp_K_2 = ext_temp
CO2_coef = 1.85
co2_need = 3.8
compost_mass[1] = 4608
compost_mass[2] = 5040
compost_mass[3] = 8928
- 103 -
compost_mass[4] = 5760
compost_mass[5] = 10800
compost_mass[6] = 8928
compost_mass[7] = 6624
compost_mass[8] = 7488
Com_Temp[1] = compost_energy[1]/Cp_of_C[1]+13
Com_Temp[2] = compost_energy[2]/Cp_of_C[2]+13
Com_Temp[3] = compost_energy[3]/Cp_of_C[3]+13
Com_Temp[4] = compost_energy[4]/Cp_of_C[4]+13
Com_Temp[5] = compost_energy[5]/Cp_of_C[5]+13
Com_Temp[6] = compost_energy[6]/Cp_of_C[6]+13
Com_Temp[7] = compost_energy[7]/Cp_of_C[7]+13
Com_Temp[8] = compost_energy[8]/Cp_of_C[8]+13
constant_press = 127102
constfor_air = 287.055
constfor_air_2 = 287.05
const_vap_press_2 = 461.495
Cp_of_C[1] = (Dry_Compost_mass[1]*1.48)+(C_water[1]*4.186)
Cp_of_C[2] = (Dry_Compost_mass[2]*1.48)+(C_water[2]*4.186)
Cp_of_C[3] = (Dry_Compost_mass[3]*1.48)+(C_water[3]*4.186)
Cp_of_C[4] = (Dry_Compost_mass[4]*1.48)+(C_water[4]*4.186)
Cp_of_C[5] = (Dry_Compost_mass[5]*1.48)+(C_water[5]*4.186)
Cp_of_C[6] = (Dry_Compost_mass[6]*1.48)+(C_water[6]*4.186)
Cp_of_C[7] = (Dry_Compost_mass[7]*1.48)+(C_water[7]*4.186)
Cp_of_C[8] = (Dry_Compost_mass[8]*1.48)+(C_water[8]*4.186)
C_val_dble_poly = .8
delta_T = int_temp-Temp_C_avg
Delta_T_2[1] = Com_Temp[1]-air_temp_c
Delta_T_2[2] = Com_Temp[2]-air_temp_c
Delta_T_2[3] = Com_Temp[3]-air_temp_c
Delta_T_2[4] = Com_Temp[4]-air_temp_c
Delta_T_2[5] = Com_Temp[5]-air_temp_c
Delta_T_2[6] = Com_Temp[6]-air_temp_c
Delta_T_2[7] = Com_Temp[7]-air_temp_c
Delta_T_2[8] = Com_Temp[8]-air_temp_c
delta_w[compost_pile] = Hum_rat__exit_air[compost_pile]-Hum_Rat_Iinfil_air
density[1] = Specific__Volume[1]^-1
density[2] = Specific__Volume[2]^-1
density[3] = Specific__Volume[3]^-1
density[4] = Specific__Volume[4]^-1
density[5] = Specific__Volume[5]^-1
density[6] = Specific__Volume[6]^-1
density[7] = Specific__Volume[7]^-1
density[8] = Specific__Volume[8]^-1
dry_matter_decomp__needed_for_g_house =
Heat_loss_MJ_/(Therm_Val__for_decomp/1000)
Enthalpy_of__exit_air_rel__to_entry_air[compost_pile] =
(Spec_Heat__ext_air[compost_pile]*Delta_T_2[compost_pile])+(delta_w[compost_pil
e]*(Heat_of__vap_of_wat+(spec_heat__of_wat_vap*Delta_T_2[compost_pile])))
fan_efficiency = .5
fan_power[compost_pile] =
(volume_per__second[compost_pile]*pressure)/fan_efficiency
greenhouse__volume = ((.5*3.14*12.25^2)*50)*.0283
g_house__dimensions = 30
heat_for__warming[1] = 47*Cp_of_C[1]
heat_for__warming[2] = 47*Cp_of_C[2]
- 104 -
heat_for__warming[3] = 47*Cp_of_C[3]
heat_for__warming[4] = 47*Cp_of_C[4]
heat_for__warming[5] = 47*Cp_of_C[5]
heat_for__warming[6] = 47*Cp_of_C[6]
heat_for__warming[7] = 47*Cp_of_C[7]
heat_for__warming[8] = 47*Cp_of_C[8]
heat_loss =
(stand_heat__loss_end*k_factor*C_val_dble_poly)+(stand_heat__loss_roof*k_factor*
C_val_dble_poly)*1055.0559
Heat_loss_MJ_ = heat_loss/1000
Heat_of__vap_of_wat = 2501-(2.42*air_temp_c)
heat_removal__in_MJ[1] = heat__removal[1]/1000
heat_removal__in_MJ[2] = heat__removal[2]/1000
heat_removal__in_MJ[3] = heat__removal[3]/1000
heat_removal__in_MJ[4] = heat__removal[4]/1000
heat_removal__in_MJ[5] = heat__removal[5]/1000
heat_removal__in_MJ[6] = heat__removal[6]/1000
heat_removal__in_MJ[7] = heat__removal[7]/1000
heat_removal__in_MJ[8] = heat__removal[8]/1000
Hum_Rat_Iinfil_air = 0.62198*pp_of__wat_vap/(Atmospheric__Pressure_2pp_of__wat_vap)
initial_dry__mass[compost_pile] = compost_mass[compost_pile]*(1moist_percent[compost_pile])
initial_water__content[compost_pile] =
compost_mass[compost_pile]*moist_percent[compost_pile]
int_temp = 22
Int_temp_F = (int_temp*(9/5))+32
kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[compost_pile] =
heat__removal[compost_pile]/Enthalpy_of__exit_air_rel__to_entry_air[compost_pile]
kg_air_per__kg_dry_matter[compost_pile] = IF decomp_loss[compost_pile] = 0 Then
0 ELSE kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[compost_pile]/decomp_loss[compost_pile]
k_adjust = 1
k_factor = .070620+0.0246068*delta_T+0.0010219*Wind_spd_mps_avg+.0004404*delta_T*Wi
nd_spd_mps_avg
k_rate_static = .04
Min_mass[compost_pile] = min_mass__percentage*initial_dry__mass[compost_pile]
min_mass__percentage = .4
moist_percent[compost_pile] = .5
moist__ratio[compost_pile] =
C_water[compost_pile]/((Dry_Compost_mass[compost_pile]+C_water[compost_pile]))
Noname_1 = EXP(6.6)
pp_of__wat_vap = EXP(((-5.8002206*10^3)/DEW_Temp_K)+(1.3914993)((48.640239*10^-3)*DEW_Temp_K)+((41.764768*10^-6)*DEW_Temp_K^2)((14.452093*10^-9)*DEW_Temp_K^3)+(6.5459673*LOGN(DEW_Temp_K)))
pressure = 996
rad_con_loss__percentage = .2
rel__hum = pp_of__wat_vap/WatVapPress_2
Specific__Volume[compost_pile] =
((1/constant_press)*constfor_air*(Com_Temp[compost_pile]+273.15)*(1+1.6078*Hu
m_rat__exit_air[compost_pile])/(1+Hum_rat__exit_air[compost_pile]))
stand_heat__loss_end = 40
stand_heat__loss_roof = 158
Temp_F = (Temp_C_avg*(9/5))+32
temp_in_C = air_temp_K_2-273.15
Therm_Val__for_decomp = 19000
- 105 -
Total_Power = ARRAYSUM(fan_power[*])
Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[1] =
kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[1]/density[1]
Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[2] =
kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[2]/density[2]
Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[3] =
kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[3]/density[3]
Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[4] =
kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[4]/density[4]
Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[5] =
kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[5]/density[5]
Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[6] =
kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[6]/density[6]
Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[7] =
kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[7]/density[7]
Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[8] =
kg_air_needed__for_heat_removal[8]/density[8]
volume_per__second[compost_pile] =
Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[compost_pile]/(240*60)
v_per_day__per_kg[compost_pile] =
(Volume_needed__for_heat_removal[compost_pile]*6)/initial_dry__mass[compost_pil
e]
WatVapPress_2 = EXP(((-5.8002206*10^3)/air_temp_K_2)+(1.3914993)((48.640239*10^-3)*air_temp_K_2)+((41.764768*10^-6)*air_temp_K_2^2)((14.452093*10^-9)*air_temp_K_2^3)+(6.5459673*LOGN(air_temp_K_2)))
wat_gen_coef = .58
Wat_Vap__Press_web = (6.1078*(0.99999683+temp_in_C*(-0.90826951*10^2+temp_in_C*(0.78736169*10^-4+temp_in_C*(-0.61117958*10^6+temp_in_C*(0.43884187*10^-8+temp_in_C*(-0.29883885*10^10+temp_in_C*(0.21874425*10^-12+temp_in_C*(-0.17892321*10^14+temp_in_C*(0.11112018*10^-16*temp_in_C*(-0.30994571*10^-19))))))))))^8)*100
Wind_speed__in_mph = Wind_spd_mps_avg*2.2369363
Atmospheric__Pressure_2 = GRAPH(time)
(1.00, 99030), (2.00, 98950), (3.00, 98880), (4.00, 98750), (5.00, 98710), (6.00,
98540), (7.00, 98350), (8.00, 98180), (9.00, 97810), (10.0, 97450), (11.0, 97140),
(12.0, 96770), (13.0, 96600), (14.0, 96530), (15.0, 96440), (16.0, 96530), (17.0,
96570), (18.0, 96630), (19.0, 96730), (20.0, 96940), (21.0, 97170), (22.0, 97470),
(23.0, 97740), (24.0, 98050), (25.0, 98320), (26.0, 98480), (27.0, 98710), (28.0,
98880), (29.0, 98980), (30.0, 99120), (31.0, 99250), (32.0, 99360), (33.0, 99420),
(34.0, 99520), (35.0, 99580), (36.0, 99620), (37.0, 99650), (38.0, 99650), (39.0,
99680), (40.0, 99680), (41.0, 99650), (42.0, 99680), (43.0, 99720), (44.0, 99820),
(45.0, 99890), (46.0, 99990), (47.0, 100090), (48.0, 100120), (49.0, 100230),
(50.0, 100260), (51.0, 100330), (52.0, 100330), (53.0, 100360), (54.0, 100460),
(55.0, 100490), (56.0, 100490), (57.0, 100490), (58.0, 100520), (59.0, 100560),
(60.0, 100620), (61.0, 100690), (62.0, 100720), (63.0, 100760), (64.0, 100760),
(65.0, 100720), (66.0, 100720), (67.0, 100660), (68.0, 100660), (69.0, 100660),
(70.0, 100660), (71.0, 100690), (72.0, 100720), (73.0, 100790), (74.0, 100790),
(75.0, 100760), (76.0, 100760), (77.0, 100720), (78.0, 100720), (79.0, 100690),
(80.0, 100620), (81.0, 100590), (82.0, 100590), (83.0, 100590), (84.0, 100560),
(85.0, 100560), (86.0, 100520), (87.0, 100520), (88.0, 100490), (89.0, 100430),
(90.0, 100360), (91.0, 100360), (92.0, 100330), (93.0, 100360), (94.0, 100330),
(95.0, 100360), (96.0, 100360), (97.0, 100360), (98.0, 100360), (99.0, 100360),
(100, 100330), (101, 100330), (102, 100290), (103, 100245), (104, 100190),
(105, 100160), (106, 100190), (107, 100230), (108, 100230), (109, 100260),
(110, 100330), (111, 100360), (112, 100360), (113, 100360), (114, 100360),
- 106 -
(115, 100360), (116, 100400), (117, 100430), (118, 100520), (119, 100560),
(120, 100660), (121, 100660), (122, 100690), (123, 100720), (124, 100760),
(125, 100760), (126, 100790), (127, 100790), (128, 100790), (129, 100830),
(130, 100790), (131, 100830), (132, 100890), (133, 100890), (134, 100890),
(135, 100860), (136, 100790), (137, 100760), (138, 100660), (139, 100560),
(140, 100460), (141, 100400), (142, 100360), (143, 100260), (144, 100260),
(145, 100160), (146, 100060), (147, 99790), (148, 99680), (149, 99480), (150,
99360), (151, 99360), (152, 99090), (153, 98920), (154, 98850), (155, 98640),
(156, 98510), (157, 98380), (158, 98350), (159, 98210), (160, 98080), (161,
97980), (162, 98250), (163, 98450), (164, 98610), (165, 98710), (166, 98850),
(167, 98950), (168, 99050), (169, 99120), (170, 99150), (171, 99190), (172,
99190), (173, 99150), (174, 99120), (175, 99090), (176, 99150), (177, 99190),
(178, 99150), (179, 99220), (180, 99220), (181, 99220), (182, 99190), (183,
99190), (184, 99120), (185, 99090), (186, 99090), (187, 99120), (188, 99150),
(189, 99190), (190, 99220), (191, 99220), (192, 99190), (193, 99190), (194,
99120), (195, 99090), (196, 99090), (197, 99020), (198, 98980), (199, 98920),
(200, 98920), (201, 98920), (202, 98920), (203, 98920), (204, 98920), (205,
98920), (206, 98880), (207, 98850), (208, 98810), (209, 98810), (210, 98850),
(211, 98880), (212, 98950), (213, 99020), (214, 99120), (215, 99150), (216,
99190), (217, 99250), (218, 99290), (219, 99320), (220, 99420), (221, 99480),
(222, 99550), (223, 99620), (224, 99720), (225, 99850), (226, 99990), (227,
100120), (228, 100260), (229, 100360), (230, 100430), (231, 100520), (232,
100590), (233, 100660), (234, 100690), (235, 100790), (236, 100860), (237,
101000), (238, 101130), (239, 101200), (240, 101270), (241, 101330), (242,
101400), (243, 101440), (244, 101530), (245, 101560), (246, 101590), (247,
101630), (248, 101590), (249, 101630), (250, 101590), (251, 101630), (252,
101660), (253, 101660), (254, 101590), (255, 101490), (256, 101400), (257,
101270), (258, 101230), (259, 101230), (260, 101160), (261, 101160), (262,
101200), (263, 101270), (264, 101230), (265, 101230), (266, 101230), (267,
101200), (268, 101160), (269, 101130), (270, 101130), (271, 101060), (272,
100960), (273, 100930), (274, 100930), (275, 100830), (276, 100720), (277,
100620), (278, 100490), (279, 100400), (280, 100290), (281, 100190), (282,
100090), (283, 100060), (284, 100020), (285, 99990), (286, 99990), (287,
100020), (288, 100060), (289, 100160), (290, 100190), (291, 100190), (292,
100230), (293, 100160), (294, 100160), (295, 100090), (296, 100090), (297,
99990), (298, 99920), (299, 99960), (300, 99890), (301, 99820), (302, 99750),
(303, 99620), (304, 99550), (305, 99460), (306, 99320), (307, 99250), (308,
99120), (309, 99050), (310, 98980), (311, 98950), (312, 98850), (313, 98920),
(314, 99090), (315, 99190), (316, 99290), (317, 99420), (318, 99480), (319,
99520), (320, 99580), (321, 99620), (322, 99750), (323, 99890), (324, 100020),
(325, 100060), (326, 100090), (327, 100190), (328, 100120), (329, 100120),
(330, 100090), (331, 100090), (332, 100090), (333, 100060), (334, 100090),
(335, 100120), (336, 100160), (337, 100120), (338, 100120), (339, 100060),
(340, 99990), (341, 99890), (342, 99790), (343, 99720), (344, 99720), (345,
99650), (346, 99580), (347, 99460), (348, 99420), (349, 99320), (350, 99090),
(351, 98920), (352, 98780), (353, 98710), (354, 98780), (355, 98850), (356,
98950), (357, 99220), (358, 99320), (359, 99320), (360, 99390), (361, 99460),
(362, 99550), (363, 99650), (364, 99790), (365, 99920), (366, 99990), (367,
100090), (368, 100190), (369, 100260), (370, 100400), (371, 100460), (372,
100590), (373, 100690), (374, 100720), (375, 100760), (376, 100830), (377,
100890), (378, 100960), (379, 101030), (380, 101100), (381, 101100), (382,
101130), (383, 101230), (384, 101230), (385, 101270), (386, 101270), (387,
101300), (388, 101270), (389, 101200), (390, 101100), (391, 101060), (392,
101000), (393, 100960), (394, 100960), (395, 100930), (396, 100890), (397,
100830), (398, 100720), (399, 100620), (400, 100620), (401, 100590), (402,
100590), (403, 100590), (404, 100620), (405, 100660), (406, 100590), (407,
- 107 -
100560), (408, 100560), (409, 100560), (410, 100520), (411, 100520), (412,
100490), (413, 100460), (414, 100460), (415, 100460), (416, 100460), (417,
100490), (418, 100520), (419, 100560), (420, 100590), (421, 100620), (422,
100620), (423, 100620), (424, 100660), (425, 100830), (426, 100860), (427,
100960), (428, 101060), (429, 101130), (430, 101130), (431, 101160), (432,
101160), (433, 101200), (434, 101200), (435, 101200), (436, 101160), (437,
101200), (438, 101200), (439, 101160), (440, 101200), (441, 101270), (442,
101300), (443, 101270), (444, 101270), (445, 101270), (446, 101230), (447,
101130), (448, 101060), (449, 101030), (450, 101060), (451, 101060), (452,
101100), (453, 101000), (454, 101100), (455, 101000), (456, 101000), (457,
100960), (458, 100930), (459, 100890), (460, 100760), (461, 100720), (462,
100760), (463, 100720), (464, 100830), (465, 100790), (466, 100890), (467,
100830), (468, 100860), (469, 100860), (470, 100845), (471, 100845), (472,
100830), (473, 100860), (474, 100830), (475, 100860), (476, 100890), (477,
100830), (478, 100930), (479, 101030), (480, 101100), (481, 101100), (482,
101130), (483, 101130), (484, 101200), (485, 101230), (486, 101300), (487,
101370), (488, 101400), (489, 101490), (490, 101490), (491, 101530), (492,
101560), (493, 101560), (494, 101490), (495, 101440), (496, 101440), (497,
101330), (498, 101230), (499, 101160), (500, 101100), (501, 101130), (502,
101030), (503, 100960), (504, 100830), (505, 100830), (506, 100830), (507,
100790), (508, 100790), (509, 100760), (510, 100720), (511, 100720), (512,
100690), (513, 100660), (514, 100620), (515, 100620), (516, 100560), (517,
100490), (518, 100400), (519, 100230), (520, 100120), (521, 100090), (522,
100120), (523, 100120), (524, 100160), (525, 100160), (526, 100120), (527,
100190), (528, 100400), (529, 100520), (530, 100620), (531, 100720), (532,
100760), (533, 100830), (534, 100860), (535, 100960), (536, 101030), (537,
101030), (538, 101060), (539, 100960), (540, 101130), (541, 101030), (542,
101030), (543, 100960), (544, 100930), (545, 101000), (546, 100890), (547,
100860), (548, 100830), (549, 100830), (550, 100830), (551, 100760), (552,
100760), (553, 100760), (554, 100760), (555, 100760), (556, 100760), (557,
100720), (558, 100690), (559, 100720), (560, 100720), (561, 100690), (562,
100720), (563, 100690), (564, 100620), (565, 100560), (566, 100460), (567,
100360), (568, 100290), (569, 100230), (570, 100230), (571, 100290), (572,
100460), (573, 100560), (574, 100520), (575, 100560), (576, 100690), (577,
100760), (578, 100830), (579, 100860), (580, 100960), (581, 101060), (582,
101160), (583, 101270), (584, 101370), (585, 101470), (586, 101560), (587,
101630), (588, 101660), (589, 101700), (590, 101730), (591, 101730), (592,
101800), (593, 101900), (594, 102000), (595, 102040), (596, 102100), (597,
102140), (598, 102200), (599, 102200), (600, 102240), (601, 102240), (602,
102310), (603, 102340), (604, 102370), (605, 102410), (606, 102500), (607,
102530), (608, 102600), (609, 102630), (610, 102630), (611, 102630), (612,
102600), (613, 102500), (614, 102410), (615, 102340), (616, 102310), (617,
102240), (618, 102170), (619, 102140), (620, 102140), (621, 102100), (622,
102100), (623, 102100), (624, 102100), (625, 102070), (626, 102070), (627,
102070), (628, 102040), (629, 102000), (630, 102000), (631, 102000), (632,
102000), (633, 102000), (634, 101970), (635, 101900), (636, 101830), (637,
101730), (638, 101630), (639, 101560), (640, 101490), (641, 101470), (642,
101470), (643, 101490), (644, 101530), (645, 101530), (646, 101490), (647,
101440), (648, 101400), (649, 101400), (650, 101370), (651, 101370), (652,
101330), (653, 101300), (654, 101230), (655, 101160), (656, 101100), (657,
101000), (658, 101000), (659, 100930), (660, 100860), (661, 100790), (662,
100490), (663, 100360), (664, 100230), (665, 100230), (666, 100090), (667,
99990), (668, 99960), (669, 99920), (670, 99890), (671, 99890), (672, 99890),
(673, 99920), (674, 99890), (675, 99890), (676, 99890), (677, 99850), (678,
99850), (679, 99820), (680, 99890), (681, 99920), (682, 99920), (683, 99890),
(684, 99850), (685, 99790), (686, 99720), (687, 99680), (688, 99680), (689,
- 108 -
99620), (690, 99580), (691, 99550), (692, 99420), (693, 99290), (694, 99120),
(695, 98920), (696, 98610), (697, 98480), (698, 98150), (699, 97840), (700,
97540), (701, 97610), (702, 97670), (703, 97640), (704, 97570), (705, 97450),
(706, 97380), (707, 97280), (708, 97210), (709, 97140), (710, 97070), (711,
96940), (712, 96900), (713, 96970), (714, 97040), (715, 97140), (716, 97240),
(717, 97410), (718, 97610), (719, 97810), (720, 97980), (721, 98150), (722,
98280), (723, 98450), (724, 98540), (725, 98640), (726, 98710), (727, 98810),
(728, 98880), (729, 98980), (730, 98980), (731, 99020), (732, 99020), (733,
98980), (734, 98950), (735, 98980), (736, 99050), (737, 99120), (738, 99150),
(739, 99250), (740, 99320), (741, 99390), (742, 99460), (743, 99480), (744,
99550), (745, 99620), (746, 99650), (747, 99750), (748, 99820), (749, 99890),
(750, 99960), (751, 100020), (752, 100090), (753, 100190), (754, 100230), (755,
100260), (756, 100230), (757, 100260), (758, 100260), (759, 100260), (760,
100330), (761, 100400), (762, 100490), (763, 100560), (764, 100590), (765,
100620), (766, 100690), (767, 100690), (768, 100760), (769, 100790), (770,
100790), (771, 100860), (772, 100930), (773, 100960), (774, 101030), (775,
101060), (776, 101160), (777, 101200), (778, 101230), (779, 101230), (780,
101200), (781, 101130), (782, 101130), (783, 101060), (784, 101100), (785,
101100), (786, 101130), (787, 101130), (788, 101130), (789, 101160), (790,
101160), (791, 101130), (792, 101130), (793, 101130), (794, 101130), (795,
101130), (796, 101130), (797, 101130), (798, 101160), (799, 101160), (800,
101200), (801, 101230), (802, 101270), (803, 101300), (804, 101270), (805,
101230), (806, 101230), (807, 101200), (808, 101230), (809, 101270), (810,
101330), (811, 101400), (812, 101400), (813, 101440), (814, 101400), (815,
101440), (816, 101530), (817, 101530), (818, 101560), (819, 101560), (820,
101530), (821, 101530), (822, 101490), (823, 101530), (824, 101560), (825,
101560), (826, 101530), (827, 101530), (828, 101370), (829, 101330), (830,
101300), (831, 101160), (832, 101060), (833, 101030), (834, 101030), (835,
101030), (836, 101030), (837, 101030), (838, 101030), (839, 101030), (840,
101030), (841, 101030), (842, 101030), (843, 101030), (844, 101030), (845,
101030), (846, 101030), (847, 101030), (848, 101030), (849, 101030), (850,
101030), (851, 101030), (852, 101030), (853, 101030), (854, 101030), (855,
101030), (856, 101030), (857, 101030), (858, 101030), (859, 101030), (860,
101030), (861, 100525), (862, 100525), (863, 100525), (864, 100525), (865,
100525), (866, 100525), (867, 100525), (868, 100020), (869, 100020), (870,
100020), (871, 100020), (872, 100020), (873, 100020), (874, 100020), (875,
100020), (876, 100020), (877, 100020), (878, 100020), (879, 100020), (880,
100020), (881, 100020), (882, 100020), (883, 100020), (884, 100020), (885,
100020), (886, 100020), (887, 100060), (888, 100020), (889, 100020), (890,
100060), (891, 100090), (892, 100060), (893, 100060), (894, 100020), (895,
99990), (896, 100060), (897, 100060), (898, 100090), (899, 100090), (900,
100060), (901, 100020), (902, 100020), (903, 100020), (904, 100060), (905,
100120), (906, 100230), (907, 100360), (908, 100490), (909, 100560), (910,
100620), (911, 100620), (912, 100660), (913, 100720), (914, 100830), (915,
100890), (916, 100890), (917, 100930), (918, 101045), (919, 101045), (920,
101045), (921, 101045), (922, 101160), (923, 101100), (924, 101030), (925,
101000), (926, 100930), (927, 100960), (928, 100960), (929, 100930), (930,
101000), (931, 101030), (932, 101060), (933, 101130), (934, 101100), (935,
101100), (936, 101060), (937, 101100), (938, 101060), (939, 101060), (940,
101060), (941, 101100), (942, 101130), (943, 101130), (944, 101100), (945,
101100), (946, 100790), (947, 100760), (948, 100760), (949, 100720), (950,
100720), (951, 100720), (952, 100660), (953, 100590), (954, 100560), (955,
100520), (956, 100490), (957, 100430), (958, 100430), (959, 100430), (960,
100400), (961, 100360), (962, 100360), (963, 100290), (964, 100230), (965,
100190), (966, 100175), (967, 100160), (968, 100020), (969, 99850), (970,
99680), (971, 99680), (972, 99550), (973, 99360), (974, 99360), (975, 99290),
- 109 -
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280), (869, 279), (870, 279), (871, 279), (872, 279), (873, 279), (874, 279), (875,
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279), (883, 279), (884, 279), (885, 279), (886, 278), (887, 278), (888, 278), (889,
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272), (897, 274), (898, 276), (899, 278), (900, 279), (901, 281), (902, 283), (903,
284), (904, 284), (905, 282), (906, 281), (907, 276), (908, 277), (909, 276), (910,
278), (911, 278), (912, 275), (913, 275), (914, 276), (915, 276), (916, 275), (917,
275), (918, 275), (919, 275), (920, 275), (921, 275), (922, 275), (923, 276), (924,
278), (925, 280), (926, 280), (927, 280), (928, 279), (929, 277), (930, 276), (931,
275), (932, 274), (933, 272), (934, 272), (935, 271), (936, 272), (937, 271), (938,
271), (939, 272), (940, 271), (941, 271), (942, 272), (943, 273), (944, 274), (945,
278), (946, 286), (947, 286), (948, 286), (949, 286), (950, 284), (951, 283), (952,
282), (953, 283), (954, 282), (955, 283), (956, 283), (957, 283), (958, 282), (959,
283), (960, 283), (961, 283), (962, 282), (963, 281), (964, 282), (965, 281), (966,
283), (967, 283), (968, 285), (969, 286), (970, 287), (971, 288), (972, 288), (973,
287), (974, 285), (975, 285), (976, 284), (977, 285), (978, 284), (979, 281), (980,
278), (981, 276), (982, 275), (983, 274), (984, 274), (985, 274), (986, 275), (987,
275), (988, 275), (989, 275), (990, 275), (991, 275), (992, 275), (993, 275), (994,
276), (995, 275), (996, 275), (997, 274), (998, 273), (999, 272), (1000, 272),
(1001, 271), (1002, 271), (1003, 270), (1004, 271), (1005, 272), (1006, 271),
(1007, 271), (1008, 273), (1009, 273), (1010, 274), (1011, 273), (1012, 274),
(1013, 274), (1014, 275), (1015, 275), (1016, 276), (1017, 277), (1018, 278),
(1019, 278), (1020, 275), (1021, 276), (1022, 276), (1023, 276), (1024, 276),
(1025, 275), (1026, 273), (1027, 272), (1028, 272), (1029, 273), (1030, 273),
(1031, 271), (1032, 271), (1033, 271), (1034, 271), (1035, 272), (1036, 275),
(1037, 278), (1038, 279), (1039, 281), (1040, 281), (1041, 282), (1042, 281),
(1043, 281), (1044, 281), (1045, 280), (1046, 280), (1047, 279), (1048, 278),
(1049, 279), (1050, 280), (1051, 280), (1052, 279), (1053, 281), (1054, 281),
(1055, 279), (1056, 279), (1057, 279), (1058, 280), (1059, 280), (1060, 280),
(1061, 280), (1062, 280), (1063, 281), (1064, 280), (1065, 280), (1066, 280),
(1067, 281), (1068, 281), (1069, 281), (1070, 281), (1071, 281), (1072, 281),
(1073, 283), (1074, 283), (1075, 284), (1076, 284), (1077, 284), (1078, 284),
(1079, 285), (1080, 280), (1081, 279), (1082, 278), (1083, 278), (1084, 278),
(1085, 278), (1086, 277), (1087, 275), (1088, 274), (1089, 273), (1090, 272),
(1091, 272), (1092, 272), (1093, 273), (1094, 274), (1095, 273), (1096, 273),
- 118 -
(1097,
(1103,
(1109,
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271),
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264),
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- 119 -
275),
275),
276),
276),
277),
277),
275),
272),
270),
267),
265),
264),
263),
264),
267),
266),
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262),
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263),
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264),
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264),
270),
263),
258),
257),
270),
262),
260),
269),
276),
275),
278),
278),
278),
278),
274),
270),
271),
270),
265),
262),
265),
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276),
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276),
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263),
272),
277),
277),
278),
280),
278),
276),
274),
270),
271),
269),
264),
263),
264),
259),
(1433, 259), (1434, 258), (1435, 257), (1436, 257), (1437, 257), (1438, 258),
(1439, 259), (1440, 259), (1441, 259), (1442, 260), (1443, 261), (1444, 262),
(1445, 264), (1446, 264), (1447, 266), (1448, 266), (1449, 267), (1450, 267),
(1451, 266), (1452, 267), (1453, 267), (1454, 267), (1455, 267), (1456, 267),
(1457, 268), (1458, 269), (1459, 268), (1460, 268), (1461, 267), (1462, 267),
(1463, 267), (1464, 267), (1465, 267), (1466, 267), (1467, 267), (1468, 267),
(1469, 267), (1470, 268), (1471, 268), (1472, 268), (1473, 268), (1474, 268),
(1475, 268), (1476, 269), (1477, 269), (1478, 269), (1479, 269), (1480, 269),
(1481, 269), (1482, 268), (1483, 267), (1484, 266), (1485, 265), (1486, 264),
(1487, 264), (1488, 263), (1489, 262), (1490, 261), (1491, 261), (1492, 266),
(1493, 266), (1494, 268), (1495, 270), (1496, 271), (1497, 271), (1498, 273),
(1499, 271), (1500, 272)
Hum_rat__exit_air[compost_pile] = GRAPH(Com_Temp[compost_pile])
(0.00, 0.004), (5.00, 0.005), (10.0, 0.008), (15.0, 0.011), (20.0, 0.015), (25.0,
0.02), (30.0, 0.027), (35.0, 0.037), (40.0, 0.049), (45.0, 0.065), (50.0, 0.087),
(55.0, 0.115), (60.0, 0.153), (65.0, 0.206), (70.0, 0.279), (75.0, 0.386)
k_rate__decomp[compost_pile] = time
Spec_Heat__ext_air[compost_pile] = GRAPH(Com_Temp[compost_pile])
(-50.0, 1.00), (0.00, 1.01), (50.0, 1.01), (100, 1.01)
spec_heat__of_wat_vap = GRAPH(air_temp_c)
(0.00, 1.85), (5.00, 1.86), (10.0, 1.86), (15.0, 1.86), (20.0, 1.86), (25.0, 1.86),
(30.0, 1.87), (35.0, 1.87), (40.0, 1.87), (45.0, 1.87), (50.0, 1.87), (55.0, 1.87),
(60.0, 1.88), (65.0, 1.88), (70.0, 1.88), (75.0, 1.88)
Temp_C_avg = GRAPH(time)
(0.00, 13.0), (1.00, 10.0), (2.00, 11.0), (3.00, 16.0), (4.00, 24.0), (5.01, 20.0),
(6.01, 14.0), (7.01, 11.0), (8.01, 9.00), (9.01, 18.0), (10.0, 24.0), (11.0, 20.0),
(12.0, 13.0), (13.0, 10.0), (14.0, 9.00), (15.0, 17.0), (16.0, 22.0), (17.0, 19.0),
(18.0, 14.0), (19.0, 10.0), (20.0, 12.0), (21.0, 18.0), (22.0, 16.0), (23.0, 9.00),
(24.0, 6.00), (25.0, 5.00), (26.0, 11.0), (27.0, 19.0), (28.0, 17.0), (29.0, 14.0),
(30.0, 13.0), (31.0, 13.0), (32.0, 14.0), (33.0, 12.0), (34.0, 11.0), (35.0, 8.00),
(36.0, 8.00), (37.0, 7.00), (38.0, 7.00), (39.0, 10.0), (40.0, 10.0), (41.0, 8.00),
(42.0, 6.00), (43.0, 3.00), (44.0, 5.00), (45.0, 10.0), (46.0, 9.00), (47.0, 7.00),
(48.0, 5.00), (49.0, 4.00), (50.1, 5.00), (51.1, 7.00), (52.1, 5.00), (53.1, 2.00),
(54.1, -1.00), (55.1, -1.00), (56.1, 2.00), (57.1, 7.00), (58.1, 6.00), (59.1, 4.00),
(60.1, -1.00), (61.1, -2.00), (62.1, 3.00), (63.1, 7.00), (64.1, 7.00), (65.1, 6.00),
(66.1, 7.00), (67.1, 9.00), (68.1, 9.00), (69.1, 6.00), (70.1, 3.00), (71.1, 2.00),
(72.1, 2.00), (73.1, 1.00), (74.1, 3.00), (75.1, 4.00), (76.1, 3.00), (77.1, 2.00),
(78.1, 2.00), (79.1, 2.00), (80.1, 2.00), (81.1, 3.00), (82.1, 3.00), (83.1, 3.00),
(84.1, 3.00), (85.1, 3.00), (86.1, 4.00), (87.1, 6.00), (88.1, 2.00), (89.1, -2.00),
(90.1, 0.00), (91.1, 4.00), (92.1, 7.00), (93.1, 8.00), (94.1, 10.0), (95.1, 11.0),
(96.1, 11.0), (97.1, 11.0), (98.1, 14.0), (99.1, 17.0), (100, 17.0), (101, 12.0), (102,
10.0), (103, 8.00), (104, 8.00), (105, 7.00), (106, 7.00), (107, 7.00), (108, 6.00),
(109, 6.00), (110, 10.0), (111, 11.0), (112, 6.00), (113, 4.00), (114, 4.00), (115,
6.00), (116, 8.00), (117, 8.00), (118, 8.00), (119, 9.00), (120, 8.00), (121, 9.00),
(122, 12.0), (123, 11.0), (124, 5.00), (125, 3.00), (126, 5.00), (127, 12.0), (128,
17.0), (129, 18.0), (130, 18.0), (131, 17.0), (132, 16.0), (133, 16.0), (134, 17.0),
(135, 14.0), (136, 12.0), (137, 8.00), (138, 8.00), (139, 7.00), (140, 7.00), (141,
8.00), (142, 7.00), (143, 8.00), (144, 8.00), (145, 8.00), (146, 9.00), (147, 8.00),
(148, 7.00), (149, 5.00), (150, 3.00), (151, 3.00), (152, 2.00), (153, 2.00), (154,
4.00), (155, 7.00), (156, 8.00), (157, 8.00), (158, 10.0), (159, 12.0), (160, 12.0),
(161, 9.00), (162, 6.00), (163, 6.00), (164, 8.00), (165, 6.00), (166, 5.00), (167,
4.00), (168, 2.00), (169, 4.00), (170, 9.00), (171, 9.00), (172, 7.00), (173, 2.00),
(174, -2.00), (175, -3.00), (176, -2.00), (177, -3.00), (178, -5.00), (179, -8.00),
(180, -5.00), (181, -3.00), (182, 2.00), (183, 0.00), (184, -3.00), (185, -4.00), (186,
-6.00), (187, 1.00), (188, 6.00), (189, 3.00), (190, 2.00), (191, -1.00), (192, -3.00),
(193, 2.00), (194, 3.00), (195, 3.00), (196, 5.00), (197, 7.00), (198, 7.00), (199,
- 120 -
8.00), (200, 12.0), (201, 9.00), (202, 7.00), (203, 10.0), (204, 9.00), (205, 8.00),
(206, 6.00), (207, 3.00), (208, 1.00), (209, -2.00), (210, -4.00), (211, -4.00), (212,
-1.00), (213, -1.00), (214, -3.00), (215, -4.00), (216, -5.00), (217, -3.00), (218,
0.00), (219, -1.00), (220, -5.00), (221, -7.00), (222, -8.00), (223, -3.00), (224,
3.00), (225, 2.00), (226, 0.00), (227, -2.00), (228, -2.00), (229, 1.00), (230, 5.00),
(231, 3.00), (232, 2.00), (233, 2.00), (234, 3.00), (235, 6.00), (236, 9.00), (237,
10.0), (238, 11.0), (239, 12.0), (240, 12.0), (241, 12.0), (242, 13.0), (243, 15.0),
(244, 15.0), (245, 8.00), (246, 6.00), (247, 6.00), (248, 6.00), (249, 6.00), (250,
5.00), (251, 2.00), (252, -1.00), (253, 4.00), (254, 10.0), (255, 6.00), (256, 4.00),
(257, 3.00), (258, 2.00), (259, 3.00), (260, 7.00), (261, 3.00), (262, -1.00), (263, 2.00), (264, -1.00), (265, 11.0), (266, 10.0), (267, 9.00), (268, 9.00), (269, 9.00),
(270, 10.0), (271, 14.0), (272, 12.0), (273, 9.00), (274, 1.00), (275, 2.00), (276,
2.00), (277, 2.00), (278, 0.00), (279, -2.00), (280, -1.00), (281, 0.00), (282, 2.00),
(283, 4.00), (284, 3.00), (285, 0.00), (286, -1.00), (287, -1.00), (288, 7.00), (289,
8.00), (290, 6.00), (291, 6.00), (292, 7.00), (293, 7.00), (294, 7.00), (295, 8.00),
(296, 8.00), (297, 10.0), (298, 10.0), (299, 5.00), (300, 3.00), (301, -1.00), (302,
0.00), (303, 1.00), (304, 3.00), (305, 2.00), (306, 2.00), (307, 2.00), (308, 3.00),
(309, 4.00), (310, 5.00), (311, 4.00), (312, 3.00), (313, 0.00), (314, -1.00), (315, 3.00), (316, -5.00), (317, -6.00), (318, -8.00), (319, -9.00), (320, -10.0), (321, 10.0), (322, -10.0), (323, -9.00), (324, -7.00), (325, -5.00), (326, -7.00), (327, 8.00), (328, -8.00), (329, -7.00), (330, -5.00), (331, -6.00), (332, -8.00), (333, 11.0), (334, -14.0), (335, -13.0), (336, -7.00), (337, -8.00), (338, -12.0), (339, 13.0), (340, -11.0), (341, -11.0), (342, -9.00), (343, -9.00), (344, -9.00), (345, 8.00), (346, -8.00), (347, -8.00), (348, -7.00), (349, -6.00), (350, -6.00), (351, 5.00), (352, -6.00), (353, -8.00), (354, -4.00), (355, -5.00), (356, -11.0), (357, 14.0), (358, -16.0), (359, -15.0), (360, -6.00), (361, -5.00), (362, -11.0), (363, 12.0), (364, -9.00), (365, -3.00), (366, 2.00), (367, 3.00), (368, 3.00), (369, 4.00),
(370, 6.00), (371, 6.00), (372, 6.00), (373, 5.00), (374, 4.00), (375, 2.00), (376, 1.00), (377, -3.00), (378, -2.00), (379, -3.00), (380, -4.00), (381, -8.00), (382, 10.0), (383, -11.0), (384, -8.00), (385, -11.0), (386, -13.0), (387, -16.0), (388, 14.0), (389, -12.0), (390, -7.00), (391, -7.00), (392, -6.00), (393, -5.00), (394, 6.00), (395, -6.00), (396, -5.00), (397, -5.00), (398, -4.00), (399, -7.00), (400, 10.0), (401, -9.00), (402, -3.00), (403, -1.00), (404, 1.00), (405, 3.00), (406, 3.00),
(407, 4.00), (408, 3.00), (409, 1.00), (410, 0.00), (411, -1.00), (412, -1.00), (413, 1.00), (414, -3.00), (415, -3.00), (416, -4.00), (417, -9.00), (418, -8.00), (419, 4.00), (420, -4.00), (421, -4.00), (422, -6.00), (423, -6.00), (424, -7.00), (425, 6.00), (426, -8.00), (427, -10.0), (428, -15.0), (429, -15.0), (430, -7.00), (431, 4.00), (432, -3.00), (433, -2.00), (434, -1.00), (435, -1.00), (436, 0.00), (437,
1.00), (438, 2.00), (439, 3.00), (440, 4.00), (441, 4.00), (442, 3.00), (443, 6.00),
(444, 5.00), (445, 7.00), (446, 6.00), (447, 4.00), (448, 5.00), (449, 7.00), (450,
8.00), (451, 8.00), (452, 5.00), (453, 3.00), (454, 3.00), (455, 1.00), (456, 1.00),
(457, 1.00), (458, 0.00), (459, -1.00), (460, -2.00), (461, -6.00), (462, -8.00), (463,
-8.00), (464, -6.00), (465, -1.00), (466, -4.00), (467, -7.00), (468, -10.0), (469, 11.0), (470, -8.00), (471, 0.00), (472, -3.00), (473, 2.00), (474, 3.00), (475, -1.00),
(476, 3.00), (477, 7.00), (478, 7.00), (479, 8.00), (480, 8.00), (481, 7.00), (482,
5.00), (483, 5.00), (484, 3.00), (485, 2.00), (486, 3.00), (487, 1.00), (488, 1.00),
(489, 3.00), (490, 3.00), (491, 3.00), (492, 2.00), (493, 2.00), (494, 1.00), (496, 1.00), (497, -3.00), (498, -5.00), (499, -6.00), (500, -4.00), (501, -3.00), (502, 1.00), (503, -1.00), (504, 1.00), (505, 2.00), (506, 3.00), (507, 5.00), (508, 7.00),
(509, 7.00), (510, 6.00), (511, 7.00), (512, 4.00), (513, 2.00), (514, -1.00), (515, 2.00), (516, -3.00), (517, -4.00), (518, -6.00), (519, -6.00), (520, -7.00), (521, 7.00), (522, -6.00), (523, -6.00), (524, -6.00), (525, -3.00), (526, -4.00), (527, 8.00), (528, -8.00), (529, -10.0), (530, -9.00), (531, -8.00), (532, -10.0), (533, 14.0), (534, -18.0), (535, -20.0), (536, -20.0), (537, -18.0), (538, -18.0), (539, 21.0), (540, -22.0), (541, -23.0), (542, -23.0), (543, -22.0), (544, -21.0), (545, 21.0), (546, -21.0), (547, -22.0), (548, -22.0), (549, -18.0), (550, -19.0), (551, -
- 121 -
22.0), (552, -23.0), (553, -20.0), (554, -15.0), (555, -11.0), (556, -9.00), (557, 8.00), (558, -7.00), (559, -7.00), (560, -8.00), (561, -11.0), (562, -12.0), (563, 13.0), (564, -13.0), (565, -8.00), (566, -6.00), (567, -12.0), (568, -18.0), (569, 22.0), (570, -24.0), (571, -26.0), (572, -23.0), (573, -22.0), (574, -23.0), (575, 24.0), (576, -26.0), (577, -26.0), (578, -23.0), (579, -22.0), (580, -23.0), (581, 23.0), (582, -22.0), (583, -19.0), (584, -17.0), (585, -15.0), (586, -14.0), (587, 13.0), (588, -16.0), (589, -15.0), (590, -12.0), (591, -12.0), (592, -12.0), (593, 9.00), (594, -7.00), (595, -3.00), (596, -2.00), (597, -2.00), (598, -4.00), (599, 8.00), (600, -11.0), (601, -12.0), (602, -10.0), (603, -11.0), (604, -11.0), (605, 11.0), (606, -12.0), (607, -13.0), (608, -12.0), (609, -11.0), (610, -12.0), (611, 13.0), (612, -14.0), (613, -12.0), (614, -9.00), (615, -13.0), (616, -13.0), (617, 6.00), (618, -10.0), (619, -13.0), (620, -15.0), (621, -16.0), (622, -16.0), (623, 17.0), (624, -17.0), (625, -21.0), (626, -24.0), (627, -21.0), (628, -18.0), (629, 18.0), (630, -19.0), (631, -21.0), (632, -23.0), (633, -19.0), (634, -17.0), (635, 19.0), (636, -23.0), (637, -24.0), (638, -25.0), (639, -19.0), (640, -18.0), (641, 21.0), (642, -21.0), (643, -21.0), (644, -21.0), (645, -18.0), (646, -16.0), (647, 16.0), (648, -14.0), (649, -14.0), (650, -13.0), (651, -13.0), (652, -12.0), (653, 12.0), (654, -11.0), (655, -10.0), (656, -11.0), (657, -9.00), (658, -8.00), (659, 10.0), (660, -12.0), (661, -13.0), (662, -13.0), (663, -12.0), (664, -12.0), (665, 13.0), (666, -16.0), (667, -16.0), (668, -13.0), (669, -11.0), (670, -12.0), (671, 12.0), (672, -15.0), (673, -14.0), (674, -10.0), (675, -6.00), (676, -7.00), (677, 11.0), (678, -9.00), (679, -10.0), (680, -4.00), (681, -4.00), (682, -9.00), (683, 12.0), (684, -6.00), (685, -2.00), (686, 0.00), (687, -1.00), (688, -2.00), (689, 2.00), (690, -1.00), (691, 0.00), (692, -2.00), (693, -3.00), (694, -5.00), (695, 6.00), (696, -7.00), (697, -7.00), (698, -5.00), (699, -6.00), (700, -8.00), (701, 8.00), (702, -8.00), (703, -6.00), (704, -4.00), (705, -2.00), (706, 0.00), (707, 1.00), (708, -1.00), (709, -1.00), (710, -2.00), (711, -7.00), (712, -13.0), (713, 16.0), (714, -15.0), (715, -10.0), (716, -8.00), (717, -8.00), (718, -7.00), (719, 7.00), (720, -4.00), (721, 0.00), (722, 2.00), (723, 1.00), (724, 2.00), (725, 2.00),
(726, 1.00), (727, 1.00), (728, -2.00), (729, -1.00), (730, -2.00), (731, -2.00), (732,
-6.00), (733, -7.00), (734, -9.00), (735, -13.0), (736, -17.0), (737, -13.0), (738, 8.00), (739, -6.00), (740, -7.00), (741, -7.00), (742, -6.00), (743, -3.00), (744,
0.00), (745, 2.00), (746, -1.00), (747, -2.00), (748, -1.00), (749, -1.00), (750,
0.00), (751, -7.00), (752, -12.0), (753, -17.0), (754, -20.0), (755, -19.0), (756, 15.0), (757, -15.0), (758, -18.0), (759, -21.0), (760, -23.0), (761, -17.0), (762, 9.00), (763, -11.0), (764, -15.0), (765, -18.0), (766, -20.0), (767, -14.0), (768, 5.00), (769, -4.00), (770, -5.00), (771, -6.00), (772, -12.0), (773, -8.00), (774, 1.00), (775, -5.00), (776, -11.0), (777, -11.0), (778, -8.00), (779, -4.00), (780, 4.00), (781, -9.00), (782, -11.0), (783, -8.00), (784, -6.00), (785, -1.00), (786, 1.00), (787, -2.00), (788, -1.00), (789, 0.00), (790, -1.00), (791, 1.00), (792, 1.00),
(793, 1.00), (794, 1.00), (795, 1.00), (796, 0.00), (797, -1.00), (798, -2.00), (799, 3.00), (800, -3.00), (801, -7.00), (802, -6.00), (803, -2.00), (804, -3.00), (805, 7.00), (806, -11.0), (807, -14.0), (808, -9.00), (809, -4.00), (810, -7.00), (811, 13.0), (812, -16.0), (813, -16.0), (814, -6.00), (815, -3.00), (816, -6.00), (817, 11.0), (818, -12.0), (819, -12.0), (820, -6.00), (821, -5.00), (822, -8.00), (823, 12.0), (824, -16.0), (825, -16.0), (826, -5.00), (827, -2.00), (828, -5.00), (829, 9.00), (830, -12.0), (831, -11.0), (832, 0.00), (833, 3.00), (834, -1.00), (835, 5.00), (836, -5.00), (837, -4.00), (838, 4.00), (839, 6.00), (840, 5.00), (841, 2.00),
(842, 0.00), (843, -1.00), (844, 5.00), (845, 9.00), (846, 6.00), (847, 8.00), (848,
7.00), (849, 7.00), (850, 7.00), (851, 8.00), (852, 8.00), (853, 6.00), (854, 4.00),
(855, 3.00), (856, 3.00), (857, 3.00), (858, 2.00), (859, 1.00), (860, 1.00), (861,
2.00), (862, 4.00), (863, 6.00), (864, 4.00), (865, 3.00), (866, 2.00), (867, 3.00),
(868, 4.00), (869, 6.00), (870, 7.00), (871, 8.00), (872, 9.00), (873, 10.0), (874,
9.00), (875, 6.00), (876, 2.00), (877, -1.00), (878, -2.00), (879, -2.00), (880, 1.00),
(881, 3.00), (882, 1.00), (883, -1.00), (884, -2.00), (885, -2.00), (886, 1.00), (887,
2.00), (888, 0.00), (889, -2.00), (890, -3.00), (891, -3.00), (892, -1.00), (893,
- 122 -
2.00), (894, -1.00), (895, -2.00), (896, -3.00), (897, -2.00), (898, 4.00), (899,
6.00), (900, 2.00), (901, -2.00), (902, -3.00), (903, -3.00), (904, 5.00), (905, 7.00),
(906, 2.00), (907, -1.00), (908, 1.00), (909, 2.00), (910, 3.00), (911, 2.00), (912,
1.00), (913, -2.00), (914, -4.00), (915, -5.00), (916, -3.00), (917, -2.00), (918, 5.00), (919, -8.00), (920, -10.0), (921, -3.00), (922, 2.00), (923, 3.00), (924, 3.00),
(925, 2.00), (926, 3.00), (927, 3.00), (928, 3.00), (929, 3.00), (930, 1.00), (931, 3.00), (932, -6.00), (933, -5.00), (934, -5.00), (935, -6.00), (936, -7.00), (937, 7.00), (938, -8.00), (939, -6.00), (940, -2.00), (941, -2.00), (942, -3.00), (943, 6.00), (944, -6.00), (945, -3.00), (946, 0.00), (947, 1.00), (948, -2.00), (949, 3.00), (950, -4.00), (951, -2.00), (952, 1.00), (953, 0.00), (954, -3.00), (955, 6.00), (956, -7.00), (957, -1.00), (958, 0.00), (959, 1.00), (960, 2.00), (961, 2.00),
(962, 2.00), (963, 2.00), (964, 0.00), (965, -5.00), (966, -7.00), (967, -9.00), (968,
-13.0), (969, -12.0), (970, -8.00), (971, -7.00), (972, -10.0), (973, -12.0), (974, 9.00), (975, -5.00), (976, 1.00), (977, 1.00), (978, -2.00), (979, -5.00), (980, 8.00), (981, -2.00), (982, 4.00), (983, 7.00), (984, 6.00), (985, 7.00), (986, 8.00),
(987, 9.00), (988, 7.00), (989, 7.00)
Wind_spd_mps_avg = GRAPH(time)
(0.00, 0.75), (1.00, 0.00), (2.00, 0.00), (3.00, 2.25), (4.00, 2.75), (5.01, 0.75),
(6.01, 0.00), (7.01, 0.00), (8.01, 0.00), (9.01, 0.75), (10.0, 4.25), (11.0, 0.75),
(12.0, 0.00), (13.0, 0.00), (14.0, 0.00), (15.0, 4.00), (16.0, 10.0), (17.0, 6.75),
(18.0, 7.50), (19.0, 1.25), (20.0, 4.50), (21.0, 10.5), (22.0, 7.00), (23.0, 0.75),
(24.0, 0.75), (25.0, 0.75), (26.0, 5.50), (27.0, 13.0), (28.0, 13.8), (29.0, 12.5),
(30.0, 13.8), (31.0, 18.0), (32.0, 17.3), (33.0, 18.3), (34.0, 15.5), (35.0, 18.8),
(36.0, 16.3), (37.0, 8.75), (38.0, 10.5), (39.0, 12.8), (40.0, 10.5), (41.0, 8.50),
(42.0, 7.50), (43.0, 0.75), (44.0, 3.25), (45.0, 7.00), (46.0, 2.75), (47.0, 2.00),
(48.0, 1.50), (49.0, 0.00), (50.1, 0.75), (51.1, 3.25), (52.1, 5.50), (53.1, 3.25),
(54.1, 0.75), (55.1, 0.00), (56.1, 0.00), (57.1, 11.3), (58.1, 4.00), (59.1, 0.00),
(60.1, 1.50), (61.1, 0.00), (62.1, 9.25), (63.1, 14.0), (64.1, 10.0), (65.1, 6.00),
(66.1, 7.50), (67.1, 10.8), (68.1, 8.25), (69.1, 16.5), (70.1, 11.3), (71.1, 9.50),
(72.1, 8.50), (73.1, 8.25), (74.1, 10.5), (75.1, 14.3), (76.1, 8.75), (77.1, 7.00),
(78.1, 9.25), (79.1, 7.00), (80.1, 13.0), (81.1, 16.3), (82.1, 12.5), (83.1, 11.3),
(84.1, 9.50), (85.1, 11.8), (86.1, 13.5), (87.1, 10.5), (88.1, 2.75), (89.1, 1.50),
(90.1, 0.00), (91.1, 8.75), (92.1, 12.3), (93.1, 8.75), (94.1, 7.25), (95.1, 11.8),
(96.1, 10.0), (97.1, 6.75), (98.1, 14.8), (99.1, 16.5), (100, 13.0), (101, 3.75), (102,
4.00), (103, 8.75), (104, 8.25), (105, 5.75), (106, 0.00), (107, 7.50), (108, 1.50),
(109, 1.75), (110, 5.00), (111, 8.25), (112, 2.50), (113, 1.25), (114, 1.50), (115,
1.50), (116, 5.75), (117, 6.75), (118, 2.00), (119, 8.75), (120, 5.25), (121, 11.0),
(122, 9.50), (123, 8.25), (124, 2.00), (125, 0.00), (126, 4.25), (127, 12.8), (128,
20.5), (129, 14.5), (130, 13.5), (131, 13.8), (132, 10.8), (133, 10.3), (134, 8.00),
(135, 10.5), (136, 8.25), (137, 3.75), (138, 3.75), (139, 0.00), (140, 0.00), (141,
0.75), (142, 1.25), (143, 0.00), (144, 2.50), (145, 0.75), (146, 2.50), (147, 5.00),
(148, 6.75), (149, 8.00), (150, 8.25), (151, 7.25), (152, 3.00), (153, 6.25), (154,
12.0), (155, 17.0), (156, 16.0), (157, 15.0), (158, 17.5), (159, 10.3), (160, 9.50),
(161, 7.50), (162, 5.75), (163, 7.00), (164, 5.50), (165, 6.00), (166, 3.50), (167,
2.00), (168, 2.00), (169, 3.75), (170, 9.25), (171, 12.8), (172, 12.8), (173, 14.0),
(174, 17.0), (175, 14.5), (176, 17.5), (177, 14.3), (178, 3.25), (179, 0.00), (180,
6.75), (181, 3.75), (182, 10.8), (183, 8.00), (184, 3.50), (185, 0.00), (186, 0.00),
(187, 9.00), (188, 10.0), (189, 6.00), (190, 3.50), (191, 0.75), (192, 0.00), (193,
7.75), (194, 11.0), (195, 18.8), (196, 17.0), (197, 12.0), (198, 8.00), (199, 5.50),
(200, 6.00), (201, 3.25), (202, 6.75), (203, 7.50), (204, 11.3), (205, 16.3), (206,
18.8), (207, 18.3), (208, 19.8), (209, 20.0), (210, 18.3), (211, 23.8), (212, 21.0),
(213, 18.3), (214, 15.5), (215, 12.8), (216, 11.0), (217, 11.3), (218, 9.75), (219,
4.50), (220, 0.00), (221, 0.75), (222, 1.50), (223, 0.75), (224, 1.50), (225, 1.50),
(226, 0.00), (227, 0.75), (228, 0.00), (229, 2.00), (230, 0.75), (231, 0.75), (232,
0.75), (233, 0.75), (234, 1.50), (235, 8.75), (236, 12.5), (237, 11.5), (238, 14.0),
(239, 12.3), (240, 15.3), (241, 11.8), (242, 8.75), (243, 14.5), (244, 15.3), (245,
- 123 -
7.50), (246,
(252, 2.25),
3.00), (259,
(265, 9.50),
15.5), (272,
(278, 2.75),
7.25), (285,
(291, 5.00),
1.50), (298,
(304, 7.00),
17.0), (311,
(317, 13.3),
6.00), (324,
(330, 6.75),
5.00), (337,
(343, 12.5),
16.3), (350,
(356, 1.50),
0.00), (363,
(369, 8.00),
16.3), (376,
(382, 9.25),
4.00), (389,
(395, 17.0),
2.50), (402,
(408, 4.75),
10.5), (415,
(421, 5.00),
5.50), (428,
(434, 12.5),
8.25), (441,
(447, 2.75),
2.50), (454,
(460, 2.25),
0.75), (467,
(473, 7.75),
5.00), (480,
(486, 14.5),
12.3), (493,
(500, 4.50),
12.5), (507,
(513, 12.0),
8.00), (520,
(526, 10.8),
16.8), (533,
(539, 5.75),
8.00), (546,
(552, 0.75),
11.5), (559,
(565, 13.3),
7.75), (572,
(578, 10.5),
12.8), (585,
(591, 2.00),
5.50), (598,
(604, 12.3),
7.00), (247,
(253, 5.75),
3.50), (260,
(266, 5.25),
8.75), (273,
(279, 0.00),
0.00), (286,
(292, 11.0),
9.25), (299,
(305, 14.5),
15.5), (312,
(318, 20.5),
8.25), (325,
(331, 8.00),
6.50), (338,
(344, 17.0),
12.5), (351,
(357, 2.75),
0.00), (364,
(370, 17.5),
17.8), (377,
(383, 15.8),
2.50), (390,
(396, 20.0),
9.25), (403,
(409, 10.0),
12.3), (416,
(422, 3.50),
2.00), (429,
(435, 14.5),
8.75), (442,
(448, 5.50),
1.75), (455,
(461, 0.00),
2.25), (468,
(474, 9.25),
8.50), (481,
(487, 10.8),
13.3), (494,
(501, 6.25),
20.3), (508,
(514, 11.3),
6.25), (521,
(527, 10.8),
18.3), (534,
(540, 6.75),
7.25), (547,
(553, 7.00),
6.50), (560,
(566, 15.5),
6.50), (573,
(579, 15.8),
12.0), (586,
(592, 1.25),
8.25), (599,
(605, 14.0),
8.00), (248,
(254, 0.00),
7.75), (261,
(267, 10.5),
11.3), (274,
(280, 2.00),
0.00), (287,
(293, 5.50),
20.5), (300,
(306, 13.0),
20.8), (313,
(319, 17.0),
13.8), (326,
(332, 1.50),
3.75), (339,
(345, 16.3),
9.75), (352,
(358, 1.50),
2.00), (365,
(371, 11.8),
17.5), (378,
(384, 9.75),
4.00), (391,
(397, 20.0),
8.00), (404,
(410, 6.50),
12.0), (417,
(423, 2.75),
4.50), (430,
(436, 13.0),
4.75), (443,
(449, 5.50),
7.25), (456,
(462, 0.00),
1.50), (469,
(475, 5.25),
10.5), (482,
(488, 1.50),
9.00), (496,
(502, 1.50),
12.0), (509,
(515, 9.25),
2.00), (522,
(528, 8.75),
18.0), (535,
(541, 9.25),
8.00), (548,
(554, 16.0),
6.75), (561,
(567, 21.8),
3.75), (574,
(580, 19.0),
9.00), (587,
(593, 4.00),
10.5), (600,
(606, 12.0),
10.0), (249,
(255, 2.50),
3.75), (262,
(268, 14.8),
4.00), (275,
(281, 8.25),
0.00), (288,
(294, 9.25),
18.3), (301,
(307, 12.3),
15.0), (314,
(320, 16.8),
8.75), (327,
(333, 2.50),
2.25), (340,
(346, 16.5),
6.00), (353,
(359, 1.50),
6.75), (366,
(372, 4.75),
14.0), (379,
(385, 6.00),
7.00), (392,
(398, 18.5),
12.3), (405,
(411, 4.75),
3.75), (418,
(424, 6.25),
15.5), (431,
(437, 14.5),
9.50), (444,
(450, 7.25),
11.8), (457,
(463, 2.00),
1.50), (470,
(476, 6.00),
16.5), (483,
(489, 10.8),
6.50), (497,
(503, 2.25),
9.00), (510,
(516, 6.75),
0.00), (523,
(529, 11.3),
8.25), (536,
(542, 12.0),
6.25), (549,
(555, 19.8),
8.75), (562,
(568, 20.3),
5.50), (575,
(581, 20.3),
7.75), (588,
(594, 6.00),
14.5), (601,
(607, 14.0),
- 124 -
14.5), (250,
(256, 0.75),
0.00), (263,
(269, 13.8),
9.50), (276,
(282, 11.3),
3.75), (289,
(295, 6.00),
16.8), (302,
(308, 9.50),
10.5), (315,
(321, 14.5),
3.25), (328,
(334, 1.25),
3.25), (341,
(347, 16.3),
4.00), (354,
(360, 0.00),
8.75), (367,
(373, 7.00),
11.3), (380,
(386, 5.75),
6.00), (393,
(399, 5.75),
17.8), (406,
(412, 7.25),
4.00), (419,
(425, 7.25),
15.3), (432,
(438, 9.25),
9.50), (445,
(451, 5.50),
9.25), (458,
(464, 5.25),
1.25), (471,
(477, 9.25),
14.8), (484,
(490, 16.5),
4.50), (498,
(504, 5.75),
7.00), (511,
(517, 7.00),
7.50), (524,
(530, 11.0),
7.25), (537,
(543, 7.50),
4.75), (550,
(556, 18.0),
7.75), (563,
(569, 15.8),
6.25), (576,
(582, 15.5),
6.50), (589,
(595, 13.8),
13.5), (602,
(608, 13.0),
9.00), (251,
(257, 2.50),
0.00), (264,
(270, 15.0),
12.3), (277,
(283, 10.3),
4.50), (290,
(296, 0.00),
18.3), (303,
(309, 14.3),
9.50), (316,
(322, 8.50),
4.50), (329,
(335, 0.75),
6.50), (342,
(348, 15.8),
5.00), (355,
(361, 1.50),
9.75), (368,
(374, 12.5),
15.0), (381,
(387, 3.75),
4.50), (394,
(400, 2.00),
12.8), (407,
(413, 14.3),
5.75), (420,
(426, 4.75),
12.5), (433,
(439, 6.50),
12.0), (446,
(452, 4.25),
11.3), (459,
(465, 3.25),
6.25), (472,
(478, 9.00),
10.5), (485,
(491, 15.3),
2.75), (499,
(505, 8.25),
7.25), (512,
(518, 9.50),
7.25), (525,
(531, 13.5),
8.50), (538,
(544, 7.50),
4.75), (551,
(557, 12.0),
3.75), (564,
(570, 14.8),
4.00), (577,
(583, 11.8),
3.25), (590,
(596, 12.3),
16.0), (603,
(609, 11.0),
2.50),
(258,
0.00),
(271,
11.3),
(284,
3.50),
(297,
10.8),
(310,
10.3),
(323,
3.50),
(336,
9.50),
(349,
2.75),
(362,
9.50),
(375,
10.8),
(388,
10.3),
(401,
9.75),
(414,
5.25),
(427,
12.0),
(440,
10.8),
(453,
9.75),
(466,
1.50),
(479,
7.25),
(492,
1.50),
(506,
11.3),
(519,
10.5),
(532,
7.50),
(545,
4.25),
(558,
4.50),
(571,
4.25),
(584,
2.00),
(597,
9.75),
(610,
7.00), (611,
(617, 11.3),
9.00), (624,
(630, 14.0),
1.50), (637,
(643, 5.25),
0.75), (650,
(656, 7.25),
7.00), (663,
(669, 6.00),
3.50), (676,
(682, 0.75),
4.50), (689,
(695, 12.8),
1.25), (702,
(708, 1.25),
9.75), (715,
(721, 12.8),
4.25), (728,
(734, 6.75),
0.75), (741,
(747, 7.00),
9.00), (754,
(760, 0.00),
0.75), (767,
(773, 0.75),
6.50), (780,
(786, 2.50),
3.75), (793,
(799, 8.00),
1.50), (806,
(812, 0.00),
0.00), (819,
(825, 0.00),
0.75), (832,
(838, 8.75),
5.25), (845,
(851, 9.25),
6.25), (858,
(864, 2.75),
21.0), (871,
(877, 16.5),
6.00), (884,
(890, 5.25),
0.00), (897,
(903, 2.25),
0.00), (910,
(916, 16.0),
13.5), (923,
(929, 9.75),
11.0), (936,
(942, 5.25),
2.25), (949,
(955, 2.75),
10.8), (962,
(968, 12.0),
1.50), (612,
(618, 19.3),
9.50), (625,
(631, 11.8),
0.75), (638,
(644, 2.25),
0.75), (651,
(657, 13.8),
9.00), (664,
(670, 6.00),
0.00), (677,
(683, 0.75),
2.25), (690,
(696, 14.8),
2.00), (703,
(709, 5.25),
9.00), (716,
(722, 16.0),
3.00), (729,
(735, 3.75),
1.50), (742,
(748, 8.50),
4.00), (755,
(761, 4.25),
3.00), (768,
(774, 5.25),
5.00), (781,
(787, 4.50),
1.25), (794,
(800, 12.0),
0.00), (807,
(813, 0.00),
2.00), (820,
(826, 10.0),
3.00), (833,
(839, 10.5),
4.50), (846,
(852, 11.0),
0.75), (859,
(865, 0.75),
20.3), (872,
(878, 13.8),
2.50), (885,
(891, 7.00),
2.00), (898,
(904, 6.25),
7.75), (911,
(917, 14.0),
13.5), (924,
(930, 11.3),
8.50), (937,
(943, 0.00),
2.50), (950,
(956, 1.25),
3.75), (963,
(969, 12.5),
0.75), (613,
(619, 12.8),
2.75), (626,
(632, 5.25),
0.00), (639,
(645, 0.75),
6.00), (652,
(658, 16.3),
6.75), (665,
(671, 4.25),
0.00), (678,
(684, 5.50),
8.00), (691,
(697, 8.25),
4.00), (704,
(710, 12.3),
5.00), (717,
(723, 9.25),
3.50), (730,
(736, 0.75),
3.00), (743,
(749, 7.50),
5.50), (756,
(762, 6.50),
13.5), (769,
(775, 8.00),
0.75), (782,
(788, 10.5),
0.00), (795,
(801, 6.00),
0.75), (808,
(814, 7.50),
11.5), (821,
(827, 8.50),
4.25), (834,
(840, 4.50),
4.00), (847,
(853, 10.3),
0.00), (860,
(866, 0.75),
17.5), (873,
(879, 8.00),
1.50), (886,
(892, 7.00),
3.50), (899,
(905, 8.25),
11.8), (912,
(918, 3.75),
20.3), (925,
(931, 10.0),
9.00), (938,
(944, 0.00),
6.25), (951,
(957, 14.5),
5.25), (964,
(970, 13.5),
2.50), (614,
(620, 13.8),
1.25), (627,
(633, 3.50),
8.50), (640,
(646, 4.50),
3.25), (653,
(659, 15.0),
5.50), (666,
(672, 1.50),
0.00), (679,
(685, 12.0),
12.0), (692,
(698, 6.75),
6.00), (705,
(711, 18.0),
12.3), (718,
(724, 9.00),
6.00), (731,
(737, 0.00),
6.50), (744,
(750, 12.3),
1.25), (757,
(763, 9.50),
13.3), (770,
(776, 1.50),
0.00), (783,
(789, 7.00),
5.00), (796,
(802, 2.75),
3.50), (809,
(815, 8.25),
9.25), (822,
(828, 2.25),
1.50), (835,
(841, 0.00),
9.75), (848,
(854, 9.25),
2.25), (861,
(867, 5.75),
10.3), (874,
(880, 6.25),
4.50), (887,
(893, 8.50),
2.50), (900,
(906, 1.50),
10.0), (913,
(919, 1.50),
18.3), (926,
(932, 8.00),
7.75), (939,
(945, 6.00),
8.50), (952,
(958, 11.8),
13.0), (965,
(971, 11.0),
- 125 -
1.50), (615,
(621, 14.3),
4.00), (628,
(634, 4.50),
11.0), (641,
(647, 0.75),
2.00), (654,
(660, 15.3),
1.50), (667,
(673, 0.00),
0.00), (680,
(686, 13.5),
14.8), (693,
(699, 7.25),
6.50), (706,
(712, 13.8),
10.0), (719,
(725, 9.00),
8.50), (732,
(738, 2.75),
10.3), (745,
(751, 15.8),
5.75), (758,
(764, 4.75),
9.50), (771,
(777, 0.00),
0.00), (784,
(790, 6.75),
8.25), (797,
(803, 4.50),
7.75), (810,
(816, 0.00),
4.25), (823,
(829, 3.75),
0.00), (836,
(842, 0.00),
11.8), (849,
(855, 6.75),
4.00), (862,
(868, 8.75),
10.5), (875,
(881, 3.25),
7.75), (888,
(894, 4.50),
1.50), (901,
(907, 0.75),
13.0), (914,
(920, 1.25),
11.8), (927,
(933, 9.00),
8.25), (940,
(946, 7.25),
8.75), (953,
(959, 10.0),
12.8), (966,
(972, 4.75),
0.00), (616,
(622, 12.3),
7.75), (629,
(635, 2.75),
8.00), (642,
(648, 5.00),
5.25), (655,
(661, 11.8),
2.25), (668,
(674, 0.75),
4.75), (681,
(687, 7.50),
11.8), (694,
(700, 2.75),
7.00), (707,
(713, 8.50),
9.50), (720,
(726, 7.50),
15.5), (733,
(739, 3.25),
11.0), (746,
(752, 14.5),
3.50), (759,
(765, 1.50),
3.75), (772,
(778, 1.25),
0.00), (785,
(791, 5.75),
10.5), (798,
(804, 7.00),
5.25), (811,
(817, 0.00),
1.25), (824,
(830, 0.75),
1.25), (837,
(843, 0.00),
13.3), (850,
(856, 7.50),
5.25), (863,
(869, 15.3),
16.8), (876,
(882, 4.25),
6.50), (889,
(895, 0.75),
1.50), (902,
(908, 2.50),
11.5), (915,
(921, 7.50),
9.75), (928,
(934, 13.8),
8.00), (941,
(947, 5.75),
6.50), (954,
(960, 17.3),
17.0), (967,
(973, 2.50),
4.50),
(623,
13.3),
(636,
1.50),
(649,
4.25),
(662,
7.50),
(675,
3.50),
(688,
9.50),
(701,
2.75),
(714,
15.8),
(727,
14.3),
(740,
3.00),
(753,
0.00),
(766,
0.00),
(779,
1.75),
(792,
12.8),
(805,
0.00),
(818,
0.00),
(831,
2.00),
(844,
14.3),
(857,
4.25),
(870,
14.5),
(883,
5.75),
(896,
0.00),
(909,
13.0),
(922,
14.8),
(935,
9.00),
(948,
0.75),
(961,
17.3),
(974,
12.0), (975, 17.5), (976, 19.0), (977, 14.0), (978, 5.25), (979, 0.75), (980, 0.75),
(981, 3.50), (982, 9.25), (983, 6.75), (984, 2.50), (985, 9.25), (986, 13.3), (987,
16.8), (988, 11.0), (989, 11.3)
- 126 -
k adjust
k rate static
min mass
percentage
Min mass
Therm Val
for decomp
Com Temp
decomp loss
initial dry
mass
compost energy
useful energy
C heat prod
compost mass
moist percent
moist
ratio
Cp of C
heat
removal
HL W
initial water
content
heat removal
in MJ
heat for
warming
C water
heat removal
in MJ
Wetting
kg air per
kg dry matter
Com Temp
evap from C
~
Hum rat
exit air
metabolic
generation
heat
removal
Wetting
Spec Heat
ext air
kg air needed
for heat removal
Enthalpy of
exit air rel
to entry air
outside air
Specific
Volume
density
Heat of
vap of wat
constant press
Delta T 2
pp of
wat vap
v per day
per kg
volume per
second
WatVapPress 2
temp in C
Wat Vap
Press web
Volume needed
for heat removal
DEW Temp K
air temp K 2
Air density 2
initial dry
mass
kg air needed
for heat removal
constfor air
ext temp
decomp loss
Cp of C
pressure
spec heat
of wat vap
rel
hum
Power
delta w
air temp c
Power flow
delta T
int temp
stand heat
loss end
Int temp F
C val dble poly
heat loss
Noname 1
co2 need
Therm Val
Heat loss
dry matter decomp
for decomp
MJ
needed for g house
- 127 -
~
~
Wind spd
Temp C avg
mps avg
Wind speed
in mph
greenhouse
volume
fan efficiency
Total Power
constfor air 2
~
Atmospheric
Pressure 2
fan power
Temp F
g house
dimensions
g house total
heat loss
dry matter
needed
CO2
Co2 loss
initial dry
mass
pile heat loss wetting
Therm Val
for decomp
Total CO2
Wetting flow
Water needed
for wetting
metabolic
generation
decomp loss
CO2 loss to air
total actual
DM needed
heat loss
flow
Heat loss
MJ
actual dry
matter needed
Wetting
compost evap
evaped wat
~
Hum rat
exit air
Rad con
loss?
Total evap
evap from C
kg air needed
for heat removal
air needed
C heat prod
Total heat
removal
Noname 3
kg air needed
for heat removal
Pile heat
removal flow
cum volume
heat removal
in MJ
heat removal
in MJ
Total decomp
Volume needed
for heat removal
pile volumes
decomp loss
pile vol flow
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