27 September 2016

HISTORICAL TRIPOS PART I PAPER 17

EUROPEAN HISTORY, 1715-1890
READING LIST 2016-17

The following reading list covers the main topics of Paper 17 on which questions may
be set in the exam. It is not meant to be comprehensive, even in English-language
material. On the other hand, you are not expected to read every item on the list!
Supervisors will often propose their own emphases and alternative readings, and
lecturers may hand out more specialized reading lists at their lectures.
Works which will help you to get a sense of the period and may be read in
preparation include:

Stefan Berger (ed.), A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe, 1789-1914

(Oxford, 2006)
T. C. W. Blanning (ed.), The Short Oxford History of Europe: The Eighteenth Century
(Oxford, 2000)

The Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 2000)

T. C. W. Blanning (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern Europe (Oxford,
1997)
Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (Oxford, 1994)
Chris Cook and John Stevenson (eds.), The Routledge Companion to European
History since 1763 (Abingdon, 2005)
William Doyle, The Old European Order, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1992)
John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe. From the Renaissance to the Present, 2
vols, 2nd edn. (London, 2004)
Jonathan Sperber, Revolutionary Europe 1780-1850 (London, 2000)
Useful handbooks:
Helmut Walser Smith (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History
(Oxford, 2011)
Derek H. Aldcroft and Richard Rodger (eds.), Bibliography of European Economic and
Social History, 2nd edn. (Manchester 1993)
Please tell your lecturers or your supervisor of any suggestions you have for
additional readings.

Michaelmas Term [Wednesdays and Fridays at 09:00]

Core Lectures

7 October - The Old Regime Versus Modernisation (Dr A Litvine)

How can we apprehend the radical transformation of European societies during the
period from 1715 to 1880? Are the French Revolution and its European aftermaths
the turning points between an old eighteenth century and the advent of modern
polities as the expression ancien regime seems to suggest? Was this on the
contrary a period of slow maturation of economic modernity characterised by the
rise of individualism and capitalist relations in Europe? And finally, what importance should historians give to what people meant when they defined
themselves and the time they lived in as modern? By confronting the most
influential narratives created by historians to conceptualise the course of European
history during these 165 years this lecture will also intro- duce students to the
inherently interpretative nature of periodisation.

William Doyle, The Ancien Regime (London, 1986)

T. C. W. Blanning, The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture. Old Regime
Europe 1660-1789 (Oxford, 2002)
Quentin Skinner, The State, in Terence Ball, James Farr and Russell L. Hanson (eds.),
Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge, 1989)
C.E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernisation. A Study in Comparative History (New
York, 1966) Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford, 1983)
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origins and Spread of
Nationalism, revised edition (London, and New York, 1991)
Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood. Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism
(Cambridge, 1997)
T. C. W. Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: Europe, 1648-1815 (London, 2007)
C. B. A. Behrens, Government and Society, in E. Rich and C. Wilson (eds.), The
Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. V (Cambridge, 1977)
Olwen Hufton, Europe: Privilege and Protest 1730-1789, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2000),
Chapters 1-2
H. M. Scott (ed.), The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries, 2 vols (London and New York, 1995)
Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 1994),
Chapters 1-2
E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, new edn. (London, 2003), esp. Chapter 8
E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, new edn. (London, 2004), esp. Chapter 10
Arno J. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War, 2nd
edn. (London, 2010), esp. Chapter 2
David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley, The Peculiarities of German History (Oxford, 1984)
Richard J. Evans, Rethinking German History (London, 1987), Chapter 3
Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton, 1978).
Richard J. Evans and W. R. Lee (eds.), The German Peasantry (London and Sydney,

1986)
Robert Moeller (ed), Peasants and Lords in Modern German History (Boston, 1987)
Hans Rosenberg. The Pseudodemocratisation of the Junker Class, in Georg Iggers
(ed.), The Social History of Politics (Leamington Spa, 1985), pp. 81-112
Hans Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution, new edn.
(Abingdon, 2014) Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen (Stanford, 1977)
Roger Price, A Social History of Nineteenth-Century France (New York, 1987) Chapter
5
Roger Magraw, France 1815-1914. The Bourgeois Century, new edn. (Oxford, 1986),
Chapter 9 Lucy Riall, The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society and National Unification
(London, 1994), Chapter 3 Adrian Shubert, A Social History of Modern Spain
(Abingon, 1996), Chapter 2
12 October - Revolutions (Dr A Litvine)

Revolutions are a characteristic feature of the period covered by the course, from
the French Rev- olutions of 1789 and 1830 via the pan-European 1848 revolutions to
the Commune of 1871. The revolution as a form of modern political culture would
continue into the 20th century with the Russian Revolution. Historians have also
applied the name to designate any abrupt change of gov- ernment in science,
industry and the colonial world. Yet recent historiography has cast doubt on the
large claims lying behind the rhetoric of revolution. This lecture examines why the
concept of a revolution proved so useful to both historical actors and historians
themselves, asking what dif- ferentiated a revolution from a revolt, uprising or coup.
The French Revolution marked a sudden change in the very definition of a
revolution, from a recurring historical phenomenon governed by fortune to an
orchestrated and self-conscious replacement of one regime with another. Borrowing from the American Revolution of 1776-78, the 1789 revolution itself provided
a symbolic template for subsequent attempts to overturn or seize political authority
in the context of the emergence of nationalism and the middle classes across
Europe.
Mathieu Robitaille, The French Revolution and the Discourse of Change in
Restoration France and Post-1815 England, Past Imperfect, 15 (2009): 399-441
Kurt Weyland, The Diffusion of Revolution: 1848 in Europe and Latin America,
International Or- ganization 63.3 (2009): 391-423
Keith Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution, in id., Inventing the French
Revolution (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 203-223

Jonathan Sperber, Revolutionary Europe, 1780-1850 (Harlow, 2000)

Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich, eds., Revolution in History (Cambridge, 1986)
R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and
America,

1760-1800, 2 vols (Princetons, 1959-1964)

Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 1994)
M. Rapport, 1848: European Revolutions, in B. Isakhan and S. Stockwell (eds.), The
Edinburgh Companion to the History of Democracy (Edinburgh, 2012), pp. 282-92
Dieter Dowe, et al., eds., Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform (New York, 2001)
Peter Browning, Revolutions and Nationalities: Europe, 1825-90. (Cambridge, 2000)
E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution 1789-1848 (London, 1962)
Albert Boime, Art in an Age of Counter-Revolution, 1815-1848 (Chicago, 2004), esp.
chapters on the July Revolution
Francois Furet and Mona Ozouf, eds., The Transformation of Political Culture 17891848 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 489-503
Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics,1763-1848 (Oxford, 1994)
4

Paper 17 Reading list 2015-16

14 October Elites and governance (Dr A Thompson)

Eighteenth-century rulers faced a range of challenges in seeking to construct and

maintain authority over their subjects. The lecture considers some of the changes
that had taken place in the ways in which royal authority was presented in the early
modern period and explores the challenges that arose during the eighteenth
century.
i. General reading
T.C.W. Blanning, The culture of power and the power of culture (2002)
Norbert Elias, The court society (1983) (but cf. Jeroen Duindam, Myths of power
(1998)) Ju rgen Habermas, The structural transformation of the public sphere (1989)

ii. Case studies

Derek Beales, Joseph II (2 vols., 1987-2009)
William Beik, A social and cultural history of early modern France (2009), chs 3-5, 1112
John Brewer and Eckhart Hellmuth, Rethinking Leviathan (1990)
Peter Burke, The fabrication of Louis XIV (1992)
Jeroen Duindam, Vienna and Versaiiles (2003), pts III and IV
Thomas Ertman, Birth of the Leviathan (1997)
Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson, eds., The bee and the eagle (2009)
Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the age of Peter the Great (1998)
Theodor Schieder, Frederick II (2000)
Hamish Scott, ed., Enlightened Absolutism (1990)
Hamish Scott and Brendan Simms, eds., Cultures of power in Europe during the long
eighteenth century (2007)

19 October - Europe and its Colonies (Dr G Ramos)

Rather than studying Europe as a landmass and a conglomerate of competing

territorial states, this lecture focuses on the seas bordering the continent and the
relationships negotiated by Euro- peans to the maritime element. Writing a history
of European seas, rather than a history in the seas, entails to pay attention not only
to political, but also to ecological and cultural problems. Ul- timately, it is the role of
the seas in the making of Europe and of Europeans in the eighteenth cen- tury which
is examined.

i. General reading
David Abulafia, The Mediterranean in History (London, 2003)
Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of
Philip II (1996, 1st French ed.: 1949). [Although outside our period of study, this is
the most influential book of the Annales school, combining history and geography]
Paul Butel, The Atlantic (London, 1999), Chapters 4, 5, and 6
Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Atlantic World
c. 1450-1850 (Oxford and New York, 2011)
Jan Glete, Europe and the Sea, in Peter H. Wilson (ed.), A Companion to EighteenthCentury Europe (Oxford, 2008)
Carla Rahn Phillips, Europe and the Atlantic, in Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan
(eds.), Atlantic History A Critical Appraisal (Oxford, 2009)
Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System, vol. II: Mercantilism and the
Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980), and
vol. III: The Second Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s
(San Diego,1989)

ii Maritime Spaces and their Representations

Alain Corbin, The Lure of the Sea: Discovery of the Seaside in the Western World,
17501840 (Berkeley, 1994)
Geographical Review, special issue Oceans Connect, 89 (1999)
J. B. Harley, The New Nature of Maps. Essays in the History of Cartography
(Baltimore, 2001)
W. V. Harris (ed.), Rethinking the Mediterranean (Oxford, 2005)
P. Horden and N. Purcell, The Mediterranean and the New Thalassology, American
Historical Review, 111 (2006): 722-740
Christian Jacob, The Sovereign Map: Theoretical Approaches in Cartography
Throughout History (Chicago, 2006)
Joseph Konvitz, Changing Concepts of the Sea, 1550-1950, Terrae Incognitae, 11
(1979): 32-41 Martin W Lewis and Karen Wigen, The Myth of Continents (Berkeley,
1997), introduction and Chapter 1

iii. Maritime Competitions and Exchanges

Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James Robinson, The Rise of Europe: Atlantic
Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth, The American Economic Review,
95.3 (2005): 546-79 Daniel A. Baugh, Great Britains Blue-Water Policy, 1689-1815,
The International History Review, 10.1 (1988): 33-58
Richard Drayton, The Globalisation of France: Provincial Cities and French Expansion
c.1500-1800, History of European Ideas, 34.4 (2008): 424-30
Thomas Wemyss Fulton, The Sovereignty of the Sea. An Historical Account of the
Claims of England to the Dominion of the British Seas (Clark, N. J., 1911)
Anna Gambles, Free Trade and State Formation: The Political Economy of Fisheries
Policy in Britain and the United Kingdom circa 1780-1850, Journal of British Studies,
39.3 (2000): 288-316.
Jan Glete, Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies, and State Building in Europe and
America, 1500-1860, 2 vols. (Stockholm, 1993)
Bob Harris, Scotlands Herring Fisheries and the Prosperity of the Nation, c. 16601760, The Scottish Historical Review, 79.207 (2000): 39-60
Alan G. Jamieson, The Channel Islands and Smuggling, 1680-1850, in id. (ed.), A
People of the Sea.
The Maritime History of the Channel Islands (London, 1986)
Merja-Liisa Hinkkanen and David Kirby, The Baltic and the North Seas (London, 2000)
Elizabeth Mancke, Oceanic Space and the Creation of a Global International
System,1450-1800, in Daniel Finamore (ed.), Maritime History as World History
(Salem, Mass., 2004), pp. 149-66
Walter Minchinton (ed.), Britain and the Northern Seas: Some Essays (Pontefract,
1988)
Renaud Morieux, Diplomacy from Below and Belonging: Fishermen and CrossChannel Relations in the Eighteenth Century, Past & Present, 202.1 (2009): 83-125
Janet Neeson, Coastal Commons : Custom and the Use of Seaweed in the British
Isles, 1700-1900, in Simonetta Cavaciocchi (ed.), Ricchezza del mare, ricchezza dal
mare, secc. XIIIXVIII (Firenze, 2006)
D. Ormrod, The Rise of Commercial Empires: England and the Netherlands in the Age
of Mercantilism, 1650-1770 (Cambridge, 2003)
N. Saul, Russia and the Mediterranean, 1797-1807 (Chicago, 1970)
6

21 October - Industrialisation (Dr N Mora-Sitja)

By 1900 most of Europe was much more populated and much richer than it had ever
been. In the eighteenth and particularly the nineteenth centuries, several European
countries underwent economic changes that had no historical precedent, such as
demographic growth, urbanisation, industrialisation, and the mechanisation and
transformation of the countryside. All these were expressions of a distinct economic
epoch: the era of modern economic growth. This lecture will define and explore
these transformations, will discuss how to explore the factors that facilitated them,

and will evaluate their social, institutional, and political consequences. The lecture
will be complemented by a series of 4 lectures in Lent Term which will analyse in
more depth the different frameworks historians have created to understand
economic growth, and will look at individual countries trajectories and stories of
industrialisation.
Aldcroft, D., and Ville, S. (eds.), The European Economy, 1750 - 1914: A Thematic
Approach (Manchester, 1994)

Sylla, R., and Toniolo, G., Patterns of European Industrialization (1991)

Berend, Ivan, An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe. Diversity and
Industrialization (2012)
Pollard, S., Industrialization and the European Economy, Economic History Review,
26, 4 (1973), pp.636-48
Pollard, S., Typology of industrialization processes in the nineteenth century (2002)
Trebilcock, C., The industrialization of the continental powers, 1780-1914 (1981)
OBrien, P.K (1986), Do we have a typology for the study of European
industrialisation in the XIXth century?, Journal of European Economic History, 15,
pp.291-333.
Landes, David, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial
Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (London, 1969)
Hopkins, E., Industrialisation and Society: A Social History, 1830 - 1951 (London,
2000)
O'Brien, P. (ed.), Railways and the Economic Development of Western Europe, 1830 1914 (London, 1983)
Teich, M., and Porter, R., (eds.), The Industrial Revolution National Context: Europe
and the USA (Cambridge, 1996)
Cameron, R., (ed), Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization: A Study in
ComparativeEconomic History (New York, 1967)
Gerschenkron, A., (ed), Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (1962)
Rostow, W. W., The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto
(Cambridge, 1960)
26 October - Religion and Society in the Eighteenth Century (Prof C Clark)

Religion has often been seen as increasingly irrelevant to eighteenth-century

European life. At an intellectual level, the challenges posed by enlightened thinkers
were profound, questioning the validity of sacred texts and the validity of miracles.
Yet Europe remained a continent where religion was vitally important at both local
and political level. This lecture explores the interconnections between processes of
secularisation and religious revival, showing how the interaction between the two
set the scene for the European church-state conflicts of the later nineteenth century.
W. R. Ward, Christianity Under the Ancien Regime, 1648-1789 (Cambridge, 1999)
R. Po-Chia Hsia, The World of Catholic Renewal 1540-1770 (Cambridge, 1998)

W. R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening (Cambridge, 1985)

John McManners, Church and Society in 18th-Century France (Oxford, 1998)
John McManners, Death and Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death Among
Christians and Unbelievers in Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford, 1985)
R. Gawthrop, Pietism and the Making of 18th-Century Prussia (Cambridge, 1993)
Hugh McLeod, Religion and the People of Western Europe, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1997)
T. C. W. Blanning, The Role of Religion in Counter-Revolution 1789-1815 in D. E. D.
Beales and G.

Best (eds.), History, Society and the Churches (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 195-214 Hugh
McLeod (ed.), European Religion in the Age of the Great Cities (London, 1994) Nigel
Aston (ed.), Religious Change in Europe 1650-1914 (Oxford, 1997)
Nigel Aston, Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, c.1750-1830 (Cambridge, 2002)
Nigel Aston, Art and Religion in Eighteenth-Century Europe (London, 2009)
Owen Chadwick, The Secularisation of the European Mind (reissue: Cambridge,
1990) H. McLeod, Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848-1914 (Houndmills, 2000)
Michael Schaich (ed.), Monarchy and Religion. The Transformation of Royal Culture
in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Oxford, 2007)
Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers. Religion and Politics in Europe From the French
Revolution to the Great War (London, 2006)
Michael J. Sauter, Visions of the Enlightenment. The Edict on Religion of 1788 and
the Politics of the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century Prussia (Leiden, 2009)
Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser, Culture Wars. Catholic-Secular Conflict in
Nineteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge, 2003)
Owen Chadwick, A History of the Popes 1830-1914 (Oxford, 1998)
28 October - Enlightenment and the Public Sphere (Dr A Litvine)

18th-century authors did not write of the Enlightenment as an historical epoch or

period, but rather of Enlightenment as a state of learning which commanded
considerable credit. Not until the late 19th century do we find the Enlightenment
being identified as a period, and even then, it took several important historical
surveys, all in some way a response to the rise of 20th-century Nazism, to place the
Enlightenment on the historical map. More recent studies have developed the
German historian Ju rgen Habermass model of the public sphere to search for
Enlightenment in many settings, including salons, coffee-houses and Masonic lodges,
yielding a rich body of re- search into the spread of literacy, print, education and
improvement around Europe. By following debates about what counted as an
enlightened state, we might be able to explore how 18th-century readers and
authors established credibility, how they sought to police the world of print, and
how they aimed to transform society through the application of reason and order to
nature and society. But we should not be looking for a single shared programme of
Enlightenment across Europe, because definitions of reason, enlightenment and
nature varied widely from place to place and individual to individual. What seemed
enlightened might not be the same for women or peasants as it was for men or
monarchs.

i. Approaches
Karen OBrien, The Return of the Enlightenment, American Historical Review 115.5
(2010): 1426-35

Dorinda Outram, The Enlightenment, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 2005)

Dan Edelstein, The Enlightenment: A Genealogy (Chicago, 2010)
E. C. Spary, Eating the Enlightenment (Chicago, 2012), introduction
Michel Foucault, What is Enlightenment?, in Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault
Reader: (London, 1991), pp. 32-50
Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich, eds., The Enlightenment in National Context
(Cambridge, 1981) Thomas Broman, The Habermasian Public Sphere and Science in
theEnlightenment, History of Science 36 (1998): 123-49.
Richard Butterwick et al., eds., Peripheries of the Enlightenment (Oxford, 2008)
Charles Withers, Placing the Enlightenment, (Chicago and London, 2007), especially
introduction L. W. B. Brockliss, Calvets Web: Enlightenment and the Republic of
Letters in Eighteenth- Century France (Oxford, 2002), introduction
Jonathan Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity
1650-1750 (Oxford, 2001)
Margaret C. Jacob, Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in EighteenthCentury Europe (New York and Oxford, 1991)
ii. Sourcebooks and readers
Margaret C. Jacob, The Enlightenment: A Brief History with Documents (Boston,
2001)
John Yolton et al. (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment (Oxford,
1991)
Paul Hyland, ed., The Enlightenment. A Sourcebook and Reader (London and New
York, 2003) Isaac Kramnick, The Portable Enlightenment Reader (New York, 1995)

iii. Canonical sources

Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, new edn. (Princeton, 2009)
Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, new edn.
(Stanford, 2002) Peter Gay, The Enlightenment, 2 vols. (New York and London, 19951997)
Franco Venturi, Italy and the Enlightenment: Studies in a Cosmopolitan Century
(New York, 1972) Ju rgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public
Sphere (Cambridge, 1989)
2 November - Disease, Deviance and Death (Dr J Keating)

Death, disease, and deviance have their own histories, they can be studied by
historians and they help to reveal state policies as well as attitudes, values, world
views and beliefs held by individual people, but also entire societies in the past.
Death, disease and deviance are closely related to concepts of modernization,
progress and power. For centuries they have served as gauges for de- fining levels of
civilization, culture, and social order. This lecture will trace some of the changes in

health care, state policing, social control and institution building that distinguished
the 18th and 19th centuries from earlier periods.

Philippe Arie s, The Hour of Our Death (New York, 1981)

Philippe Arie s, Western Attitudes Toward Death (Baltimore, 1974)
Laura Engelstein, The Keys to Happiness. Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-deSie cle Russia (Ithaca and London, 1992)
Richard Evans, Rituals of Retribution. Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600-1987
(Oxford, 1996) Arlette Farge, Fragile Lives. Violence, Power and Solidarity in
Eighteenth-Century Paris (Cambridge, 1993)
Stephen Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856-1914
(Berkeley, 1999)
Hubertus Jahn, Armes Russland: Bettler und Notleidende in der russischen
Geschichte vom Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart (Paderborn, 2010)
Thomas Kselman, Death and Afterlife in Modern France (Princeton, 1993)
Adele Lindenmeyr, Poverty is not a Vice. Charity, Society, and the State in Imperial
Russia (Prince- ton, 1996)

John Merriman, The Margins of City Life. Explorations on the French Urban Frontier,
1815- 1851 (Oxford, 1991)
Georges Minois, History of Suicide. Voluntary Death in Western Culture (Baltimore,
1999) Susan Morrissey, Suicide and the Body Politic in Imperial Russia (Cambridge,
2007)
Joan Neuberger, Hooliganism. Crime, Culture, and Power in St. Petersburg, 19001914 (Berkeley, 1993)
William Pencak, Foucault Stoned: Reconsidering Insanity, and History, Rethinking
History 1 (1997): 34-55

Marc Raeff, The Well-Ordered Police State. Social and Institutional Change Through
Law in the Germanies and Russia, 1600-1800 (Ithaca, 1983)
David Ransel, Mothers of Misery. Child Abandonment in Russia (Princeton, 1988)
Sandra Sherman, Imagining Poverty: Quantification and the Decline of Paternalism
(Columbus, 2001)
4 November - Mobility in the Eighteenth Century (Dr A Litvine)

i. Historiography and compendia

D. Gregory, 'The Production of Regions in England's Industrial Revolution', Journal of
Historical Geography, 14 (1988), 50-8 and the debate that followed with Langton in
the same journal.
S. P. Ville, Transport and the Development of the European Economy, 1750-1918,
(London, 1990). Although it is quite old and often sketchy, this is the only available
monograph on European transport.
V. Kaufmann, 'Mobility: Trajectory of a Concept in the Social Sciences', in Gijs Mom,

Gordon Pirie and Laurent Tissot (eds.), Mobility in History. The State of the Art in the
History of Transport, Traffic and Mobility (Neuchatel, 2009), pp. 41-61
Bill Albert, Derek H. Aldcroft and Michael J. Freeman, Transport in the Industrial
Revolution (Manchester, 1983)
Michael J. Freeman and Derek H. Aldcroft., Transport in Victorian Britain
(Manchester, 1988)

ii. Pedestrian and bicycle mobility

Peter Borsay, 'The Rise of the Promenade: The Social and Cultural use of Space in the
English Provincial Town c.1660-1800', Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 9
(1986): 125-40 Christophe Loir and Laurent Turcot., La promenade au tournant des
XVIIIe et XIXe sie cles (Belgique, France, Angleterre), (Bruxelles, 2011)
Priscilla Parkhust Ferguson, The Flaneur on and off the Streets of Paris, in Keith
Tester (ed.), The Flaneur (London and New York, 1994), pp.22-42
J. Wolff, 'The Invisible Flaneuse. Women and the Literature of Modernity, Theory,
Culture & Society, 2 (1985): 37-46
D. Rubinstein, 'Cycling in the 1890s', Victorian Studies, 21 (1977): 47-71
J. A. Amato, On Foot. A History of Walking, (New York, 2004), Chapters 4, 6 and 7
iii. Roads, turnpikes and equestrian mobility

R. Szostak, The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution. A Comparison of

England and France (Montreal, 1991), introductory chapter
T. C. Barker, The Rise and Rise of Road Transport, 1700-1990, (Cambridge, 1995)
Bill Albert, The Turnpike Road System in England, 1663-1840 (London, 1972)
T. N. Busch, 'Connecting an Empire. Eighteenth-Century Russian Roads, From Peter
toCatherine', The Journal of Transport History, 29 (2008): 240-58
F. M. L. Thompson, 'Nineteenth-Century Horse Sense', The Economic History Review,
29(1976): 60-81
R. Turvey 'Horse Traction in Victorian London', The Journal of Transport History, 26
(2005): 38-59
Daniel Roche, 'Equestrian Culture in France from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth
Century', Past & Present, 199 (2008): 113-45
iv. The railways

John P. McKay, Tramways and Trolleys. The Rise of Urban Mass Transport in Europe
(Princeton, 1992)
Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey. The Industrialization and Perception of
Time and Space in the 19th Century (Leamington Spa, 1986)
R. M. Haywood, Russia Enters the Railway Age, 1842-1855 (New York, 1998)
R. Roth and M. Polino., The City and the Railway in Europe (Aldershot, 2003)
R. Schwartz, I. Gregory and T. Thevenin, 'Spatial History: Railways, Uneven

Development, and Population Change in France and Great Britain, 18501914',

Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 42 (2011): 53-88
v. Fluvial, maritime, oceanic and aerial mobilities

(See also the bibliography for the lecture Eighteenth-Century Europe and Its Seas)
Gerard Turnbull, Canals, Coal and Regional Growth During the Industrial Revolution,
Economic History Review, 40 (1987): 537-60
J. Armstrong and D.M. Williams., 'The Steamboat and Popular Tourism', The Journal
of Transport History, 26 (2005): 61-77
Michael Lynn, The Sublime Invention: Ballooning in Europe, 17831820 (London,
2010)
vi. Communications and financial mobility
I. Black, 'Geography, Political Economy and the Circulation of Finance Capital in Early
Industrial England', Journal of Historical Geography, 15 (1989): 366-84
D. Gregory, 'The Friction of Distance? Information Circulation and the Mails in Early
Nineteenth-Century England', Journal of Historical Geography, 13 (1987) 130-54
Y. Kaukiainen, 'Shrinking the World: Improvements in the Speed of Information
Transmission, c. 18201870', European Review of Economic History, 5 (2001): 1-28
vii. Migration
D. Baines, Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1995)
D. Hoerder and L.P. Moch, European Migrants. Global and Local Perspectives
(Boston,1996)
Colin Pooley and Jean Turnbull, Migration and Mobility in Britain since the 18th
Century (London, 1998, Chapters 3, 4, 11 and the conclusion
S. Hochstadt, 'Migration in Preindustrial Germany', Central European History, 16
(1983): 195-224

S. Hochstadt, 'Migration and Industrialization in Germany, 1815-1977', Social Science

History, 5 (1981): 445-68
Michael Sonenscher, 'Journeymens Migration and Workshop Organization in
Eighteenth-Century France', in Steven L. Kaplan and Cynthia J. Koepp (eds.), Work in
France: Representations,
Meaning, Organization and Practice (Ithaca, 1986), pp. 74-96
E. J. Hobsbawm, 'The Tramping Artisan', The Economic History Review, 3 (1951):
299- 320 J. Polasky, 'Transplanting and Rooting Workers in London and Brussels: A
Comparative History', The Journal of Modern History, 73 (2001): 528-60

viii. Travelling and the experience of mobility

Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey (Leamington Spa, 1986), Chapter 4
C. O. Parsons, 'Women Travellers and the Spectacle of Modernity', Women's Studies,
26 (1997), 399-422

Melissa Calaresu, 'Looking for Virgil's Tomb: The End of the Grand Tour and the
Cosmopolitan Ideal in Europe', in J. Elsner and J. Rubies (eds.), Voyages and Visions :
Towards a Cultural History of Travel (London, 1999), pp. 138-61.
9 November - Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century (Dr J Keating)

Russias relationship with the west has a long and protracted history, which goes
well beyond diplomatic contacts, trade and wars. Since the early 18th century,
western cultural forms and institutions were introduced on a large scale. They
became standards of civilization and precondition for state service in Russia and
eventually served as focal points of a nascent national identity. This lecture discusses
some of the key reforms and changes (and the reactions to them) from the times of
Peter the Great to around 1800. It looks at the role of the nobility in these processes,
the emergence of an educated elite who, under the influences of European
romanticism and sentimental- ism, began to shape a peculiar Russian national
culture.
John T. Alexander, Catherine the Great. Life and Legend (Oxford, 1989)
Isaiah Berlin, Russian Thinkers (New York, 1978)
Julie Buckler, Mapping St.Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape (Princeton, 2005)
James Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago and London,
1988)
James Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture (Cambridge, Mass., 2004)
Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven and London, 1998)
Hans Lemberg, Die nationale Gedankenwelt der Dekabristen (Ko ln and Graz, 1963)
Iurii Lotman, The Semiotics of Russian Cultural History (Ithaca 1985)
Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London, 1981)
Martin Malia, Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism (Cambridge,
Mass., 1961) Anatole G. Mazour, The First Russian Revolution, 1825. The Decembrist
Movement. 2nd edn.
(Stanford, 1961)
Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd (eds.), Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of
Revolution: 1881-1940 (Oxford,1998)
Marc Raeff, The Decembrist Movement (Englewood Cliffs, 1966)
Marc Raeff, Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia. The Eighteenth-Century Nobility
(New York, 1966) Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in
Russia, 1825-1855 (Berkeley, 1959) Hans Rogger, National Consciousness in
Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, Mass.,1960) Theofanis Stavrou (ed.), Art and
Culture in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Bloomington, 1983)
Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution (London, 1961)
Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought. From the Enlightenment to Marxism
(Stanford, 1979)

Andrzej Walicki, The Slavophile Controversy. History of a Conservative Utopia in

Nineteenth- Century Russian Thought (Oxford, 1975)

Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power. Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, 2

vols. (Princeton, 2000)
11 November - The End of the Old Regime in France (Dr A Litvine)
To talk about the end of an Old Regime is to see the French Revolution as an
inevitable product of the failings of 18th-century French society. However, the
factors that combined to bring about the events of the late 1780s were many, and
their outcome never predetermined. Both the excitement of the successful
American Revolution and the French Crowns fiscal system since the 1720s played
key roles. Many other factors appeared to destabilise monarchical authority, but in
fact were experienced in other European states. In this lecture I argue that the end
of the Old Re-ime and the collapse of monarchical authority were separate events;
the calling of the Estates General was the accidental consequence of an attempt to
circumvent parlementaire opposition to Royal revenue-raising in the wake of the
American war, and that France, far from being a country mired in elite corruption
and legitimate social grievance, was in fact one of the most successful industrial and
colonial powers by the late 18th century, with an elite which was dominated by
enterprising and articulate reformers.

William Beik, A Social and Cultural History of Early Modern France (Cambridge, 2009)
James B. Collins, The State in Early Modern France, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 2009),
Chapters 4-8
Keith Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political
Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1990)
Colin Jones, The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon (London, 2003),
Chapters 5-8 William Doyle, The Origins of the French Revolution, 3rd edn (Oxford,
1999), part II
Daniel Roche, France in the Enlightenment (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1998)
Roger Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution (Durham and London,
1991)
French Caricature and the French Revolution, 1789-1799 (Chicago, 1988)
Henry C. Clark, Compass of Society: Commerce and Absolutism in Old-Regime France
( 2007).
John F. Bosher, French Finances 1770-1795: From Business to Bureaucracy
(Cambridge, 1970) Thomas E. Kaiser and Dale Van Kley, eds., From Deficit to Deluge:
The Origins of the French Revolution (Stanford, 2011)
William Doyle, Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution (Oxford, 2009),
Chapters 1-2, 5-6.
John Shovlin, The Political Economy of Virtue: Luxury, Patriotism, and the Origins of

the French Revolution (Ithaca and London, 2006)

Sarah Maza, The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie: An Essay on the Social Imaginary
1750- 1850 (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 2003)

Gail Bossenga, A Divided Nobility: Status, Markets, and the Patrimonial State in the
Old Regime, in Jay M. Smith, ed., The French Nobility in the Eighteenth Century:
Reassessments and New Approaches (University Park, Penn., 2006), pp. 43-76.
Michael Kwass, A Kingdom of Taxpayers: State Formation, Privilege, and Political
Culture in Eight- eenth-Century France, Journal of Modern History, 70 (1998): 295339
16 November - The Struggle for Mastery in Europe (Dr A Thompson)

The course of international relations in the eighteenth century can often seem
complicated and uncertain. Most works adopt an essentially narrative approach to
the various wars and changing alliance systems. The framework of events can be
easily garnered from these. However, the more interesting questions turn around
the sources of conflict and the changing nature of the international system. How
stable was the eighteenth-century international system? Did balance of power ideas
limit or promote conflict between the powers? What impact did the rise of Russian
and Prussia have on the existing powers? Paul Schroeder is sceptical about balance
of power ideas but his views should be contrasted with the essays in the special
issue of International History Review, 16 (1994), produced to mark the publication of
The Transformation of European Politics. The lecture concentrates less on events
and more on understanding the international system of the period.
i. General overviews (entire period)
Derek McKay and H.M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers, 1648-1815 (London,
1983)
H.M. Scott, The Birth of a Great Power System (London, 2005), Chapters 1-8
Andrew C. Thompson Diplomacy and the Great Powers, in Peter Wilson (ed.), A
Companion to

Eighteenth-Century Europe (Oxford, 2008)

T. C. W. Blanning, The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture (Oxford, 2002)
Christopher Clark, Iron Kingdom. The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947
(Harvard, 2006) Dennis Showalter, The Wars of Frederick the Great (London, 1996)
Theodor Schieder, Frederick the Great (London, 2000)
Peter Wilson, German Armies. War and German Politics, 1648-1806 (London, 1998)
Peter Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire 1495-1806 (Basingstoke, 1999)
Michael Hochedlinger, Austrias Wars of Emergence. War, State and Society in the
Habsburg Monarchy 1683-1797 (London, 2003)
Christopher Duffy, Russias Military Way to the West. Origins and Nature of Russian
Military Power, 1700-1800 (New York and London, 1981) International History
Review, 16 (1994)

ii. Earlier eighteenth century

M.S. Anderson, The War of the Austrian Succession (1995)
Walther Mediger, Great Britain, Hanover and the Rise of Prussia, in R. M. Hatton
and M. S. Hat- ton, eds., Studies in Diplomatic History (London, 1970), pp. 199-213
Franz A.J. Szabo, The Seven Years War in Europe, 1756-1763 (Harlow, 2008)
Matt Schumann and Karl Schweizer, The Seven Years War. A Transatlantic History
(London, 2008)

iii. Later eighteenth century

Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (Oxford, 1994)
T.C.W. Blanning, The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars (London, 1986)
T.C.W. Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars (London, 1996)
T.C.W. Blanning, Joseph II (London and New York, 1994)
18 November - Protoindustrialisation and Consumption (Dr E Spary)

Louis XV inherited from his predecessor a form of royal sovereignty centred on

display, ostentation and ritual, which stood out among early modern European court
culture for its explicit deployment of courtly consumption to display royal power. By
the 1770s, however, courtly ostentation was being attacked as a mark of corruption,
and even the new monarch, Louis XVI, and his consort, Marie-Antoinette, embraced
modest lifestyles and moderated the ritualised excesses associated with Versailles.
Underlying this shift was a transformation in the relationship between luxury and
power: formerly a mark of political authority, luxury increasingly signified only
personal spending power and therefore social status. These changes accompanied
the rise of fashions in dress, diet and other aspects of lifestyle which historians have
described as a consumer revolution typical of 18th-century Europe as a whole, and
demonstrable through studies of commerce and household possessions. The
European programme of colonialism in the 18th and 19th centuries was partly driven
by new fashions of consumption in European nations, although imported goods had
different meanings in maritime and landlocked states, as the example of coffee
shows.
Mimi Hellman, Furniture, sociability, and the work of leisure in eighteenth-century
France, Eight- eenth-Century Studies 32 (1999): 415-45.
Maxine Berg and Elizabeth Eger (eds.), Luxury in the Eighteenth Century: Debates,
Desires and Delectable Goods (Basingstoke, 2003), especially introduction
Daniel Roche, A History of Everyday Things. The Birth of Consumption in France,
1600-1800 (Cambridge, 2000)

Sheryl Kroen, A Political History of the Consumer, Historical Journal, 47.3 (2004):
709-36
Anne Gerritsen, Material Culture and the Other: European Encounters with Chinese
Porcelain, ca. 1650-1800, Journal of World History 23.1 (2012): 87-113

Cissie Fairchilds, The Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods in EighteenthCentury Paris , in: John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds.), Consumption and the World of
Goods (London and New York, 1992), pp. 228-48
Id., Fashion and Freedom in the French Revolution, Continuity and Change 15.3
(2000), 419-33.
Natacha Coquery, The Language of Success, Journal of Design History, 17.1 (2004):
71-89
Aileen Ribeiro, The Art of Dress: Fashion in England and France, 1750 to 1820 (New
Haven, 1995) Michael Kwass, Big Hair: A Wig History of Consumption in EighteenthCentury France, American Historical Review, 111.3 (2006): 630-59
John Shovlin, The Cultural Politics of Luxury in Eighteenth-Century France, French
Historical Studies 23.4 (2000): 577-606
Rebecca Lee Spang, The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic
Culture (Cambridge , Mass. and London, 2000)
Sara Pennell, Consumption and Consumerism in Early Modern England , Historical
Journal, 42.2 (1999): 549-64
T. H. Breen, Baubles of Britain: The American and Consumer Revolutions of the
Eighteenth Century. Past and Present, 119 (1988): 73-104
Paula Findlen, ed., Early Modern Things: Objects and Their Histories, 1500-1800
(London, 2012), especially Introduction, Chapters 4, 5, 13, and Epilogue
Anne E. McCants, Exotic Goods, Popular Consumption, and the Standard of Living:
Thinking About Globalization in the Early Modern World, Journal of World History,
18.4(2007): 433-62
Id., Poor Consumers as Global Consumers: The Diffusion of Tea and Coffee Drinking
in the Eighteenth Century, Economic History Review, 61 (2008): 172-200
Jennifer M. Jones, Sexing La Mode. Gender, Fashion and Commercial Culture in Old
Regime France (Oxford, 2004)
Shelagh Ogilvie, Consumption, Social Capital, and the Industrious Revolution in
Early Modern Germany, Journal of Economic History, 70.2 (2010): 287-325
Michael North, Material Delight and the Joy of Living. Cultural Consumption in the
Age of Enlight- enment in Germany (Aldershot, 2008)

Ragnhild Hutchison, Bites, Nibbles, Sips and Puffs: New Exotic Goods in Norway in
the 18th and the First Half of the 19th Century, Scandinavian Journal of History, 36.2
(2011): 156-85
Klas Ronnback, An Early Modern Consumer Revolution in the Baltic?, Scandinavian
Journal of His- tory, 35.2 (2010): 177-97
Jan Hein Furnee and Cle Lesger (eds.), The Landscape of Consumption: Shopping
Streets and Cul- tures in Western Europe, 1600-1900 (Basingstoke, 2014), esp.
Chapters 4-7

23 November - Women and Gender in the Eighteenth Century (Dr N Mora-Sitja)

In the eighteenth century, changes in the nature of political thought and education
radically changed the lives of men, but did they also change the lives of women?
Section i. explores the role of women in eighteenth-century Europe; the increasing
interest in elaborating the differences between the sexes; and the ways in which
womens opportunities were at some times expanded and at others constrained.
Section ii. considers the impact of two important developments the Enlightenment
and the French Revolution- on the rights and duties of women: did they change
womens status? How did the new philosophical discourse change womens
behaviour? Did the new political order offer opportunities for womens involvement
in the public sphere and politics? Section iii. looks at women as workers in the
decades prior to industrialisation, and should serve as a key comparative background
to the more dramatic changes witnessed during the nineteenth century.
i. General reading and primary sources
Mary Seidman Trouille, Sexual Politics in the Enlightenment. Women Writers Read
Rousseau (Albany, 1997)
Olwen Hufton, The Prospect Before Her. A History of Women in Western
Europe,1500-1800 (Chicago, 1995)
Natalie Zemon Davis and Arlette Farge (eds.), A History of Women in the West, vol
III, Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes (Harvard, 1993)
Genevie ve Fraisse (ed.), A History of Women in the West, vol IV, Emerging Feminism
from Revolution to World War (Harvard, 1995)
Merry Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1993)
Bonnie Smith, Changing Lives: Women in European History since 1700 (Toronto,
1989)
Renate Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz and Susan Stuard (eds.), Becoming Visible. Women
in European History (Boston, 1987)
Susan Bell and Karen Offen (eds.), Women, the Family & Freedom. The Debate in
Documents, vol.1, 1750-1880 (Stanford, 1983)
Darlene Levy et al (eds.), Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1795 (Urbana, 1979)
Anne Larsen and Colette Vinn (eds.), Writings by Pre-Revolutionary French Women
(New York and
London, 2000)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile, or On Education [originally published 1762]

ii. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution

Anthony LaVopa, Women, Gender, and the Enlightenment: A Historical Turn, The
Journal of
Modern History, 80. 2 (2008): 332-57
Barbara Taylor and Sarah Knott (eds.), Women, Gender and Enlightenment

(Houndmills, 2005) Monica Bolufer Peruga and Isabel Morant Deusa, On Women's
Reason, Education and Love.
Women and Men of the Enlightenment in Spain and France, Gender and History,
10:2 (1998): 183-216
Olwen Hufton, Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution
(Toronto, 1992)
Dena Goodman, The Enlightenment Salons. The Convergence of Female and
Philosophic Ambitions, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 22 (1989): 329-50
Joan Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution
(Ithaca, 1989)

Dominique Godineau, The Women of Paris and their French Revolution (Berkeley
and London,1998)
Leonora Cohen Rosenfield, The Rights of Women in the French Revolution, Studies
in Eighteenth
Century Culture, 17 (1987): 117-38.
Sylvana Tomaselli, The Enlightenment Debate on Women, History Workshop
Journal, 20.1 (1985):101-24.
Jane Abray, Feminism in the French Revolution, American Historical Review, 80.1
(1975): 43-62

iii. Society, work and the family

Deborah Simonton, A History of European Womens Work 1700 to the Present
(London, 1998) Isabel Hull, Sexuality, State, and Civil Society in Germany, 1700-1815
(Ithaca, 1996)
Katrina Honeyman and Jordan Goodman, Womens Work, Gender Conflict and
Labour Markets in

Europe, 1500-1900, Economic History Review, 44.4 (1991): 608-28

Susan P. Conner, Politics, Prostitution, and the Pox in Revolutionary Paris, 17891799, Journal of Social History, 22.4 (1989): 714-34
Gay Gullickson, Spinners and Weavers of Auffay. Rural Industry and the Sexual
Division of Labour in a French Village, 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1986)
Olwen Hufton, Women Without Men: Widows and Spinsters in Britain and France in
the Eighteenth Century, Journal of Family History, 9.4 (1984): 355-76
25 November - French Revolutionary Politics 1789-99 (Dr A Litvine)

Despite covering only a few years, the French Revolution of 1789 has generated a
huge historiographical literature, in part because of its sensational events, the
decapitation of the king and experimentation with democratic forms of government

being only the best-known. Historians have respectively portrayed the Revolution as
the birth of modern political culture, or as a class revolution. Marxist historians saw
in the Revolution a legitimate social response to elite corruption, repression and
greed. Since the 1980s, revisionists have reinterpreted it as a symbolic event which
made little difference to the social structure of the nation, but rather instituted a
new political culture which would survive into the 19th century and be replicated in
many other countries. Although never unified, revolutionaries did agree on their role
as innovators and founders of a new state centred on the Nation as an abstract
universal. They sought to wipe away history with all its errors and use Nature as a
guide to establishing the ideal polity founded on equality, liberty and fraternity.
Historians have also been divided over whether the Terror was a betrayal of the true
Revolution or an integral part of its mythology of progress and purification, as well as
when the Revolution ended: with the fall of Robespierre, or five years later with the
military coup that brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power? The answer to this
question depends on actors categories, but also on what we understand the
Revolutions goals and achievements to have been; perhaps we could even agree,
with Francois Furet, that it has never ended...
Peter Davies, The French Revolution: A Beginners Guide (Oxford, 2010)
William Doyle, The French Revolution. A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2001)
William Doyle, The Origins of the French Revolution, 3rd edn. (Oxford, 1999), parts I
and III
Julian Swann, The French Revolution, in P. Pilbeam (ed.), Themes in Modern
European History (London and New York, 1995), pp. 12-39.
Peter McPhee, Living the French Revolution, 1789-99 (Houndmills, 2006)
Jack R. Censer and Lynn Hunt, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French
Revolution (University Park, Pa., 2001)
Paul R. Hanson, Contesting the French Revolution (Chichester, 2009)
Alan Forrest and Peter Jones (eds.), Reshaping France: Town, Country and Region
During the French Revolution (Manchester and New York: Manchester University
Press, 1991) Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (London,
1996)
Hugh Gough, The Terror in the French Revolution (London, 1998)
Emmet Kennedy, A Cultural History of the French Revolution (New Haven and
London, 1989) Colin Jones (ed.), The Longman Companion to the French Revolution
(London, 1999)
Philip G. Dwyer and Peter McPhee (eds.), The French Revolution and Napoleon: A
Sourcebook (London, 2002)
2 December - The Napoleonic Empire (Dr A Litvine)

Picking up the story of French politics from the three coups of the late 1790s, the
lecture examines the interplay between power, self-presentation, technology and

war in Napoleons empire. Rather than treating him as the only historical actor, I will
show how dependent he was, both on the burst of innovations and transformations
that occurred with the clearing away of Old Regime legislation, and on a tight-knit
network of meritocratic administrators which expanded along with the Empire itself.
I consider Napoleons appropriation of Hellenistic and Egyptian motifs for selffashioning, his abandonment of colonial empire-building in favour of consolidating
Continental gains, and his construction of a brand new European dynasty to rule
over the new Empire. If many new policies and institutions for education, science,
law and the press were produced in the Revolutionary decade, the successful
implementation or activation of these reforms and institutions often took place
under Napoleon. The Emperor himself oversaw the codification of laws and
administrative reforms which would survive for over a century. The story can be told
both in terms of Napoleons military, economic and industrial successes and failures,
but also from the standpoint of those who experienced French rule, as middle-class
administrators, conscripted soldiers and their families or reluctant subjects. If
Napoleons conquests engulfed vast areas of Europe, the state of total war which
reigned for fifteen years had devastating effects even for those areas not absorbed
into the Empire.
Geoffrey Ellis, The Napoleonic Empire, 2nd edn.(Houndmills, 2003)
Alexander Grab, Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe (Houndmills, 2003)
Philip G. Dwyer, ed., Napoleon and Europe (Harlow, 2001)
Philip G. Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power (London, 2007). (Read with Thomas J.
Daly, Dwyers Antichrist, Open Letters Monthly,
http://www.openlettersmonthly.com/sept08-napoleon-dwyer/
Howard G. Brown and Judith A. Miller, eds., Taking Liberties: Problems of a New
Order from the French Revolution to Napoleon (Manchester, 2002)
Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution
(Basingstoke, 1994) Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson (eds.), The Bee and the Eagle:
Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806 (Basingstoke, 2008)
Charles Esdaile, Napoleons Wars. An International History, 1803-1815 (London,
2007)
Donald Sutherland, The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order
(Oxford, 2003) Rafe Blaufarb, Napoleon: Symbol for an Age. A Brief History with
Documents (Boston, 2008) Philip G. Dwyer, Napoleon and the Foundation of the
Empire, Historical Journal 53.2 (2010): 339-58
Stuart Woolf, Napoleons Integration of Europe. London and New York: Routledge,
1991, especially Chapters 3-5
Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon 1799-1815, London: Arnold, 1996.
John Davis, Naples and Napoleon. Southern Italy and the European Revolutions,
1780-1860 (London, 2006)

20 January - Romanticism (Prof C Clark)

The Napoleonic regime gave rise, indirectly, to Romanticism. Groups of writers in

German cities like Jena and Berlin, either occupied or threatened by the imposition
of the bureaucratic rational order that characterised the French Empire, adopted a
new approach to learning and creativity. Addressing new domains of enquiry,
including the intricacies of the psyche (phrenology, dreams, nightmares, inspiration)
and the homogeneity of the physical universe (the polarity of forces, embryology,
Naturphilosophie), the new movement, which quickly spread around Europe, offered
a promising way for emerging middle-class men and women of letters to distance
themselves not only from the Napoleonic regime but also from the rapid
commercialisation of knowledge as Old Regime patronage crumbled. Among the
Romantics we find a deep concern with interiority, unity and origins. Unlike their
predecessors, Romantics emphasised the oneness of man with nature and denied
that abstract rational knowledge of nature by an objective enquirer separate from
nature was possible. These preoccupations would change the course of many
disciplines, from art and poetry to science and history, and in addition, did much to
craft the personae of artists, writers and scientists as uniquely gifted individuals,
superior to everyday, pragmatic and financial concerns, which are still alive today.
Indeed, the figure of the genius is one we owe to Romantic concerns with
creativity, exceptionalism and originality.
i. General and primary sources
Fichte Studies, trans. Jane Kneller, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003
Classic and Romantic German Aesthetics, ed. Jay Bernstein, Cambridge University
Press, 2003 [For a representative cross-section of Romantic views, try
Chateaubriand, de Stae l, Hegel, Herder, Novalis, and Schiller]
Friedrich von Schiller, The Nature and Value of Universal History, History & Theory
11.3 (1972): 321-334.
Warren Breckman, European Romanticism: A Brief History with Documents
(Bedford, 2007)
R. Porter and M. Teich (eds.), Romanticism in National Context (Cambridge, 1988)
Hugh Honour, Romanticism (1979)
Michael Ferber, ed., A Companion to European Romanticism (Oxford, 2005),
Introduction and chapters 4, 5, 10, 16, 17.
ii. Historical circumstances
Michael Broers, Europe After Napoleon. Revolution, Reaction and Romanticism
(Manchester,

1996)
Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (Oxford,
1987)
Timothy Morton, Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural
World (Cambridge, 1994)

Anne Vincent-Buffault, The History of Tears: Sensibility and Sentimentality in France

(Basingstoke, 1991)

iii. The arts and literature

T. C. W. Blanning, The Commercialisation and Sacralisation of Culture, in id. (ed.),
The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern Europe (Oxford, 1996)
T. C. W. Blanning, The Romantic Revolution. (London, 2011)
John Sweetman, The Enlightenment and the Age of Revolution 1700-1850. (London,
1998)
Gabriel Lanyi, Debates on the Definition of Romanticism in Literary France (182030), Journal of the History of Ideas, 41 (1980): 141-150
J.S. Allen, French Romanticism and the Origins of Modern Popular Literature in
Paris, 1820-1840, Journal of Popular Culture, 15 (1981): 132-143
Thomas Nipperdey, The Rise of the Arts in Modern Society (London, 1990)
Alfred Boime, Art in an Age of Bonapartism 1800-1815 (Chicago, 1987), Chapters 5-6
David Wakefield, The French Romantics: Literature and the Visual Arts 1800-1840
(London, 2007)

iv. Reinventing science

Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine, eds., Romanticism and the Sciences
(1990), especially the chapter by Schaffer.
Sharon Ruston, Creating Romanticism. Case Studies in the Literature, Science and
Medicine of the 1790s (Basingstoke, 2013)
Malcolm Nicolson, Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian Science, and the Origins
of the Study of Vegetation, History of Science, 25.2 (1987): 167-94
Robert Richards, The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age
of Goethe (Chicago, 2002)
Michael Dettelbach, Humboldtian Science, in E.C. Spary, N. Jardine and J. A. Secord
(eds.), Cultures of Natural History (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 287-304
Joan Steigerwald, Goethes Morphology: Urphanomene and Aesthetic Appraisal,
Journal of the History of Biology, 35.2 (2002): 291-328
v. Rewriting history and belief
Go ran Blix, From Paris to Pompeii: French Romanticism and the Cultural Politics of
Archaeology (Philadelphia, 2009)
Elizabeth Fay, Romantic Medievalism: History and the Romantic Literary Ideal
(Basingstoke and New York, 2002)
Frederick Beiser, German Idealism (Cambridge, 2002)
Bernard Reardon, Religion in the Age of Romanticism (New York, 1985).

vi. Nationalism and politics

J.C. Eade (ed.), Romantic Nationalism in Europe (Canberra, 1983), especially essay by
Nipperdey, pp. 1-15.
D. A. Keiser, Romanticism, Aesthetics and Nationalism (Cambridge, 1999),
Introduction, Chapter 1. aurice Cranston, Romanticism and Revolution, History of
European Ideas, 17.1 (1993): 19-30

Christopher M. Greene, Romanticism, Cultural Nationalism and Politics in the July

Monarchy, French History, 4.4 (1990): 487-509
Paul Sweet, Sir Isaiah Berlin, Fichte, and German Romanticism, German Studies
Review, 23.2 (2000): 245-56
25 January - The Invention of Ideology (Dr C Meckstroth)

Classical and early modern political thought had largely ignored issues of economics
and commerce. But by the eighteenth century it had become increasingly clear to
many rulers that the success of modern states depended upon their ability to
harness the power of commerce to finance their aims. This fuelled the rise of new
schools of economic thought intimately bound up with the process of state-building
and projects of enlightened reform, including the first school of self- proclaimed
economists, the French Physiocrats, during the second half of the eighteenth
century. But the French Revolution dramatically altered the stakes of these projects,
and by the early nineteenth century economic theories were also appropriated by
critics of existing states, such as Fourier and Saint-Simon, to offer up more radical
reform projects of socialism and industrialism. These early French socialisms then
went on to influence radical thinkers across Europe, including Karl Marx, who
blended socialist ideas with post-Hegelian philosophy in his own unique contribution
to the burgeoning, transnational radical-democratic movement of the 1840s that
would crest and break with the revolutions of 1848. Political ideologies as disparate
as Communism and laissez-faire liberalism all find their roots in this same train of
developments, centered in Paris in the half-centuries on either side of the outbreak
of the Revolution.

i. Physiocracy
T. J. Hochstrasser, Physiocracy and the politics of laissez-faire, in Mark Goldie and
Robert Wokler (eds.), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought
(Cambridge, 2006), pp. 419-442
P. M. Jones, Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 17741791
(Cambridge, 1995), chapter 4: Reformers and the Reform Constituency, pp. 107-138
David McNally, Political Economy and the Rise of Capitalism: A Reinterpretation
(Berkeley, 1988),
chapter 3, The Paradox of the Physiocrats: State-Building and Agrarian Capitalism in
Eighteenth-Century France, pp. 85-151
John Shovlin, The Political Economy of Virtue: Luxury, Patriotism, and the Origins of
the French Revolution (Ithaca, NY, 2006), chapter 3, Regenerating the Patrie:
Agronomists, Tax Reformers, and Physiocrats, pp. 80-117
Michael Sonenscher, Before the Deluge: Public Debt, Inequality, and the Intellectual
Origins of the French Revolution (Princeton, NJ, 2007), Physiocracy, or The Natural
and Essential Order of Political Societies, pp. 189-22, and Turgot, pp. 281-290
Richard Whatmore, Republicanism and the French Revolution: An Intellectual History

of Jean- Baptiste Says Political Economy (Oxford, 2000), The Political Economy of
French Decline, pp. 37-60, and Neo-Physiocracy and Turgot and LOrganisation
Sociale, pp. 61-65

ii. Early Socialism

Keith Michael Baker, Closing the French Revolution: Saint-Simon and Comte, in
Francois Furet and Mona Ozouf (eds), The French Revolution and the Creation of
Modern Political Culture Volume III: The Transformation of Political Culture 17891848 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 323-39 Jonathan Beecher, Charles Fourier: The Visionary
and his World (London, 1986)
Gregory Claeys, Non-Marxian Socialism 1815-1914, in Gareth Stedman Jones and
Gregory Claeys (eds.), The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political
Thought (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 521-555
David Leopold, Education and Utopia: Robert Owen and Charles Fourier, Oxford
Review of Education 37 (2011), 619-635

Gareth Stedman Jones, Saint Simon and the Liberal Origins of the Socialist Critique
of Political Economy in Sylvie Aprile and Fabrice Bensimon (eds), La France et
lAngleterre au XIXe sie cle. Echanges, representations, comparaisons (Grane, 2006),
pp. 21-47
Keith Taylor, The Political Ideas of the Utopian Socialists (Milton Park, 1982)
Robert Wokler, Saint-Simon and the Passage from Political to Social Science, in
Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early Modern Europe,
(Cambridge, 1987), pp. 323-38

iii. Marx and Early Marxism

Terrell Carver, The Manifesto in Marxs and Engelss Lifetimes, in Terrell Carver and
James Farr (eds), The Cambridge Companion to the Communist Manifesto
(Cambridge, 2015), pp. 67- 84
Lucio Coletti, Introduction to Karl Marx, Early Writings (London, 1975), pp. 7-56
David McLellan, Marx before Marxism (Harmondsworth, 1970), pp. 134-282
Gareth Stedman Jones, Introduction to The Communist Manifesto, ed. Gareth
Stedman Jones, (London, 2002)
Gareth Stedman Jones, The Young Hegelians, Marx and Engels, in The Cambridge
History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 556-600
David Leopold, The Young Karl Marx: German Philosophy, Modern Politics, and
Human Flourishing (Cambridge, 2007)
27 January - The Vienna Settlement and Metternichs Europe (Prof C Clark)

The Vienna Settlement of 1815, which brought the Revolutionary and Napoleonic
Wars to an end, was predicated on the containment of France. Very soon, however,
it had to cope with unexpected ideological and geopolitical threats across the

continent. This lecture shows how the European system evolved to cope with these
challenges, and the ways in which strategic and domestic concerns interacted.
F. R. Bridge and R. Bullen, The Great Powers and the European States System 18151914, 2nd edn. (London, 2007)

Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (Oxford, 1994),

Chapters 12- 17
Michael Broers, Europe After Napoleon. Revolution, Reaction and Romanticism
(Manchester, 1996)

R. D. Billinger, Metternich and the German Question: States Rights and Federal
Duties (Newark, 1991)

Brendan P. Simms, The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779-1850 (Bedford, 1998)
Andre-Jean Jardin, Restoration and Reaction 1815-1848 (Cambridge, 1983)
Robert Alexander, Re-writing the French Revolutionary Tradition: Liberal Opposition
and the Fall of the Bourbon Monarchy (Cambridge, 2003)
27 January - Science and Society (Dr E Spary)

This lecture surveys the sweeping changes in scientific knowledge and practice
taking place in Europe between 1750 and 1850. During this period of modern
European history, science began a process of transforming everyday life which still
continues today. In part, this was the result of three important changes in Europe.
Firstly, science was clearly distinguished from technology, and rose in social standing
thanks to the close relationships between science and government. These ensured
that scientific research came to be funded as a goal in its own right, with the
foundation of major scientific institutions and the entry of the research laboratory
into universities. Science also became central to imperialism in the most important
phase of European colonial conquest and exploitation. Secondly, science, like art and
literature, became an important way for middle- class audiences to differentiate
themselves from the lower classes on the grounds of possessing culture and
learning. This transformation created an extensive market for popular science in
cities. As science acquired increasing autonomy and respect through institutions,
popular science split off and became part of the lucrative commodification of
knowledge evident in the rise of muse- ums, public lectures, zoological gardens and
exhibitions. Scientific prowess became a matter of national pride. Thirdly, science
was closely connected with technology. In the name of metrology and
standardization, scientific practitioners circumnavigated the globe, but also turned
their attention to producing universal systems of weights and measures which
enabled the technological transformation of everyday life and the transformations
associated with the tipping point of industrialisation across Europe. Inventions like

the railway and steam printing were both indebted to and productive of new
scientific knowledge.

William F. Bynum, History of Medicine: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2008)

Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, De-Centring the Big Picture: The Origins of
Modern Science and the Modern Origins of Science, British Journal for the History of
Science, 26
(1993), 407-32
Peter J. Bowler and Iwan Rhys Morus, Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey
(Chicago and London, 2005)
Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine (eds.), Romanticism and the Sciences
(Cambridge, 1990)

N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. C. Spary (eds.), Cultures of Natural History (Cambridge,

1996)
R. C. Olby et al. (eds.), A Companion to the History of Modern Science (London,
1990)
J. L. Heilbron et al. (eds.), Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science (New
York, 2003)
M. Norton Wise (ed.), The Values of Precision (Princeton, 1997), Chapters 1-5
Maurice Crosland, A Science Empire in Napoleonic France, History of Science, 44
(2006): 29-48
R. Steven Turner, German Science, German Universities: Historiographical
Perspectives from the 1980s, in Gert Schubring (ed.), Einsamkeit und Freiheit neu
besichtigt: Universitatsreformen und Disziplinbildung in Preuen als Modell fur
Wissenschaftspolitik im Europa des 19. Jahrhunderts (Wiesbaden, 1991)
Kathryn Olesko, Geopolitics and Prussian Technical Education in the Late Eighteenth
Century, Actes dhistoria de la cie ncia i de la technica 2 (2009): 11-44
William H. Brock, Breeding Chemists in Giessen, Ambix 50 (2003): 25-70
3 February - Realism (Prof C Clark)

A turn towards Realism in European culture can be detected across a wide range of
different art forms by the mid-nineteenth century. It has also been studied in a
variety of different ways: as a rhetorical tool; as an outgrowth of Romanticism; as an
expression of new technologies of representation; and as a passionate response to
urban change and the plight of the poor. The history of Realism is closely entwined
with the hopes and disappointments of 1848, as well as with the crisis afflicting
traditional artistic institutions. Section i lists the most useful general works to help
situate the subject, and clarify how the movement was understood by its champions

and its detractors. Section ii examines Realism in literature, theatre and public life,
while section iii gives readings for painting and visual culture.
i. General introductions and background
Linda Nochlin, Realism (1971)

Linda Nochlin (ed.), Realism and Tradition in Art: Sources and Documents
(Englewood Cliffs, 1966) C. Rosen and H. Zerner, Romanticism and Realism: The
Mythology of Nineteenth-Century Art (New York, 1984)
Jan Matlock Censoring the Realist Gaze in Christopher Prendergast and Margaret
Cohen (eds.), Spectacles of Realism. Body, Gender, Genre (Minneapolis, 1995), pp.
28-65. Robert Rosenblum and H. W. Janson, Art of the Nineteenth Century. Painting
and Sculpture (Upper Saddle River, 2004)
Stephen F. Eisenman (ed.), Nineteenth Century Art. A Critical History (London, 1994)
Albert Boime, Art in an Age of Civil Struggle, 1848-71 (Chicago, 2007)
J. W. Burrow, The Crisis of Reason. European Thought 1848-1914 (New Haven, 2002)
ii. Literature and spectacle
Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (1956,
new edn. 2003)
Stephen Bann, The Clothing of Clio: A Study of the Representation of History in
Nineteenth-Century Britain and France (New York, 1984)
Kate Flint, The Victorians and the Visual Imagination (Cambridge, 2000)
Catherine Gallagher, The Industrial Reformation of English Fiction: Social Discourse
and Narrative from 1832 to 1867 (Chicago, 1988)
F. W. J. Hemmings, Culture and Society in France, 1848-1898: Dissidents and
Philistines (Leicester, 1987)
Frederic Jameson, The Antinomies of Realism (2013)
Todd Kontje (ed.), A Companion to German Realism, 1848-1900 (Rochester, N.Y.,
2002)
Gyo rgy Lukacs, Studies in European Realism (London, 1962)
Christopher Prendergast, The Order of Mimesis. Balzac, Stendhal, Nerval, Flaubert
(Cambridge,1986)
Maurice Samuels, The Spectacular Past. Popular History and the Novel in
Nineteenth-Century France (Ithaca, 2002)
Kathleen Tillotson, Novels of the Eighteen-Forties (Oxford, 1954)
Martha Vicinus, The Industrial Muse. A Study of Nineteenth-Century Working Class
Literature (London, 1974)
Dennis Walder (ed.), The Realist Novel (London, 1996)
Ioan Williams, The Realist Novel in England. A Study of its Development (London,
1974)
iii. Visual arts
Maurice Agulhon, Marianne into Battle. Republican Imagery and Symbolism in
France 1789-1880

(Cambridge, 1981)
Albert Boime, The Academy and French Painting in the Nineteenth Century (London,
1971)
Michel F. Braive, The Era of the Photograph. A Social History (New York, 1966)
Timothy J. Clark, The Painting of Modern Life. Paris in the Art of Manet and his
Followers (Princeton, 1985)
Timothy J. Clark, The Image of the People. Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution
(Berkeley, 1973)
Timothy J. Clark, The Absolute Bourgeois. Artists and Politics in France 1848-51
(London, 1973) Laurence Des Cars, The Pre-Raphaelites: Romance and Realism
(London, 2000)
Michael Fried, Courbet's Realism (Chicago, 1990)
Michael Fried, Menzels Realism: Art and Embodiment in Nineteenth-Century Berlin
(New Haven, 2002)
Francis D. Klingender, Art and the Industrial Revolution (London, 1966)
Patricia Mainardi, Art and Politics of the Second Empire. The Universal Exhibitions of
1855 and 1867 (New Haven, 1987)
Peter Paret, The German Revolution of 1848 and Rethels Dance of Death, Journal
of Interdisciplinary History, 17.1 (1986): 233-55.
P. ten-Doesschate Chu and G. Weisberg (eds.), The Popularisation of Images. Visual
Culture under the July Monarchy (Princeton, 1994)
Judith Wechsler, A Human Comedy: Physiognomy and Caricature in NineteenthCentury Paris (Chicago, 1982)
8 February - Barricades and Cultures of Insurrection (Dr A Litvine)

The defeat of the French Revolution, the establishment or reestablishment of

conservative governments across Europe, the onset of economic and social change,
and the appearance of Ro- mantic ideas and culture contributed to a characteristic
form of political action in several parts of Europe during roughly two generations
between the late 1820s and the Paris Commune of 1871. It was marked by a belief in
the efficacy of spontaneous armed popular revolt, in the possibility of sudden and
complete social and political transformations, and in the role of a torch-bearing
intellectual and political elite. It was also generally predicated on the centrality of
France, and particularly Paris, as the heartland of revolution. The barricade,
associated with Parisian popular revolt, became both the method and the symbol of
this political action across Europe, and the generator of a ritualized form of political
behaviour and of artistic and literary representation.
i. Introduction and background
Mark Traugott, The Insurgent Barricade (Berkeley, 2010)
Charles Tilly, The Rebellious Century, 1830-1930 (Harvard, 1975)

Jill Harsin, Barricades, The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris, 1830-1848
(Basingstoke, 2002)

ii. European spinoffs

Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 1994) Dieter
Dowe et al., Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform (Oxford, 2001)

iii. The other side of the barricade: states, armies and repression
Dieter Dowe et al., Europe in 1848, chapter 28 The role of the military ...
Jonathan M. House, Controlling Paris: Armed Forces and Counter-Revolution, 17891848 (New York, 2014), esp. chapters 4-9
Mark Traugott, Armies of the Poor: Determinants of Working-Class Participation in
the Parisian Insurrection of June 1848 (Princeton, 1985) pp 34-113
Robert Tombs, The War against Paris, 1871 (Cambridge, 1981) pp 91-123, 194-200
iv. The end of the barricade: from the June Days to the Paris Commune
Robert Tombs, The Paris Commune 1871 (London, 1999)
Robert Tombs, The War against Paris, chapters 8-9
Gay Gullickson, Unruly Women of Paris (Cornell, 1996) chapters 1 and 4
Patrick H. Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition: The Blanquists in French
Politics, 1864-1893 (Berkeley, 1981) pp 11-99
v. The face in the crowd: participation and motivation

Mark Traugott, The Insurgent Barricade, chapters 7 and 8

Charles Tilly and Lynn Rees, The people of June 1848, in Roger Price, Revolution and
Reaction: 1848 and the Second French Republic (London, 1975)
Roger V. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community and Protest in Paris from
1848 to the Com- mune (Chicago, 1995), chapter 6 and Conclusion Robert Tombs,
The Paris Commune 1871, chapter 4
vi. The age of the barricades in art and literature: selected examples
Delacroix, he barricades in art and literature, discussed in Marcia Pointon, Naked
Authority: The Body in Western Painting 1830-1908 (Cambridge, 1990) pp 59-82
Victor Hugo, The Wretched (Penguin, 2013) pp xx-xxiii, 1051-1125
Edgar Degas, La Place de la Concorde, discussed in Hollis Clayson, Paris in Despair :
Art and Everyday Life under Siege (Chicago, 2002) pp 329-42
10 February - Gender in the Nineteenth Century (Dr N Mora-Sitja)

During the nineteenth century, European women experienced enduring changes in

their working, political and family lives. Section ii. explores the distinctive
contribution of women to the industrial process -the types of work they performed-

and how industrialization altered womens status and function in the family
structure. Section iii. looks at womens struggles to overcome the divide between
the public and the private sphere through participation in protests and politics, and
eventually through the consolidation of feminist movements.
i. General reading and primary sources
Linda L. Clark, Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe (New York,
2008)
Rachel Fuchs and Victoria Thompson, Women in Nineteenth-Century Europe
(Basingstoke, 2004)

Genevie ve Fraisse (ed.), A History of Women in the West, vol IV, Emerging Feminism
from Revolution to World War (Harvard, 1995)
Bonnie Smith, Changing Lives. Women in European History Since 1700 (Toronto,
1989)
Renate Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz and Susan Stuard (eds.), Becoming Visible. Women
in European History (Boston, 1987)
Susan Bell and Karen Offen (eds.), Women, the Family & Freedom. The Debate in
Documents, 2 vols (Stanford, 1983)
Miriam Schneir (ed.), Feminism. The Essential Historical Writings (London, 1972)

ii. Society, work and the family

Robert Beachy, Beatrice Craig and Alastair Owens (eds.), Women, Business and
Finance in Nine- teenth-Century Europe. Rethinking Separate Spheres (New York and
Oxford, 2006)
D. G. Troyanski, I Was Wife and Mother: French Widows Present Themselves to the
Ministry of Justice in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of Family History, 25.2
(2000): 202-10
Deborah Simonton, A History of European Womens Work 1700 to the Present
(London, 1998) Angelique Janssens, The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner
Family? An Overview of the Debate, International Review of Social History, 42
(1997), Supplement: 1-23
Angelique Janssens, The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Family:
Definitions and Debates During the Revolution of 1848, French Historical Studies,
20.1 (1997): 31-47 B. A. Engel, Between the Fields and the City. Women, Work , and
Family in Russia, 1861- 1914 (Cambridge, 1996)
Kathleen Canning, Languages of Labor and Gender: Female Factory Work in
Germany, 1850-1914 (Ithaca, 1996)

M. J. Boxser, Protective Legislation and Home Industry. The Marginalization of

Women Workers in Late Nineteenth-Early Twentieth-Century France, Journal of
Social History, 20.1 (1986): 45- 65.

Karin Hausen, Technical Progress and Womens Labour in the Nineteenth Century:
The Social His- tory of the Sewing Machine, in G. Iggers (ed.), The Social History of
Politics (Leamington, 1985), pp. 259-81

Karin Hausen, Family and Role-Division: The Polarisation of Sexual Stereotypes in

the Nineteenth Century an Aspect of the Dissociation of Work and Family Life, in
Richard Evans and W. R. Lee (eds.), The German Family: Essays on the Social History
of the Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany (London, 1981), pp. 5183
R. Dasey, Womens Work and the Family: Women Garment Workers in Berlin and
Hamburg Before the First World War, in Richard Evans and W. R. Lee (eds.), The
German Family. Essays on the Social History of the Family in Nineteenth and
Twentieth-Century Germany (London, 1981), pp. 221-55
Bonnie Smith, Ladies of the Leisure Class. The Bourgeoises of Northern France in the
Nineteenth Century (Princeton, 1981)
T. McBride, The Modernisation of Womens Work, Journal of Modern History, 49.2
(1977): 231-245
Edward Shorter, Womens Work: What Difference did Capitalism Make?, Theory
and Society, 3.4 (1976): 513-29
Louise Tilly and Joan Scott, Women, Work, and Family (New York, 1978)
iii. Women, politics and the public sphere
Ann T. Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800-1914 (New York, 1991)
Mills, H., Negotiating the Divide: Women, Philanthropy and the Public Sphere in
Nineteenth-Century France, in F. Tallett & N. Atkin, Religion, Society and Politics in
France Since 1789 (London, 1991), pp. 29-54.
Richard Evans, Comrades & Sisters. Feminism, Socialism, Pacifism in Europe 18701915 (New York, 1987)
Jane Rendall, The Origins of Modern Feminism. Women in Britain, France and the
United States, 1780-1860 (New York, 1985)
Claire Goldberg Moses, French Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (New York,
1984)
15 February The Peasant World in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Dr N Mora-Sitja)

The great majority of European inhabitants in the eighteenth and nineteenth

centuries were peas- ants, and yet the rural world does not often feature in the
accounts of political and cultural transformations that these centuries witnessed.
This session will explore living conditions in the rural world and the rules that
governed rural communities. Rural working patterns and household structures were
dictated by land tenure laws, which eventually also had a broader impact by
dictating the pattern of agricultural specialization and growth. It is therefore not
surprising that the abolition of serfdom and the many land reforms passed in this

period had a profound impact on peasant life and work, as well as on the rural
economy, and this is explored in section ii.

i. General reading and primary sources

Richard Rudolph (ed.), The European Peasant Family and Society. Historical Studies
(Liverpool, 1995)

W. Rosener, The Peasantry of Europe (Oxford, 1994)

Annie Moulin, Peasantry and Society in France Since 1789 (Cambridge, 1991),
Chapters 1-3
Roger Price, A Social History of Nineteenth Century France (New York, 1987),
Chapter 5
R. G. Moeller, Peasants and Lords in Modern Germany (London, 1986)
Richard Evans and W. R. Lee (eds.), The German Peasantry. Conflict and Community
in Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1986)
David Blackbourn, Peasants and Politics in Germany, 1871-1914, European History
Quarterly, 14.1 (1984): 47-75
Wayne Vucinich (ed.), The Peasant in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Stanford, 1968) A.
V. Chaianov, The Theory of Peasant Economy (Irwin, 1966)
Theodore Schultz, Transforming Traditional Agriculture (New Haven, 1964)

ii. Land reform

James Simpson, Spanish Agriculture. The Long Siesta, 1765-1965 (Cambridge, 2003),
part II
John Markoff, The Abolition of Feudalism. Peasants, Lords and Legislators in the
French
Revolution (Philadelphia, 1996)
Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton, 1978)
Jerome Blum, The Condition of the European Peasantry on the Eve of
Emancipation, Journal of Modern History, 46 (1974): 395-424
Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen. The Modernization of Rural France, 18701914 (Stanford, 1977).
17 February - The Revolutions of 1848-9 (Prof C Clark)

The events of 1848, the springtime of the peoples, remain the greatest ever
example of rapid spontaneous international mass political action in European
history, comparable only with the collapse of the Communist bloc in 1989 and less
happily with the Arab spring of 2011. Their remarkable simultaneity means that
they have to be approached transnationally and comparatively, looking at Continentwide social, economic and political conditions, and also at the mechanisms by which
revolution spread. The other challenge of 1848 is to make sense both of the swift
success of the revolutionary movements and of dramatic conservative backlash that
followed.

i. General studies
Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions of 1848 (Cambridge, 1994)
Mark Traugott, The Insurgent Barricade (Berkeley, 2010), esp. Chapters 6 and 8 - a
study of popular action
Dieter Dowe, ed., Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform (Oxford, 2001) - an
encyclopaedic study, for reference
Wolfram Siemann, The Revolutions of 1848-1850, in Mary Fulbrook (ed.), German
History Since 1800 (London and New York, 1997), pp. 106-123
ii. Thematic studies
Jonathan M. House, Controlling Paris: Armed Forces and Counter-Revolution 17891848 (New York, 2014) - esp. chapters 2 and 9
Mark Traugott, Armies of the Poor: Determinants of Working-Class Participation in
the Parisian Insurrection of June 1848 (Princeton, 1985) - esp. chapter 6 28
iii. National studies
Maurice Agulhon, The Republican Experiment, 1848-1852 (Cambridge, 1883)
Wolfram Siemann, The German Revolution of 1848-1849 (London, 1998)
Jonathan Sperber, Rhineland Radicals. The Democratic Movement and the
Revolution of 1848 (Princeton, 1991)
Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution (Cambridge, 1979)
Stanley Z. Pech, The Czech Revolution of 1848 (London, 1969)
Reuben J. Rath, The Viennese Revolution of 1848 (New York, 1969)
Istvan Deak, Lajos Kossuth and the Lawful Revolution (New York, 1979) Wolfram
Siemann, The German Revolution of 1848-1849 (London, 1998)
24 February - Europe After 1848 (Prof C Clark)

The reactionary backlash that followed the revolutionary wave of 1848 has often
been characterised as a lost decade for reform in Europe. The demise of the Second
Republic and the advent of the Second Empire in France, the apparent miscarriage of
national unifications in Italy and Germany, Costa Cabrals return from exile in
Portugal, continuing Carlist and Miguelist agitation in the iberian peninsula all
seemed to signal a temporary victory of reaction over reform. These national
narratives need, however, to be reconsidered in the light of the fact that the 1850s
were also a key moment in the social, economic and even political modernisation of
Europe, a moment that paved the way to the major political re-configurations of the
last third of the century. This lecture will look at the shifting alliances between
political parties in Europe, the new role of the state and the primacy of economic
development and the emergence of a new European public sphere. All these
phenomena illustrate the commonality and affinities between European societies in
the mid-nineteenth century.

David Barclay, Friedrich Wilhelm IV and the Prussian Monarchy 1840-1861 (Oxford,
1995)
Alain Plessis, The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852-1871 (Cambridge, 1979)
Gyo rgy Szabad, Hungarian Political Trends between the Revolution and the
Compromise (Budapest, 1977)
R. J. W. Evans, 'From Confederation to Compromise: The Austrian Experiment, 18491867, Proceedings of the British Academy, 87 (1994): 135-67
James M. Brophy, Capitalism, Politics and Railroads in Prussia 1830-1870 (Columbus,
1998), pp. 1-18
Roger Price, The French Second Empire. An Anatomy of Political Power (Cambridge,
2001)
Richard Tilly, 'The Political Economy of Public Finance and the Industrialization of
Prussia 1815- 1866', Journal of Economic History, 26 (1966), pp. 484-97
Abigail Green, Fatherlands. State-Building and Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century
Germany (Cambridge, 2001)
24 February - Mobility in the Nineteenth-century (Dr A Litvine)

i. Historiography and compendia

D. Gregory, 'The Production of Regions in England's Industrial Revolution', Journal of
Historical Geography, 14 (1988), 50-8 and the debate that followed with Langton in
the same journal.
S. P. Ville, Transport and the Development of the European Economy, 1750-1918,
(London, 1990). Although it is quite old and often sketchy, this is the only available
monograph on European transport.
V. Kaufmann, 'Mobility: Trajectory of a Concept in the Social Sciences', in Gijs Mom,
Gordon Pirie and Laurent Tissot (eds.), Mobility in History. The State of the Art in the
History of Transport, Traffic and Mobility (Neuchatel, 2009), pp. 41-61
Bill Albert, Derek H. Aldcroft and Michael J. Freeman, Transport in the Industrial
Revolution (Manchester, 1983)
Michael J. Freeman and Derek H. Aldcroft., Transport in Victorian Britain
(Manchester, 1988)

ii. Pedestrian and bicycle mobility

Peter Borsay, 'The Rise of the Promenade: The Social and Cultural use of Space in the
English Provincial Town c.1660-1800', Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 9
(1986): 125-40 Christophe Loir and Laurent Turcot., La promenade au tournant des
XVIIIe et XIXe sie cles (Belgique, France, Angleterre), (Bruxelles, 2011)
Priscilla Parkhust Ferguson, The Flaneur on and off the Streets of Paris, in Keith
Tester (ed.), The Flaneur (London and New York, 1994), pp.22-42

J. Wolff, 'The Invisible Flaneuse. Women and the Literature of Modernity, Theory,
Culture & Society, 2 (1985): 37-46

D. Rubinstein, 'Cycling in the 1890s', Victorian Studies, 21 (1977): 47-71

J. A. Amato, On Foot. A History of Walking, (New York, 2004), Chapters 4, 6 and 7

iii. Roads, turnpikes and equestrian mobility

R. Szostak, The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution. A Comparison of
England and France (Montreal, 1991), introductory chapter
T. C. Barker, The Rise and Rise of Road Transport, 1700-1990, (Cambridge, 1995)
Bill Albert, The Turnpike Road System in England, 1663-1840 (London, 1972)
T. N. Busch, 'Connecting an Empire. Eighteenth-Century Russian Roads, From Peter
to Catherine', The Journal of Transport History, 29 (2008): 240-58
F. M. L. Thompson, 'Nineteenth-Century Horse Sense', The Economic History Review,
29 (1976): 60-81
R. Turvey 'Horse Traction in Victorian London', The Journal of Transport History, 26
(2005): 38-59
Daniel Roche, 'Equestrian Culture in France from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth
Century', Past & Present, 199 (2008): 113-45
iv. The railways
John P. McKay, Tramways and Trolleys. The Rise of Urban Mass Transport in Europe
(Princeton, 1992)
Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey. The Industrialization and Perception of
Time and Space in the 19th Century (Leamington Spa, 1986)
R. M. Haywood, Russia Enters the Railway Age, 1842-1855 (New York, 1998)
R. Roth and M. Polino., The City and the Railway in Europe (Aldershot, 2003)
R. Schwartz, I. Gregory and T. Thevenin, 'Spatial History: Railways, Uneven
Development,and Population Change in France and Great Britain, 18501914',
Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 42 (2011): 53-88

v. Fluvial, maritime, oceanic and aerial mobilities

(See also the bibliography for the lecture Eighteenth-Century Europe and Its Seas)
Gerard Turnbull, Canals, Coal and Regional Growth During the Industrial Revolution,
Economic History Review, 40 (1987): 537-60
J. Armstrong and D.M. Williams., 'The Steamboat and Popular Tourism', The Journal
of Transport History, 26 (2005): 61-77
Michael Lynn, The Sublime Invention: Ballooning in Europe, 17831820 (London,
2010)
vi. Communications and financial mobility
I. Black, 'Geography, Political Economy and the Circulation of Finance Capital in Early
Industrial England', Journal of Historical Geography, 15 (1989): 366-84
D. Gregory, 'The Friction of Distance? Information Circulation and the Mails in Early
Nineteenth-Century England', Journal of Historical Geography, 13 (1987) 130-54
Y. Kaukiainen, 'Shrinking the World: Improvements in the Speed of Information
Transmission, c. 18201870', European Review of Economic History, 5 (2001): 1-28
vii. Migration

D. Baines, Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1995)

D. Hoerder and L.P. Moch, European Migrants. Global and Local Perspectives
(Boston,1996)
Colin Pooley and Jean Turnbull, Migration and Mobility in Britain since the 18th
Century (London, 1998, Chapters 3, 4, 11 and the conclusion
S. Hochstadt, 'Migration in Preindustrial Germany', Central European History, 16
(1983): 195-224
S. Hochstadt, 'Migration and Industrialization in Germany, 1815-1977', Social Science
History, 5 (1981): 445-68 26
Michael Sonenscher, 'Journeymens Migration and Workshop Organization in
Eighteenth-Century France', in Steven L. Kaplan and Cynthia J. Koepp (eds.), Work in
France: Representations, Meaning, Organization and Practice (Ithaca, 1986), pp. 7496
E. J. Hobsbawm, 'The Tramping Artisan', The Economic History Review, 3 (1951):
299- 320 J. Polasky, 'Transplanting and Rooting Workers in London and Brussels: A
Comparative History', The Journal of Modern History, 73 (2001): 528-60

viii. Travelling and the experience of mobility

Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey (Leamington Spa, 1986), Chapter 4
C. O. Parsons, 'Women Travellers and the Spectacle of Modernity', Women's Studies,
26 (1997), 399-422
Melissa Calaresu, 'Looking for Virgil's Tomb: The End of the Grand Tour and the
Cosmopolitan Ideal in Europe', in J. Elsner and J. Rubies (eds.), Voyages and Visions :
Towards a Cultural His- tory of Travel (London, 1999), pp. 138-61.
1 March - The French Second Empire (Prof C Clark)

The Second Empire marked a new kind of politics arising from the chaos of the 1848
revolution: called Caesarism at the time, it has been defined as illiberal
democracy, as active authority and passive democracy based on a combination of
charismatic leadership, authoritarian methods, and populist inducements. These
features of the regime will be examined. Long condemned as a criminal regime, its
achievements have recently been taken more seriously. There remains its disastrous
end in war, defeat and revolution: was this misfortune or a logical outcome of the
Second Empires own foreign and domestic policies?
i. General reading
Robert Tombs, France 1814-1914 (London, 1996) esp. pp 80-3, 385-431
Alain Plessis, The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852-1871 (Cambridge, 1979)
Sudhir Hazareesingh, The Legend of Napoleon (London, 2004) esp. Chapters 6-9
Quentin Deluermoz, Le crepuscule des revolutions (Paris, 2012) esp. Chapters 3
and 8, for the latest reconsideration

ii. Domestic policy, propaganda and popularity

David M. Pinckney, Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris (Princeton, 1958)
Matthew Truesdell, Spectacular Politics: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte and the Fe te
Imperiale (New York, 1997)
Alain Corbin, The Village of Cannibals (Harvard, 1992), Chapter 1
iiii. Foreign policy
Lynn M. Case, French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire
(Philadelphia, 1954)
E. A. Pottinger, Napoleon III and the German Crisis 1865-66 (Harvard, 1966)

iv. War, collapse and aftermath, 1870-71

Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification (London, 2004), Chapters 6-9
Robert Tombs, The Paris Commune 1871 (London, 1999)
3 March - Italian and German Unification (Prof C Clark)

Lucy Riall, The Italian Risorgimento. State, Society and National Unification (London,
1994)***
Derek Beales and Eugenio Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy
(Harlow, 2002) Harry Hearder, Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790-1870, new
edn. (London, 2013)
John Davis, Remapping Italys Path to the 20th Century, The Journal of Modern
History 66.2 (1994): 291-320
Frank J. Coppa, The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence (London, 1992)
John Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State 1800-1870
(Basingstoke,1996)***
Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Development of Germany, vol. 1: The Period of
Unification (Princeton, 1990)
Hagen Schulze, The Course of German Nationalism (Cambridge, 1991)
William Carr, The Origins of the German Wars of Unification (London, 1991)
Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification (London, 2004)
Geoffrey Wawro, The Austro-Prussian War: Austrias War with Prussia and Italy in
1866 (Cambridge, 1996)
Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (London, 1967)
8 March - Russia and the West in the Nineteenth Century (Dr J Keating)

This lecture picks up the story of Russia and the west from around 1800. It discusses
the experiences of the Napoleonic Wars and various revolutions in Europe from a
Russian perspective, including the rise of liberal and national ideas and, under the

influence of German idealism, various other philosophical trends that became

associated with Slavophile and westernizing groups among Russias educated elites.
Yet concepts of individual freedom, the rule of law or national identity did not sit
well with an autocratic, multi-ethnic empire and its long tradition of serfdom and
suppression, contributing considerably to the emergence of a radical intelligentsia,
which became a key factor in political and ideological developments in Russia.

John T. Alexander, Catherine the Great. Life and Legend (Oxford, 1989)
Isaiah Berlin, Russian Thinkers (New York, 1978)
Julie Buckler, Mapping St. Petersburg. Imperial Text and Cityshape (Princeton, 2005)
James Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago and London,
1988) James Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture (Cambridge, Mass.,
2004)
Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven and London, 1998)
Hans Lemberg, Die nationale Gedankenwelt der Dekabristen (Ko ln and Graz, 1963)
Iurii Lotman, The Semiotics of Russian Cultural History (Ithaca, 1985)
Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London, 1981)
Martin Malia, Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism (Cambridge,
Mass.,1961)
Anatole G. Mazour, The First Russian Revolution, 1825. The Decembrist Movement,
2nd edn. (Stanford 1961)

Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd (eds.), Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of
Revolution, 1881-1940 (Oxford, 1998)

Marc Raeff, The Decembrist Movement (Englewood Cliffs, 1966)

Marc Raeff, Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia. The Eighteenth-Century Nobility
(New York, 1966) Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in
Russia, 1825-1855 (Berkeley, 1959) Hans Rogger, National Consciousness in
Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1960) Theofanis Stavrou (ed.), Art and
Culture in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Bloomington, 1983)
Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution (London, 1961)
Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought. From the Enlightenment to Marxism
(Stanford, 1979)
Andrzej Walicki, The Slavophile Controversy. History of a Conservative Utopia in
Nineteenth-Century Russian Thought (Oxford, 1975)
Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power. Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, 2
vols. (Princeton, 2000)
10 March - Mass Media and the transformation of the Public Sphere (Dr A Litvine)

This lecture investigates the emergence of new communication systems which,

following Ju rgen Habermas idea of the bourgeois public sphere, were fostered by
the cosmopolitan culture and economic infrastructures of cities and helped to
liberate political discourse in Europe. While the public sphere of Habermas was very

much an elitist phenomenon, providing opportunities for opposition against

absolutist states, numerous types of mass media developed as well over the 19
century. They were not only in the business of enlightening the reader and spreading
political debate, but much more in the business of simply making business. This
lecture will thus look at the emergence of the penny press, popular literature,
advertisement and consumer culture in a number of European countries.

Ju rgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry

into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, 1989)
Craig Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass. and London,
1992) Hannah Barker and Simon Burrows (eds), Press, Politics, and the Public Sphere
in Europe and North America, 1760-1820 (Cambridge, 2002)
Jean Chalaby, The Invention of Journalism (New York, 1998)
Dean de la Motte and Jeannene M. Przyblyski (eds.), Making the News. Modernity
and the Mass Press in Nineteenth-Century France (Boston, 1999)
Jeffrey Brooks, When Russia Learned to Read. Literacy and Popular Literature, 18611917 (Princeton, 1985)
Louise McReynolds, The News under Russias Old Regime. The Development of a
Mass-Circulation Press (Princeton, 1991)
Louise McReynolds, Russia at Play. Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era
(Ithaca, 2003) Jeremy D. Popkin, Press, Revolution, and Social Identities in France,
1830-1835 (Philadelphia, 2001) Abigail Green, Fatherlands. State-Building and
Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, 2001), Chapter 6.
15 March - Church and State in the Nineteenth Century (Prof C Clark)

The later century nineteenth century saw the rise in Europe of avowedly secular
forms of politics, most importantly liberalism and socialism. Yet it was also a period
of heightened conflict over the place of religion in public life. This lecture suggests
that the two things were connected. Processes of secularisation stimulated and were
driven by processes of mass religious revival. The sharpening of national identities
was mirrored in the mobilisation of trans-national religious commitments. As a
result, the conflicts that broke out in this era were genuine 'culture wars' that
embraced many spheres of modern life, from education and welfare provision to
gender identities and the control of public space.
Hugh McLeod, Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848-1914 (New York, 2000)
Hugh McLeod, Piety and Poverty. Working-Class Religion in Berlin (New York, 1996)
John McManners, Church and State in France, 1870-1914 (New York, 1972)
Ralph Gibson, A Social History of French Catholicism, 1789-1914 (London, 1989)
Claude Langlois, Catholics and Seculars, in Pierre Nora, Realms of Memory: The
Construction of the French Past (New York, 1996), vol. 1, pp. 109-43
Frank Tallett and Nicholas Atkin, Religion, Society and Politics in France since 1789
(London, 1991), Chapters 6-8

Maurice Larkin, Church and State in France after the Dreyfus Affair (London, 1974)
Adrian Lyttelton, An Old Church and a New State: Italian Anticlericalism 1876-1914,
European Studies Review, 13.2 (1983): 225-248
Rosn Healy, The Jesuit Specter in Imperial Germany (Boston, 2003).
Rosn Healy, 'Anti-Jesuitism in Imperial Germany: The Jesuit as Androgyne', in: H.W.
Smith (ed.), Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800-1914 (Oxford, 2001)
Timothy Verhoeven, 'Neither male nor Female: The Jesuit as Androgyne', Modern
and Contemporary France, 16 (2008), pp. 37-49
Michael Gross, The War Against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic
Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Ann Arbor, 2004)

Michael Gross, "The Catholic Missionary Crusade and the Protestant Revival, 18481872." In Neighbors and Strangers: Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany,
1800-1914, ed. Helmut Walser Smith (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2001), 245-265.

Michael Gross, "The Strange Case of the Nun in the Dungeon, or German Liberalism
as a Convent Atrocity Story." German Studies Review 23, no. 1 (2000): 69-84.
Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser, Culture Wars. Catholic-Secular Conflict in
Nineteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge, 2003)