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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, JUNE 2003

Modeling of the Transient Behavior of a Resistive


Type High Tc Fault Current Limiter
Ricard Petranovic, Student Member, IEEE, and Amir M. Miri

AbstractThe potential distribution in electrical equipment


during transient excitation is an important criterion for the design
of the insulation. Transients in electric power networks can be
caused by lightning strikes, disconnecting operations or system
disturbances.
In this work the transient behavior of a resistive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) based on Bi-2212 tubes,
which are connected in series, has been modeled. The SFCL will
be used in a 10 kV bus tie of a German utility.
A lumped network model of the limiter has been developed and
implemented in PSpice to investigate the transient behavior. The
model includes inductive- and capacitive coupling, respectively. An
AC analysis is performed to obtain the frequencies which will cause
the highest overvoltages between the windings of the limiter. Furthermore a lightning impulse voltage and a lightning stroke current are applied to the limiter to investigate its transient behavior.
A simplification of the model is performed to reduce the computing
time. Both models are compared and a good agreement of the results is obtained.

TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF BSCCO 2212 LIMITER AT T

= 65 K

voltages and currents in all windings. To use lumped elements,


the conductor has to be considered as electrically short [1]. The
distinction between electrically short and electrically long lines
is possible either in the time- or in the frequency-domain. In the
time domain, the rise time of a signal has to be smaller than the
travelling time . Otherwise the currents and voltages have to
be described with partial differential equations, since they are
both, time- and location dependent.

Index TermsPspice, SFCL, skin effect, transient modeling.

II. LIMITER
I. INTRODUCTION
HE DESIGN of superconducting equipment, such as the
SFCL, includes thermal and electrical properties of the
material. Thermal properties deal with the resistive heating due
to AC losses during normal operation and especially for the
SFCL an increasing resistance due to fault current limitation.
Electrical properties often deal with critical current density
and critical electrical field strength
being applied to the material. An important fact being not considered sufficiently is the
coordination of insulation to withstand overvoltages caused by
resonance excitations.
Electrical equipment can be subject to various kinds of high
voltage stresses caused by lightning strikes, disconnecting operations or system disturbances. The rise times of the initiated
travelling waves are in the range of ms to ns and correspond to
frequencies in the range of kHz to several MHz. If the dominating frequency of a voltage surge corresponds to the natural frequency of the winding system, resonance excitations are
caused. These cause high voltage stresses in the windings of the
limiter, which can lead to insulation faults and therefore have to
be considered during the design of the limiter.
To investigate the transient behavior of the limiter a lumped
network model has been developed, allowing us to calculate

Manuscript received August 4, 2002. This work was supported by the Graduate Research Center Applications of Superconductivity of the German National
Science Foundation DFG.
The authors are with the Institute of Electric Energy Systems and
High-Voltage Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany (e-mail: ricard@ieh.uni-karlsruhe.de).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TASC.2003.812978

There are two main types of superconducting fault current


limiters being used for current limitation. One is the inductiveor shielded core type and the other a resistive type.
The limiter being modeled in this work is a resistive-type limiter made of melt cast proposed BSCCO 2212 which has already
superconductor mabeen tested successfully [2]. It is a high
terial and is operated at 65 K to increase the critical current den. To reduce the magnetic field and the forces due to
sity
the high currents during limitation the limiter is made as a bifilar
wound coil. The important parameters of the limiter are shown
in Table I.
III. LUMPED NETWORK MODEL OF THE SFCL
To simulate the resonant behavior of the limiter, electric and
magnetic fields are assigned to an electric network consisting of
lumped elements, Fig. 1.
Each winding turn of a module was modeled by a single discrete inductance in series with a resistance , representing
the magnetic self-field and the ohmic-losses. Every magnetic
field can be divided into a main and a leakage field, respectively.
The mutual inductance represents the leakage fields between
each single winding of the limiter.
The two branches in parallel in each winding correspond to
the superconductor and the coppernickel-shunt. The conductance between superconductor and shunt represents the contact resistance of the solder. Capacitance elements account
for the electric field between adjoining windings and between
windings and ground (cryostat).

1051-8223/03$17.00 2003 IEEE

PETRANOVIC AND MIRI: TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A RESISTIVE TYPE HIGH

FAULT CURRENT LIMITER

2037

Fig. 2. Distribution of current density for 1 kHz (left), 1 MHz (middle) and
9 MHz (right), showing the current density increasing on the conductor border
as the frequency increases.

Fig. 1. Section of a limiter winding with the complete electric- and magnetic
coupling.

A. Determining the Lumped Elements


for the CuNi
1) Resistance: The DC-impedance
was calculated with the resistivity of CuNi for 65 K.
shunt
However, for transient investigations the AC resistance of the
CuNi shunt differs from the DC value because of the skin
effect. With increasing frequency the resistance will increase
since the current is displaced toward the outer border of the
conductor. Former measurements with superconducting coils
have shown, that during transient excitation a superconductor
has to be considered as normal conducting [3]. Therefore, the
of the lumped network
resistance of the superconductor
model was set to the normal state resistance near .
An analytical solution is feasible only for simple wires with
circular cross-section. The conductor being used in this work
has a rectangular surface, making it impossible to calculate the
fields analytically. Therefore, a two dimensional axisymmetric
FE model of one winding was created and Fig. 2 shows the distribution of the current density for various frequencies.
and
, respecBased on the power law
tively, the resistance of the CuNi shunt can be calculated with
the formula

(1)

where stands for the conductivity, for the current density,


for the volume and for the surface of the conductor from
Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows the frequency dependence of the resistance
caused by the self-field of the current.
2) Self and Mutual Inductance: The values for the self inductance of a winding were calculated with the formula for
self-inductance of circular coils of rectangular cross section [4].
of two coils
The values for the mutual inductance
and have been calculated with EFFI [5] which is based on

Fig. 3. Frequency dependence of the resistance of one winding.

BiotSavarts Law. The general formula to calculate the mutual


inductance of two coils is

(2)

and
are the currents through coil 1 and coil 2, rewhere
and
are the corresponding current densities
spectively.
is the distance between the two coils with volumes
and
and , respectively.
3) Capacitances: All capacitances of the lumped network
were considered to be constant for the investigated frequency
range. The capacitances between single windings of a module
were obtained with simple analytical formulae.
The coupling capacitances between adjacent windings of different modules and the grounded cryostat were obtained with a
three dimensional FE model of the limiter, Fig. 4.
IV. MODEL AND SIMULATION
To investigate the transient behavior of the limiter, a PSpice
model, consisting of three modules in series, with the values
from Section III has been developed, Fig. 5.

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Fig. 4.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 13, NO. 2, JUNE 2003

3D-FE-model of the limiter.

Fig. 6.

Resonance excitations.

Fig. 7.

Voltages between adjacent windings of module one.

Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of the limiter.

The equivalent network of one module, shown in Fig. 1, is


implemented in each module. The circuit consists of a voltage
impedance, a cable with a characteristic
source with a 30
impedance of 30 , the limiter with three modules followed by
another 30 cable. The circuit was used for time domain analysis. The 30 impedance is used to terminate the cable and
thus not to obtain reflections of the signal. For frequency domain analysis a circuit without cables and resistance was used.
In general, a circuit with capacitances and inductances represents a resonant circuit. High overvoltages can occur, if natural
frequencies of the circuit are excited. To determine these frequencies, a frequency domain analysis with 1 V peak voltage
and a range from 1 Hz to 100 MHz was performed and the results are shown in Fig. 6. One can see the simulated per unit
voltage between windings 19 and 20 of module one. For a frequency of 9 MHz an amplitude of the ac voltage is reached
which is sixteen times higher than the DC value.
The three modules have almost the same voltages on equal
windings, hence the distribution is homogeneous.
Fig. 7 shows the voltages between several adjacent windings
of module 1. With descending order of winding for descending
voltages. The voltage being applied was a 1.2/50 s lightning
impulse voltage directly at the terminals of the limiter with one
volt peak value. It can be seen that no overvoltages, due to resonant excitations occur for this case. The voltage is distributed
homogeneously over the three modules. The corresponding frequency for this impulse is 208 kHz. Based on Fig. 6 no resonance is expected for this value.

TABLE II
NUMBER OF LUMPED ELEMENTS FOR REGULAR- AND REDUCED MODEL

V. REDUCED MODEL
The model of the limiter being used in this work has already
a large number of elements and couplings. To reduce the computation time for the 10 kV, 10 MVA limiter with 30 modules in
series, single windings of one module have been combined into
one winding. Thus the number of windings could be reduced
from 36 to 8 per module. Table II shows the amount of lumped
elements for both the regular- and the reduced-model.

PETRANOVIC AND MIRI: TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A RESISTIVE TYPE HIGH

FAULT CURRENT LIMITER

2039

tical with the values from the regular model and therefore validate the reduced model.
VI. CONCLUSIONS

Fig. 8. Resonance excitations for reduced model.

The transient behavior of a high resistive superconducting


limiter (SFCL) made of Bi-2212 tubes was modeled and evaluated. It is very important to consider the transient behavior of
electrical equipment since it can be subject to various kinds of
high voltage stresses, caused by lightning strikes, disconnecting
operations or system disturbances. The rise times of the initiated travelling waves are in the range of ms to ns and correspond to frequencies in the range of kHz to several MHz. If the
dominating frequency of a voltage surge corresponds to the natural frequencies of the winding system, resonance excitations
are caused. These cause high voltage stresses in the windings
of the limiter, which can lead to insulation faults and therefore
has to be considered during the design of the limiter. A lumped
network model of a 1 MVA limiter was established and simulations in both time domain and frequency domain were performed. The model was simplified to reduce the computing time
of the 1 MVA limiter and to enable a model of the 10 MVA limiter. Both models were compared and a good agreement was
found.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank H. Salbert for valuable
discussions.
REFERENCES

Fig. 9.

Voltages between adjacent windings of module one, reduced model.

To validate the reduced model, the AC analysis has been repeated, Fig. 8. One can see the first resonance for a frequency
of 7.6 MHz, being 24 times higher as the DC value. The higher
value is caused by the combined windings.
Fig. 9 shows the voltages between several adjacent windings
of module 1 for the reduced limiter. The values are almost iden-

[1] A. Schwab, Field Theory Concepts, 1st ed: Springer-Verlag, 1988, pp.
139149.
[2] S. Elschner, F. Breuer, A. Wolf, M. Noe, L. Cowey, and J. Bock, Characterization of MCP BSCCO 2212 bulk material for resistive current
limiters, IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconduct., vol. 11, pp. 25072510,
Mar. 2001.
[3] B. Choi, S. Ohtsuka, J. Suehiro, and M. Hara, Effects of coil resistance
on surge propagation characteristics in a superconducting magnet, in
Proc. 9th ISH, Graz, Austria, Aug. 1995, pp. 7878/14.
[4] F. Grover, Inductance Calculations. Working Formulas and Tables:
Dover, 1973.
[5] S. J. Sacket, EFFI-A code for calculating the electromagnetic
field, force and inductance in coil systems for arbitrary geometry,
UCRL-52 402, 1978.

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