MEC551 THERMAL ENGINEERING (Sept 2011 Feb 2012) Test 1 Solution

PART A
a)

The modes of heat transfer are:

(i)

Conduction - Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a
substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles.
The rate of heat transfer by conduction is expressed by Fourier's law of conduction as
Q = -k.A.(dT/dx) where
(dT/dx) is the temperature gradient,
k is the thermal conductivity,
A is the area which is normal to the direction of heat transfer.

(ii) Convection - Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the
adjacent fluid which is in motion, and it involves combined effects of conduction and fluid
motion.
Convection is expressed by Newton's law of cooling as Q = h As (Ts T) where

h is the convection heat transfer coefficient,

As is the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place,
Ts is the surface temperature,

(iii) Radiation - Radiation is energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves
(or photons) as a result of the changes in the energy levels of the atoms or molecules.
Radiation is expressed by Stefan-Boltzman law as Q=As(Ts4- T4surr) where
is the emissivity of surface,
is the Stefan-Boltzman constant,
A is the surface area,

[Type text]

T is the absolute surface temperature, (in K).

surr

is the average surrounding surface temperature,(in K).

MEC551 THERMAL ENGINEERING (Sept 2011 Feb 2012) Test 1 Solution

Note;
a)

For equation, students just required to write down the equation only. Equation with no explanation
can attempt the full mark.
b) Illustration please mark accordingly.

b)

Given
r1 = 7cm r0 = 12cm gn = 3.8 x 106W/m3

T1 = 300C

T0 = 1200C

k = 20W/m.0c

From general equation (heat transfer conduction cylindrical coordinates)

For 1-D ;

T T

0
z

Final equation become;

For Steady State ;

1 T g n
0
r

r r r k
g
1 T
r
n
r r r
k

'

'

g r
T
r r r kn
'

g r2
T
r
n C1
2k
r
'

T
r

g r C

n 1
2k
r

'

'

gn r 2
T (r )
C1 ln r C2
4k
Find the value of C1 and C2 by applying the boundary conditions
T = T1 = 3000C
T = T0 = 1200C
'

at
at

r = r1 = 7cm
r = r0 = 12cm

gn r 2
C1 ln r C2
4k
(3.8 x106 )(0.07) 2
30
C1 ln 0.07 C2
4(20)
262.75 2.659C1 C2
1

T (r )

[Type text]

T
0
t

MEC551 THERMAL ENGINEERING (Sept 2011 Feb 2012) Test 1 Solution

'

gn r 2
C1 ln r C2
4k
(3.8 x106 )(0.12) 2
120
C1 ln 0.12 C2
4(20)
804 2.12C1 C2
2
T (r )

Solved for 1 and 2

C1 1004.174

C2 2932.849

The final equation of temperatur e distributi on become;

T (r ) 47500r 2 1004.174 ln r 2932.849
The temperatur e at r 10cm
T (r ) 47500r 2 1004.174 ln r 2932.849
T (r 10cm ) 47500(0.1) 2 1004.174 ln 0.1 2932.849
Tr 10cm 152.5610 C
Comments ; Tr=10cm is higher because the present of heat generation inside the cylinder

The rate of heat flux ;

Q k

[Type text]

g 'r C
dT
k n 1 10834 W 2
m
dr
r
2k

MEC551 THERMAL ENGINEERING (Sept 2011 Feb 2012) Test 1 Solution

(2)

Ts T 125 35

80 0 C
2
2
properties of air at T film 80 0 C
T film

0.9994 kg

k 0.02953W

mc

VL (0.9994)(8)(8)
6

3 .0 5 2 x1 0

(2.096 x10 5 )

Re

2.096 x10 5 kg ms ,

Pr 0.7154

m i xe d

a )distance when the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent

xcrit

Re crit (5 x105 )(2.096 x10 5 )

1.311m
V
(0.9994)(8)

b) the rate of heat transfer

Nu mixed (0.037 Re 0.8 871)(Pr)

0.037[(3.052 x106 ) 0.8 871](0.7154)

4 3 1 8 .8 3 9
Nu

hL
;
k

(4318.839)(0.02953)
15.942 W 2 o
m c
8

As Lw (8)(5) 4 0 m2

Q hAs T (15.942)(40)(125 35)

57.391kW

c) thermal conductivity
Qcond Qconv 57.391W kA

k (40)

[Type text]

(125 35)
3

T
L

k 0.9565W

m.0 c