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Shrikant SAHU
What is Tense?
[Sub + Helping Verb(H.V) + Main Verb(M.V)+
Obj]
HELPING VERBS
i.
1)
Noun\
Singular
1)Name
2)Place
3)Thing
Pronoun
Person
Person Person
1
2
Person
3
I , We,
ME,
MY,
US,
OUR
HE ,
SHE , IT
,THEY
THEM,
THEIR
YOU,
YOUR,
PRESENT TENSE
Simple Present
Do\Does
Present
Continious
Is \Am \Are
Present Perfect
Has \Have
Perfect
Continious
Has been\Have
been
2)
PAST TENSE
Simple Past
Did
Past Continious
Was \Were
Past Perfect
Had
Perfect
Continious
Had been
What is Singular?
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
ARTICLES (a , an , The )
Vowels
place, name , thing
(a , e , i , o , u )
Any Famous
Consonant
Vowels : ( a , e , i , o , u )
Consonant : ( b , c , d , f , g , h , j , k , l , m , n , p , q ,
r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z)
1) The article (A) used before Singular, and contable Noun
which start with Consonant sound.
2) The article (AN) used before singular , countable Nouns And
which starts with Vowel sound.
3) Please Remember A,AAN means one Or Single. You
cannot use A(AN) with Plural Noun.
4) There is many Noun which uncountable . In those donot use
A(AN).
Some EX. Information, air, advice,salt and fun.
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
2) Past Tense
a) Simple past
[Sub + M.V(2) +
b) Past Continious
[Sub+had
3) Future Tense
a) Simple Future Tense
1)Present Tense
Tense
i.
b) Future Continious
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
[Sub+M.V(1)+Obj]
c) Future Perfect
[Sub+will have
Tense
ii.
[Sub+is\am\are+M.V.(1)+ing+Obj]
Continious Tense
iii.
d) Future Perfect
[Sub +will have
[Sub+has\have+M.V(3)+Obj]
iv.
Simple Present
Tense
ACTIVE TENSE
PASSIVE TENSE
Pesent Tense
[Sub+M.V(1)+Obj]
[Obj+is\am\are+M.V(3)+
bySub]
[Sub+is\am\are+M.V.
(1)+ing+Obj]
[Obj+is\am\are+being+M
V(3)+Sub]
Present Perfect
Tense
[Sub+has\have+M.V(3)+Obj]
[Obj+has\havebeen+MV(
3)+Sub]
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
Geeta.
Present Perfect
Continious
[Sub+has\havebeen+MV(1)
+ing+Obj]
[Obj+has\havebeen+bein
g+MV(3)+Sub]
PAST TENSE
Simple past
Tense
[Obj+was\were+MV(3)+S
ub]
A letter was written by
Geeta.
Past continuous
Tense
Past Perfect
Tense
[Sub+was\were+M.V(1)+in
g+Obj]
[Obj+was\were+being+
MV(3)+Sub]
[Sub + had+M.V(3)+Obj]
[Obj+had
been+MV(3)+Sub]
Past Perfect
Continious
[Sub+had
been+Mv(1)+ing+Obj]
Geeta had been writing a
letter.
[Obj+had
been+being+MV(3)+Sub
]
A letter had been being
written by Geeta.
Future Tense
Simple Future
Tense
[sub+
will\Shall+M.V(1)+Obj]
[Obj+will\shall be
+MV(3)+Sub]
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
Future
Continious
Tense
[sub+will
be+MV(1)+ing+Obj]
[Obj+will
be+being+Mv(3)+Sub]
Future Perfect
Tense
[Sub+will have
+M.V(3)+Obj]
[Sub+willhavebeen+M.V(1)
+ Ing+Obj]
Future Perfect
Continious
PARTS OF SPEECH
1. Noun
5. Adverb
2. Pronoun
6. Preposition
3. Adjective
7. Conjuction
4. Verb
8. interjection
1. Noun
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
GENDER
1) Male
= Boy, Father, husband, uncle, sir, poet, hero
2) Female = Girl, mother, wife, aunt, madam, poetess, heroine
Preposition = The preposition is a word used before a
noun or pronoun.
EX: In, into, on, upon, at, between, among, above, over, under,
from, with, after, before, as, since, etc
Conjunction = The conjunction is a word which is used for joint
the 2 different sentence . such as, But, And, Or, As well as, not
onlybut also, eitheror, etc..
Interjection = It is a word which express sudden emotion such
as, hurrah! , Oh!,
Ha! , What! , Hellow! , etc
VERB
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SMART ACADAMY
Present left
Past
Shrikant SAHU
INFINITIVE :
form of the verb. The
"learn" is "to learn." You
infinitive as the subject,
the object of a sentence
FORMULA : [ TO +
For EX. : To do, To
write, To play, To eat,
1) She wanted to
2) He likes to read
3) Raj is able to
GERUNDS
:
A
made from a verb by
gerund form of the verb
You can use a gerund as
complement,
or
the
VERB
EX.
Reading,
Eating,
Writing,
1. Reading helps
2. Her
favorite
3. I
Arise
Arose
Arisen
Tense
&grammer
Beat
beat
Beat
Become became Become
Bite
bit
Bitten
Breck
Bring
Build
Burn
Buy
Deal
Do
Draw
Dream
Drink
Drive
Eat
Fall
Feel
Fight
Find
Fly
Forget
Forgive
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Left
3rd Form
Get
Give
Go
Grow
Know
Learn
Leave
Make
May
Mean
Show
Sing
brock
brought
built
burnt
bought
dealt
did
drew
Dreame
d
drank
Drove
ate
fell
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
Brocken
Brought
Built
Burnt
Bought
Dealt
Done
Drawn
Dreame
d
Drunk
Driven
Eaten
Fallen
Felt
Fought
Found
Flown
Forgott
en
forgave Forgive
n
Got
Got
gave
Given
went
Gone
grew
Grown
knew
Known
learnt
Learnt
made
might
meant
showe
d
Sang
VERB(1) ]
make, To read, To
etc.
marry me.
books.
run fast. Etc.
gerund is a noun
adding "-ing." The
"read" is "reading."
the
subject,
the
object of a sentence.
FORMULA
ING ]
Making, Playing,
Speaking,
Listening, etc.
you learn English.
hobby is reading.
enjoy reading.
Made
Might
Meant
Showed
SMART ACADAMY
Sung
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
HELPING VERB(H.V) +
NOT
DO
ISNT
WAS
WASNT
DOES
WERE
WERENT
IS
DOESN
T
ISNT
HAD
HADNT
AM
ARENT
WILL
WONT
ARE
ARENT
SHALL
SHANT
HAS
HASNT
HAVE
HAVEN
T
DIDNT
SHOUL
D
WOULD
SHOULD
NT
WOULDN
T
COULDN
T
DID
COULD
M.V + OBJ. ]
[ SUB+H.V+M.V+OBJ+( , )+H.V+NOT+SUB+? ]
EX. 1. Geeta sings well.
Ans: Geeta sings well, doesnt she?
2. Its raining.
Ans: Its raining, isnt It?
3. Ajit is a good boy.
Ans: Ajit is good boy, isnt he ?
4. Geeta has gone to play Kho-kho.
Ans: Geeta has gone to play Kho-kho, hasnt she?
5. It will not rain today.
Ans: It will not rain today , will it?
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
Examples:
2. If the sentence includes a main verb and another or other helping (auxiliary) verb(s), invert the
subject and the (first) helping (auxiliary) verb.
Examples:
She has done the housework. Has she done the housework
Nancy has been working all night long. Has Nancy been working all night long?
3. If the sentence includes a verb which is not the verb "to be" and doesn't include a helping
(auxiliary) verb, the transformation is more complex.
a. If the verb is in the present tense, add either do or does and put the main verb in its base
form:
do if the subject is the first person singular, second person singular, first person
plural, second person plural and third person plural (I, you, we, they)
Examples:
I like apples. Do you like apples?
They go to a high school. Do they go to a high school?
does if the subject is the third person singular (he, she, it).
Examples:
Nancy reads a lot. Does Nancy read a lot?
He hates basketball. Does he hate basketball?
b.If the verb is in the past tense, add did and put the main verb in its base form:
Examples:
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
EXAMPLES
WHO
PERSON
WHERE
PLACE
WHY
REASON
WHEN
TIME
HOW
MANNER
WHAT
OBJECT,IDEA
WHICH
CHOICE
WHOSE
POSSESSION
WHOM
OBJECT
WHAT TIME
TIME
HOW MANY
QUANTITY
HOW MUCH
AMOUNT
1.If you ask about the subject of the sentence, simply add the question word at the beginning:
Example:
James writes good poems. Who writes good poems?
2.If you ask about the predicate of the sentence (the part of a sentence which contains the verb
and gives information about the subject), there are three options:
If there is a helping (auxiliary) verb that precedes the main verb ( for example: can, is,
are, was, were, will, would...), add the question word and invert the subject and the
helping (auxiliary) verb.
Examples:
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
He can speak Chinese. What can he speak?
They are leaving tonight. When are they leaving?
If you ask about the predicate and there is no helping (auxiliary) verb and the verb is "to
be", simply add the question verb and invert the subject and the verb.
Example:
The play was interesting. How was the play?
If there is no helping (auxiliary) verb in the the predicate and the main verb is not "to be",
add the auxiliary "do" in the appropriate form.
Examples:
They go to the movies every Saturday. Where do they go every Saturday?
He wakes up early. When does he wake up?
They sent a letter. What did they send?
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
Either Sue or the girls are going to prepare dinner tonight. (the
girls is plural; so the verb are is plural too)
Neither the teacher nor the students were in the classroom this
morning. (the students is plural; so the verb were is plural too)
X is (not) like Y
X is (not) as Y
X is (not) similar to Y
Examples of simile:
"My dad was a mechanic by trade when he was in the Army, When he
got the tools out, he was like a surgeon."
What is a metaphor?
Unlike simile, metaphor (from the Greek language: meaning "transfer") is language that directly
compares seemingly unrelated subjects. It is a figure of speech that compares two or more things
not using like or as. In the simplest case, this takes the form:
X - is - Y
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
Examples of metaphor:
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
What is hypophora?
Hypophora is a figure of speech in which the speaker raises a question and then answers it.
Hypophora is different from rhetorical questions. In a rhetorical question the answer is not
provided by the writer. In hypophora, however, the writer poses the question and answers it
immediately after. Hypophora is also called anthypophora or antipophora.
Examples
Here are some examples of hypophora:
"You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land,
and air, with all our might and with all the strength.." Winston
Churchill, 4 June 1940.
What is an alliteration?
Alliteration is the repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words.
Alliteration draws attention to the phrase and is often used for emphasis.The initial consonant
sound is usually repeated in two neighboring words although sometimes the repetition occurs
also in words that are not neighbors.
Examples:
a dime a dozen,
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
Remember
1. Only the repetition of the same sound is valid in an alliteration not the consonants themselves.
Examples:
keen camarad.
philosophy fan.
Although they start with different consonants, they constitute perfect instances of alliteration;
2. By contrast, if neighboring words start with the same consonant but have a different initial
sound, the words are not alliterated.
Examples:
a cute child
What is irony?
Irony is a figure of speech in which there is a contradiction of expectation between what is said
what is really meant. It is characterized by an incongruity, a contrast, between reality and
appearance. There are three types of irony: verbal, dramatic and situational.
Types of irony
1. Verbal irony:
It is a contrast between what is said and what is meant
2. Dramatic irony:
It occurs when the audience or the reader knows more than the
character about events. In other words, what the character thinks is
true is incongruous with what the audience knows.
3. Situational irony:
This refers to the contrast between the actual result of a situation and
what was intended or expected to happen.
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
Examples of irony
The two identical twins were arguing. One of them told the other:
"You're ugly"
What is lilotes?
Lilotes is a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed
by negating its opposite. For example, instead of saying that someone is mean, you can say he is
not very generous.
Examples of lilotes
He's not a very generous man.
She is not very beautiful.
He is not the friendliest person I 've met.
Don't be too wicked.
It won't be an easy trip
He is not unaware of his wife's foolishness.
What is metonymy?
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but
by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept.
Examples:
Here are some examples of metonymy:
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
The Pentagon. (For the Department of Defense and the offices of the
U.S. Armed Forces.)
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
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SMART ACADAMY
Tense &grammer
Shrikant SAHU
EXERCISE QUESTIONS
1. Mahatma Gandhi is very great.
2 . His teeth were very dirty
3 . It is a pity that he has lost his wife.
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SMART ACADAMY
Adjectives Synonyms
Big
Large
Blank
Empty
Shrikant SAHU
Broad
Wide
Center
Middle
cunning
Clever
dangerous
Risky
Eatable
Edible
False
Untrue
Fertile
Fruitful
Gay
Cheerful
Glad
Happy
Hard
Difficult
High
Tall
Huge
Enormous
intelligent
Clever
Lazy
Indolent
Little
Small
Loving
Fond
Loyal
Faithful
Mad
Crazy
New
Modern
Nice
Kind
Noisy
Rowdy
Old
Ancient
Oral
Verbal
Polite
Courteous
Poor
Destitute
Quick
rapid/fast
Rare
Scarce
Ready
Alert
Real
Genuine
Rich
Wealthy
Rude
Impolite
Sad
Unhappy
Safe
Secure
Sleepy
Drowsy
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Slim
Slender
Thin
Lean
Tense &grammer
SMART ACADAMY