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IEEE
Std 421.5-2005
31
IEEE
Std 421.5-2005
IEEE STANDARD
In the UEL2 model in Figure 10-3, after the real power PT is modified by F1 (applying the appropriate effect
of terminal voltage VT), the resulting normalized value P' is sent to the UEL look-up table to determine the
corresponding normalized value of the reactive power Q' at the UEL limit characteristic.
This normalized limit value Q' is then multiplied by F2 to determine the UEL limit reference QREF, which is
compared with the machine reactive power QT. Note that the UEL limit characteristic specified in Table
10-1 utilizes normalized values of real and reactive power (P' and Q'), which are valid at rated terminal
voltage (VT = 1.0 pu). The functions F1 and F2 provide the appropriate adjustments so that the effects of
terminal voltage, if any, on the UEL limit are properly taken into account.
Figure 10-4 shows the normalized UEL limit characteristic for a UEL in which the limit is comprised of a
single straight line. When the points (P0, Q0) and (P1, Q1) are specified, they define two points on the
straight-line UEL characteristic. In the example shown in Figure 10-4 these point are located on the
intercepts of the P and Q axes such that P0 = 0 and Q1 = 0, but the points would not need to be defined in
this manner. Note that the P and Q values used to specify the UEL limit are those values that would be
applicable with VT = 1.0 pu. For any value of P', the corresponding value of Q' can readily be determined by
linear interpolation.
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IEEE
Std 421.5-2005
Figure 10-5 shows a UEL limit characteristic for a UEL in which the limit is comprised of multiple straightline segments, showing up to six segments, although some systems may use more or fewer segments. By
defining the endpoints of each of the segments in terms of P and Q values (at VT = 1.0 pu), the UEL
characteristic is determined. The UEL characteristic can be comprised of any number of straight-line
segments from 1 to 6. The data requirements to define the UEL characteristic vs. the number of UEL
segments are defined in Table 1.
Segment endpoint
values required
P0, Q0
P1, Q1
P2, Q2
P3, Q3
P4, Q4
P5, Q5
P6, Q6
Note that the P and Q values used to specify the UEL limit are those values that would be applicable with
VT = 1.0 pu. Between the indicated segment endpoints, the UEL characteristic is defined by a straight line.
For any value of P', the corresponding value of Q' can readily be determined by linear interpolation. The
UEL characteristic beyond each of the defined endpoints is a straight line that is a continuation of the
segment defined by the first two (for negative values of P) or last two (for positive values of P) endpoints.
For example, in Figure 10-5 the UEL characteristic for negative values of P is an extension of the segment
defined by the points (P0, Q0) and (P1, Q1). Also in this example, it can be seen that beyond point (P5, Q5)
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IEEE
Std 421.5-2005
IEEE STANDARD
a UEL limit continuing along the Q' = 0 axis can be represented by defining the point (P6, Q6) such that
Q5 = Q6 = 0 and P6>P5. If the point (P6, Q6) was not defined in this example, then the UEL characteristic
would extend to the upper right with the same slope as the line segment defined by the points (P4, Q4) and
(P5, Q5).
Under normal conditions when the UEL is not limiting, the UEL error signal VUerr shown in Figure 10-3 is
negative, since the reactive power QT will be greater than the limit value QREF. When conditions are such
that the UEL limit is exceeded, VUerr becomes positive. This will drive the UEL output in the positive
direction, and if the gain is sufficient, the UEL output will take over control of the voltage regulator to boost
excitation to move the operating point back toward the UEL limit.
The input VFB allows provision for the feedback signal necessary in non-windup integrator function,
depending on the chosen representation (see Annex E). Sample data is provided in H.24.
Voltage supporting machines: Synchronous machines that would be expected to aid in the
regulation of system voltage. Most generators and synchronous condensers should be in this
category, particularly larger machines or any machines that deliver power directly to the
transmission system. These machines should typically regulate voltage, in which case specification
of a var/pf controller or regulator would not be appropriate.
b)
Voltage following machines: Synchronous machines that would not be expected to aid in the
regulation of system voltage, but whose voltage would be expected to follow the variations of
incoming system voltage. This category would tend to include small synchronous machines that are
connected to distribution systems whose incoming voltage is regulated by the utility with load tap
changing transformers or other such devices (see ANSI C50.13-1989 [B3]). These machines will
typically be the ones that could justifiably be specified to include a var/pf controller or regulator.
It is in the interest of maintaining proper grid voltage stability and voltage support that as many machines as
possible be operated as voltage supporting, rather than voltage following machines.
Var/pf controllers and regulators are popular with small independent power producers, since they eliminate
one of the labor-intensive operating activities. When applied to large machines or machines connected to the
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