PContinuidade das solucoes estacionarias de

uma equacao parabolica semilinear

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa L
opez
Departamento de Matem
atica
IBILCE/UNESP - S
ao Jos
e do Rio Preto

Ciclo de Seminarios do Programa de P

os-Graduacao em
Matematica
24 de Agosto de 2016

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The semilinear parabolic problem

We consider the problem

ut = Lu + f (u), t > 0, x
u(t, x) = 0, t > 0, x

u(0, x) = u 0 (x),

(1)

where u 0 H01 (), Rn is a bounded domain with smooth

boundary , n 2, L is second order elliptic operator given by
Lu =

n
n
X
u  X
u

aij (x)
+
bj (x)
+ (c(x) + )u,
xi
xj
xj

i,j=1

j=1

with coefficients aij , bj , c : R smooth, R and

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(2)

f : R R is a nonlinear function of class C 2 (R) satisfying

|f 0 (s)| C (1 + |s|1 ), s R,
where 1 <

n+2
n2

(C)

if n 3, and 1 if n = 2, and
lim sup
|u|

f (u)
0.
u

(D)

We assume that L is uniformly strongly elliptic operator, that is,

there is a constant > 0 such that
n
X

aij (x)i j

i,j=1

n
X


k2 ,

k=1

for all x , = (1 , ..., n ) Rn with aij = aji , i, j = 1, ..., n.

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Let X = L2 () be and define the linear operator A : D(A) X by

Au = Lu, for all u D(A) = H 2 () H01 ().
Assume that is chosen s.t. Re (A) > 0. Then, X 1 = D(A),
X 0 = L2 () and X 1/2 = H01 ().
With this notation, the problem (1) can be written in the abstract
form
(
u + Au = F (u)
(AP)
u(0) = u 0 X 1/2 ,
where F : X 1/2 X is given by F (u(t))x = f (u(x, t)).
From condition (C), we obtain that F is locally Lipschitz continuous
in X 1/2 and continuously Frechet differentiable.

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As the operator A is sectorial can be associated with a sesquilinear

form (, ) : X 1/2 X 1/2 C such that
(u, v ) = hAu, v iX ,

u D(A), v X 1/2 ,

|(u, v )| 6 c1 kukX 1/2 kv kX 1/2 ,

Re (u, u) > c2 kuk2X 1/2 ,

u, v X

1/2

(3)
(4)

u X 1/2 ,

(5)

where the constants c1 , c2 = /2 are positive.

We see that A(D(A)) = X and A1 : X X 1/2 is bounded. Hence
0 (A) and A has compact resolvent in 0. Hence, A1 K0 (X ).
Also, from the fact that A is sectorial, there are constants 1
(0, /2) and M1 > 0 such that
S0,1 = {z C : 1 6 | arg(z)| 6 , z 6= 0} (A)
M1
k(z A)1 kL (X ) 6
, z S0,1 .
|z|
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and

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(6)
(7)

Discretization of parabolic problems via FEM

In [2]: FUJITA, H.; MIZUTANI, A. On the finite element method
for parabolic equations I: approximation of holomorphic semigroups, 1976 (n = 2).
Definition 1
Let Rn be a given domain and let {T h }h(0,1] be a family of
subdivisions such that
max{diam(T ) : T T h } h diam().

(8)

The family {T h }h(0,1] is said to be quasi-uniform if there exists

> 0 such that
min{diam(BT ) : T T h } h diam(), h (0, 1],

(9)

where BT is the largest ball contained in T such that T is starshaped with respect to BT .
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Definition 2
is star-shaped with respect to a ball B if, for all x , the closed
convex hull of {x} B is a subset of .

Figura : Example of a T T h star-shaped with respect to ball BT in R2 .

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Theorem 3
Let {T h }h(0,1] be a quasi-uniform family of subdivisions of a
polyhedral domain Rn and (K , P, N ) the reference element,
satisfying
(i) K is star-shaped with respect a some ball,
(ii) Pm1 P W m, (K ) and

0
(iii) N C ` (K ) .
Suposse 1 p and or m ` n/p > 0 when p > 1 or
m ` n 0 when p = 1. For all T T h , h (0, 1], let
(T , PT , NT ) be the afin-equivalence element. Then, there exist a
positive constant C depending of the reference element, n, m, p and
in (9) such that for 0 ` m,
k I h kW `,p () Chm` ||W m,p () , W m,p ().

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(10)

Assumption 4
Let Rn be a polyhedral domain with n > 2 which has
{T h }h(0,1] a quasi-uniform family of subdivisions with positive
constant and let (K , P, N ) be a reference element of class C 0
satisfying
(i) K is star-shaped with respect to some ball,
(ii) P1 P W 2,

0 (K ) and
`
(iii) N C (K ) , for some ` Z+
0.
With the Assumption 4 we can define the finite element space
1/2

Xh


:= {I h : C ` (),  = 0} X 1/2 C (),
1/2

where I h is the global interpolation operator. The space Xh

finite dimensional.

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is

We observe that in Assumption 4 the value of ` is not determined.

In order to use Theorem 4.4.20 in Brenner and Scott [3](also see
Theorem 2 in [2]) we need the condition m ` n/p > 0 with
p [1, ] for v W m,p (). In our case, m = 2 = p and n > 2,
which implies ` < 1. Thus, ` = 0.
From Assumption 4, Remark 2 and Theorems 2 and 3 in [2], we
such that
conclude that there exist positive constants C and C
kv I h v kL2 () 6 Ch2 |v |W 2,2 () , v X 1 ,
kv I h v kW 1,2 () 6 Ch|v |W 2,2 () , v X 1 ,
h1 kv kL2 () , v
kv kW 1,2 () 6 C

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1/2
Xh .

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(11)
(12)
(13)

1/2

We define the orthogonal projection Ph : X Xh

hPh g , v iX = hg , v iX ,

defined by

1/2

v Xh .

(14)

Hence, kPh g kX s 6 C kg kX s for all g X s with s = 0, 1/2 (see [2]).

1/2
1/2
The operator of aproximation Ah : Xh Xh of A is define by
hAh h , h i = (h , h ),

1/2

h , h Xh .
1/2

(15)

The operator Ah is sectorial operator in Xh (see [3]).

With this in mind, we can establish the discretization of the problem
(AP) and write it in the form
(
u h + Ah uh = Fh (uh )
(APh )
1/2
uh (0) = uh0 Xh ,
1/2

where Fh := Ph F : Xh

1/2

Xh

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa L

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for all h (0, 1].

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Lemma 5
If (4) and (5) hold, then there is a positive constant C such that
kPh v v kX s Ch2(1s) kAv kX , v X , s = 0, 1/2.

(16)

Theorem 6 ([2])
If Assumption 4 holds, then there is a constant C > 0 and an acute
angle 1 such that for any a X and z S0,1 , we have
k(z A)1 a(z Ah )1 Ph akX s 6 Ch2(1s) kakX , s = 0, 1/2. (17)
Lemma 7 ([2])
If (4), (5) and Assumption 4 hold, then there is a constant C > 0
such that
1
2(1s)
s
kA1
kv kX , v X , s = 0, 1/2. (18)
h Ph v Ph A v kX Ch
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We assume that (AP) has a equilibrium point u D(A) X 1/2 ,

that is, u is a solution of
Au = F (u ).

(19)

Denote by E the set of solutions of (19).

The family of equilibrium points {uh }h(0,1] of the discrete problem
1/2

(APh ) is defined by, for every uh Xh

that satisfies

Ah uh = Ph F (uh ), h (0, 1].

(20)
1/2

As before, denote by Eh the set of solutions of (20) in Xh .

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Definition 8
We say that uh Eh is hyperbolic if the spectrum (Ah Fh0 (uh ))
is disjoint from the imaginary axis, i.e., (Ah Fh0 (uh )) iR = for
all h [0, 1].
Proposition 9 ([2])
If 0
/ (A0 F00 (u0 )) for all u0 E0 , then E0 is a finite set.
Moreover, if all point of E0 are hyperbolic then this have an odd
number of elements.

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The main goal of this paper is to compare the solutions of the

discretized problem (20) and the solutions of the continuous problem
(19) when h tends to 0.
As the solutions belong to different spaces we need a tool that allows
1/2
us to compare the functions defined in the spaces Xh and X 1/2 .
1/2
This will be resolved using the elliptic projection Rh : X 1/2 Xh
defined by (27).
Then we can give the following definition of Rconvergence:
R
uh u0 if, and only if,
h0

kuh Rh ukX 1/2 0.

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The main result

Theorem 10
If Eh is the set of solutions of (20) for h (0, 1] and E is the set of
solutions of (19), then for any sequence uh Eh with h 0, there
are a subsequence, which also denoted by uh , and a u E such
that
kuh Rh u kX 1/2 0 as h 0.
(21)
Moreover, there exists a positive constant C which is independent
of h such that
kuh Rh u kX 1/2 6 Ch.
(22)
Also, For any hyperbolic equilibrium point u E, there are > 0
and h0 > 0 such that there exists an equilibrium uh of (20) such
that
kuh Rh u kX 1/2 6 , h (0, h0 ].
(23)
Furthermore, (21) and (22) is satisfied.
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Convergence compact
Let {Xh }h[0,1] be a family of Banach spaces and P = {Ph }h(0,1]
be a family with Ph L (X0 , Xh ), for h (0, 1], with the following
property:
h0
(24)
kPh u0 kXh ku0 kX0 , u0 X0 .
Definition 11
A family {uh }h(0,1] with uh Xh Pconverges to u0 X0 if
kuh Ph u0 kXh 0

as h 0.

We write this as uh u0 .
Similarly, the Pconvergence of sequences is defined as: A
n
sequence {uhn }nN with uhn Xhn such that hn 0
Pconverges to u0 X0 if
kuhn Phn u0 kXhn 0
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n .

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Definition 12
An operator Ah : Xh Yh PQconverges to an operator A0 :
P
Q
X0 Y0 as h 0 if Ah uh A0 u0 whenever uh u0 . We
PQ
write Ah A0 as h 0.
Definition 13
n

A sequence {un }nN , with un Xhn and hn 0, is Prelatively

compact if for any subsequence {un0 } de {un }nN , there are a
P

subsequence {un00 } of {un0 } and an u0 X0 such that uhn00 u0 .

Definition 14
An operator Ah K0 (Xh , Yh ) converges compactly to an operator
A0 K0 (X0 , Y0 ) if for any {uh }h(0,1] with uh Xh s.t. kuh kXh =
1, for all h (0, 1], the family {Ah uh }h(0,1] is Qrelatively
PQ

CC

compact and Ah A0 . We denote Ah A0 as h 0.

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Assume Ah : D(Ah ) Xh Xh and Fh : Xh Xh for all h [0, 1],

satisfying
CC

1
Ah close,compact resolvent, 0 (Ah ), and A1
h A0 .

CC

1
Ah satisfy (Hh ) and A1
h Fh A0 F0 .

(Hh )

(Jh )

Proposition 15 (Pcontinuity at h = 0)
If the condition (Jh ) is satisfied and uh Eh , for h (0, 1]. Then,
taking subsequences if necessary, there is a solution u0 E0 such
that kuh Ph u0 kXh 0 as h 0.
If u0 E0 is an hyperbolic equilibrium point and the conditions (Jh )
holds. Then, there are h0 and > 0 such that for h (0, h0 ] exists
at least one equilibrium uh Eh {wh Xh : kwh Ph u0 kXh 6 }.
Moreover, kuh Ph u0 kXh 0 as h 0.
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Linearization of the resolvent operator

Now we begin our discussion of problem (APh ) and its linearization

around uh .
h : X 1/2 X 1/2
We introduce the finite element approximation A
h
h
:= A dI (where d(x) = f 0 (u (x)) with x
of the operator A
and d L ()), defined by
1/2

h h , h iX = (h , h ) hPh dh , h iX , h , h X . (25)
hA
h
Let := supx f 0 (u (x)), so that the bilinear form

(u, v ) = (u, v ) + h( d)u, v iX

is coercive in X 1/2 , that is,
(, ) satisfies the condition (5).

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(26)

1/2

We also define the Ritz projection operator Rh : X 1/2 Xh

by
1/2

(Rh u u, h ) = 0, h Xh .

given
(27)

Using the identity (27), (15), (3) and (14), we obtain

(Rh I )].
Ah Rh = Ph [A

(28)

Under the Assumption 4, the standard error analysis for elliptic

problems yields
kRh u ukX + hkRh u ukX 1/2 6 Ch2 kukX 1 , u X 1 .
see [2, Theorem 4].

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(29)

The following result gives rise to the PRconvergence of the

1 as h 0.
operators A1
h and A
Lemma 16
1/2

1/2

The operator A1
Xh , h (0, 1], compactly converges
h : Xh
to the operator A1 : X D(A) X 1/2 . Furthermore,
kAh1 Ph u Rh A1 ukX s 6 Ch2(1s) kukX , u X , s = 0, 1/2. (30)
Proof. First, the family {A1
h }h(0,1] consists of compact linear
operators since all of them have finite rank. Given u X , from
Lemma 7, [2, Lemmas 2 and 5] and (29), we get
kAh1 Ph u Rh A1 ukX s 6 Ch2(1s) kukX + kPh (I Rh )A1 ukX s
6 Ch2(1s) kukX + Ch2(1s) kA1 ukX 1
6 Ch2(1s) kukX .
PR

1
Hence, A1
h A .
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1/2

Let {uh }h(0,1] be a sequence with uh Xh and kuh kX 1/2 = 1.

Since (z A)1 is compact for all z (A) then ((z A)1 v )=0,
for all v X and where () is the measure of noncompactness.
From inequality (17), it follows
((z Ah )1 uh ) 6 ((z A)1 uh ) + ((z A)1 uh (z Ah )1 uh )
6 lim sup k(z A)1 uh (z Ah )1 Ph uh kX 1/2
h0

= 0,
where (z Ah )1 uh is bounded. With this, we have shown that
{A1
h uh }h(0,1] is Rrelatively compact.
CC

1
Therefore, A1
h A .

Corollary 17
1/2

The operator Ah : Xh

1/2

Xh

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa L

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satisfy the condition (Hh ).

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Rates of convergence of hyperbolic equilibria

Proposition 18
Let u be a hyperbolic equilibrium of (19) and {uh }h(0,1] be a
R

sequence of hyperbolic equilibria (20), satisfying that uh u in

X 1/2 . Then there exist positive constants C and h0 such that
kuh Rh u kX 1/2 6 Ch, for all h (0, h0 ].

(31)

Proof. We first note that there is a constant C > 0 such that

1 Ph v k 1/2 6 C kv kX ,
kA
X
h

v X ,

(32)

if h is sufficiently small. In fact, we use (5) for

(, ), (25) and (14)
1/2
1

with = Ah Ph v Xh to find
h , iX | = |hPh v , iX | 6 kv kX kk 1/2 .
c2 kk2X 1/2 6 |
(, )| = |hA
X
This proved the desired bounds where C := c21 .
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Thus, using the identity (28) and F (v ) := F (v ) dv , we get

h (u Rh u ) = Ph F (u ) A
h Rh u
A
h
h
+ (Rh u u )]
= Ph [F (u ) Au
h

= Ph [F (uh ) F (u ) + (Rh u u )],

so that
1 Ph [F (u ) F (u ) + (Rh u u )].
uh Rh u = A
h
h

(33)

For other side, from (33), we obtain

kuhRh u kX 1/2 6 C kF (uh )F (u )F 0 (u )(uh u )kX +C kRh u u kX 1/2 .
If we choose R so that C0 (R)C 6 1/2, we obtain
1

1
+ C kRh u u kX 1/2 .
kuh Rh u kX 1/2 6 kuh Rh u kX 1/2 +
2
2
We have, by inequalities (29),
kuh Rh u kX 1/2 6 Ch.
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The following diagram shows the relationship between Pconvergence

and Rconvergence.
X 1/2

Rh

A1

/X

/ D(A) X 1/2

Ph

1/2
Xh

Fh


/ X 1/2
h

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Rh
A1
h


/ X 1/2
h

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The following results tell us that Fh (uh ) F (u ) as uh u .

Corollary 19
Under the conditions of Proposition 18, we have
kFh (uh ) Ph F (u )kX 6 C (R)h.

(34)

Furthermore, the condition (Jh ) is satisfied.

Proof. From Proposition 18 and inequalities (29), we obtain
kFh (uh ) Ph F (u )kX 6 kF (uh ) F (Rh u )kX + kF (Rh u ) F (u )kX
6 C (R)(kuh Rh u kX 1/2 + kRh u u kX 1/2 )
6 C (R)(Ch + ChkAu kX )
6 C (R)h.
Finally, the condition (Jh ) holds by Lemma 16 and (34).
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Proof of Theorem 10. By using the Moser-Alikakos method, we

see that the set of equilibrium points Eh is bounded in L () for
all h [0, 1] with a constant independent of h.
Moreover, the condition (Jh ) holds by using Corollary 19.
Applying now Proposition 15, we show (21) and (23).
The result (22) follows directly from Proposition 18.

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Gracias !!!!!!!!!!!!!
Danke !!!!!!!!!!!!!

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