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I. INTRODUCTION
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1.5 C/min. The sharp changes of susceptibility indicate structural and magnetic transitions. The austenite-martensite trans= 27 C upon cooling. The transition
formation occurs at
exhibits small thermal hysteresis of about 7 degrees; during
heating the martensite-to-austenite transformation occurs at
= 34 C. The Curie temperature of the alloy is
= 98 C, i.e.
both martensite and austenite phases are ferromagnetic.
Fig. 2 shows the magnetization curve of the ellipsoid-like
sample ( 4 mm 12 mm) at = 17 C. The curve exhibits
some peculiar features. Initially the increase of magnetization
is slow and nearly linear suggesting that the magnetization
process is controlled by magnetization rotation. At about
280 kA/m the magnetization suddenly rises and then levels off.
When decreasing the field the magnetization stays at saturation
value toward the lower field. This results in large transient
hysteresis in the first quadrant. The hysteresis occurs in the
first cycle only. Subsequent magnetization loops show fast
saturation without appreciable hysteresis thus indicating that
the easy axis of magnetization is now oriented along the field
direction. A slight tilt of the magnetization curve is caused
by a demagnetization field. Observed transient behavior can
be easily restored. When the sample was rotated 90 degrees
and magnetized at 800 kA/m and then returned to the original
position, the same magnetization curve was obtained.
By extrapolating the initial linear part of the curve toward
saturation (dashed line in Fig. 2), making correction for
demagnetization field, and assuming that the magnetization
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Scrip. Metal. Mater., vol. 36, p. 1133, 1997.
[3] R. D. James and M. Wutig, Magnetostriction of martensite, Phil. Mag.
A, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 12731299, 1998.
[4] K. Ullakko, J. K. Huang, C. Kantner, R. C. OHandley, and V. V.
Kokorin, Large magnetic-field-induced strains in Ni2MnGa single
crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, no. 13, pp. 19661968, Sept. 1996.
[5] R. Tickle and R. D. James, Magnetic and magnetomechanical properties of Ni2MnGa, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., vol. 195, pp. 627638, 1999.
[6] R. Tickle, R. D. James, T. Shield, M. Wuttig, and V. V. Kokorin, Ferromagnetic shape memory in the NiMnGa system, IEEE Trans Mag.,
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[7] S. J. Murray, M. A. Marioni, A. M. Kukla, J. Robinson, R. C. OHandley, and S. M. Allen, Large field induced strain in single crystalline
Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy, , Nov. 1518, 1999, Abstract44th Conf. Magnetism and Magnetic Materials.