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The Bajo de la Alumbrera deposit is a classic copper-gold porphyry. Porphyritic dacite intrudes volcanic andesite, chalcopyrite being the main
copper mineral. Near-surface weathered material overlies primary sulphide. By June 2009 the mine's reserve base totalled 338Mt proven grading
0.4% copper, 0.39g/t gold and 0.013% Molybdenum. plus 10Mt probable ore reserves grading 0.33% copper, 0.3g/t gold and 0.015%
Molybdenum.
Orebody description
Today, most potential orebodies are explored using diamond core drilling. The small diameter core
collected from each hole provides a continuous line of geologic information. Each of the recovered
cores is studied in detail and the contained information recorded. The process is called logging.
Each line is subsequently subdivided into a series of segments representing a particular rock type,
structural feature, type of mineralization, grade, etc. By drilling a pattern of such holes, a series of
similarly segmented lines are located in space. Using this information, together with a knowledge of
the geologic setting and other factors, the mining geologist proceeds to construct a 3-dimensional
representation of the mineralized body. The objective is to quantify, as best possible, the size, shape
and distribution of the observable geologic features. The distribution of ore grades are correlated to
lithology, alteration, structure, etc. The result is a mineral inventory or geological reserve. At this
point in the evaluation process, economics have not been introduced so that terms such as ore or
ore reserve are not involved.
Orebody description
The development of a mineral inventory involves substantial
judgement, assumptions being made regarding sample and assay
quality, and the interpretation and projection of geologic features
based upon very limited data. The geologic data base, properly
gathered and interpreted, should remain useful for many years. It forms
the basis for current and future feasibility studies, mine planning and
financial analyses. The success or failure of a project can thus be
directly linked to the quality of its recorded data base, the drill logs and
the maps.
Mine Maps
The fundamental documents in all stages of mine planning and design
are the maps. Maps are essential for the purpose of:
collecting (recoger y agrupar datos)
outlining (Esquematizar datos)
correlating (Correlacionar datos)
a large portion of the data required for a surface mining feasibility
study. These maps are drawn to various scales.
Mine Maps
La "escala" es la relacin entre las distancias lineales en el mapa y las
distancias correspondientes en el lugar .
Mine Maps
Geologic mapping is commonly done on a larger scale such as 1 in=40
ft (the corresponding metric scale is 1:500). For planning purposes, the
geologic features (outlines) are replotted onto the smaller scale maps.
Figura. An example of a general area geologic map (Hardwick & Jones, 1959).
Additions of the diamond drill hole (DDH) locations to the plan map.
Informacin geolgica
Mining operations at any given mineral deposit may be divided into
four stages. Prospecting (Stage 1), is the act of searching for valuable
minerals.With the discovery of such minerals, the property becomes a
mineral prospect. The property is then explored to gain some initial
information regarding the size (tamao), shape (forma), position,
characteristics and value of the deposit. If this exploration stage (Stage
2) is successful, then the decision to proceed into Stage 3
(development) may be made.
Informacin geolgica
must be collected and made available early in this stage to facilitate planning
and design. The following points should be included before the development:
1. Geology of the mineralized zone;
2. Physical size and shape of the deposit;
3. Quantitative data on grade and tons of material within pertinent cut-off
limits;
4. Mineralogical and metallurgical characteristics of the ore;
5. Physical characteristics of the ore and waste; and
6. Data on ground conditions, groundwater and other factors that affect
mine design and operation. Stage 4 is the actual mining of the deposit.
Compositacin
Regularizacin de sondajes por longitudes constantes en funcin de las
concentraciones del elemento de inters (leyes).
After the diamond core has been extracted it is logged by the geologist and representative samples
are sent out for assaying. Upon receipt, the assays are added to the other collected information.
These individual assay values may represent core lengths of a few inches up to many feet.
Compositing is a technique by which these assay data are combined to form weighted average or
composite grade representative of intervals longer than their own.
Beneficios de la compositacin
1. Mejora la representatividad de la muestra.
2. Reduce la variacin errtica debido a valores muy altos o muy bajos
de ensayos.
3. Disminuye el numero de datos y el tiempo de calculo.
4. Mejora la interpolacin de leyes.
5. Incluye la dilucin en los compositos.
Modelamiento Geolgico:
Dilucin Minera
(informacin complementaria)
Dilucin
Se define como la contaminacin del mineral con
material estril durante los procesos de explotacin,
material que no es econmicamente rentable para
su proceso. lo que provoca una degradacin en la ley
del mineral.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Grafico. Rol y fuente de dilucin en minera subterrnea Prof. Ral Castro R. Agosto 2011, U. de
Chile
Dilucin primaria
Es aquella dilucin inherente al mtodo de explotacin usado; puede considerarse
como una dilucin planificada, y que corresponde al material estril incluido
dentro de la envolvente a tronar, o por las dimisiones mnimas de la UBE en el
caso de minera subterrnea.
Dilucin secundaria
Es aquella dilucin que involucra material fuera de las dimensiones de la
envolvente a tronar; es decir, es una dilucin no planificada. Esta dilucin esta
definida principalmente por las condiciones geotcnicas del macizo rocoso es decir
inestabilidades.
Causas de Inestabilidad o sobre-excavacin de UBE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculo de la dilucin
Se calcula en funcin del ancho del mineral y ancho del diseo, considerando la ley
media del sector mineral econmico.
Ejemplo:
Tenemos un rebaje con un ancho promedio de 10 metros y el ancho de
mineral es de 8 metros, la ley del mineral es de 8%. Calcular el
porcentaje de dilucin y la ley diluida.
Clark y Pakalnis (1997) usaron ELOS para definir las zonas de diseo
grfico en su diseo. Las zonas del diseo indican que ELOS inferior a
0,5 metros se considera dao de voladura solamente; ELOS entre 0,5 y
1,0 metros es un desprendimiento menor; ELOS entre 1,0 a 2,0 m es
desprendimiento moderado; ELOS mayor que 2,0 se considera
desprendimiento severo o colapso de la pared posiblemente.
Suorineni et al. (2001) definidos cuantitativamente las zonas de estabilidad asociados con el Grfico
de estabilidad Modificado (Potvin, 1988). Segn esta definicin, un tajeo es estable
Modelo de bloques
Matriz tridimensionales con valores definidos en (x,y,z) sub-bloques, los cuales almacenan la
informacin del deposito/yacimiento mineral y que es construido en funcin de tcnicas de
interpolacin numrica simples y complejas.
Un modelo de bloques es un arreglo 3D de volmenes rectangulares de dimensiones regulares.
Tambin puede ser entendido como una grilla ortogonal 3D.
Es determinado por un origen, orientacin, las dimensiones de cada volumen individual (bloque)
y su extensin XYZ en un sistema de coordenadas relativo.
El tamao de los bloques es escogido segn los objetivos de la caracterizacin 3D, la distribucin
espacial de las muestras y los requerimientos de la estimacin.
Basic to application of computer techniques for grade and tonnage estimation is the visualization of
the deposit as a collection of blocks. Such a block model is shown in Figure: