Program

Course
Course Code
Lecturer

:
:
:
:

Ijazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Mekanikal(Pembuatan)(Kepujian)EM241

Thermal Engineering
MEC 551
Dr. Yusli Bin Yaakob

ASSIGNMENT THERMAL

NO

STUDENT NAME

MATRIX NO

1.

AIZAT FADZLI BIN AYOB

2013648644

2.

MUHAMMAD RIDHUAN BIN RUSLY

2013153685

3.

AHMAD ZAKWAN BIN

DATE SUBMIT:

26/06/2015

Objective
The objective of this assignment is for students to conduct preliminary design
calculations of an air conditioning system combining all the relevant topics in thermal
engineering.

Problem Statement
A simple ideal vapor-compression refrigeration system is shown in figure provides a
cooling effect for a building. The evaporator of the refrigeration system is used to
dissipate the heat of the air flowing at 38,000 cfm (cubic feet per minute) from 38C to
12C. An unmixed cross flow heat exchanger is then used to increase the temperature
of the saturated air to 20C. The heat exchanger is made of heater tubes flowing with
waste gases from a natural gas combustion system. The fuel gas enters the combustor
at 25C, mixes with 140% theoretical air that enters at 30C and the combustion
products temperature were measured at 1500 K.

A) Air-conditioning process
INTRODUCTION
Air conditioning (often referred as A/C, AC or aircond) is the process of altering the
properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more comfortable condition,
typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space to improve
thermal comfort and indoor air quality. The purpose of air conditioning is to maintain a
living space or an industrial facility at the desired temperature and humidity by heating,
cooling, humidifying (add moisture) and dehumidifying (remove moisture).
Air-conditioning is meant to provide comfort zone, and not cooling zone. The human
bodys comfort depends on 3 factors that is temperature, humidity & air motion.
temperature : 22 to 27C
humidity : 40 to 60%
air motion : air ventilation & velocity
Other factors effecting comfort are air cleanliness, odor, radiation and many more. Air is
mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and small amount of some other gases. Air in the
atmosphere normally contains some water vapour (or moisture) and is referred to as
atmospheric air and air that contains no vapour is called dry air. The temperature of air
in air-conditioning applications ranges from about -10 to about 50C.
Dry air can be treated as an ideal gas with constant cp value of 1.005 kJ/kgK and
taking 0C as the reference temperature, the enthalpy and enthalpy change of dry air
can be determine from

h c p T

kJ

kg h c p T

kJ

kg
and

The conditioned air flows in a 0.5 m x 0.5 m square cross section conduit before being
discharged to the room through a vent.

1. Provide a sketch of the air-conditioning processes with the ambient pressure of

100 kPa.

10oC

20oC

35oC

2. Determine the required cooling rate at the evaporator and the heating rate at the
heat exchanger when the building air enters at 38C and 65% of RH and leaves
the system at 20oC
At point

At point

Given:
T1 = 38oC
1 = 65%
P = 100kPa

Given:
T2 = 12oC
2 = 100%

= 38000cfm

Therefore, from the psychometric chart

we get:

h1 = 102.8 kJ/kg
v1 = 0.92 m3/kg

Therefore, from the psychometric chart

we get:

= 0.026 kg/kg

h2 = 34.9 kJ/kg
v2 = 0.818 m3/kg

At point
Given:
T3 = 20oC
For the simple heating process, the humidity ratio,

is same.

= 0.0088 kg/kg

Therefore, from the psychometric chart

we get:

h3 = 42.7 kJ/kg
3 = 60%

= 0.0088 kg/kg

Convert cfm to m3/s :

1cfm = 0.00047 m3/s
v

Mass flow rate for all the process

we can assume it equal :
1

= (38000cfm) x

0.00047

v
v

= 17.86 m3/s
Process to (Cooling & Dehumidification)

17.86
0.92

Mass Balance:
1 1=2 2+ water
water =(12 )
water =( 19.41 )(0.0260.0088)
water =0.3339 kg/ s

The condensate exists as saturated liquid at the air exit temperature

So, from table A4 at saturated liquid table when T=12 C we can get the enthalpy
of water, hwater
hwater = hf = 50.406 kJ/kg

Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout
+W
+1 h 1=Q
out + W
out +2 h2 + water hwater
Q
out +2 h2 + water hwater
1 h1 = Q

out =1 h12 h2water h water

Q
out =( h1h2 )water h water
Q

=( 19.41 ) [ ( 102.8 103 ) ( 34.9 103 ) ] ( 0.3339 ) (50.406 103 )

Q
out
out =Q
12=1.301 MW
Q

Process to (Simple Heating)

Mass Balance:
2 2=3 3
2 =3

= constant

Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout

 +W
+2 h 2=Q
out + W
out +3 h3
Q
+ 2 h2=3 h3
Q

=3 h3 2 h2
Q
=(h3h2)
Q

=( 19.41 ) [( 42.7 103 ) ( 34.9 103 ) ]

Q
=Q
23=151.4 kW
Q

3. Analyze the cooling rate and heating rate when the ambient temperature
changes from 28oC to 40oC if the exit temperature remains constant at 20 oC.

At point

At point

Given:
T1 = 28oC
1 = 70%

Given:
T2 = 40oC
For the simple heating process, the humidity ratio,

is constant.
Therefore, from the psychometric chart
we get:

= 0.0167 kg/kg

Convert cfm to m3/s :

1cfm = 0.00047 m3/s
v

= (38000cfm) x

0.00047
v

= 0.0167 kg/kg

Therefore, from the psychometric chart

we get:

h1 = 70.7 kJ/kg
v1 = 0.875 m3/kg

h2 = 84.0 kJ/kg
2 = 36%

Mass flow rate for all the process

we can assume it equal :
1

v
v

= 17.86 m3/s
At point

Given:

T3 = 20oC
3 = 100%

Therefore, from the psychometric chart

we get:

h3 = 57.4 kJ/kg

= 0.0147 kg/kg

17.86
0.875

Process to (Simple Heating)

Mass Balance:
1 1=2 2
1 =2

Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout
+W
+1 h 1=Q
out + W
out +2 h2
Q
+1 h1=2 h2
Q

=2 h21 h1
Q
=(h2h 1)
Q

3
3
=

Q
( 20.41 84.0 10 (70.7 10 )
=271.45 kW
Q
Process to (Cooling & Dehumidification)

Mass Balance:
2 2=3 3 +water

 water =(23 )
water =( 20.41 ) (0.01670.0147)
water =0.0408 kg/ s

The condensate exists as saturated liquid at the air exit temperature

So, from table A4 at saturated liquid table when T=20 oC we can get the enthalpy
of water, hwater
hwater = hf = 83.915kJ/kg
Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout
+W
+1 h 1=Q
out + W
out +2 h2 + water hwater
Q
out +3 h 3+ water hwater
2 h 2=Q

out =2 h23 h3water hwater

Q
out =(h2h3 )water h water
Q

out =( 20.41 ) [ ( 84.0 10 3 )( 57.4 103 ) ] ( 0.0408 ) (83.915 103 )

Q
out =539.48 kW
Q

DISCUSSION
From the air conditioning process, we knew that process 1 to 2 is the cooling and
dehumidifying process. So, at the outlet stage for the cooling and dehumidifying process
has 100% of the relative humidity because of the water occurred at that stage. At point
2, the condensate exists as a saturated liquid at the air exit temperature. So, the

enthalpy for the water we can get from the table of saturated liquid at point 2
temperature. For process 2 to 3, the process is simple or sensible heating process. In
the simple heating process, the humidity ratio is constant at inlet (point 2) and at the
outlet (point 3). The humidity ratio is constant at this process because of the mass flow
rate is also constant and for the simple heating process, there are no water occur in the
process. So, for process 1 to 2, we get the heat extraction rate at the cooling rate is
out =Q
12=1.301 MW
Q
and for the heat extraction rate at the heating rate is
=Q
23=151.4 kW
Q
.

D) Unmixed Cross Flow Heat exchanger for the heating effect

Introduction

Based on unmixed cross flow heat exchanger, there are several problems need
to be solve in finding the number of tube usage in our air conditioning system. The
unmixed cross flow heat exchanger is used to heat the saturated air from the
refrigerant. The process occurred right the hot gases going across the air thought the
tube.

An example of heat exchanger process.

In this matter, the number of tube would be find out as we getting the right
theoretical method as we called LMTD method or -NTU method. But in our solving
problem, we have to use LMTD method in getting the suitable number of tube being use
in our system.

Application of Engineering Principle.

The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method

Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger: Use of Correction Factor
The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Reynolds number.
Nusselt number.

Integration of Mathematical Solution.

List of assumption made for our analysis :

Steady operating condition.

The heat exchanger is well insulated so that the heat loss to the surrounding is
negligible.
No fouling.
Fluid properties are constant.
Include of CO2, N2, H2O gases properties of fuel.

Firstly, we have to list out all the information given from the problem. These could be
done as gathering some information from the combustion and air-conditioning process
to proceed our method solving.
List of properties used in analysis.
-

Tc, in
Tc, out
Th, in
gas
air
Din
Dout

= 12oC
= 20oC
= 1500oC
= 0.3636 kg/s
(acquired from combustion process)
= 19.41 kg/s (acquired from air-conditioning process)
= 0.015m
= 0.025m

Air Properties R-134A at T = 12oC by referring table A-15

= 1.2376 kg/m3

Pr = 0.7331

Cp = 1006 J/kg.K

= 1.4436 x 10-5 m2/s

k = 0.02454 W/m.K

= 1.7876 x 10-5 kg/m.s

Dh =

2( h x w)
(h+ w)

Aduct = ( 0.5 x 0.5 )

2( 0.5 x 0.5)
(0.5+ 0.5)

= 0.25m

= 0.5m

Vavg =

19.41

= (1.2376)(0.25) = 62.73 m/s

Re =

(V avg)( D)

( 62.73 ) ( 0.5 )
(1.4436 x 105 )

= 2.1728 x

10

Therefore the flow is turbulent.

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3
= 0.023 (2.1728 x

106 )0.8 (0.7331)0.3

= 2459.76

Nu =

(h)(Dh)
k

Ho =

( Nu)( k)
Dh

(2459.76)(0.02454)
( 0.5)

Q = Cp ( Tc, out - Tc, in )

= (19.41)(1006)(20 12)
= 156.211 kW

= 120.73 W/m2.oC

CO2 (carbon dioxide) Properties at T = 1500oC by referring table A-16

= 0.3025 kg/m3

Pr = 0.7745

Cp = 1356 J/kg.K

= 2.019 x 10-4 m2/s

k = 0.1068 W/m.K

= 6.106 x 10-5 kg/m.s

We assuming Dh thin wall tube that is = 0.015m

Vavg =

Re =

( 0.3636)
(0.3025)(1.767 x 104 )

(V avg)( D)

( 6802.4 ) ( 0.015 )
(2.019 x 104)

= 6802.4 m/s

= 5.053 x 10

Therefore the flow is turbulent.

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3

= 0.023 (5.053 x

105 )0.8 (0.7745)0.3

= 778.53

Nu =

(h)( Dh)
k

Hi =

( Nu)( k)
Dh

T =

Q
Cp

(778.53)(0.10688)
(0.015)

= 5547.29 W/m2.oC

Q
Cp

Th, out = Th, in -

= 1500 -

(156.211 x 10 )
(0.3636)(1356)

= 1183.17 oC

T1 = Th, in - Tc, out = (1500) (20) = 1480 oC

T2 = Th, out - Tc, in = (1183.17) (12) = 1171.17 oC

Tm =

T 2

( T 1)

ln
T 1T 2

1 1 1
= +
a U h i ho

(1480)(1171.17 )
(1480)
ln
(1171.17)

= 1319.57 oC

1
1
1
=
+
U (5547.29) (120.73)

U = 118.16 W/m2.oC
Q = (U)(As)( Tm)
As =

Q
( T m)(U )

156.211 x 10
(1319.57)(118.16)

= 1.002 m2

As = nDL
n=

As
( DL)

1.002
( 0.015)(0.5)

= 42.5 43

 Therefore, the number of tube usage is 43 tubes.

N2 (nitrogen) Properties at T = 1500oC by referring table A-16

= 0.1925 kg/m3

Pr = 0.5969

Cp = 1266 J/kg.K

= 2.889 x 10-4 m2/s

k = 0.11793 W/m.K

= 5.562 x 10-5 kg/m.s

We assuming Dh thin wall tube that is = 0.015m

Vavg =

Re =

( 0.3636)

= (0.1925)(1.767 x 104 ) = 10689.48 m/s

(V avg)( D)

( 10689.48 ) ( 0.015 )
(2.889 x 104 )

Therefore the flow is turbulent

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3

= 5.550 x

10

= 0.023 (5.550 x

10

)0.8 (0.5969)0.3

= 776.13
Nu =

(h)(Dh)
k

Hi =

( Nu)( k)
Dh

T =

Q
Cp

Th, out = Th, in -

(776.13)(0.11793)
(0.015)

= 6101.93 W/m2.oC

Q
Cp
(156.211 x 103)
(0.3636)(1266)

= 1500 -

= 1160.65 oC

T1 = Th, in - Tc, out = (1500) (20) = 1480 oC

T2 = Th, out - Tc, in = (1160.65) (12) = 1148.65 oC

Tm =

T 2

( T 1)

ln
T 1T 2

1 1 1
= +
a U h i ho

(1480)(1148.65 )
(1480)
ln
(1148.65)

1
1
1
=
+
U (6101.93) (120.73)

= 1307.33 oC

U = 118.39 W/m2.oC

Q = (U)(As)( Tm)
As =

Q
( T m)(U )

156.211 x 103
(1307.33)(118.39)

= 1.009 m2

As = nDL
n=

As
( DL)

1.009
( 0.015)( 0.5)

= 42.8 43

Therefore, the number of tube usage is 43 tubes but it has exceed 40 thus, this
gas consider as inert gas and does not counted through the flow.

Discussion.
From the solving problem above, I managed to understand more about the
overall heat transfer coefficient by using Log Mean Temperature Different (LMTD)
method to find out the number of tube in the shell. Basically based on the unmixed
cross flow heat exchanger requirement as specified earlier in this assignment, we have
come up with the calculations and data analysis using the suitable engineering concepts
and principles which is the LMTD method. As to estimate and propose a preliminary
design of the tube portion of the heat exchanger, the tube parameters we have

determined to be used in our heat exchanger design is 0.015 m for the tube diameter,
0.5 m for the tube length and n for number of tube passes that we obtained is 36.
Shell and tube heat exchangers are used extensively throughout the process
industry and as such a basic understanding of their design, construction and
performance is important to the practicing engineer. The optimum thermal design of a
shell and tube heat exchanger involves the consideration of many interacting design
parameters which can be summarized as many processes such as process of fluid
assignments to shell side or tube side, selection of stream temperature specifications,
setting shell side and tube side pressure drop design limits, setting shell side and tube
side temperature limits and selection of heat transfer models, correction factor and/or
fouling coefficients for shell side and tube side.
From the product of combustion, we have obtained the container of gas which
include CO2, N2, H2O of its product that would undergo through heat exchanger. But
there are some problem need to categorize before calculating such that N 2, Nitrogen
and H2O, water cant be dissolve into CO2 in the tube. That because H2O appeared to be
water vapour in the tube meanwhile N2 as inert gas which cannot be dissolve with other
gases. So, during our calculating we have found out that CO 2 is the only gases would
going through the tube as the number of tube is in the range 1 40.
In designing a preliminary design of the tube portion of the heat exchanger, we
assumed the process would has no fouling effect, a steady operating condition exists,
heat loss to the surrounding is reliable as the heat exchanger is insulated and lastly the
fluid properties are constant. It is important to assume such thing as to ease our
calculation while it is also not being stated in the assignment as well.