DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION IN GIGABIT PASSIVE OPTICAL

NETWORK

KU NUR AININA BINTI KU AZMAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/13)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER
Authors full name :

KU NUR AININA BINTI KU AZMAN

_______________________________________________________________

Date of birth

15 AUGUST 1992
____________________

Title

DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION IN

________________________________________________________________

GIGABIT PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
Academic Session :

2014/2015
____________________

I declare that this thesis is classified as :

CONFIDENTIAL

(Containing confidential information under the Official Secret

Act 1972)*

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(Containing restricted information as specified by the

organisation where the research was done)*

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I agree that my thesis be published and accessed online (full

text)

I acknowledge that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:

1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
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Date : 25th JUNE 2015

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DR. NADIATULHUDA BINTI ZULKIFLI

NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date : 25th JUNE 2015

If the thesis is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED, please attach the letter from

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I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my

opinion this report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical - Telecommunications)

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Dr. Nadiatulhuda Zulkifli

June 25, 2015

DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION IN GIGABIT PASSIVE OPTICAL

NETWORK

KU NUR AININA BINTI KU AZMAN

A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical - Telecommunications)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2015

ii

I declare that this report entitled Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation in Gigabit Passive
Optical Network is the result of my own research except as cited in the references.
The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in
candidature of any other degree.

Signature
Name
Date

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Ku Nur Ainina Binti Ku Azman

June 25, 2015

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah. Praise to Allah s.w.t for ease everything for me in order to

complete my research work. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to
my supervisor, Dr. Nadiatulhuda Binti Zulkifli for the guidance and kindness given
throughout the progress of this research. My gratitude also goes to Siti Hasunah
Binti Mohammad for helping and willingness to share information related to optical
communication with me. My special thanks go to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM) especially for staffs in Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FKE) who directly
or indirectly helped me to complete this research. I consider all this help as something
beyond repayment. Lastly, I would to thank my parents and friends for their never
ending support and encouragement from the beginning until the end. Only Allah can
pay for all of this, InsyaAllah.

iv

ABSTRACT

In todays telecommunication technology, demand of high bandwidth from the

customers or end-users is very high because of new services like Internet Protocol
Television (IPTV) and Video on demand (VoD) over Internet alongside High Speed
Internet (HIS) services. Gigabit Optical Network (GPON) is mostly used for the
next-generation fiber-to-home optical system since it can deliver multi-services with
the required Quality of Services (QoS). However, this situation introduces large
propagation time between the Optical Line Terminal (ONT) and Optical Network
Unit (ONU). Thus, inefficiency occurs in the Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA)
upstream protocols. In order to solve this drawback, a good algorithm was proposed
that considered the QoS aspect. This algorithm was simulated by using NS-2 simulator.
This simulation results show that this algorithm satisfies the QoS requirements of
GPON.

ABSTRAK

Dalam teknologi komunikasi kita pada masa kini, permintaan jalur lebar tinggi
daripada pelanggan atau pengguna adalah sangat tinggi kerana perkhidmatan baru
seperti televisyen (IPTV) dan video atas permintaan (VoD) melalui internet bersamasama dengan akses Internet Berkelajuan Tinggi (HIS). Gigabit Rangkaian Optik
(GPON) kebanyakannya digunakan untuk generasi akan datang fiber to-the-home
(FTTH). Ini adalah kerana ia boleh menyampaikan pelbagai perkhidmatan dengan
Kualiti yang dikehendaki Perkhidmatan (QoS). Fenomena ini membuatkan masa
penghantaran yang besar antara Terminal Optical Line (ONT) dan Unit Rangkaian
optik (ONU). Oleh itu, berlaku ketidakcekapan dalam protocol Peruntukan Bandwidth
Dinamik (DBA). Dalam usaha untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan ini, algoritma
dicadangkan juga mempertimbangkan semua Kualiti Perkhidmatan (QoS) telah direka.
Algoritma ini di simulasikan dengan menggunakan NS-2 simulator. Keputusan
simulasi menunjukkan bahawa algoritma ini memenuhi QoS daripada GPON.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PAGE
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
viii
ix
x

INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Background of the study
1.3
Problem statement
1.4
Objective of the study
1.5
Scope of work
1.6
Outline of thesis

1
1
1
1
2
2
2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Gigabit passive optical network fundamental
2.2.1
Operating wavelength
2.2.2
Forward error correction (FEC)
2.2.3
Security
2.2.4
Protection
2.2.5
Transmission containers (T-CONT)
2.2.6
Dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA)
2.2.7
Quality of Services (QoS) in GPON
network
2.2.8
Transmission delay and jitter

4
4
4
6
6
6
6
7
7
9
9

vii
2.2.9
2.2.10

Error rates
Throughput

10
10

METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Introduction of the methodology
3.3
Design assumptions
3.4
Project schedule

11
11
11
13
15

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1
Introduction
4.2
Result
4.3
Summary

16
16
16
18

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1
Introduction
5.2
Conclusion
5.3
Recommendation

19
19
19
20

REFERENCES

21

viii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.
3.1
3.2
3.3

TITLE
Bandwidth estimation for single residential customer
Gantt chart of the project schedule for semester 1
Gantt chart of the project schedule for semester 2

PAGE
13
15
15

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.3

TITLE
Passive optical network architecture
Priorities of bandwidth allocation
Dynamic bandwidth allocation process
SNR versus power at the transmitter with and without SR
module
Flow chart of methodology
Flowchart of DBA scheduling algorithm
Average delay in a frame cycle for each T-CONTs
Average delay in two frame cycle for each T-CONTs
Average delay in four frame cycle of each T-CONTs

PAGE
5
7
8
9
12
14
17
17
18

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BER

Bit Error Rate

CO

Central Office

DBA

Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

FEC

Forward Error Correction

GPON

Gigabit Passive Optical Network

NSR

Non-Status Reporting

ODN

Optical Distribution Network

OLT

Optical Line Terminal

ONT

Optical Network terminal

ONU

Optical Network Unit

PON

Passive Optical Network

QoS

Quality of Services

T-CONT

Transmission Containers

TDM

Time Division Multiplexing

SNR

Signal to Noise ratio

SR

Square Root

VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Introduction

This section discusses the introduction of the research. The aim of the study
was to design an algorithm in order to improve allocation bandwidth in Gigabit
Passive Optical Network (GPON). In this chapter, there are six subsection which are
introduction, background of study, statement of the problem, objective of the study,
scope of the study and outline of the thesis.

1.2

Background of the study

The number of people who rely on the internet in their daily lives increase day
by day. This is because the internet is a necessity in peoples live. This phenomenon
causes internet traffic patterns and application congested between end-users and the
local exchange. Thus, the internet speed will be slow. In order to overcome this
phenomenon in our technology nowadays, Passive Optical Network (PON) is widely
used. PON is a telecommunication network which using point-to-multipoint fiber send
to the premises. In PON topology, Optical Distribution Network (ODN) is between
Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the central office and multiple number of Optical
Network Unit (ONU) near end users.

1.3

Problem statement

With our communication technology nowadays, optical fiber is the most

important in the access network. Passive optical network is the shared network. In the

2
downstream direction, OLT sends packet data and control data to the a shared network.
Each Optical Network Unit (ONU) will only send packets that addressed to it. While in
upstream direction, OLT control transmission from all ONTs. Packet data from ONU
can only reach the OLT, but not to the other ONUs. The problems occur when multiple
ONUs transmit packet data to OLT at the same time, collision may happen due to their
have to share the same optical fiber from the splitter back to OLT. Therefore, Dynamic
Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) is used as the technique for improved efficiency of PON
upstream bandwidth. Thus, purpose of this project is to design a good algorithm in
order to face the increasing demand from subscribers in the future.

1.4

Objective of the study

The objectives of this study are:

1) To identify suitable DBA for GPON that supports QoS.

2) To implement the algorithm in the GPON network simulation environment.

1.5

Scope of work

This study is conducted by doing a literature review about Gigabit Passive

Optical Network (GPON). In order to improve bandwidth allocation in the upstream
direction, good algorithm has to be designed. The algorithm designed is run using the
NS-2 simulator. This work focusses on packet delay improvement in GPON.

1.6

Outline of thesis

This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter is about the introduction
of the title, objectives and problem statement of this entire project. While in Chapter
2, literature review that has done is discussed. In this chapter, it explains about Gigabit
Passive Optical Network (GPON) and dynamic bandwidth allocation. Other than that,
the algorithm that already designed also will be discussed. Chapter 3 introduces the
methodology used. It discussed on the DBA algorithm that support QoS together with

3
software used for simulation. Result from the simulation will be discussed in Chapter
4. Finally is Chapter 5 which is conclusion part and the addition of future work that
can be done to improve this project.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Introduction

The aim of this chapter is to review the journals and thesis that have been
studied. It will discuss briefly about the allocation bandwidth for the upstream
direction in GPON. In this chapter also will discuss about the quality of services in
GPON network.

2.2

Gigabit passive optical network fundamental

Passive Optical Network (PON) technologies start since mid-90s. It is called

passive because this network consists of passive light transmission components which
splitters, couplers and fiber links. Basically PON is a system that brings optical fiber
cable and transmit signals all the way to end users. PON uses a one-to-multiplepoint (P2MP) architecture. Pictures and video upload to media socials like Instagram
and YouTube is growing rapidly. This phenomenon makes the upstream bandwidth
consumption increase from time to time. It is also getting bigger and bigger. An
efficient mechanism like dynamic bandwidth allocation needed to tackle the network
performance based on changing user requirements [1].

Figure 2.1: Passive optical network architecture

In a passive optical network, there are two active transmission equipment

namely Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and Optical Network Unit (ONU). OLT is the
service provider endpoint PON and is placed in a central office (CO). Its function is
to transmit the optical signal trough fiber optic and to manage packet data send to
multiple subscribers. A passive optical splitter is used to split the optical power to all
the ports. ONU is located on the users premises. It will convert optical signal back to
an electrical signal for user uses such as phones, televisions and computers. Nowadays,
all equipment is directly connected to the optical fiber [2]. Tthe transmission rate for
downstream direction is 2.488Gbits/s, while in the upstream direction is 1.244Gbits/s.
This capacity is shared among the users. But vendor most often offers only 1.2Gbits/s
in upstream and 2.4Gbits/s in downstream direction [3]. For GPON network, the
split ratio is 1:64 and can up to 1:128. The maximum distance from the central
office and Optical Network Terminal (ONT) is 20km as shown in Figure 2.1. At
the OLT, there are voice, data and IP video. There are 6 features in GPON such as
operating wavelength, forward error correction (FEC), transmission container, security,
protection and dynamic bandwidth allocation.

6
2.2.1

Operating wavelength

Operating wavelength range for GPON is about 1350 nm for the upstream
direction while 1500 nm for downstream direction. Besides, for RF video distribution
wavelength range used for downstream is 1550-1560 nm [3]. Multiple access
techniques format is used to allocate time slots to each user. Which it divided the
bandwidth to each users depending on the priority.

2.2.2

Forward error correction (FEC)

Next is the forward error correction (FEC). FEC is technically used in the
communication channel so that errors can be detected and corrected. With FEC,
redundant information will transmit together with the original information [3]. By
using the FEC technique, error correction can be done without retransmission. Based
on [4], the effective optical gain for this FEC depending on two factors which are the
slope of the BER curve and bit-error distribution in the link.

2.2.3

Security

Next GPON features is security. Downstream data are broadcasted to all

ONUs and each of the ONUs has their own allocated time like (TDM). This can
make the end-users reprogram their own ONU and capture all the downstream data
belong to all ONUs connected to that OLT [2]. With security, it will guarantee a
secure communication in transmitter-receiver link on GPON itself. With this module,
transmission data are ensured to be integrity and confidentiality by OLT or ONT [5].

2.2.4

Protection

This protection is to enhance the reliability of the GPON access network [3].
Protection switching consists of automatic switching and forced switching. Where
automatic switching is triggered by fault detection like loss of signal and frames. While
forced switching is activated by administrative events like fiber replacement.

7
2.2.5

Transmission containers (T-CONT)

In GPON, transmission containers (T-CONT) is used for the management of

upstream bandwidth allocation. There are five T-CONT types that can be allocated
to users. As shown is Figure 2.2, T-CONT 1 guarantee fixed bandwidth type and
usually it is for service sensitive application like voice over internet protocol (VoIP),
T-CONT 2 and T-CONT 3 guarantees bandwidth type which usually used for video
services and data services of higher priorities. T-CONT 4 is the best effort type, used
for service of low priority and data services which does not require high bandwidth.
Lastly, T-CONT5 which a combination of all categories of T-CONT. T-CONT 1 has
fixed bandwidth so that it does not need the DBA process. This is because T-CONT 1
has high priority [6][7].

Figure 2.2: Priorities of bandwidth allocation

2.2.6

Dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA)

Dynamic bandwidth allocation is a technique which traffic bandwidth will

share the telecommunication medium where allocated on demand and fairly between
different users of that bandwidth. It is also a process that has been standardized by ITUT recommendation [8]. DBA is actually one of the technique to avoid transmission in
upstream direction. With a good DBA algorithm, GPON network upstream channel
can be oversubscribed. Thus, it will increase the number of ONTs that can connect
to the network itself. For an example, a network with 32 subscribers which each one

8
will receive up to 100Mbit/s. Required capacity used is 3.2Gbit/s, nearly 3 times more
than GPON upstream network capacity. With a good DBA, these data rates can be
supported and fulfill the users satisfaction [1][8].

Figure 2.3: Dynamic bandwidth allocation process

Figure 2.3 shows a process how the dynamic bandwidth allocation works. In
order OLT knows the traffic status of T-CONTs, it has to determine the quantity of
traffic allocate to an ONU first [2][9]. DBA block or DBA algorithm logic will collect
the information from DBA reports. From here, DBA block will know how much
information the end-users needed. Then, it will send the algorithm result in a form
of a BW map to the ONUs. Based on BW map, each ONU will send upstream burst
data based on their time slot and utilized the bandwidth. A research by [10], Square
Root (SR) module is applied. Its performance with and without SR module is observed.
Which by using SR module, it can improve Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of GPON as
shown in Figure 2.4. In this research also states that by using SR module will increase
the transmission length as well as the transmission speed of the GPON network itself.

Figure 2.4: SNR versus power at the transmitter with and without SR module [10]

2.2.7

Quality of Services (QoS) in GPON network

Quality of services is the overall performance of the network seen by the endusers. Quantitative measure of QoS that often be considered such as error rates,
bandwidth, throughput, transmission delay and jitter. It is important for the traffic
transport with special requirement. A good network has to consider all the quality of
services.

2.2.8

Transmission delay and jitter

Jitter is the delay in sending packet data varies over time. For an example,
video streaming will cause a lot of jitter. This is because the large size of the data
transferred and un- estimated time for packet data to be transferred. While delay is the
amount of signal takes to reach its destination. The lower delay means that the packet
data send very quickly. Like in [11], a comparison between status reporting (SR) and
non-status reporting (NSR) is done. From the study conducted, it shows that status
reporting is more efficient by using bandwidth. For non-status reporting, it will give a
better Qos for the real time services.

10
2.2.9

Error rates

The error rate is the noise or interference that occurs in the communication
channel. Bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit error divided by the total number of
transferring bits. In [12], a method of calculating bit-error rate of data transmission in
GPON network is presented.

2.2.10 Throughput

In a communication system, throughput is the rate of successful packet data

sending over a communication channel. Based on [9], simulation based on throughput
and delay is obtained depending on 60 GHz network performance.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1

Introduction

This section discusses the methodology of the project. This chapter is divided
into two subsections that are introduction of the methodology and Gantt chart.

3.2

Introduction of the methodology

In this project, a study of Passive Optical Network (PON) is done. After

that, a study of Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) is done. In GPON, the
issues that often occurs is about higher bandwidth demand from the user-ends. This
issues usually in the upstream direction. Each of the ONUs buffer the packet data
received from different subscribers until the packet data transmitted in the assigned
time window. Then, ONU will burst out frames at full channel speed so that end-users
can subscribe with high speed. In order to achieve this high bandwidth, DBA method
is used. DBA allow quick adoption of users bandwidth allocation based on the current
traffic requirement. Next is DBA algorithm, simulated by using a NS-2 simulator. A
good DBA algorithm will consider all the Quality of Services.

12

Figure 3.1: Flow chart of methodology

Figure 3.1 shows the flow of overall methodology used. After getting the tittle
of the project, research on Passive Optical Network is done. In GPON, the problem
occurs normally on the upstream direction. In order to solve this problem, DBA
algorithm is designed by using NS-2 simulator. This algorithm will allocate or divide
the bandwidth so that it meet the QoS specification needed.

13
3.3

Design assumptions

According to the International Telecommunication Union - telecommunication

Standardization sectors (ITU-T) full service access network (FSAN) group [6],
downstream bandwidth that can provide triple-play services for a single residential
customer is 73Mbit/s while for the upstream is 53Mbit/s as shown in Table 3.1. As
for GPON upstream, the bandwidth use is 2.5Gbps with transmission delay of 0.1ms.
The distance between OLT and ONU used is 20km. While processing delay that be
considered is 50us each which one for OLT part and one is for ONU part [6].
Table 3.1: Bandwidth estimation for single residential customer [6]

The process of dividing the bandwidth to each T-CONTs regarding to their

priority is shown in Figure 3.2. As T-CONT 1 has the highest priority so it no need
undergo the DBA process. If the bandwidth is not assigned as fixed bandwidth, it will
check whether requested bandwidth exceed the guaranteed bandwidth or not.

14

Figure 3.2: Flowchart of DBA scheduling algorithm

The process will be continued as shown in Figure 3.2 continuously for TCONT 2 until T-CONT 4. Excessive bandwidth means the internet usage that exceeds
a reasonable level for the service purchased. While shortage bandwidth means that
running out of bandwidth and requested bandwidth is the bandwidth needed for every
usage. T-CONT 2 guarantees a fixed bandwidth allocation for not time sensitive
application like VoIP. For T-CONT 3 has a mix of minimum guaranteed bandwidth
plus additional non guaranteed like video streaming. Last but not least, is T-CONT 4
which best effort traffic like data.

15
Table 3.2: Gantt chart of the project schedule for semester 1

3.4

Project schedule

Table 3.2 shows a Gantt chart of the project schedule for semester one while
Table 3.3 shows project schedule for semester two. For semester one, a briefing
is held for choosing the area specialisation for the project. After getting the title,
the work started with the literature review and understand the algorithm. For the
second semester, work continued with basic learning about the software used, run the
algorithm until the hardbound thesis is submitted.
Table 3.3: Gantt chart of the project schedule for semester 2

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1

Introduction

This section discusses the result gain from the project.

4.2

Result

In the upstream direction, bandwidth always be an issue because of user

demand on the higher data rate. Thus a good DBA algorithm is designed and run
by using a NS-2 simulator. Based on the following formula,
t = D/v
where t is referred to time delay, D is fiber distance and v is the velocity of light in
optical fibre which is 2x108 m/s [13].

17

Figure 4.1: Average delay in a frame cycle for each T-CONTs [14]

Figure 4.1 shows that average delay in a frame cycle for each T-CONTs. As
mentioned before, delay time is being considered in this report. From the Figure 4.1,
it shows that T-CONT 1 has the lowest average packet delay which is 0.5ms. This
indicates that the data send in a short period. It also shows that T-CONT 1 has high
priority compared to the other T-CONTs [14].

Figure 4.2: Average delay in two frame cycle for each T-CONTs [14]

18
Figure 4.2 shows that the average delay in two frame cycle for T-CONT 2, TCONT 3 and T-CONT 4. The difference between average delay in a frame cycle with
two frame cycle is very little [14].

Figure 4.3: Average delay in four frame cycle of each T-CONTs [14]

Figure 4.3 shows that the average delay in four cycles of T-CONt 2 until TCONT 4. The average packet delay increases for this four cycle. As an example for
T-CONT 2, it increase from 0.7ms to 1.1ms [14].

4.3

Summary

In this chapter, the results shown and discussed are based on the previous study
[14]. This is because the actual result cannot be shown as there are some error in DBA
algorithm designed. Based on the results, it shows that the average packet delay meets
the requirements. The lowest average packet delay for T-CONT 1 as it has the highest
priority, followed by T-CONT 2, T-CONT 3 and T-CONT 4. It can be concluded that
it meets the subscriber satisfaction.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1

Introduction

This section concludes all the work that had been done and discusses the
recommendation for future work.

5.2

Conclusion

With todays technologies, internet is a very important thing in everyones life.

The way people use the internet in their daily life create a great demand for a very
high bandwidth. Recently famous nowadays is upload a picture via social network
like Instagram. People also like to upload and download multimedia files that can
cause a high demand bandwidth. In order to solve this problem, optical fiber is often
used in every home in response such demand of greater bandwidth. One way of
bringing optical fiber to the home is through Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON).
GPON is a point-to-point network topology. GPON also has downstream and upstream
direction that is shared by the users. But in the upstream direction, there are some
problem occurs. In upstream, when multiple ONUs transmit packet data to OLT at the
same time, collision may happen. This is because they have to share the same optical
fiber from splitter back to OLT. To overcome this problem, the good DBA algorithm
has to be designed. As a conclusion, a good dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm
can make the GPON upstream channel be oversubscribed. At the same time, it will
increase the number of ONUs or ONTs that ability to connect to the network. Other
than that, DBA algorithm also manages to increase data rates to subscribers and of
course service provider can charge for the full bandwidth service used for the multiple
users. In this proposal, a new DBA algorithm is proposed to allocate bandwidth for
the upstream channel of the GPON. But unfortunately, due to some error occurs in

20
this algorithm the expected result does not appear. The way to know how the average
packet delay improved or not is by comparing the value from the previous research.

5.3

Recommendation

In all works, there are many things need to be improved and can be improved.
First of all, the DBA algorithm can be run by using the proper software such as OPNET
simulator. Not just that, the analysis of the average delay for each T-CONTs can be
improved from time to time as the demands of high bandwidth from consumers or
end-users which can consider T-CONT 1 until T-CONT 5.

REFERENCES

1.

O. Haran, The Importance of Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation in GPON

Networks, no. 1, pp. 122, 2008.

2.

S. D. Sumanpreet, A Review on Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON),

vol. 3, no. 3, 2014.

3.

I. Cale and A. Salihovic, Gigabit Passive Optical Network - GPON, pp. 679
684, 2007.

4.

Y. Yi, S. Verschuere, Z. Lou, P. Ossieur, J. Bauwelinck, X.-Z. Qiu, and

J. Vandewege, Simulations and Experiments on the Effective Optical Gain of
FEC in a GPON Uplink, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 19, no. 1,
pp. 8284, January 2007.

5.

T. Q. Vinh, J.-H. Park, Y.-C. Kim, and K.-O. Kim, An FPGA Implementation
of 30Gbps Security Module for GPON Systems, Eighth IEEE International
Conference on Computer and Information Technology, pp. 868872, July
2008.

6.

C.-H. Chang, Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation MAC Protocols for GigabitCapable Passive Optical Networks, no. July, 2008.

7.

C.-T. Chiu and Y.-C. Wang, Request-Based Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

of Gigabit Passive Optical Network, Optics and Photonics Journal, vol. 03,
no. 02, pp. 165170, 2013.

8.

F. Selmanovic and E. Skaljo, GPON in Telecommunication Network,

International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control
Systems and Workshop, pp. 10121016, October 2010.

9.

D. M. S. Sultan and T. Arefin, GPON , the Ultimate Pertinent of Next

Generation Triple-Play Bandwidth Resolution, pp. 5360.

10.

N. Kumar, Improved Performance Analysis of Gigabit Passive Optical

Networks, International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, vol. 125,
no. 7, pp. 18371840, April 2014.

11.

J. Ozimkiewicz, S. Ruepp, L. Dittmann, H. Wessing, and S. Smolorz,

22
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation in GPON Networks.
12.

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